1
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Johnson KK, Koshy P, Kopecky C, Devadason M, Biazik J, Zheng X, Jiang Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Holst J, Yang JL, Kilian KA, Sorrell CC. ROS-mediated anticancer effects of EGFR-targeted nanoceria. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:754-769. [PMID: 38084898 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic effectiveness of anticancer drugs, including nanomedicines, can be enhanced with active receptor-targeting strategies. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an important cancer biomarker, constitutively expressed in sarcoma patients of different histological types. The present work reports materials and in vitro biomedical analyses of silanized (passive delivery) and/or EGF-functionalized (active delivery) ceria nanorods exhibiting highly defective catalytically active surfaces. The EGFR-targeting efficiency of nanoceria was confirmed by receptor-binding studies. Increased cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were observed for EGF-functionalized nanoceria owing to enhanced cellular uptake by HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. The uptake was confirmed by TEM and confocal microscopy. Silanized nanoceria demonstrated negligible/minimal cytotoxicity toward healthy MRC-5 cells at 24 and 48 h, whereas this was significant at 72 h owing to a nanoceria accumulation effect. In contrast, considerable cytotoxicity toward the cancer cells was exhibited at all three times points. The ROS generation and associated cytotoxicity were moderated by the equilibrium between catalysis by ceria, generation of cell debris, and blockage of active sites. EGFR-targeting is shown to enhance the uptake levels of nanoceria by cancer cells, subsequently enhancing the overall anticancer activity and therapeutic performance of ceria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kochurani K Johnson
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pramod Koshy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chantal Kopecky
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Devadason
- Translational Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanna Biazik
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiaoran Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yue Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiling Liu
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Translational Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jia-Lin Yang
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristopher A Kilian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charles C Sorrell
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Cong M, Li Z, Che Y, Li Y, Tian W, Lv J, Sun X. Metabolomics revealed more deleterious toxicity induced by the combined exposure of ammonia and nitrite on Ruditapes philippinarum compared to single exposure. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 196:106398. [PMID: 38377938 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
NH3-N and NO2-N always co-exist in the aquatic environment, but there is not a clear opinion on their joint toxicities to the molluscs. Presently, clams Ruditapes philippinarum were challenged by environmental concentrations of NH3-N and NO2-N, singly or in combination, and analyzed by metabolomics approaches, enzyme assays and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation. Results showed that some same KEGG pathways with different enriched-metabolites were detected in the three exposed groups within one day, and completely different profiles of metabolites were found in the rest of the exposure period. The combined exposure induced heavier and more lasting toxicities to the clams compared with their single exposure. ACP activity and the number of secondary lysosomes were significantly increased after the combined exposure. The present study shed light on the joint-toxicity mechanism of NH3-N and NO2-N, and provided fundamental data for the toxicity research on inorganic nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cong
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
| | - Zhaoshun Li
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Yu Che
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Yuanmei Li
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Wenwen Tian
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Jiasen Lv
- Biology School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
| | - Xiyan Sun
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
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3
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Liu VP, Li WM, Lofroth J, Zeb M, Patrick BO, Bott TM, Lee CH. A specific dispiropiperazine derivative that arrests cell cycle, induces apoptosis, necrosis and DNA damage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8674. [PMID: 37248333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispiropiperazine compounds are a class of molecules known to confer biological activity, but those that have been studied as cell cycle regulators are few in number. Here, we report the characterization and synthesis of two dispiropiperazine derivatives: the previously synthesized spiro[2',3]-bis(acenaphthene-1'-one)perhydrodipyrrolo-[1,2-a:1,2-d]-pyrazine (SPOPP-3, 1), and its previously undescribed isomer, spiro[2',5']-bis(acenaphthene-1'-one)perhydrodipyrrolo-[1,2-a:1,2-d]-pyrazine (SPOPP-5, 2). SPOPP-3 (1), but not SPOPP-5 (2), was shown to have anti-proliferative activity against a panel of 18 human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 0.63 to 13 µM. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that SPOPP-3 (1) was able to arrest cell cycle at the G2/M phase in SW480 human cancer cells. Western blot analysis further confirmed the cell cycle arrest is in the M phase. In addition, SPOPP-3 (1) was shown to induce apoptosis, necrosis, and DNA damage as well as disrupt mitotic spindle positioning in SW480 cells. These results warrant further investigation of SPOPP-3 (1) as a novel anti-cancer agent, particularly for its potential ability to sensitize cancer cells for radiation-induced cell death, enhance cancer immunotherapy, overcome apoptosis-related drug resistance and for possible use in synthetic lethality cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor P Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Wai-Ming Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Jack Lofroth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Mehreen Zeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Tina M Bott
- Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, 10700-104 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Chow H Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada.
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K Johnson K, Kopecky C, Koshy P, Liu Y, Devadason M, Holst J, A Kilian K, C Sorrell C. Theranostic Activity of Ceria-Based Nanoparticles toward Parental and Metastatic Melanoma: 2D vs 3D Models. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1053-1065. [PMID: 36726306 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The time interval between the diagnosis of tumor in a patient and the initiation of treatment plays a key role in determining the survival rates. Consequently, theranostics, which is a combination of diagnosis and treatment, can be expected to improve survival rates. Early detection and immediate treatment initiation are particularly important in the management of melanoma, where survival rates decrease considerably after metastasis. The present work reports for the first time the application of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-tagged epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-functionalized ceria nanoparticles, which exhibit intrinsic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated anticancer effects, for the EGFR-targeted diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. The theranostic activity was demonstrated using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) models of parental and metastatic melanoma. Confocal imaging studies confirm the diagnostic activity of the system. The therapeutic efficiency was evaluated using cell viability studies and ROS measurements. The ROS elevation levels are compared across the 2D and 3D models. Significant enhancement in the generation of cellular ROS and absence in mitochondrial ROS are observed in the 2D models. In contrast, significant elevations in both ROS types are observed for the 3D models, which are significantly higher for the metastatic spheroids than the parental spheroids, thus indicating the suitability of this nanoformulation for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kochurani K Johnson
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chantal Kopecky
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Pramod Koshy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yiling Liu
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michelle Devadason
- Translational Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Translational Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kristopher A Kilian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Charles C Sorrell
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Pedra NS, Canuto KM, de Queiroz Souza AS, Ribeiro PRV, Bona NP, Ramos-Sobrinho R, de Souza PO, Spanevello RM, Braganhol E. Endophytic Fungus of Achyrocline satureioides: Molecular Identification, Chemical Characterization, and Cytotoxic Evaluation of its Metabolites in Human Melanoma cell line. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04328-w. [PMID: 36652091 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04328-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are important sources of anticancer compounds. An endophytic fungus was isolated from the medicinal plant Achyrocline satureioides, and molecularly identified as Biscogniauxia sp. (family Xylariaceae) based on partial nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer genomic region (GenBank Accession No. ON257911). The chemical characterization and cytotoxic properties of secondary metabolites produced by Biscogniauxia sp. were evaluated in a human melanoma cell line (A375). The fungus was grown in potato-dextrose liquid medium for 25 days, and the extracted compounds were subjected to solid-phase fractionation to obtain the purified FDCM fraction, for which the metabolites were elucidated via ultra-performance chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. In the present study, 17 secondary metabolites of Biscogniauxia sp., including nine polyketide derivatives, five terpenoids, and three isocoumarins, were putatively identified. This is the first study to report of the ability of Biscogniauxia sp. in the production of isocoumarin orthosporin; the terpenoids nigriterpene A and 10-xylariterpenoid; the polyketide derivatives daldinin C, 7'dechloro-5'-hydroxygriseofulvin, daldinone D, Sch-642305, curtachalasin A, cytochalasin E, epoxycytochalasins Z8, Z8 isomer, and Z17. Furthermore, this study has reported the biosynthesis of Sch-642305 by a Xylariaceae fungus for the first time. FDCM significantly reduced the viability and proliferation of human melanoma cells at half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 10.34 and 6.89 µg/mL, respectively, and induced late apoptosis/necrosis and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase after 72 h of treatment. Given its ability to produce unique metabolites with promising cytotoxic effects, Biscogniauxia sp. of A. satureioides may be a reservoir of compounds with important therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Stark Pedra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Natália Pontes Bona
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberto Ramos-Sobrinho
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias/Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio Largo, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Priscila Oliveira de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roselia Maria Spanevello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Elizandra Braganhol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Anticancer and Antioxidant Activity of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from Ganoderma aff. australe against Human Osteosarcoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314807. [PMID: 36499132 PMCID: PMC9737215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild mushrooms have gained great importance for being a source of biologically active compounds. In this work, we evaluate the anticancer and antioxidant activity of a water-soluble crude polysaccharide extract isolated from the fruiting bodies of the Ganoderma aff. australe (GACP). This mushroom was collected in San Mateo (Boyacá, Colombia) and identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characterization. GACP was characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The antiradical and antioxidant activity were evaluated by different methods and its anticancer activity was verified in the osteosarcoma MG-63 human cell line. Chemical and spectroscopic analysis indicated that GACP consisted of β-D-Glcp-(1→, →3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ and α-D-Glcp-(1→ residues. The results of the biological activity showed that GACP exhibited high antioxidant activity in the different methods and models studied. Moreover, the results showed that GACP impaired cell viability (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay) and cell proliferation (clonogenic assay) in a dose-response manner on MG-63 cells. The findings of this work promote the use of mushroom-derived compounds as anticancer and antioxidant agents for potential use in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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7
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R. M. Metawea O, Teleb M, Haiba NS, Elzoghby AO, Khafaga AF, Noreldin AE, Khattab SN, Khalil HH. Folic acid-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-maltodextrin) nanohydrogels a novel thermo-/pH-responsive polymer for resveratrol breast cancer targeted therapy. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Use of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) via Multiple Imaging Modalities and Modifications to Reduce Cytotoxicity: An Educational Review. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt1010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present educational review on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) is to inform and guide young scientists and students about the potential use and challenges associated with SPIONs. The present review discusses the basic concepts of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), basic construct of SPIONs, cytotoxic challenges associated with SPIONs, shape and sizes of SPIONs, site-specific accumulation of SPIONs, various methodologies applied to reduce cytotoxicity including coatings with various materials, and application of SPIONs in targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics (Doxorubicin), biotherapeutics (DNA, siRNA), and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging applications.
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9
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Elhasany KA, Khattab SN, Bekhit AA, Ragab DM, Abdulkader MA, Zaky A, Helmy MW, Ashour HMA, Teleb M, Haiba NS, Elzoghby AO. Combination of magnetic targeting with synergistic inhibition of NF-κB and glutathione via micellar drug nanomedicine enhances its anti-tumor efficacy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 155:162-176. [PMID: 32818610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is not only one of the most prevalent types of cancer, but also it is a prime cause of death in women aged between 20 and 59. Although chemotherapy is the most common therapy approach, multiple side effects can result from lack of specificity and the use of overdose as safe doses may not completely cure cancer. Therefore, we aimed in this study is to combine the merits of NF-κB inhibiting potential of celastrol (CST) with glutathione inhibitory effect of sulfasalazine (SFZ) which prevents CST inactivation and thus enhances its anti-tumor activity. Inspired by the CD44-mediated tumor targeting effect of the hydrophilic polysaccharide chondroitin sulphate (ChS), we chemically synthesized amphiphilic zein-ChS micelles. While the water insoluble SFZ was chemically coupled to zein, CST was physically entrapped within the hydrophobic zein/SFZ micellar core. Moreover, physical encapsulation of oleic acid-capped SPIONs in the hydrophobic core of micelles enabled both magnetic tumor targeting as well as MRI theranostic capacity. Combining magnetic targeting to with the active targeting effect of ChS resulted in enhanced cellular internalization of the micelles in MCF-7 cancer cells and hence higher cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. In the in vivo experiments, magnetically-targeted micelles (154.4 nm) succeeded in achieving the lowest percentage increase in the tumor volume in tumor bearing mice, the highest percentage of tumor necrosis associated with significant reduction in the levels of TNF-α, Ki-67, NF-κB, VEGF, COX-2 markers compared to non-magnetically targeted micelles-, free drug-treated and positive control groups. Collectively, the developed magnetically targeted micelles pave the way for design of cancer nano-theranostic drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholod A Elhasany
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Sherine N Khattab
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Adnan A Bekhit
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Pharmacy Program, Allied Health Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain.
| | - Doaa M Ragab
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A Abdulkader
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
| | - Amira Zaky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
| | - Maged W Helmy
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt
| | - Hayam M A Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Nesreen S Haiba
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Elzoghby
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Center for Engineered Therapeutics (CET), Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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10
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Plekhanov AA, Sirotkina MA, Sovetsky AA, Gubarkova EV, Kuznetsov SS, Matveyev AL, Matveev LA, Zagaynova EV, Gladkova ND, Zaitsev VY. Histological validation of in vivo assessment of cancer tissue inhomogeneity and automated morphological segmentation enabled by Optical Coherence Elastography. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11781. [PMID: 32678175 PMCID: PMC7366713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a non-invasive (albeit contact) method based on Optical Coherence Elastography (OCE) enabling the in vivo segmentation of morphological tissue constituents, in particular, monitoring of morphological alterations during both tumor development and its response to therapies. The method uses compressional OCE to reconstruct tissue stiffness map as the first step. Then the OCE-image is divided into regions, for which the Young’s modulus (stiffness) falls in specific ranges corresponding to the morphological constituents to be discriminated. These stiffness ranges (characteristic "stiffness spectra") are initially determined by careful comparison of the "gold-standard" histological data and the OCE-based stiffness map for the corresponding tissue regions. After such pre-calibration, the results of morphological segmentation of OCE-images demonstrate a striking similarity with the histological results in terms of percentage of the segmented zones. To validate the sensitivity of the OCE-method and demonstrate its high correlation with conventional histological segmentation we present results obtained in vivo on a murine model of breast cancer in comparative experimental study of the efficacy of two antitumor chemotherapeutic drugs with different mechanisms of action. The new technique allowed in vivo monitoring and quantitative segmentation of (1) viable, (2) dystrophic, (3) necrotic tumor cells and (4) edema zones very similar to morphological segmentation of histological images. Numerous applications in other experimental/clinical areas requiring rapid, nearly real-time, quantitative assessment of tissue structure can be foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Plekhanov
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minin Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Marina A Sirotkina
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minin Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia.
| | - Alexander A Sovetsky
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulyanov Street 46, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Gubarkova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minin Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Sergey S Kuznetsov
- N.A. Semashko Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Hospital, Rodionov Street 190, Nizhny Novgorod, 603126, Russia
| | - Alexander L Matveyev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulyanov Street 46, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Lev A Matveev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulyanov Street 46, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Elena V Zagaynova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minin Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Natalia D Gladkova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minin Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Vladimir Y Zaitsev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulyanov Street 46, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
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11
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Farell M, Self A, Guza C, Song H, Apollon L, Gomez EW, Kumar M. Lipid-Functionalized Graphene Loaded with hMnSOD for Selective Inhibition of Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:12407-12416. [PMID: 32077682 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Combination therapies utilize multiple mechanisms to target cancer cells to minimize cancer cell survival. Graphene provides an ideal platform for combination therapy due to its photothermal properties and high loading capacity for cancer-fighting molecules. Lipid functionalization of graphene extends its potential as a therapeutic platform by improving its biocompatibility and functionality. Previous studies involving graphene demonstrated its usage as a therapeutic vehicle; however, the effect of bare and engineered graphene structures on oxidative stress has not been comprehensively investigated. Because oxidative stress has been linked to cancer progression, it is vital to examine the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to therapeutic platforms. This study functionalizes reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with lipids and the antioxidant enzyme human manganese superoxide dismutase (hMnSOD) and presents a detailed characterization of cellular responses to bare and functionalized rGO nanostructures in tumorigenic and nontumorigenic breast cell lines. Each cell type displayed distinct responses depending on whether they were normal, nonmetastatic, or metastatic cells. Bare rGO significantly reduced cell growth and substantially increased ROS production in all cell lines and instigated necrosis in metastatic breast cancer cells. Cell proliferation decreased in cancerous breast cells upon introduction of lipid-rGO, which correlated with peroxidation of lipids coating the rGO. In contrast, lipid-rGO nanostructures had minimal impact on proliferation and lipid peroxidation for normal breast cells. Lipid-rGO nanostructures with bound hMnSOD inhibited the proliferation of metastatic cancer cells while preventing necrosis and avoiding the negative side effects on normal cells associated with chemotherapeutic agents. Together, the results confirm the importance of functionalizing rGO for therapeutic applications and present an additional modality for the usage of graphene to selectively target cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Farell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ava Self
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christine Guza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hyewon Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Luigi Apollon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Esther W Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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12
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Dou X, Tong P, Huang H, Zellmer L, He Y, Jia Q, Zhang D, Peng J, Wang C, Xu N, Liao DJ. Evidence for immortality and autonomy in animal cancer models is often not provided, which causes confusion on key issues of cancer biology. J Cancer 2020; 11:2887-2920. [PMID: 32226506 PMCID: PMC7086263 DOI: 10.7150/jca.41324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern research into carcinogenesis has undergone three phases. Surgeons and pathologists started the first phase roughly 250 years ago, establishing morphological traits of tumors for pathologic diagnosis, and setting immortality and autonomy as indispensable criteria for neoplasms. A century ago, medical doctors, biologists and chemists started to enhance "experimental cancer research" by establishing many animal models of chemical-induced carcinogenesis for studies of cellular mechanisms. In this second phase, the two-hit theory and stepwise carcinogenesis of "initiation-promotion" or "initiation-promotion-progression" were established, with an illustrious finding that outgrowths induced in animals depend on the inducers, and thus are not authentically neoplastic, until late stages. The last 40 years are the third incarnation, molecular biologists have gradually dominated the carcinogenesis research fraternity and have established numerous genetically-modified animal models of carcinogenesis. However, evidence has not been provided for immortality and autonomy of the lesions from most of these models. Probably, many lesions had already been collected from animals for analyses of molecular mechanisms of "cancer" before the lesions became autonomous. We herein review the monumental work of many predecessors to reinforce that evidence for immortality and autonomy is essential for confirming a neoplastic nature. We extrapolate that immortality and autonomy are established early during sporadic human carcinogenesis, unlike the late establishment in most animal models. It is imperative to resume many forerunners' work by determining the genetic bases for initiation, promotion and progression, the genetic bases for immortality and autonomy, and which animal models are, in fact, good for identifying such genetic bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Dou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Transmucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery, Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Pingzhen Tong
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Hai Huang
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Lucas Zellmer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 435 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yan He
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of The Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550004, P. R. China
| | - Qingwen Jia
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Transmucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery, Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Transmucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery, Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Tianjin LIPOGEN Gene Technology Ltd., #238 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
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13
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Jiang MJ, Gu DN, Dai JJ, Huang Q, Tian L. Dark Side of Cytotoxic Therapy: Chemoradiation-Induced Cell Death and Tumor Repopulation. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:419-431. [PMID: 32348737 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated tumor repopulation following chemoradiation is often observed in the clinic, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In recent years, dying cells caused by chemoradiation have attracted much attention, and they may manifest diverse forms of cell death and release complex factors and thus orchestrate tumor repopulation cascades. Dying cells potentiate the survival of residual living tumor cells, remodel the tumor microenvironment, boost cell proliferation, and accelerate cancer cell metastasis. Moreover, dying cells also mediate the side effects of chemoradiation. These findings suggest more caution when weighing the benefits of cytotoxic therapy and the need to accordingly develop new strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jie Jiang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Dian-Na Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China; Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Juan-Juan Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China; Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China; Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.
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14
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Gupta D, Silva M, Radziun K, Martinez DC, Hill CJ, Marshall J, Hearnden V, Puertas-Mejia MA, Reilly GC. Fucoidan Inhibition of Osteosarcoma Cells Is Species and Molecular Weight Dependent. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E104. [PMID: 32046368 PMCID: PMC7074035 DOI: 10.3390/md18020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan is a brown algae-derived polysaccharide having several biomedical applications. This study simultaneously compares the anti-cancer activities of crude fucoidans from Fucus vesiculosus and Sargassum filipendula, and effects of low (LMW, 10-50 kDa), medium (MMW, 50-100 kDa) and high (HMW, >100 kDa) molecular weight fractions of S. filipendula fucoidan against osteosarcoma cells. Glucose, fucose and acid levels were lower and sulphation was higher in F. vesiculosus crude fucoidan compared to S. filipendula crude fucoidan. MMW had the highest levels of sugars, acids and sulphation among molecular weight fractions. There was a dose-dependent drop in focal adhesion formation and proliferation of cells for all fucoidan-types, but F. vesiculosus fucoidan and HMW had the strongest effects. G1-phase arrest was induced by F. vesiculosus fucoidan, MMW and HMW, however F. vesiculosus fucoidan treatment also caused accumulation in the sub-G1-phase. Mitochondrial damage occurred for all fucoidan-types, however F. vesiculosus fucoidan led to mitochondrial fragmentation. Annexin V/PI, TUNEL and cytochrome c staining confirmed stress-induced apoptosis-like cell death for F. vesiculosus fucoidan and features of stress-induced necrosis-like cell death for S. filipendula fucoidans. There was also variation in penetrability of different fucoidans inside the cell. These differences in anti-cancer activity of fucoidans are applicable for osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanak Gupta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (D.G.); (K.R.); (D.C.M.); (V.H.)
- INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK;
| | - Melissa Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín A.A.1226, Colombia; (M.S.); (M.A.P.-M.)
| | - Karolina Radziun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (D.G.); (K.R.); (D.C.M.); (V.H.)
- INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK;
- Cell Bank, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Diana C. Martinez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (D.G.); (K.R.); (D.C.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Christopher J. Hill
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (MBB), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
| | - Julie Marshall
- INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK;
| | - Vanessa Hearnden
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (D.G.); (K.R.); (D.C.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Miguel A. Puertas-Mejia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín A.A.1226, Colombia; (M.S.); (M.A.P.-M.)
| | - Gwendolen C. Reilly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (D.G.); (K.R.); (D.C.M.); (V.H.)
- INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK;
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15
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High-throughput label-free characterization of viable, necrotic and apoptotic human lymphoma cells in a coplanar-electrode microfluidic impedance chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 150:111887. [PMID: 31780405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study and the characterization of cell death mechanisms are fundamental in cell biology research. Traditional death/viability assays usually involve laborious sample preparation and expensive equipment or reagents. In this work, we use electrical impedance spectroscopy as a label-free methodology to characterize viable, necrotic and apoptotic human lymphoma U937 cells. A simple three-electrode coplanar layout is used in a differential measurement scheme and thousands of cells are measured at high-throughput (≈200 cell/s). Tailored signal processing enables accurate and robust cell characterization without the need for cell focusing systems. The results suggest that, at low frequency (0.5 MHz), signal magnitude enables the discrimination between viable/necrotic cells and cell fragments, whereas phase information allows discriminating between viable cells and necrotic cells. At higher frequency (10 MHz) two subpopulations of cell fragments are distinguished. This work substantiates the prominent role of electrical impedance spectroscopy for the development of next-generation cell viability assays.
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16
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Jaafari-Ashkvandi Z, Shirazi SY, Rezaeifard S, Hamedi A, Erfani N. Cytotoxic Effects of Pistacia Atlantica (Baneh) Fruit Extract on Human KB Cancer Cell Line. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2019; 62:30-34. [PMID: 30931894 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2019.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plants with anticancer properties are considered as cancer preventive and treatment sources, due to their some biological effects. Apoptosis induction and anti-proliferative effects of Baneh extract on various cancer cell lines have been reported. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of this fruit on KB and human gingival fibroblast cell lines (HGF). KB and HGF cells were treated with various concentrations of ethanolic Baneh extract and cisplatin as positive control. Cytotoxic activity and apoptosis induction were investigated using WST-1 and Annexin V assays. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and student's t-tests. IC50 after 24 and 48 hours treatment were respectively 2.6 and 1 mg/mL for KB cell line, and 1.5 and 1.6 mg/mL for HGF cell. During 48 hours Baneh extract induced apoptosis without significant necrosis, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The induction of apoptosis in KB cells was significantly higher than HGF. It seems that ethanolic extract of Baneh contains compounds that can suppress KB cell growth through the induction of apoptosis. Within 48 hours, less cytotoxic effects were observed on normal fibroblast cells; therefore, it might be a potential anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Jaafari-Ashkvandi
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Somayeh Rezaeifard
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrollah Erfani
- Department of Immunology and Shiraz Institute for Cancer Researches, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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17
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Olivares-Bañuelos T, Gutiérrez-Rodríguez AG, Méndez-Bellido R, Tovar-Miranda R, Arroyo-Helguera O, Juárez-Portilla C, Meza-Menchaca T, Aguilar-Rosas LE, Hernández-Kelly LCR, Ortega A, Zepeda RC. Brown Seaweed Egregia menziesii's Cytotoxic Activity against Brain Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020260. [PMID: 30641974 PMCID: PMC6359252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown seaweeds contain bioactive compounds that show anti-tumorigenic effects. These characteristics have been repeatedly observed in the Lessoniaceae family. Egregia menziesii, a member of this family, is distributed in the North Pacific and its properties have been barely studied. We evaluated herein the cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activity of extracts of this seaweed, through toxicity assay in Artemia salina and lymphocytes, and MTT proliferation assay, in Bergmann glia cells, 3T3-L1 and brain cancer cell lines. E. menziesii’s extracts inhibited the spread of all the tested cell lines. The hexane extract showed the highest cytotoxic activity, while the methanol extract was moderately cytotoxic. Interestingly, seaweed extracts displayed a selective inhibition pattern. These results suggest that E. menziesii’s extracts might be good candidates for cancer prevention and the development of novel chemotherapies due to its highest cytotoxicity in transformed cells compare to glia primary cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Olivares-Bañuelos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico.
| | | | - Rodolfo Méndez-Bellido
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n. Col., Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa, Veracruz 91190, Mexico.
| | - Ricardo Tovar-Miranda
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n. Col., Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa, Veracruz 91190, Mexico.
| | - Omar Arroyo-Helguera
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col., Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa, Veracruz 91190, Mexico.
| | - Claudia Juárez-Portilla
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana. Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n. Col., Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa, Veracruz 91190, Mexico.
| | - Thuluz Meza-Menchaca
- Laboratorio de Genómica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontólogos S/N, Col., Unidad del Bosque, Xalapa, Veracruz 91010, Mexico.
| | - Luis E Aguilar-Rosas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico.
| | - Luisa C R Hernández-Kelly
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07300, Mexico.
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07300, Mexico.
| | - Rossana C Zepeda
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana. Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n. Col., Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa, Veracruz 91190, Mexico.
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18
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Shi M, Zhou H, Lei M, Chen L, Zellmer L, He Y, Yang W, Xu N, Liao DJ. Spontaneous Cancers, But Not Many Induced Ones in Animals, Resemble Semi-New Organisms that Possess a Unique Programmed Cell Death Mode Different from Apoptosis, Senescent Death, Necrosis and Stress-Induced Cell Death. J Cancer 2018; 9:4726-4735. [PMID: 30588258 PMCID: PMC6299389 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There are four basic cell death modes in animals, i.e. physiological senescent death (SD) and apoptosis as well as pathological necrosis and stress-induced cell death (SICD). There have been numerous publications describing “apoptosis” in cancer, mostly focused on killing cancer cells using radio- or chemo-therapy, with few on exploring how cancer cells die naturally without such treatments. Spontaneous benign or malignant neoplasms are immortal and autonomous, but they still retain some allegiance to their parental tissue or organ and thus are still somewhat controlled by the patient's body. Because of these properties of immortality, semi-autonomy, and semi-allegiance to the patient's body, spontaneous tumors have no redundant cells and resemble “semi-new organisms” parasitizing the patients, becoming a unique tissue type possessing a hitherto unannotated cell death mode besides SD, apoptosis, necrosis and SICD. Particularly, apoptosis aims to expunge redundant cells, whereas this new mode does not. In contrast to spontaneous tumors, many histologically malignant tumors induced in experimental animals, before they reach an advanced stage, regress after withdrawal of the inducer. This mortal and non-autonomous nature disqualifies these animal lesions as authentic neoplasms and as semi-new organisms but makes them a good tissue type for apoptosis studies. Ruminating over cell death in spontaneous cancers and many inauthentic tumors induced in animals from these new slants makes us realize that “whether cancer cells undergo apoptosis” is not an easy question with a simple answer. Our answer is that cancer cells have an uncharacterized programmed cell death mode, which is not apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Clinical Research Center, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Mingjuan Lei
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Lichan Chen
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Lucas Zellmer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 435 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yan He
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China at Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Wenxiu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou province, China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China at Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China.,Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou province, China
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19
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Dou X, Chen L, Lei M, Zellmer L, Jia Q, Ling P, He Y, Yang W, Liao DJ. Evaluating the Remote Control of Programmed Cell Death, with or without a Compensatory Cell Proliferation. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1800-1812. [PMID: 30443184 PMCID: PMC6231223 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.26962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms and their different component levels, whether organelle, cellular or other, come by birth and go by death, and the deaths are often balanced by new births. Evolution on the one hand has built demise program(s) in cells of organisms but on the other hand has established external controls on the program(s). For instance, evolution has established death program(s) in animal cells so that the cells can, when it is needed, commit apoptosis or senescent death (SD) in physiological situations and stress-induced cell death (SICD) in pathological situations. However, these programmed cell deaths are not predominantly regulated by the cells that do the dying but, instead, are controlled externally and remotely by the cells' superior(s), i.e. their host tissue or organ or even the animal's body. Currently, it is still unclear whether a cell has only one death program or has several programs respectively controlling SD, apoptosis and SICD. In animals, apoptosis exterminates, in a physiological manner, healthy but no-longer needed cells to avoid cell redundancy, whereas suicidal SD and SICD, like homicidal necrosis, terminate ill but useful cells, which may be followed by regeneration of the live cells and by scar formation to heal the damaged organ or tissue. Therefore, “who dies” clearly differentiates apoptosis from SD, SICD and necrosis. In animals, apoptosis can occur only in those cell types that retain a lifelong ability of proliferation and never occurs in those cell types that can no longer replicate in adulthood. In cancer cells, SICD is strengthened, apoptosis is dramatically weakened while SD has been lost. Most published studies professed to be about apoptosis are actually about SICD, which has four basic and well-articulated pathways involving caspases or involving pathological alterations in the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, or lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Dou
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China.,Technology Center, Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group, Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Lichan Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Mingjuan Lei
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Lucas Zellmer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 435 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Qingwen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Peixue Ling
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China.,Technology Center, Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group, Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Yan He
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou province, P.R. China
| | - Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou province, P.R. China
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20
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Anwar A, Uddin N, Siddiqui BS, Siddiqui RA, Begum S, Choudhary MI. A natural flavonoid lawsonaringenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT-29 colorectal cancer cells by targeting multiple signalling pathways. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:1339-1348. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Rady I, Bloch MB, Chamcheu RCN, Banang Mbeumi S, Anwar MR, Mohamed H, Babatunde AS, Kuiate JR, Noubissi FK, El Sayed KA, Whitfield GK, Chamcheu JC. Anticancer Properties of Graviola ( Annona muricata): A Comprehensive Mechanistic Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1826170. [PMID: 30151067 PMCID: PMC6091294 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1826170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Graviola (Annona muricata) is a small deciduous tropical evergreen fruit tree, belonging to the Annonaceae family, and is widely grown and distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The aerial parts of graviola have several functions: the fruits have been widely used as food confectionaries, while several preparations, especially decoctions of the bark, fruits, leaves, pericarp, seeds, and roots, have been extensively used in traditional medicine to treat multiple ailments including cancers by local communities in tropical Africa and South America. The reported therapeutic benefits of graviola against various human tumors and disease agents in in vitro culture and preclinical animal model systems are typically tested for their ability to specifically target the disease, while exerting little or no effect on normal cell viability. Over 212 phytochemical ingredients have been reported in graviola extracts prepared from different plant parts. The specific bioactive constituents responsible for the major anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and other health benefits of graviola include different classes of annonaceous acetogenins (metabolites and products of the polyketide pathway), alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, and others. This review summarizes the current understanding of the anticancer effects of A. muricata and its constituents on diverse cancer types and disease states, as well as efficacy and safety concerns. It also includes discussion of our current understanding of possible mechanisms of action, with the hope of further stimulating the development of improved and affordable therapies for a variety of ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Rady
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Melissa B. Bloch
- School of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Roxane-Cherille N. Chamcheu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Madison West High School, 30 Ash St, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Sergette Banang Mbeumi
- Division for Research and Innovation, POHOFI Inc., P.O. Box 44067, Madison, WI 53744, USA
| | - Md Rafi Anwar
- School of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Hadir Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Jules-Roger Kuiate
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Section for Research and Innovation, POHOFCAM, P.O. Box 175, Kumba, Cameroon
| | - Felicite K. Noubissi
- Division for Research and Innovation, POHOFI Inc., P.O. Box 44067, Madison, WI 53744, USA
- Department of Biology/RCMI, Jackson State University, 1400 J R Lynch, 429 JAP, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Khalid A. El Sayed
- School of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - G. Kerr Whitfield
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
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Costa Nunes F, Silva LB, Winter E, Silva AH, de Melo LJ, Rode M, Martins MAP, Zanatta N, Feitosa SC, Bonacorso HG, Creczynski-Pasa TB. Tacrine derivatives stimulate human glioma SF295 cell death and alter important proteins related to disease development: An old drug for new targets. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1527-1536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ereath Beeran A, Fernandez FB, Varma PRH. Self-Controlled Hyperthermia & MRI Contrast Enhancement via Iron Oxide Embedded Hydroxyapatite Superparamagnetic particles for Theranostic Application. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 5:106-113. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Ereath Beeran
- Division of Bioceramics, Department of Biomaterial Science and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Poojappura, Kerala 695012, India
| | - Francis Boniface Fernandez
- Division of Bioceramics, Department of Biomaterial Science and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Poojappura, Kerala 695012, India
| | - P. R. Harikrishna Varma
- Division of Bioceramics, Department of Biomaterial Science and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Poojappura, Kerala 695012, India
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Liu X, Yang W, Guan Z, Yu W, Fan B, Xu N, Liao DJ. There are only four basic modes of cell death, although there are many ad-hoc variants adapted to different situations. Cell Biosci 2018; 8:6. [PMID: 29435221 PMCID: PMC5796572 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been enough cell death modes delineated in the biomedical literature to befuddle all cell death researchers. Mulling over cell death from the viewpoints of the host tissue or organ and of the host animal, we construe that there should be only two physiological cell death modes, i.e. apoptosis and senescent death (SD), as well as two pathological modes, i.e. necrosis and stress-induced cell death (SICD). Other death modes described in the literature are ad-hoc variants or coalescences of some of these four basic ones in different physiological or pathological situations. SD, SICD and necrosis kill useful cells and will thus trigger regeneration, wound healing and probably also scar formation. SICD and necrosis will likely instigate inflammation as well. Apoptosis occurs as a mechanism to purge no-longer useful cells from a tissue via phagocytosis by cells with phagocytic ability that are collectively tagged by us as scavengers, including macrophages; therefore apoptosis is not followed by regeneration and inflammation. The answer for the question of “who dies” clearly differentiates apoptosis from SD, SICD and necrosis, despite other similarities and disparities among the four demise modes. Apoptosis cannot occur in cell lines in vitro, because cell lines are immortalized by reprogramming the death program of the parental cells, because in culture there lack scavengers and complex communications among different cell types, and because culture condition is a stress to the cells. Several issues of cell death that remain enigmatic to us are also described for peers to deliberate and debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingde Liu
- 1Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiu Yang
- 2Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Guan
- 3Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Yu
- 3Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Fan
- 2Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- 4Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - D Joshua Liao
- 2Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou People's Republic of China.,3Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 People's Republic of China.,4Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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25
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NF-kappaB: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9010024. [PMID: 29315242 PMCID: PMC5793177 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor family that regulates a large number of genes that are involved in important physiological processes, including survival, inflammation, and immune responses. More recently, constitutive expression of NF-κB has been associated with several types of cancer. In addition, microorganisms, such as viruses and bacteria, cooperate in the activation of NF-κB in tumors, confirming the multifactorial role of this transcription factor as a cancer driver. Recent reports have shown that the NF-κB signaling pathway should receive attention for the development of therapies. In addition to the direct effects of NF-κB in cancer cells, it might also impact immune cells that can both promote or prevent tumor development. Currently, with the rise of cancer immunotherapy, the link among immune cells, inflammation, and cancer is a major focus, and NF-κB could be an important regulator for the success of these therapies. This review discusses the contrasting roles of NF-κB as a regulator of pro- and antitumor processes and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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He Y, Yuan C, Chen L, Liu Y, Zhou H, Xu N, Liao DJ. While it is not deliberate, much of today's biomedical research contains logical and technical flaws, showing a need for corrective action. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:309-322. [PMID: 29511367 PMCID: PMC5835702 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research has advanced swiftly in recent decades, largely due to progress in biotechnology. However, this rapid spread of new, and not always-fully understood, technology has also created a lot of false or irreproducible data and artifacts, which sometimes have led to erroneous conclusions. When describing various scientific issues, scientists have developed a habit of saying "on one hand… but on the other hand…", because discrepant data and conclusions have become omnipresent. One reason for this problematic situation is that we are not always thoughtful enough in study design, and sometimes lack enough philosophical contemplation. Another major reason is that we are too rushed in introducing new technology into our research without assimilating technical details. In this essay, we provide examples in different research realms to justify our points. To help readers test their own weaknesses, we raise questions on technical details of RNA reverse transcription, polymerase chain reactions, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining, as these methods are basic and are the base for other modern biotechnologies. Hopefully, after contemplation and reflection on these questions, readers will agree that we indeed know too little about these basic techniques, especially about the artifacts they may create, and thus many conclusions drawn from the studies using those ever-more-sophisticated techniques may be even more problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China.,Molecular Biology Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry, China Three Gorges University, Yichang City, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
| | - Lichan Chen
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Yanjie Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Clinical Research Center, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China.,Molecular Biology Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
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Kuchma EA, Zolotukhin PV, Belanova AA, Soldatov MA, Lastovina TA, Kubrin SP, Nikolsky AV, Mirmikova LI, Soldatov AV. Low toxic maghemite nanoparticles for theranostic applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6365-6371. [PMID: 28919740 PMCID: PMC5587181 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s140368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iron oxide nanoparticles have numerous and versatile biological properties, ranging from direct and immediate biochemical effects to prolonged influences on tissues. Most applications have strict requirements with respect to the chemical and physical properties of such agents. Therefore, developing rational design methods of synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles remains of vital importance in nanobiomedicine. Methods Low toxic superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for theranostic applications in oncology having spherical shape and maghemite structure were produced using the fast microwave synthesis technique and were fully characterized by several complementary methods (transmission electron microscopy [TEM], X-ray diffraction [XRD], dynamic light scattering [DLS], X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [XPS], X-ray absorption near edge structure [XANES], Mossbauer spectroscopy, and HeLa cells toxicity testing). Results TEM showed that the majority of the obtained nanoparticles were almost spherical and did not exceed 20 nm in diameter. The averaged DLS hydrodynamic size was found to be ~33 nm, while that of nanocrystallites estimated by XRD waŝ16 nm. Both XRD and XPS studies evidenced the maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) atomic and electronic structure of the synthesized nanoparticles. The XANES data analysis demonstrated the structure of the nanoparticles being similar to that of macroscopic maghemite. The Mossbauer spectroscopy revealed the γ-Fe2O3 phase of the nanoparticles and vibration magnetometry study showed that reactive oxygen species in HeLa cells are generated both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Conclusion Quasispherical Fe3+ SPIONs having the maghemite structure with the average size of 16 nm obtained by using the fast microwave synthesis technique are expected to be of great value for theranostic applications in oncology and multimodal anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Kuchma
- The Smart Materials Research Center, Southern Federal University of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Peter V Zolotukhin
- The Smart Materials Research Center, Southern Federal University of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anna A Belanova
- The Smart Materials Research Center, Southern Federal University of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Soldatov
- The Smart Materials Research Center, Southern Federal University of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Lastovina
- The Smart Materials Research Center, Southern Federal University of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Stanislav P Kubrin
- The Smart Materials Research Center, Southern Federal University of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anatoliy V Nikolsky
- The Smart Materials Research Center, Southern Federal University of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Lidia I Mirmikova
- The Smart Materials Research Center, Southern Federal University of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Alexander V Soldatov
- The Smart Materials Research Center, Southern Federal University of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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Wu L, de Perrot M. Radio-immunotherapy and chemo-immunotherapy as a novel treatment paradigm in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2017; 6:325-334. [PMID: 28713677 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2017.06.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive neoplasm with poor outcome. Novel radical radiation techniques using intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) have become an important component of therapy in mesothelioma. Immunotherapy also provides new therapeutic options. However, how best to integrate immunotherapy with standard therapy such as radiation, chemotherapy and surgery remains unknown. A change of paradigm from adjuvant normofractionation to induction accelerated hypofractionated hemithoracic radiation could provide a platform to combine immunotherapy due to the potential benefit of short course high dose radiation on the immune system. Immunotherapy can also be combined with chemotherapy. Although chemotherapy is generally considered immunosuppressive, some chemotherapeutic agents do induce cell death that can be immunogenic and stimulate a specific immune response against the tumor. Immunotherapy could also be used in between cycles of chemotherapy to limit tumor cell repopulation and optimize the results of both treatments. The integration of immunotherapy into a multimodality approach is opening new avenue of treatment for mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licun Wu
- Toronto Mesothelioma Research Program, Toronto General Hospital and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc de Perrot
- Toronto Mesothelioma Research Program, Toronto General Hospital and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Chen TC, Yu J, Nouri Nigjeh E, Wang W, Myint PT, Zandi E, Hofman FM, Schönthal AH. A perillyl alcohol-conjugated analog of 3-bromopyruvate without cellular uptake dependency on monocarboxylate transporter 1 and with activity in 3-BP-resistant tumor cells. Cancer Lett 2017; 400:161-174. [PMID: 28450161 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer agent 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) is viewed as a glycolytic inhibitor that preferentially kills glycolytic cancer cells through energy depletion. However, its cytotoxic activity is dependent on cellular drug import through transmembrane monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT-1), which restricts its anticancer potential to MCT-1-positive tumor cells. We created and characterized an MCT-1-independent analog of 3-BP, called NEO218. NEO218 was synthesized by covalently conjugating 3-BP to perillyl alcohol (POH), a natural monoterpene. The responses of various tumor cell lines to treatment with either compound were characterized in the presence or absence of supplemental pyruvate or antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH). Drug effects on glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) enzyme activity were investigated by mass spectrometric analysis. The development of 3-BP resistance was investigated in MCT-1-positive HCT116 colon carcinoma cells in vitro. Our results show that NEO218: (i) pyruvylated GAPDH on all 4 of its cysteine residues and shut down enzymatic activity; (ii) severely lowered cellular ATP content below life-sustaining levels, and (iii) triggered rapid necrosis. Intriguingly, supplemental antioxidants effectively prevented cytotoxic activity of NEO218 as well as 3-BP, but supplemental pyruvate powerfully protected cells only from 3-BP, not from NEO218. Unlike 3-BP, NEO218 exerted its potent cytotoxic activity irrespective of cellular MCT-1 status. Treatment of HCT116 cells with 3-BP resulted in prompt development of resistance, based on the emergence of MCT-1-negative cells. This was not the case with NEO218, and highly 3-BP-resistant cells remained exquisitely sensitive to NEO218. Thus, our study identifies a mechanism by which tumor cells develop rapid resistance to 3-BP, and presents NEO218 as a superior agent not subject to this cellular defense. Furthermore, our results offer alternative interpretations of previously published models on the role of supplemental antioxidants: Rather than quenching reactive oxygen species (ROS), supplemental NAC or GSH directly interact with 3-BP, thereby neutralizing the drug's cytotoxic potential before it can trigger ROS production. Altogether, our study introduces new aspects of the cytotoxic mechanism of 3-BP, and characterizes NEO218 as an analog able to overcome a key cellular defense mechanism towards this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Jiali Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Eslam Nouri Nigjeh
- Research Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Phyo Thazin Myint
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ebrahim Zandi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Florence M Hofman
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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It Is Imperative to Establish a Pellucid Definition of Chimeric RNA and to Clear Up a Lot of Confusion in the Relevant Research. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040714. [PMID: 28350330 PMCID: PMC5412300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been tens of thousands of RNAs deposited in different databases that contain sequences of two genes and are coined chimeric RNAs, or chimeras. However, "chimeric RNA" has never been lucidly defined, partly because "gene" itself is still ill-defined and because the means of production for many RNAs is unclear. Since the number of putative chimeras is soaring, it is imperative to establish a pellucid definition for it, in order to differentiate chimeras from regular RNAs. Otherwise, not only will chimeric RNA studies be misled but also characterization of fusion genes and unannotated genes will be hindered. We propose that only those RNAs that are formed by joining two RNA transcripts together without a fusion gene as a genomic basis should be regarded as authentic chimeras, whereas those RNAs transcribed as, and cis-spliced from, single transcripts should not be deemed as chimeras. Many RNAs containing sequences of two neighboring genes may be transcribed via a readthrough mechanism, and thus are actually RNAs of unannotated genes or RNA variants of known genes, but not chimeras. In today's chimeric RNA research, there are still several key flaws, technical constraints and understudied tasks, which are also described in this perspective essay.
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Prylutska S, Politenkova S, Afanasieva K, Korolovych V, Bogutska K, Sivolob A, Skivka L, Evstigneev M, Kostjukov V, Prylutskyy Y, Ritter U. A nanocomplex of C 60 fullerene with cisplatin: design, characterization and toxicity. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:1494-1501. [PMID: 28900603 PMCID: PMC5530603 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The self-organization of C60 fullerene and cisplatin in aqueous solution was investigated using the computer simulation, dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy techniques. The results evidence the complexation between the two compounds. The genotoxicity of С60 fullerene, Cis and their complex was evaluated in vitro with the comet assay using human resting lymphocytes and lymphocytes after blast transformation. The cytotoxicity of the mentioned compounds was estimated by Annexin V/PI double staining followed by flow cytometry. The results clearly demonstrate that water-soluble C60 fullerene nanoparticles (0.1 mg/mL) do not induce DNA strand breaks in normal and transformed cells. C60 fullerene in the mixture with Cis does not influence genotoxic Cis activity in vitro, affects the cell-death mode in treated resting human lymphocytes and reduces the fraction of necrotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Prylutska
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Politenkova
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Kateryna Afanasieva
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Korolovych
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Kateryna Bogutska
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andriy Sivolob
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Skivka
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maxim Evstigneev
- Belgorod State University, Pobedy Str. 85, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
- Department of Physics, Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol 299053, Crimea
| | - Viktor Kostjukov
- Department of Physics, Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol 299053, Crimea
| | - Yuriy Prylutskyy
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Technical University of Ilmenau, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Weimarer Str., 25, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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Massimini M, Palmieri C, De Maria R, Romanucci M, Malatesta D, De Martinis M, Maniscalco L, Ciccarelli A, Ginaldi L, Buracco P, Bongiovanni L, Della Salda L. 17-AAG and Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Mitophagy in Canine Osteosarcoma Cell Lines. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:405-412. [PMID: 28438108 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816681409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine osteosarcoma is highly resistant to current chemotherapy; thus, clarifying the mechanisms of tumor cell resistance to treatments is an urgent need. We tested the geldanamycin derivative 17-AAG (17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin) prototype of Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) inhibitors in 2 canine osteosarcoma cell lines, D22 and D17, derived from primary and metastatic tumors, respectively. With the aim to understand the interplay between cell death, autophagy, and mitophagy, in light of the dual effect of autophagy in regulating cancer cell viability and death, D22 and D17 cells were treated with different concentrations of 17-AAG (0.5 μM, 1 μM) for 24 and 48 hours. 17-AAG-induced apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and mitophagy were assessed by transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. A simultaneous increase in apoptosis, autophagy, and mitophagy was observed only in the D22 cell line, while D17 cells showed low levels of apoptotic cell death. These results reveal differential cell response to drug-induced stress depending on tumor cell type. Therefore, pharmacological treatments based on proapoptotic chemotherapy in association with autophagy regulators would benefit from a predictive in vitro screening of the target cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Massimini
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - C Palmieri
- 2 School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - R De Maria
- 3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - M Romanucci
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - D Malatesta
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - M De Martinis
- 4 Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - L Maniscalco
- 3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - A Ciccarelli
- 5 Faculty of Communication Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - L Ginaldi
- 4 Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - P Buracco
- 3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - L Bongiovanni
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - L Della Salda
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Liu X, Wang Y, Yang W, Guan Z, Yu W, Liao DJ. Protein multiplicity can lead to misconduct in western blotting and misinterpretation of immunohistochemical staining results, creating much conflicting data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 51:51-58. [PMID: 27908506 DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Western blotting (WB) and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) are common techniques for determining tissue protein expression. Both techniques require a primary antibody specific for the protein in question. WB data is band(s) on a membrane while IHC result is a staining on a tissue section. Most human genes are known to produce multiple protein isoforms; in agreement with that, multiple bands are often found on the WB membrane. However, a common but unspoken practice in WB is to cut away the extra band(s) and present for publication only the band of interest, which implies to the readers that only one form of protein is expressed and thus the data interpretation is straightforward. Similarly, few IHC studies discuss whether the antibody used is isoform-specific and whether the positive staining is derived from only one isoform. Currently, there is no reliable technique to determine the isoform-specificity of an antibody, especially for IHC. Therefore, cutting away extra band(s) on the membrane usually is a form of misconduct in WB, and a positive staining in IHC only indicates the presence of protein product(s) of the to-be-interrogated gene, and not necessarily the presence of the isoform of interest. We suggest that data of WB and IHC involving only one antibody should not be published and that relevant reports should discuss whether there may be protein multiplicity and whether the antibody used is isoform-specific. Hopefully, techniques will soon emerge that allow determination of not only the presence of protein products of genes but also the isoforms expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingde Liu
- Department of Cardiology Department, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China.
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Wenxiu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China.
| | - Zhizhong Guan
- Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China; Department of Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China.
| | - Wenfeng Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China
| | - D Joshua Liao
- Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China; Department of Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China.
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Jia Y, Chen L, Jia Q, Dou X, Xu N, Liao DJ. The well-accepted notion that gene amplification contributes to increased expression still remains, after all these years, a reasonable but unproven assumption. J Carcinog 2016; 15:3. [PMID: 27298590 PMCID: PMC4895059 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.182809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
“Gene amplification causes overexpression” is a longstanding and well-accepted concept in cancer genetics. However, raking the whole literature, we find only statistical analyses showing a positive correlation between gene copy number and expression level, but do not find convincing experimental corroboration for this notion, for most of the amplified oncogenes in cancers. Since an association does not need to be an actual causal relation, in our opinion, this widespread notion still remains a reasonable but unproven assumption awaiting experimental verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Jia
- Animal Facilities, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250101, USA
| | - Lichan Chen
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Qingwen Jia
- Animal Facilities, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250101, USA
| | - Xixi Dou
- Animal Facilities, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250101, USA
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guizhou, Guiyang 550004, P.R. China
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Wang G, Chen L, Yu B, Zellmer L, Xu N, Liao DJ. Learning about the Importance of Mutation Prevention from Curable Cancers and Benign Tumors. J Cancer 2016; 7:436-45. [PMID: 26918057 PMCID: PMC4749364 DOI: 10.7150/jca.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Some cancers can be cured by chemotherapy or radiotherapy, presumably because they are derived from those cell types that not only can die easily but also have already been equipped with mobility and adaptability, which would later allow the cancers to metastasize without the acquisition of additional mutations. From a viewpoint of biological dispersal, invasive and metastatic cells may, among other possibilities, have been initial losers in the competition for resources with other cancer cells in the same primary tumor and thus have had to look for new habitats in order to survive. If this is really the case, manipulation of their ecosystems, such as by slightly ameliorating their hardship, may prevent metastasis. Since new mutations may occur, especially during and after therapy, to drive progression of cancer cells to metastasis and therapy-resistance, preventing new mutations from occurring should be a key principle for the development of new anticancer drugs. Such new drugs should be able to kill cancer cells very quickly without leaving the surviving cells enough time to develop new mutations and select resistant or metastatic clones. This principle questions the traditional use and the future development of genotoxic drugs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangshi Wang
- 1. Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Lichan Chen
- 2. Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Baofa Yu
- 3. Beijing Baofa Cancer Hospital, Shahe Wangzhuang Gong Ye Yuan, Chang Pin Qu, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Lucas Zellmer
- 2. Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- 4. Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - D Joshua Liao
- 5. D. Joshua Liao, Clinical Research Center, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guizhou, Guiyang 550004, P.R. China
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Zhu S, Wang J, Xie B, Luo Z, Lin X, Liao DJ. Culture at a Higher Temperature Mildly Inhibits Cancer Cell Growth but Enhances Chemotherapeutic Effects by Inhibiting Cell-Cell Collaboration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137042. [PMID: 26495849 PMCID: PMC4619682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute febrile infections have historically been used to treat cancer. To explore the underlying mechanism, we studied chronic effects of fever on cancer cell growth and chemotherapeutic efficacy in cell culture. We found that culturing cancer cells at 39°C mildly inhibited cell growth by arresting the cells at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. When cells were seeded in culture dishes at a lower density, e.g. about 1000–2000 cells per 35-mm dish, the growth inhibition was much greater, manifested as many fewer cell colonies in the 39°C dishes, compared with the results at a higher density seeding, e.g. 20,000 cells per dish, suggesting that cell-cell collaboration as the Allee effect in cell culture is inhibited at 39°C. Withdrawal of cells from serum enhanced the G1 arrest at 39°C and, for some cell lines such as A549 lung cancer cells, serum replenishment failed to quickly drive the cells from the G1 into the S and G2-M phases. Therapeutic effects of several chemotherapeutic agents, including clove bud extracts, on several cancer cell lines were more potent at 39°C than at 37°C, especially when the cells were seeded at a low density. For some cell lines and some agents, this enhancement is long-lasting, i.e. continuing after the cessation of the treatment. Collectively these results suggest that hyperthermia may inhibit cancer cell growth by G1 arrest and by inhibition of cell-cell collaboration, and may enhance the efficacy of several chemotherapeutic agents, an effect which may persist beyond the termination of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Zhu
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, 55912, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, 442000, P.R. China
| | - Jiangang Wang
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, 55912, United States of America
| | - Bingkun Xie
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, 55912, United States of America
| | - Zhiguo Luo
- Department of Oncology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, 442000, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (XL); (DJL)
| | - Xiukun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, 10 West, Youanmen Outside, Beijing, 100069, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (XL); (DJL)
| | - D. Joshua Liao
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, 55912, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZL); (XL); (DJL)
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Liu B, Ezeogu L, Zellmer L, Yu B, Xu N, Joshua Liao D. Protecting the normal in order to better kill the cancer. Cancer Med 2015; 4:1394-403. [PMID: 26177855 PMCID: PMC4567024 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the only option for oncologists when a cancer has widely spread to different body sites. However, almost all currently available chemotherapeutic drugs will eventually encounter resistance after their initial positive effect, mainly because cancer cells develop genetic alterations, collectively coined herein as mutations, to adapt to the therapy. Some patients may still respond to a second chemo drug, but few cases respond to a third one. Since it takes time for cancer cells to develop new mutations and then select those life-sustaining ones via clonal expansion, "run against time for mutations to emerge" should be a crucial principle for treatment of those currently incurable cancers. Since cancer cells constantly change to adapt to the therapy whereas normal cells are stable, it may be a better strategy to shift our focus from killing cancer cells per se to protecting normal cells from chemotherapeutic toxicity. This new strategy requires the development of new drugs that are nongenotoxic and can quickly, in just hours or days, kill cancer cells without leaving the still-alive cells with time to develop mutations, and that should have their toxicities confined to only one or few organs, so that specific protections can be developed and applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingya Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lewis Ezeogu
- Hormel Institute, University of MinnesotaAustin, Minnesota, 55912
| | - Lucas Zellmer
- Hormel Institute, University of MinnesotaAustin, Minnesota, 55912
| | - Baofa Yu
- Beijing Baofa Cancer Hospital, Shahe Wangzhuang Gong Ye YuanChang Pin Qu, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical ScienceBeijing, 100021, China
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Zhang J, Lou X, Zellmer L, Liu S, Xu N, Liao DJ. Just like the rest of evolution in Mother Nature, the evolution of cancers may be driven by natural selection, and not by haphazard mutations. Oncoscience 2014; 1:580-90. [PMID: 25594068 PMCID: PMC4278337 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic carcinogenesis starts from immortalization of a differentiated somatic cell or an organ-specific stem cell. The immortalized cell incepts a new or quasinew organism that lives like a parasite in the patient and usually proceeds to progressive simplification, constantly engendering intermediate organisms that are simpler than normal cells. Like organismal evolution in Mother Nature, this cellular simplification is a process of Darwinian selection of those mutations with growth- or survival-advantages, from numerous ones that occur randomly and stochastically. Therefore, functional gain of growth- or survival-sustaining oncogenes and functional loss of differentiation-sustaining tumor suppressor genes, which are hallmarks of cancer cells and contribute to phenotypes of greater malignancy, are not drivers of carcinogenesis but are results from natural selection of advantageous mutations. Besides this mutation-load dependent survival mechanism that is evolutionarily low and of an asexual nature, cancer cells may also use cell fusion for survival, which is an evolutionarily-higher mechanism and is of a sexual nature. Assigning oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes or their mutants as drivers to induce cancer in animals may somewhat coerce them to create man-made oncogenic pathways that may not really be a course of sporadic cancer formations in the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Lucas Zellmer
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Siqi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - D Joshua Liao
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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