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Eade KT, Ansell BRE, Giles S, Fallon R, Harkins-Perry S, Nagasaki T, Tzaridis S, Wallace M, Mills EA, Farashi S, Johnson A, Sauer L, Hart B, Diaz-Rubio ME, Bahlo M, Metallo C, Allikmets R, Gantner ML, Bernstein PS, Friedlander M. iPSC-derived retinal pigmented epithelial cells from patients with macular telangiectasia show decreased mitochondrial function. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e163771. [PMID: 37115691 PMCID: PMC10145939 DOI: 10.1172/jci163771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a powerful tool for identifying cellular and molecular mechanisms of disease. Macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) is a rare, late-onset degenerative retinal disease with an extremely heterogeneous genetic architecture, lending itself to the use of iPSCs. Whole-exome sequencing screens and pedigree analyses have identified rare causative mutations that account for less than 5% of cases. Metabolomic surveys of patient populations and GWAS have linked MacTel to decreased circulating levels of serine and elevated levels of neurotoxic 1-deoxysphingolipids (1-dSLs). However, retina-specific, disease-contributing factors have yet to be identified. Here, we used iPSC-differentiated retinal pigmented epithelial (iRPE) cells derived from donors with or without MacTel to screen for novel cell-intrinsic pathological mechanisms. We show that MacTel iRPE cells mimicked the low serine levels observed in serum from patients with MacTel. Through RNA-Seq and gene set enrichment pathway analysis, we determined that MacTel iRPE cells are enriched in cellular stress pathways and dysregulation of central carbon metabolism. Using respirometry and mitochondrial stress testing, we functionally validated that MacTel iRPE cells had a reduction in mitochondrial function that was independent of defects in serine biosynthesis and 1-dSL accumulation. Thus, we identified phenotypes that may constitute alternative disease mechanisms beyond the known serine/sphingolipid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. Eade
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brendan Robert E. Ansell
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Giles
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Regis Fallon
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sarah Harkins-Perry
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Takayuki Nagasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology and
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simone Tzaridis
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Martina Wallace
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth A. Mills
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samaneh Farashi
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alec Johnson
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lydia Sauer
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Barbara Hart
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - M. Elena Diaz-Rubio
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christian Metallo
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology and
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marin L. Gantner
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Paul S. Bernstein
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Martin Friedlander
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, California, USA
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2
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Moradi A, Whatmore P, Farashi S, Barrero RA, Batra J. IsomiR-eQTL: A Cancer-Specific Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Database of miRNAs and Their Isoforms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012493. [PMID: 36293349 PMCID: PMC9604134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) is an important component in efforts to understand how genetic variants influence disease risk. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNA molecules capable of regulating the expression of several genes simultaneously. Recently, several novel isomers of miRNAs (isomiRs) that differ slightly in length and sequence composition compared to their canonical miRNAs have been reported. Here we present isomiR-eQTL, a user-friendly database designed to help researchers find single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that can impact miRNA (miR-eQTL) and isomiR expression (isomiR-eQTL) in 30 cancer types. The isomiR-eQTL includes a total of 152,671 miR-eQTLs and 2,390,805 isomiR-eQTLs at a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.05. It also includes 65,733 miR-eQTLs overlapping known cancer-associated loci identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the impact of SNPs on isomiR expression at the genome-wide level. This database may pave the way for researchers toward finding a model for personalised medicine in which miRNAs, isomiRs, and genotypes are utilised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Moradi
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Paul Whatmore
- eResearch, Research Infrastructure, Academic Division, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Samaneh Farashi
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Roberto A. Barrero
- eResearch, Research Infrastructure, Academic Division, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia
- Correspondence:
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3
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Farashi S, Ansell BR, Wu Z, Abbott CJ, Pébay A, Fletcher EL, Guymer RH, Bahlo M. Genetics of reticular pseudodrusen in age-related macular degeneration. Trends Genet 2022; 38:312-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Sheikholeslami S, Zarif-Yeganeh M, Farashi S, Azizi F, Kia SK, Teimoori-Toolabi L, Hedayati M. Promoter Methylation of Tumor Suppressors in Thyroid Carci-noma: A Systematic Review. ijph 2021; 50:2461-2472. [PMID: 36317025 PMCID: PMC9577160 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i12.7928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: The tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in cellular and molecular mechanisms such as cell cycle processes, cell differentiation and apoptosis. Aberrant DNA methylation of tumor suppressor genes and subsequent gene expression changes have shown to be involved in the initiation and progression of various malignancies including thyroid malignancies. In this review, we investigated what is known about the impact of promoter hypermethylation on the key tumor suppressor genes known to be involved in cell growth and/or apoptosis of thyroid cancer. Methods: The most important databases were searched for research articles until June 2020 to identify reported tumor suppressor genes that are modulated by methylation modulation changes in thyroid carcinoma. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 26 studies were reviewed using the full text to meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The tumor suppressor genes reviewed here are suggestive biomarkers and potential targetable drugs. Inactivation of RASSF1A, DAPK1, SLCFA8, and TSHR through aberrant epigenetic methylation could activate BRAF/MEK/ERK kinase pathways with potential clinical implications in thyroid cancer patients. RARβ2 and RUNX3 could suppress cell cycle and induce apoptosis in malignant cells. TIMP3 and PTEN could prevent angiogenesis and invasion through PIP3 pathway and arrest VEFG activity. Conclusion: The methylation status of key genes in various types of thyroid malignancies could be used in early diagnosis as well as differentiation of malignant and benign thyroid. This is valuable in drug repurposing and discovering alternative treatments or preventions in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sheikholeslami
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Zarif-Yeganeh
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Farashi
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ladan Teimoori-Toolabi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Authors: Emails: ;
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Authors: Emails: ;
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Bonelli R, Jackson VE, Prasad A, Munro JE, Farashi S, Heeren TFC, Pontikos N, Scheppke L, Friedlander M, Egan CA, Allikmets R, Ansell BRE, Bahlo M. Author Correction: Identification of genetic factors influencing metabolic dysregulation and retinal support for MacTel, a retinal disorder. Commun Biol 2021; 4:473. [PMID: 33837246 PMCID: PMC8035146 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01972-y
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bonelli
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Victoria E Jackson
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aravind Prasad
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacob E Munro
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Samaneh Farashi
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tjebo F C Heeren
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Nikolas Pontikos
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Lea Scheppke
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin Friedlander
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendan R E Ansell
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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6
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Bonelli R, Jackson VE, Prasad A, Munro JE, Farashi S, Heeren TFC, Pontikos N, Scheppke L, Friedlander M, Egan CA, Allikmets R, Ansell BRE, Bahlo M. Identification of genetic factors influencing metabolic dysregulation and retinal support for MacTel, a retinal disorder. Commun Biol 2021; 4:274. [PMID: 33654266 PMCID: PMC7925591 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 (MacTel) is a rare degenerative retinal disease with complex genetic architecture. We performed a genome-wide association study on 1,067 MacTel patients and 3,799 controls, which identified eight novel genome-wide significant loci (p < 5 × 10-8), and confirmed all three previously reported loci. Using MAGMA, eQTL and transcriptome-wide association analysis, we prioritised 48 genes implicated in serine-glycine biosynthesis, metabolite transport, and retinal vasculature and thickness. Mendelian randomization indicated a likely causative role of serine (FDR = 3.9 × 10-47) and glycine depletion (FDR = 0.006) as well as alanine abundance (FDR = 0.009). Polygenic risk scoring achieved an accuracy of 0.74 and was associated in UKBiobank with retinal damage (p = 0.009). This represents the largest genetic study on MacTel to date and further highlights genetically-induced systemic and tissue-specific metabolic dysregulation in MacTel patients, which impinges on retinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bonelli
- grid.1042.7Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Victoria E. Jackson
- grid.1042.7Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Aravind Prasad
- grid.1042.7Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Jacob E. Munro
- grid.1042.7Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Samaneh Farashi
- grid.1042.7Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Tjebo F. C. Heeren
- grid.436474.60000 0000 9168 0080Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Nikolas Pontikos
- grid.436474.60000 0000 9168 0080Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Lea Scheppke
- grid.489357.4The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Martin Friedlander
- grid.489357.4The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | | | - Catherine A. Egan
- grid.436474.60000 0000 9168 0080Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rando Allikmets
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Brendan R. E. Ansell
- grid.1042.7Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- grid.1042.7Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
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Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been successful in deciphering the genetic component of predisposition to many human complex diseases including prostate cancer. Germline variants identified by GWAS progressively unravelled the substantial knowledge gap concerning prostate cancer heritability. With the beginning of the post-GWAS era, more and more studies reveal that, in addition to their value as risk markers, germline variants can exert active roles in prostate oncogenesis. Consequently, current research efforts focus on exploring the biological mechanisms underlying specific susceptibility loci known as causal variants by applying novel and precise analytical methods to available GWAS data. Results obtained from these post-GWAS analyses have highlighted the potential of exploiting prostate cancer risk-associated germline variants to identify new gene networks and signalling pathways involved in prostate tumorigenesis. In this Review, we describe the molecular basis of several important prostate cancer-causal variants with an emphasis on using post-GWAS analysis to gain insight into cancer aetiology. In addition to discussing the current status of post-GWAS studies, we also summarize the main molecular mechanisms of potential causal variants at prostate cancer risk loci and explore the major challenges in moving from association to functional studies and their implication in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Farashi
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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Abedini SS, Forouzesh Pour F, Karimi K, Ghaderi Z, Farashi S, Tavakoli Koudehi A, Javadi Pirouz H, Mobini Nejad SB, Azarkeivan A, Najmabadi H. Frequency of α-Globin Gene Triplications and Coinheritance with β-Globin Gene Mutations in the Iranian Population. Hemoglobin 2018; 42:252-256. [PMID: 30451045 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2018.1526192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerical variation in α-globin genes is very important due to their roles as an effective factor for phenotype presentation. An unequal crossover from misalignment of a homologous sequence of an α-globin gene during meiosis can produce a numerical alteration. A single α-globin gene deletion is the most frequent mutation in α-thalassemia (α-thal) worldwide, while the additional α-globin chain is relatively common. The excess α-globin gene plays a critical role in pathophysiology of thalassemia, especially when in coinherited with β-thalassemia (β-thal). α-Globin triplication leads to an imbalanced ratio between α- and β-globin chains, thus, it can exacerbate the clinical and hematological features of β-thal. Different studies have been performed in various countries to determine the frequency of α-globin triplication and its genotype-phenotype correlation with β-thal. In this study, we focused on the frequency of α-globin gene triplication and its characterization, either solely or in coexistence with β-globin gene mutations in Iranian populations. We have investigated the α-globin gene rearrangements in 4010 individuals from different provinces of Iran with normal to abnormal hematological parameters. In total, the frequency of the αααanti 3.7 triplication was 1.7% and phenotype aggravation was observed in α-globin triplication patients who were carriers of β-thal. Therefore, identification of genotype-phenotype correlation of α-globin triplication with β-thal can be very useful for predicting the severity of clinical manifestations during genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Sedigheh Abedini
- a Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Keyvan Karimi
- b Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center , Tehran , Iran
| | - Zhila Ghaderi
- b Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center , Tehran , Iran
| | - Samaneh Farashi
- a Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center , Tehran , Iran
| | | | | | | | - Azita Azarkeivan
- b Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center , Tehran , Iran.,c Department of Thalassemia Clinic , Transfusion Research Center Organization, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- a Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center , Tehran , Iran
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9
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Mahdavian M, Ramezanzadeh B, Akbarian M, Ramezanzadeh M, Kardar P, Alibakhshi E, Farashi S. Enhancement of silane coating protective performance by using a polydimethylsiloxane additive. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Abstract
α-Thalassemia is an inherited, autosomal recessive, disorder characterized by a microcytic hypochromic anemia. It is one of the most common monogenic gene disorders in the world population. The clinical severity varies from almost asymptomatic, to mild microcytic hypochromic, and to a lethal hemolytic condition, called Hb Bart's Hydrops Foetalis Syndrome. The molecular basis are usually deletions and less frequently, point mutations affecting the expression of one or more of the duplicated α-genes. The clinical variation and increase in disease severity is directly related to the decreased expression of one, two, three or four copies of the α-globin genes. Deletions and point mutations in the α-globin genes and their regulatory elements have been studied extensively in carriers and patients and these studies have given insight into the α-globin genes are regulated. By looking at naturally occurring deletions and point mutations, our knowledge of globin-gene regulation and expression will continue to increase and will lead to new targets of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Farashi
- Dept. of Clinical Genetics, Hemoglobinopathy Expert Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis L Harteveld
- Dept. of Clinical Genetics, Hemoglobinopathy Expert Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Alibakhshi E, Ghasemi E, Mahdavian M, Ramezanzadeh B, Farashi S. Active corrosion protection of Mg-Al-PO 4 3− LDH nanoparticle in silane primer coated with epoxy on mild steel. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Farashi S, Ohadi M, Hosseinkhani S, Darvish H, Mirabzadeh A. Decreased gene expression activity as a result of a mutation in the calreticulin gene promoter in a family case of schizoaffective disorder. Cogn Neurodyn 2016; 10:269-74. [PMID: 27275382 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-015-9366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence of population association studies support the hypothesis that the high heritability of major psychiatric disorders is a combination of relatively common alleles of modest effect, and rare alleles some with relatively larger effects. We have previously reported low frequency mutations in the proximal promoter of the human calreticulin (CALR) gene that co-occur with the spectrum of major psychiatric disorders. One of those mutations at -205C>T (rs556992558) was detected in an isolate case of schizoaffective disorder. In the current study, the functional implication of mutation -205T is studied in the human neuronal cell lines LAN-5, BE(2)-C and HEK-293. In contrast with other mutations in the promoter region which increase gene expression activity, the -205T mutation significantly decreased gene expression in those cell lines in comparison with the wild-type -205C nucleotide (p < 0.000001, p < 0.0005, and p < 0.017, respectively). Treatment of the cell lines with the mood-stabilizing drug, valproic acid (VPA) resulted in differential gene expression activity in the mutant -205T versus the wild-type -205C construct. VPA increased gene expression activity in both constructs, while a significantly higher expression activity was observed in the mutant construct (p < 0.01), indicative of the creation of a positive effector binding site for VPA as a result of the -205T mutation. We conclude that deviation from normalcy in the level of CALR in either direction is associated with major psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Farashi
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Ohadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Darvish
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Mirabzadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Farashi S. Differential Binding of Creb, Usf, and c-myc to the Calreticulin Human Specific –220c May Be Linked with the Evolution of Higher Brain Functions in Human. Eur Psychiatry 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionWe have previously reported a human-specific nucleotide in the promoter sequence of the calreticulin (CALR) gene at position –220C, which is the site of action of valproic acid.ObjectivesReversion of this nucleotide to the ancestral type, –220A, co-occurs with severe deficit in higher brain cognitive functions.AimsIn the current study, we compare the pattern of protein binding between –220C and –220A.MethodsAntibodies reactive against transcription factors CREB, USF, and c-Myc were used to identify the specific proteins involved in complexes with DNA using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).ResultsSignificant increase was observed in the overall protein complexes binding to the –220 C allele vs. –220A. The transcription factors, CREB, USF, and c-Myc, were differentially bound to –220C, represented by supershifts.ConclusionsWe propose that differential binding of CREB, USF, and c-Myc to CALR nucleotide –220C may be linked with the evolution of higher brain functions in human.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
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Farashi S, Rad F, Shahmohammadi B, Imanian H, Azarkeivan A, Najmabadi H. First Report of a Dominantly Inherited β-Thalassemia Caused by a Novel Elongated β-Globin Chain. Hemoglobin 2016; 40:102-7. [DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2015.1135445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Farashi S, Najmabadi H. Diagnostic pitfalls of less well recognized HbH disease. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2015; 55:387-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Farashi S, Garous NF, Vakili S, Ashki M, Imanian H, Azarkeivan A, Najmabadi H. Characterization of Homozygous Hb Setif (HBA2: c.283G>T) in the Iranian Population. Hemoglobin 2015; 40:53-5. [PMID: 26574177 DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2015.1091357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) variants are abnormalities resulting from point mutations in either of the two α-globin genes (HBA2 or HBA1) or the β-globin gene (HBB). Various reports of Hb variants have been described in Iran and other countries around the world. Hb Setif (or HBA2: c.283G>T) is one of these variants with a mutation at codon 94 of of the α2-globin gene that is characterized in clinically normal heterozygous individuals. We here report clinical and hematological findings in two homozygous cases of Iranian origin for this unstable Hb variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Farashi
- a Genetics Research Centre, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Centre , Tehran , Iran
| | - Negin F Garous
- b Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Centre , Tehran , Iran
| | - Shadi Vakili
- b Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Centre , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehri Ashki
- b Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Centre , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hashem Imanian
- b Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Centre , Tehran , Iran
| | - Azita Azarkeivan
- b Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Centre , Tehran , Iran.,c Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization, High Institute for Transfusion Research Centre , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- a Genetics Research Centre, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Centre , Tehran , Iran
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17
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Farashi S, Vakili S, Garous NF, Ashki M, Forouzesh Pour F, Zeinali F, Rad F, Imanian H, Azarkeivan A, Najmabadi H. Identification of Mutations Causing Aberrant Termination and Deficient Splice Donor Site on theHBA1Gene. Hemoglobin 2015; 40:38-43. [DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2015.1088456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Farashi S, Bayat N, Vakili S, Faramarzi Garous N, Ashki M, Imanian H, Najmabadi H, Azarkeivan A. Point mutations which should not be overlooked in Hb H disease. Expert Rev Hematol 2015; 9:107-13. [DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2016.1107470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Farashi S, Vakili S, Garous NF, Ashki M, Imanian H, Azarkeivan A, Najmabadi H. Mutations on theα2-Globin Gene That May Triggerα+-Thalassemia. Hemoglobin 2015; 39:398-402. [DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2015.1075890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Farashi S, Vakili S, Faramarzi Garous N, Ashki M, Imanian H, Azarkeivan A, Najmabadi H. Copy number variations of six and seven α-globin genes in a family with intermedia and major thalassemia phenotypes. Expert Rev Hematol 2015; 8:693-8. [DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2015.1075385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Farashi S, Garous NF, Ashki M, Vakili S, Zeinali F, Imanian H, Azarkeivan A, Giordano PC, Najmabadi H. Homozygosity for the AATAAA > AATA- - Polyadenylation Site Mutation on the α2-Globin Gene Causing Transfusion-Dependent Hb H Disease in an Iranian Patient: A Case Report. Hemoglobin 2015; 39:355-8. [PMID: 26193977 DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2015.1059850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe a case of Hb H disease associated with homozygosity for a two nucleotide deletion in the polyadenylation signal of the α2-globin gene (HBA2: c.*93_*94delAA). The patient, a 27-year-old son of a consanguineous couple, needs regular blood transfusions every 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Farashi
- a Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center , Tehran , Iran
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22
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Farashi S, Bayat N, Faramarzi Garous N, Ashki M, Montajabi Niat M, Vakili S, Imanian H, Zeinali S, Najmabadi H, Azarkeivan A. Interaction of an α-Globin Gene Triplication with β-Globin Gene Mutations in Iranian Patients with β-Thalassemia Intermedia. Hemoglobin 2015; 39:201-6. [PMID: 26084319 DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2015.1027914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The 3.7 kb triplicated α-globin gene (ααα(anti 3.7)) mutation has been found in most populations. It results from an unequal crossover between misaligned homologous segments in the α-globin gene cluster during meiosis. The pathophysiology and clinical severity of β-thalassemia (β-thal) are associated with the degree of α chain imbalance. The excess of α-globin chains plays an important role in the pathophysiology of β-thal. When heterozygous/homozygous β-thal coexists with an α gene numerical alteration, the clinical and hematological phenotype of thalassemia could change to mild anemia in case of an α deletion (-α/αα) or severe anemia in the case of an α triplication (αα/ααα). The coexistence of an ααα(anti 3.7) triplication is considered an important factor in the severity of β-thal, exacerbating the phenotypic severity of β-thal by causing more globin chain imbalance. This study shows that the ααα(anti 3.7) triplication is an important factor in the causation of β-thal intermedia (β-TI) in heterozygous β-thal. This type of phenotype modification has rarely been observed and reported in the Iranian population. Here we report the coinheritance of a triplicated α-globin gene arrangement and heterozygous/homozygous β-thal in 23 cases, presenting with a β-TI or β-thal major (β-TM) phenotype. Some of these patients were considered to have a mild β-TI phenotype as they needed no blood transfusions; some occasionally received blood transfusions in their lifetime (for example on delivery) but some are dependent on regular blood transfusions (every 20 to 40 days). Our study was focused on the importance of detecting the α-globin gene triplication in genotype/phenotype prediction in Iranian thalassemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Farashi
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center , Tehran , Iran
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Farashi S, Faramarzi Garous N, Ashki M, Vakili S, Zeinali F, Imanian H, Azarkeivan A, Najmabadi H. Hb Dartmouth (HBA2: c.200T>C): An α2-Globin Gene Associated with Hb H Disease in One Homozygous Patient. Hemoglobin 2015; 39:152-5. [DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2015.1027915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Farashi S, Faramarzi Garous N, Zeinali F, Vakili S, Ashki M, Imanian H, Najmabadi H, Azarkeivan A, Tamaddoni A. A 21 Nucleotide Duplication on theα1- andα2-Globin Genes Involves a Variety of Hypochromic Microcytic Anemias, From Mild to Hb H Disease. Hemoglobin 2015; 39:196-200. [DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2015.1030757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Banan M, Esmaeilzadeh-Gharehdaghi E, Nezami M, Deilami Z, Farashi S, Philipsen S, Esteghamat F, Pourfarzad F, Ali Imam AM, Najmabadi H. cAMP response element-binding protein 1 is required for hydroxyurea-mediated induction of γ-globin expression in K562 cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 39:510-7. [PMID: 22469229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
1. Hydroxyurea (HU) is a drug used for the treatment of haemoglobinopathies. Hydroxyurea functions by upregulating γ-globin transcription and fetal haemoglobin (HbF) production in erythroid cells. The K562 erythroleukaemia cell line is widely used as a model system in which to study the mechanism of γ-globin induction by HU. However, the transcription factors required for the upregulation of γ-globin expression by HU in K562 cells have not been identified. Similarities between the HU and sodium butyrate (SB) pathways suggest cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) 1 as a potential candidate. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the possible role of CREB1 in the HU pathway. 2. Experiments were performed using transient and stable RNA interference (RNAi) to show that CREB1 is necessary for HU-mediated induction of γ-globin expression and haemoglobin production in K562 cells. 3. Furthermore, western blot analyses demonstrated that CREB1 becomes phosphorylated in a dose-dependent manner after HU (100-400 µmol/L) treatment of K562 cells for 72 h. 4. We also investigated role of a Gγ promoter CREB1 response element (G-CRE) in this pathway. Quantitative amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction experiments were performed to demonstrate that HU induces the expression of both Gγ and Aγ in this cell line. In addition, electrophoretic mobility shift assays were used to show that levels of CREB1 complexes binding to the G-CRE site are increased following HU treatment and are decreased in CREB1-knockdown cells. 5. The results suggest that CREB1 is necessary for γ-globin induction by HU in K562 cells, a role that may be mediated, in part, through the G-CRE element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Banan
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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26
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Bayat N, Farashi S, Hafezi-Nejad N, Faramarzi N, Ashki M, Vakili S, Imanian H, Khosravi M, Azar-Keivan A, Najmabadi H. Novel mutations responsible for α-thalassemia in Iranian families. Hemoglobin 2013; 37:148-59. [PMID: 23402770 DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2013.763821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
α-Thalassemia (α-thal) is usually caused by deletions on the α-globin gene cluster and the role of point mutations is less well investigated. In the present study, a total of 1048 individuals with hypochromic microcytic anemia, who did not present the most common α-thal deletions, were referred for α-globin gene DNA sequencing. The nucleotide changes were studied and a total of five new mutations was identified, of which three were located on the α2 gene [codon7 (Lys→Stop), codon 34 (Leu→Pro) and codon 83 (Leu→Arg)] and two on the α1 gene [IVS-I-116 (A>G) and codon 44 (+C)]. These novel mutations not only explain new findings by molecular analysis of the α-globin gene but also have clinical importance due to their changes in α-globin production in means of decreased hemoglobin (Hb) related values. Moreover, considerations of its role in combination with other mutations, and the possibility of causing Hb H (β4) are yet to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Bayat
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Centre, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Banan M, Bayat H, Azarkeivan A, Mohammadparast S, Kamali K, Farashi S, Bayat N, Khani MH, Neishabury M, Najmabadi H. The XmnI and BCL11A single nucleotide polymorphisms may help predict hydroxyurea response in Iranian β-thalassemia patients. Hemoglobin 2012; 36:371-80. [PMID: 22686296 DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2012.691147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyurea (HU), a drug which can reactivate fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) production, is frequently prescribed to β-thalassemia (β-thal) patients. However, transfusion requirements of only a subset of patients are reduced upon HU treatment. Because of its potential side-effects, targeted prescription of HU is imperative. To identify genetic markers that correlate with drug response, we have carried out a retrospective association study of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in three Hb F quantitative trait loci (QTLs): the XmnI polymorphism, BCL11A, and the HBS1L-MYB intergenic region, with the response to HU in a cohort of 81 transfusion-dependent Iranian β-thal patients. An increase in blood transfusion intervals post-therapy was used to measure drug response. Our results suggest that presence of the XmnI T/T genotype or the BCL11A rs766432 C allele correlates strongly with response to HU (p <0.001). Accordingly, these markers may be used to accurately predict the HU response of Iranian β-thal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Banan
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Farashi S, Ohadi M, Mirabzadeh A. P-176 - Too much, but also too little of calreticulin in the psychosis spectrum. Eur Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(12)74343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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