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González-Palomo AK, Ruíz-Rodríguez VM, Hernández-Blanco DV, Pérez Vázquez FJ, Alcántara-Quintana LE, Cortés-Garcia JD. Atrazine modifies markers of melanocyte maturation and apoptosis in primary skin cultures. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023; 33:233-238. [PMID: 36093949 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2124135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) is part of a group of herbicides called triazines. ATZ is widely used in agricultural areas of Mexico, commonly used for the selective control of weeds in corn and sorghum crops. The exposure to ATZ can have serious human health effects since its use was associated with the development of cutaneous melanoma in an epidemiological study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of maturation and apoptotic markers in primary skin cultures exposed to ATZ. The primary skin cultures were exposed to 0.1, and 10 µM ATZ with or without ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the expression of maturation and apoptotic markers were evaluated by RT-qPCR. We observed a significant increase in all the melanocyte maturation markers in cells exposed to ATZ with or without UV, with SOX-9 and FAK (melanoblast markers) being the highest. Also, the expression of BCL-2 (anti-apoptotic marker) was the most increased gene in cells exposed to ATZ with or without UV. Low concentrations of ATZ and UV radiation induce genetic changes associated with the development of immature melanocytes and activate mechanisms associated with the inhibition of apoptosis characteristics of malignant cell transformation, which will allow proposing new therapeutic targets and generating new restrictions or care in farmers exposed to pesticides such as the ATZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K González-Palomo
- Coordinación para la Innvoación de la Ciencia y Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Victor M Ruíz-Rodríguez
- División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Diana V Hernández-Blanco
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México.,Departamento de Dermatologia, Hospital Central "Dr Ignacio Morones Prieto", San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Pérez Vázquez
- Coordinación para la Innvoación de la Ciencia y Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Luz E Alcántara-Quintana
- Coordinación para la Innvoación de la Ciencia y Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Juan D Cortés-Garcia
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México.,Departamento de Dermatologia, Hospital Central "Dr Ignacio Morones Prieto", San Luis Potosi, Mexico
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2
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Shahoumi LA. Oral Cancer Stem Cells: Therapeutic Implications and Challenges. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:685236. [PMID: 35048028 PMCID: PMC8757826 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.685236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is currently one of the 10 most common malignancies worldwide, characterized by a biologically highly diverse group of tumors with non-specific biomarkers and poor prognosis. The incidence rate of HNSCC varies widely throughout the world, with an evident prevalence in developing countries such as those in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa. Tumor relapse and metastasis following traditional treatment remain major clinical problems in oral cancer management. Current evidence suggests that therapeutic resistance and metastasis of cancer are mainly driven by a unique subpopulation of tumor cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), or cancer-initiating cells (CICs), which are characterized by their capacity for self-renewal, maintenance of stemness and increased tumorigenicity. Thus, more understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CSCs and their behavior may help in developing effective therapeutic interventions that inhibit tumor growth and progression. This review provides an overview of the main signaling cascades in CSCs that drive tumor repropagation and metastasis in oral cancer, with a focus on squamous cell carcinoma. Other oral non-SCC tumors, including melanoma and malignant salivary gland tumors, will also be considered. In addition, this review discusses some of the CSC-targeted therapeutic strategies that have been employed to combat disease progression, and the challenges of targeting CSCs, with the aim of improving the clinical outcomes for patients with oral malignancies. Targeting of CSCs in head and neck cancer (HNC) represents a promising approach to improve disease outcome. Some CSC-targeted therapies have already been proven to be successful in pre-clinical studies and they are now being tested in clinical trials, mainly in combination with conventional treatment regimens. However, some studies revealed that CSCs may not be the only players that control disease relapse and progression of HNC. Further, clinical research studying a combination of therapies targeted against head and neck CSCs may provide significant advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linah A Shahoumi
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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3
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Basurto‐Lozada P, Molina‐Aguilar C, Castaneda‐Garcia C, Vázquez‐Cruz ME, Garcia‐Salinas OI, Álvarez‐Cano A, Martínez‐Said H, Roldán‐Marín R, Adams DJ, Possik PA, Robles‐Espinoza CD. Acral lentiginous melanoma: Basic facts, biological characteristics and research perspectives of an understudied disease. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:59-71. [PMID: 32330367 PMCID: PMC7818404 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acral lentiginous melanoma is a histological subtype of cutaneous melanoma that occurs in the glabrous skin of the palms, soles and the nail unit. Although in some countries, particularly in Latin America, Africa and Asia, it represents the most frequently diagnosed subtype of the disease, it only represents a small proportion of melanoma cases in European-descent populations, which is partially why it has not been studied to the same extent as other forms of melanoma. As a result, its unique genomic drivers remain comparatively poorly explored, as well as its causes, with current evidence supporting a UV-independent path to tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the aetiology and diagnostic criteria of acral lentiginous melanoma, as well as its epidemiological and histopathological characteristics. We also describe what is known about the genomic landscape of this disease and review the available biological models to explore potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Basurto‐Lozada
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación Sobre el Genoma HumanoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSantiago de QuerétaroMexico
| | - Christian Molina‐Aguilar
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación Sobre el Genoma HumanoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSantiago de QuerétaroMexico
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and SciencesCentre of BioengineeringQuerétaroMexico
| | - Carolina Castaneda‐Garcia
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación Sobre el Genoma HumanoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSantiago de QuerétaroMexico
| | - Martha Estefania Vázquez‐Cruz
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación Sobre el Genoma HumanoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSantiago de QuerétaroMexico
| | - Omar Isaac Garcia‐Salinas
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación Sobre el Genoma HumanoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSantiago de QuerétaroMexico
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonCambridgeshireCB101SAUK
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Roldán‐Marín
- Dermato‐Oncology ClinicUnidad de Medicina ExperimentalFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | | | - Patricia A. Possik
- Program of Immunology and Tumor BiologyBrazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Carla Daniela Robles‐Espinoza
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación Sobre el Genoma HumanoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSantiago de QuerétaroMexico
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonCambridgeshireCB101SAUK
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4
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Germano A, Cardili L, Carapeto FCL, Landman G. BRAFV600E and KIT immunoexpression in early-stage melanoma. An Bras Dermatol 2019; 94:458-460. [PMID: 31644622 PMCID: PMC7007021 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20198349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is widely known as the most lethal skin cancer. Specific tumor-related mortality can be significantly reduced if diagnosis and treatment are properly performed during initial phases of the disease. The current search for biomarkers in early-stage melanomas is a high-priority challenge for physicians and researchers. We aimed to assess the immunoexpression of BRAFV600E and KIT in a case series consisting of 44 early-stage melanomas. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples were systematically evaluated using a semi-quantitative method based on scores of percentage and intensity for immunostained tumor cells. We observed significant concordance between BRAFV600E and KIT immunoexpression in thin invasive melanomas. Our findings corroborate previous evidence showing abnormal expression of proteins associated with MAPK intracellular signaling pathway in early-stage melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Germano
- Graduate Studies Program in Pathology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cardili
- Department of Pathology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Cintra Lopes Carapeto
- Graduate Studies Program in Pathology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilles Landman
- Department of Pathology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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5
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Ravaioli GM, Dika E, Lambertini M, Chessa MA, Fanti PA, Patrizi A. Acral melanoma: correlating the clinical presentation to the mutational status. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2018. [PMID: 29512974 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.18.05791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is the most common type of malignant melanoma (MM) in Asians, Afro-Americans and Middle-Easterners. It represents 1.5-10% of all MM cases, being the most common histological type of MM arising on palms, soles and nail apparatus, which is more generically defined as acral MM. To date no risk factors have been officially established, however a history of trauma may be involved in the pathogenesis of acral MM. This shows heterogeneous clinical features and frequently presents with advanced stage and aggressive behavior, often as a result of misdiagnosis or delayed identification. Dermoscopy is helpful for an early diagnosis of ALM: the most characteristic dermoscopic patterns are the parallel ridge and the irregular diffuse pigmentation. On histopathology ALM displays a lentiginous growth pattern, with melanocytes arranged as solitary units along the basilar epidermis, without notable pagetoid growth in the early stage. Not all acral MMs present a lentiginous pattern: superficial spreading melanoma and nodular melanoma patterns are also possible. Novel studies investigating the biologic characteristics of acral MM reported variable results: the overall mutational rates ranged respectively between 8.5% and 23% for KIT, between 3.6% and 33.3% for BRAF and between 3% and 47% for NRAS in ALMs. Increasing attention has been recently given to other genes, such as telomerase reverse transcriptase, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alfa and cyclin D1. Larger molecular investigations urge to describe the molecular profile of acral MM, to allow the development of specific targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia M Ravaioli
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy -
| | - Emi Dika
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Lambertini
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco A Chessa
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Alessandro Fanti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Patrizi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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6
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Malignant melanoma of sun-protected sites: a review of clinical, histological, and molecular features. J Transl Med 2017; 97:630-635. [PMID: 28092366 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In most cases of cutaneous melanoma, ultraviolet (UV) radiation is recognized as a prominent risk factor. Less is known regarding the mechanisms of mutagenesis for melanoma arising in sun-protected sites, such as acral and mucosal melanoma. Acral and mucosal melanoma share many common features, including a late age of onset, a broad radial growth phase with prominent lentiginous growth, the presence of field cancerization cells, and, in most cases, lack of a precursor nevus. In addition to early chromosomal instability, many of the same genes are also involved in these two distinct melanoma subtypes. To better understand non-UV-mediated pathogenesis in melanoma, we conducted a joint literature review of clinical, histological, and molecular features in acral and mucosal melanoma. We also reviewed the current literature regarding aberrations in KIT, PDGFRA, TERT, and other commonly involved genes. By comparing common features of these two subtypes, we suggest potential mechanisms underlying acral and/or mucosal melanoma and offer direction for future investigations.
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7
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Cusick EH, Marghoob AA, Braun RP. Laugier-Hunziker syndrome: a case of asymptomatic mucosal and acral hyperpigmentation. Dermatol Pract Concept 2017; 7:27-30. [PMID: 28515989 PMCID: PMC5424658 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.0702a05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Laugier-Hunziker syndrome (LHS) is a rare condition characterized by acquired hyperpigmentation involving the lips, oral mucosa, acral surfaces, nails and perineum. While patients with LHS may manifest pigmentation in all of the aforementioned areas, most present with pigmentation localized to only a few of these anatomical sites. We herein report a patient exhibiting the characteristic pigment distribution pattern associated with LHS. Since LHS is a diagnosis based on exclusion, we discuss the differential diagnosis of mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation. Due to the benign nature of the disease, it is critical to differentiate this disorder from conditions with similar mucocutaneous pigmentary changes with somatic abnormalities that require medical management. We also explore potential mechanisms that may explain the pathogenesis of LHS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralph P Braun
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
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8
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Richtig G, Ehall B, Richtig E, Aigelsreiter A, Gutschner T, Pichler M. Function and Clinical Implications of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E715. [PMID: 28350340 PMCID: PMC5412301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is the most deadly type of skin cancer. Despite the success of immunotherapy and targeted agents, the majority of patients experience disease recurrence upon treatment and die due to their disease. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a new subclass of non-protein coding RNAs involved in (epigenetic) regulation of cell growth, invasion, and other important cellular functions. Consequently, recent research activities focused on the discovery of these lncRNAs in a broad spectrum of human diseases, especially cancer. Additional efforts have been undertaken to dissect the underlying molecular mechanisms employed by lncRNAs. In this review, we will summarize the growing evidence of deregulated lncRNA expression in melanoma, which is linked to tumor growth and progression. Moreover, we will highlight specific molecular pathways and modes of action for some well-studied lncRNAs and discuss their potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Richtig
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria.
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
| | - Barbara Ehall
- Institute for Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
| | - Erika Richtig
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
| | | | - Tony Gutschner
- Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany.
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
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