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Shafi O, Siddiqui G. Tracing the origins of glioblastoma by investigating the role of gliogenic and related neurogenic genes/signaling pathways in GBM development: a systematic review. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:146. [PMID: 35538578 PMCID: PMC9087910 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive tumors. The etiology and the factors determining its onset are not yet entirely known. This study investigates the origins of GBM, and for this purpose, it focuses primarily on developmental gliogenic processes. It also focuses on the impact of the related neurogenic developmental processes in glioblastoma oncogenesis. It also addresses why glial cells are at more risk of tumor development compared to neurons. Methods Databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were searched for published articles without any date restrictions, involving glioblastoma, gliogenesis, neurogenesis, stemness, neural stem cells, gliogenic signaling and pathways, neurogenic signaling and pathways, and astrocytogenic genes. Results The origin of GBM is dependent on dysregulation in multiple genes and pathways that accumulatively converge the cells towards oncogenesis. There are multiple layers of steps in glioblastoma oncogenesis including the failure of cell fate-specific genes to keep the cells differentiated in their specific cell types such as p300, BMP, HOPX, and NRSF/REST. There are genes and signaling pathways that are involved in differentiation and also contribute to GBM such as FGFR3, JAK-STAT, and hey1. The genes that contribute to differentiation processes but also contribute to stemness in GBM include notch, Sox9, Sox4, c-myc gene overrides p300, and then GFAP, leading to upregulation of nestin, SHH, NF-κB, and others. GBM mutations pathologically impact the cell circuitry such as the interaction between Sox2 and JAK-STAT pathway, resulting in GBM development and progression. Conclusion Glioblastoma originates when the gene expression of key gliogenic genes and signaling pathways become dysregulated. This study identifies key gliogenic genes having the ability to control oncogenesis in glioblastoma cells, including p300, BMP, PAX6, HOPX, NRSF/REST, LIF, and TGF beta. It also identifies key neurogenic genes having the ability to control oncogenesis including PAX6, neurogenins including Ngn1, NeuroD1, NeuroD4, Numb, NKX6-1 Ebf, Myt1, and ASCL1. This study also postulates how aging contributes to the onset of glioblastoma by dysregulating the gene expression of NF-κB, REST/NRSF, ERK, AKT, EGFR, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovais Shafi
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Ghazia Siddiqui
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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2
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Ion Channel Drugs Suppress Cancer Phenotype in NG108-15 and U87 Cells: Toward Novel Electroceuticals for Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061499. [PMID: 35326650 PMCID: PMC8946312 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a lethal brain cancer that commonly recurs after tumor resection and chemotherapy treatment. Depolarized resting membrane potentials and an acidic intertumoral extracellular pH have been associated with a proliferative state and drug resistance, suggesting that forced hyperpolarization and disruption of proton pumps in the plasma membrane could be a successful strategy for targeting glioblastoma overgrowth. We screened 47 compounds and compound combinations, most of which were ion-modulating, at different concentrations in the NG108-15 rodent neuroblastoma/glioma cell line. A subset of these were tested in the U87 human glioblastoma cell line. A FUCCI cell cycle reporter was stably integrated into both cell lines to monitor proliferation and cell cycle response. Immunocytochemistry, electrophysiology, and a panel of physiological dyes reporting voltage, calcium, and pH were used to characterize responses. The most effective treatments on proliferation in U87 cells were combinations of NS1643 and pantoprazole; retigabine and pantoprazole; and pantoprazole or NS1643 with temozolomide. Marker analysis and physiological dye signatures suggest that exposure to bioelectric drugs significantly reduces proliferation, makes the cells senescent, and promotes differentiation. These results, along with the observed low toxicity in human neurons, show the high efficacy of electroceuticals utilizing combinations of repurposed FDA approved drugs.
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3
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Favia A, Salvatori L, Nanni S, Iwamoto-Stohl LK, Valente S, Mai A, Scagnoli F, Fontanella RA, Totta P, Nasi S, Illi B. The Protein Arginine Methyltransferases 1 and 5 affect Myc properties in glioblastoma stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15925. [PMID: 31685892 PMCID: PMC6828805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein Arginine (R) methylation is the most common post-translational methylation in mammalian cells. Protein Arginine Methyltransferases (PRMT) 1 and 5 dimethylate their substrates on R residues, asymmetrically and symmetrically, respectively. They are ubiquitously expressed and play fundamental roles in tumour malignancies, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) which presents largely deregulated Myc activity. Previously, we demonstrated that PRMT5 associates with Myc in GBM cells, modulating, at least in part, its transcriptional properties. Here we show that Myc/PRMT5 protein complex includes PRMT1, in both HEK293T and glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). We demonstrate that Myc is both asymmetrically and symmetrically dimethylated by PRMT1 and PRMT5, respectively, and that these modifications differentially regulate its stability. Moreover, we show that the ratio between symmetrically and asymmetrically dimethylated Myc changes in GSCs grown in stem versus differentiating conditions. Finally, both PRMT1 and PRMT5 activity modulate Myc binding at its specific target promoters. To our knowledge, this is the first work reporting R asymmetrical and symmetrical dimethylation as novel Myc post-translational modifications, with different functional properties. This opens a completely unexplored field of investigation in Myc biology and suggests symmetrically dimethylated Myc species as novel diagnostic and prognostic markers and druggable therapeutic targets for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Favia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Salvatori
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Nanni
- Institute of Medical Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Scagnoli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Anna Fontanella
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Nasi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Illi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy.
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4
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Kaushik NK, Kaushik N, Adhikari M, Ghimire B, Linh NN, Mishra YK, Lee SJ, Choi EH. Preventing the Solid Cancer Progression via Release of Anticancer-Cytokines in Co-Culture with Cold Plasma-Stimulated Macrophages. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060842. [PMID: 31216715 PMCID: PMC6628390 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma sources operated in ambient environments are known to generate a variety of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species which could be applied for various biomedical applications. Herein, we fabricate a micro-dielectric barrier discharge plasma device by using screen-printing technology and apply it for studying immuno-stimulatory effects. We demonstrate a tumor-suppressive role for plasma-stimulated macrophages in metastatic solid cancers that directly elicit proliferation and are responsible for tumor relapse mediated by mesenchymal shift. Using microarray analysis, we observed that cold plasma stimulates and differentiates monocyte cells into macrophages as demonstrated by expression of several cytokine/chemokine markers. Moreover, plasma treatment stimulates the differentiation of pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages to a greater extent. These stimulated macrophages favor anti-tumorigenic immune responses against metastasis acquisition and cancer stem cell maintenance in solid cancers in vitro. Differentiation of monocytes into anticancer macrophages could improve the efficacy of plasma treatment, especially in modifying pro-tumor inflammatory microenvironment through effecting highly resistant immunosuppressive tumor cells associated with tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Manish Adhikari
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Bhagirath Ghimire
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Nguyen Nhat Linh
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
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5
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Wahab R, Kaushik N, Khan F, Kaushik NK, Lee SJ, Choi EH, Al-Khedhairy AA. Gold quantum dots impair the tumorigenic potential of glioma stem-like cells via β-catenin downregulation in vitro. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:1131-1148. [PMID: 30863050 PMCID: PMC6391154 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s195333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past several decades, the incidence of solid cancers has rapidly increased worldwide. Successful removal of tumor-initiating cells within tumors is essential in the field of cancer therapeutics to improve patient disease-free survival rates. The biocompatible multivarient-sized gold nanoparticles (MVS-GNPs) from quantum dots (QDs, <10 nm) to nanosized (up to 50 nm) particles have vast applications in various biomedical areas including cancer treatment. The role of MVS-GNPs for inhibition of tumorigenic potential and stemness of glioma was investigated in this study. METHODS Herein, MVS-GNPs synthesized and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Afterwards, interaction of these GNPs with glioma stem-cell like cells along with cancer cells were evaluated by MTT, cell motility, self-renewal assays and biostatistics was also applied. RESULTS Among these GNPs, G-QDs contributed to reduce metastatic events and spheroid cell growth, potentially blocking the self-renewal ability of these cells. This study also uncovers the previously unknown role of the inhibition of CTNNB1 signaling as a novel candidate to decrease the tumorigenesis of glioma spheroids and subsequent spheroid growth. The accurate and precise biostatistics results were obtained at quantify level. CONCLUSION In summary, G-QDs may exhibit possible contribution on suppressing the growth of tumor-initiating cells. These data reveal a unique therapeutic approach for the elimination of residual resistant stem-like cells during cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Wahab
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia,
- Al-Jeraisy, Chair for DNA Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Farheen Khan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea,
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea,
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Sander P, Mostafa H, Soboh A, Schneider JM, Pala A, Baron AK, Moepps B, Wirtz CR, Georgieff M, Schneider M. Vacquinol-1 inducible cell death in glioblastoma multiforme is counter regulated by TRPM7 activity induced by exogenous ATP. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35124-35137. [PMID: 28410232 PMCID: PMC5471040 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most malignant brain tumors in humans and have a very poor prognosis. New therapeutic options are urgently needed. A novel drug, Vacquinol-1 (Vac), a quinolone derivative, displays promising properties by inducing rapid cell death in GBM but not in non-transformed tissues. Features of this type of cell death are compatible with a process termed methuosis. Here we tested Vac on a highly malignant glioma cell line observed by long-term video microscopy. Human dental-pulp stem cells (DPSCs) served as controls. A major finding was that an exogenous ATP concentration of as little as 1 μM counter regulated the Vac-induced cell death. Studies using carvacrol, an inhibitor of transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 (TRPM7), demonstrated that the ATP-inducible inhibitory effect is likely to be via TRPM7. Exogenous ATP is of relevance in GBM with large necrotic areas. Our results support the use of GBM cultures with different grades of malignancy to address their sensitivity to methuosis. The video-microscopy approach presented here allows decoding of signaling pathways as well as mechanisms of chemotherapeutic resistance by long-term observation. Before implementing Vac as a novel therapeutic drug in GBM, cells from each individual patient need to be assessed for their ATP sensitivity. In summary, the current investigation supports the concept of methuosis, described as non-apoptotic cell death and a promising approach for GBM treatment. Tissue-resident ATP/necrosis may interfere with this cell-death pathway but can be overcome by a natural compound, carvacrol that even penetrates the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Sander
- Division of Experimental Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Haouraa Mostafa
- Division of Experimental Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ayman Soboh
- Division of Experimental Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian M Schneider
- Division of Experimental Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrej Pala
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezirkskrankenhaus Guenzburg, 89312 Guenzburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Baron
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Moepps
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - C Rainer Wirtz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezirkskrankenhaus Guenzburg, 89312 Guenzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Georgieff
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marion Schneider
- Division of Experimental Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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John S, Sivakumar KC, Mishra R. Extracellular Proton Concentrations Impacts LN229 Glioblastoma Tumor Cell Fate via Differential Modulation of Surface Lipids. Front Oncol 2017; 7:20. [PMID: 28299282 PMCID: PMC5331044 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive form of brain cancer with marginal survival rates. GBM extracellular acidosis can profoundly impact its cell fate heterogeneities and progression. However, the molecules and mechanisms that enable GBM tumor cells acid adaptation and consequent cell fate competencies are weakly understood. Since extracellular proton concentrations (pHe) directly intercept the tumor cell plasma membrane, surface lipids must play a crucial role in pHe-dependent tumor cell fate dynamics. Hence, a more detailed insight into the finely tuned pH-dependent modulation of surface lipids is required to generate strategies that can inhibit or surpass tumor cell acid adaptation, thereby forcing the eradication of heterogeneous oncogenic niches, without affecting the normal cells. Results By using image-based single cell analysis and physicochemical techniques, we made a small-scale survey of the effects of pH ranges (physiological: pHe 7.4, low: 6.2, and very low: 3.4) on LN229 glioblastoma cell line surface remodeling and analyzed the consequent cell fate heterogeneities with relevant molecular targets and behavioral assays. Through this basic study, we uncovered that the extracellular proton concentration (1) modulates surface cholesterol-driven cell fate dynamics and (2) induces ‘differential clustering’ of surface resident GM3 glycosphingolipid which together coordinates the proliferation, migration, survival, and death reprogramming via distinct effects on the tumor cell biomechanical homeostasis. A novel synergy of anti-GM3 antibody and cyclophilin A inhibitor was found to mimic the very low pHe-mediated GM3 supraclustered conformation that elevated the surface rigidity and mechano-remodeled the tumor cell into a differentiated phenotype which eventually succumbed to the anoikis type of cell death, thereby eradicating the tumorigenic niches. Conclusion and significance This work presents an initial insight into the physicochemical capacities of extracellular protons in the generation of glioblastoma tumor cell heterogeneities and cell death via the crucial interplay of surface lipids and their conformational changes. Hence, monitoring of proton–cholesterol–GM3 correlations in vivo through diagnostic imaging and in vitro in clinical samples may assist better tumor staging and prognosis. The emerged insights have further led to the translation of a ‘pH-dependent mechanisms of oncogenesis control’ into the surface targeted anti-GBM therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian John
- Disease Biology Program, Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology , Thiruvananthapuram , India
| | - K C Sivakumar
- Distributed Information Sub-Centre, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology , Thiruvananthapuram , India
| | - Rashmi Mishra
- Disease Biology Program, Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology , Thiruvananthapuram , India
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Swartling FJ, Čančer M, Frantz A, Weishaupt H, Persson AI. Deregulated proliferation and differentiation in brain tumors. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 359:225-54. [PMID: 25416506 PMCID: PMC4286433 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons, is deregulated in neural stem cell (NSC)- and progenitor-derived murine models of malignant medulloblastoma and glioma, the most common brain tumors of children and adults, respectively. Molecular characterization of human malignant brain tumors, and in particular brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs), has identified neurodevelopmental transcription factors, microRNAs, and epigenetic factors known to inhibit neuronal and glial differentiation. We are starting to understand how these factors are regulated by the major oncogenic drivers in malignant brain tumors. In this review, we will focus on the molecular switches that block normal neuronal differentiation and induce brain tumor formation. Genetic or pharmacological manipulation of these switches in BTSCs has been shown to restore the ability of tumor cells to differentiate. We will discuss potential brain tumor therapies that will promote differentiation in order to reduce treatment resistance, suppress tumor growth, and prevent recurrence in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik J Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Matko Čančer
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Aaron Frantz
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Holger Weishaupt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Anders I Persson
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Correlation of MicroRNA 132 Up-regulation with an Unfavorable Clinical Outcome in Patients with Primary Glioblastoma Multiforme Treated with Radiotherapy Plus Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide Chemotherapy. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:742-8. [PMID: 24466377 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA 132 (miR-132) is dysregulated in a range of human malignancies; however, its role in glioma has not been reported. The aim of this study was to profile miR-132 expression in a cohort of patients with primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treated with the Stupp regimen and to correlate microRNA levels with patient outcome. METHODS miR-132 levels relative to RNU44 were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 43 GBMs and normal brain tissue. The cohort comprised patients less than 72 years of age with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scores between 0 and 2 who had undergone 6-week concomitant radiation and temozolomide followed by adjuvant temozolomide. Survival data were available for all cases. Tumors were characterized for O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) methylation and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1/2 mutation status. Associations between miR-132 expression and clinical indicators were analyzed. RESULTS Tumor miR-132 levels ranged from 0.07- to 40.4-fold increase (mean = 5.5-fold increase) relative to normal brain. High-level miR-132 (above the mean) independently predicted for a significantly shorter overall survival (P = .008). miR-132 was a stronger prognostic indicator than ECOG score (P = .012) and age at diagnosis (P = .026) but did not correlate with MGMT methylation status or extent of tumor resection. Cox regression analysis confirmed high miR-132 as the strongest predictor of outcome (P = .010) with a hazard ratio of 2.8. CONCLUSIONS This study identified high miR-132 expression as a biomarker of poor prognosis in patients with primary GBM treated with the Stupp regimen.
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Hothi P, Martins TJ, Chen L, Deleyrolle L, Yoon JG, Reynolds B, Foltz G. High-throughput chemical screens identify disulfiram as an inhibitor of human glioblastoma stem cells. Oncotarget 2013; 3:1124-36. [PMID: 23165409 PMCID: PMC3717950 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) continues to have a poor patient prognosis despite optimal standard of care. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) have been implicated as the presumed cause of tumor recurrence and resistance to therapy. With this in mind, we screened a diverse chemical library of 2,000 compounds to identify therapeutic agents that inhibit GSC proliferation and therefore have the potential to extend patient survival. High-throughput screens (HTS) identified 78 compounds that repeatedly inhibited cellular proliferation, of which 47 are clinically approved for other indications and 31 are experimental drugs. Several compounds (such as digitoxin, deguelin, patulin and phenethyl caffeate) exhibited high cytotoxicity, with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in the low nanomolar range. In particular, the FDA approved drug for the treatment of alcoholism, disulfiram (DSF), was significantly potent across multiple patient samples (IC50 of 31.1 nM). The activity of DSF was potentiated by copper (Cu), which markedly increased GSC death. DSF–Cu inhibited the chymotrypsin-like proteasomal activity in cultured GSCs, consistent with inactivation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the subsequent induction of tumor cell death. Given that DSF is a relatively non-toxic drug that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, we suggest that DSF should be tested (as either a monotherapy or as an adjuvant) in pre-clinical models of human GBM. Data also support targeting of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvinder Hothi
- The Ben and Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Linking proteomic and transcriptional data through the interactome and epigenome reveals a map of oncogene-induced signaling. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1002887. [PMID: 23408876 PMCID: PMC3567149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular signal transduction generally involves cascades of post-translational protein modifications that rapidly catalyze changes in protein-DNA interactions and gene expression. High-throughput measurements are improving our ability to study each of these stages individually, but do not capture the connections between them. Here we present an approach for building a network of physical links among these data that can be used to prioritize targets for pharmacological intervention. Our method recovers the critical missing links between proteomic and transcriptional data by relating changes in chromatin accessibility to changes in expression and then uses these links to connect proteomic and transcriptome data. We applied our approach to integrate epigenomic, phosphoproteomic and transcriptome changes induced by the variant III mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII) in a cell line model of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). To test the relevance of the network, we used small molecules to target highly connected nodes implicated by the network model that were not detected by the experimental data in isolation and we found that a large fraction of these agents alter cell viability. Among these are two compounds, ICG-001, targeting CREB binding protein (CREBBP), and PKF118–310, targeting β-catenin (CTNNB1), which have not been tested previously for effectiveness against GBM. At the level of transcriptional regulation, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) to experimentally determine the genome-wide binding locations of p300, a transcriptional co-regulator highly connected in the network. Analysis of p300 target genes suggested its role in tumorigenesis. We propose that this general method, in which experimental measurements are used as constraints for building regulatory networks from the interactome while taking into account noise and missing data, should be applicable to a wide range of high-throughput datasets. The ways in which cells respond to changes in their environment are controlled by networks of physical links among the proteins and genes. The initial signal of a change in conditions rapidly passes through these networks from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it can lead to long-term alterations in cellular behavior by controlling the expression of genes. These cascades of signaling events underlie many normal biological processes. As a result, being able to map out how these networks change in disease can provide critical insights for new approaches to treatment. We present a computational method for reconstructing these networks by finding links between the rapid short-term changes in proteins and the longer-term changes in gene regulation. This method brings together systematic measurements of protein signaling, genome organization and transcription in the context of protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. When used to analyze datasets from an oncogene expressing cell line model of human glioblastoma, our approach identifies key nodes that affect cell survival and functional transcriptional regulators.
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Thermally targeted delivery of a c-Myc inhibitory polypeptide inhibits tumor progression and extends survival in a rat glioma model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55104. [PMID: 23372821 PMCID: PMC3555869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of glioblastoma is complicated by the tumors' high resistance to chemotherapy, poor penetration of drugs across the blood brain barrier, and damaging effects of chemotherapy and radiation to normal neural tissue. To overcome these limitations, a thermally responsive polypeptide was developed for targeted delivery of therapeutic peptides to brain tumors using focused hyperthermia. The peptide carrier is based on elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), which is a thermally responsive biopolymer that forms aggregates above a characteristic transition temperature. ELP was modified with cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) to enhance delivery to brain tumors and mediate uptake across the tumor cells' plasma membranes and with a peptide inhibitor of c-Myc (H1). In rats with intracerebral gliomas, brain tumor targeting of ELP following systemic administration was enhanced up to 5-fold by the use of CPPs. When the lead CPP-ELP-fused c-Myc inhibitor was combined with focused hyperthermia of the tumors, an additional 3 fold increase in tumor polypeptide levels was observed, and 80% reduction in tumor volume, delayed onset of tumor-associated neurological deficits, and at least doubled median survival time including complete regression in 80% of animals was achieved. This work demonstrates that a c-Myc inhibitory peptide can be effectively delivered to brain tumors.
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Frattini V, Pisati F, Speranza MC, Poliani PL, Frigé G, Cantini G, Kapetis D, Cominelli M, Rossi A, Finocchiaro G, Pellegatta S. FOXP3, a novel glioblastoma oncosuppressor, affects proliferation and migration. Oncotarget 2012; 3:1146-57. [PMID: 23888189 PMCID: PMC3717952 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor FOXP3 plays an essential role in regulatory T cell development and function. In addition, it has recently been identified as a tumor suppressor in different cancers. Here, we report that FOXP3 is expressed in normal brain but strongly down-regulated in glioblastoma (GB) and in corresponding GB stem-like cells growing in culture as neurospheres (GB-NS), as evaluated by real time-PCR and confirmed by immunohistochemistry on an independent set of GB. FOXP3 expression was higher in low-grade gliomas than in GB. Interestingly, we also found that neurosphere generation, a feature present in 58% of the GB that we examined, correlated with lower expression of FOXP3 and shorter patient survival. FOXP3 silencing in one GB-NS expressing measurable levels of the gene caused a significant increase in proliferation and migration as well as highly aggressive growth in xenografts. Conversely, FOXP3 over-expression impaired GB-NS migration and proliferation in vitro. We also demonstrated using ChiP that FOXP3 is a transcriptional regulator of p21 and c-MYC supporting the idea that dysregulated expression of these factors is a major mechanism of tumorigenesis driven by the loss of FOXP3 expression in gliomas. These findings support the assertion that FOXP3 exhibits tumor suppressor activity in glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Frattini
- Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
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Lehman NL, O'Donnell JP, Whiteley LJ, Stapp RT, Lehman TD, Roszka KM, Schultz LR, Williams CJ, Mikkelsen T, Brown SL, Ecsedy JA, Poisson LM. Aurora A is differentially expressed in gliomas, is associated with patient survival in glioblastoma and is a potential chemotherapeutic target in gliomas. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:489-502. [PMID: 22274399 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.3.18996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aurora A is critical for mitosis and is overexpressed in several neoplasms. Its overexpression transforms cultured cells, and both its overexpression and knockdown cause genomic instability. In transgenic mice, Aurora A haploinsufficiency, not overexpression, leads to increased malignant tumor formation. Aurora A thus appears to have both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressor functions. Here, we report that Aurora A protein, measured by quantitative protein gel blotting, is differentially expressed in major glioma types in lineage-specific patterns. Aurora A protein levels in WHO grade II oligodendrogliomas (n=16) and grade III anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (n=16) are generally low, similar to control epilepsy cerebral tissue (n=11). In contrast, pilocytic astrocytomas (n=6) and ependymomas (n=12) express high Aurora A levels. Among grade II to grade III astrocytomas (n=7, n=14, respectively) and grade IV glioblastomas (n=31), Aurora A protein increases with increasing tumor grade. We also found that Aurora A expression is induced by hypoxia in cultured glioblastoma cells and is overexpressed in hypoxic regions of glioblastoma tumors. Retrospective Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that both lower Aurora A protein measured by quantitative protein gel blot (n=31) and Aurora A mRNA levels measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (n=58) are significantly associated with poorer patient survival in glioblastoma. Furthermore, we report that the selective Aurora A inhibitor MLN8237 is potently cytotoxic to glioblastoma cells, and that MLN8237 cytotoxicty is potentiated by ionizing radiation. MLN8237 also appeared to induce senescence and differentiation of glioblastoma cells. Thus, in addition to being significantly associated with survival in glioblastoma, Aurora A is a potential new drug target for the treatment of glioblastoma and possibly other glial neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman L Lehman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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15
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Muñoz DM, Guha A. Mouse models to interrogate the implications of the differentiation status in the ontogeny of gliomas. Oncotarget 2012; 2:590-8. [PMID: 21896959 PMCID: PMC3248213 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal of human primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors, with a median survival of 14-16 months despite optimal surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. A reason for this dismal prognosis is insufficient understanding of the ontogeny of GBMs, which are highly heterogeneous at a pathological level. This pathological diversity, between and within GBMs as well as varying grades of gliomas, has not been fully explained solely on the grounds of oncogenic stimulus. Interaction with the tumor microenvironment is likely a source of this pathological heterogeneity, as well as the inherent characteristics of the tumor cell of origin. Currently, controversy exists on whether the initial transformed cell is a differentiated astrocyte, progenitor or neural stem cell. Putative cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have features of normal stem cell plus the ability to recapitulate the tumor phenotype in vivo in small numbers, have been identified from a variety of solid human cancers, including GBMs. Evidence suggesting that regions harboring normal stem cells in the adult CNS, such as the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus, are more prone to viral and chemical oncogenesis, is supportive of the hypothesis that brain tumors arise from stem cells. However, it is still to be determined whether the appearance of brain tumor stem cells (BTSC) is the cause or consequence of tumor initiation and progression. This review discusses emerging evidence highlighting the relevance of the state of differentiation and regional heterogeneity in the ontogeny of GBM. This is an area of high interest in cancer in general, with potential significant therapeutic and prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Marcela Muñoz
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
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Qi S, Song Y, Peng Y, Wang H, Long H, Yu X, Li Z, Fang L, Wu A, Luo W, Zhen Y, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Mai C, Liu Z, Fang W. ZEB2 mediates multiple pathways regulating cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis in glioma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38842. [PMID: 22761708 PMCID: PMC3383704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to analyze the expression of Zinc finger E-box Binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) in glioma and to explore the molecular mechanisms of ZEB2 that regulate cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Expression of ZEB2 in 90 clinicopathologically characterized glioma patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, siRNA targeting ZEB2 was transfected into U251 and U87 glioma cell lines in vitro and proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were examined separately by MTT assay, Transwell chamber assay, flow cytometry, and western blot. RESULTS The expression level of ZEB2 protein was significantly increased in glioma tissues compared to normal brain tissues (P<0.001). In addition, high levels of ZEB2 protein were positively correlated with pathology grade classification (P = 0.024) of glioma patients. Knockdown of ZEB2 by siRNA suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as induced cell apoptosis in glioma cells. Furthermore, ZEB2 downregulation was accompanied by decreased expression of CDK4/6, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E, E2F1, and c-myc, while p15 and p21 were upregulated. Lowered expression of ZEB2 enhanced E-cadherin levels but also inhibited β-Catenin, Vimentin, N-cadherin, and Snail expression. Several apoptosis-related regulators such as Caspase-3, Caspase-6, Caspase-9, and Cleaved-PARP were activated while PARP was inhibited after ZEB2 siRNA treatment. CONCLUSION Overexpression of ZEB2 is an unfavorable factor that may facilitate glioma progression. Knockdown ZEB2 expression by siRNA suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion and promoted cell apoptosis in glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SQ); (ZL); (WF)
| | - Ye Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuping Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luxiong Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aibing Wu
- Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiren Luo
- Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhen
- Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunping Mai
- Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Basic School of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SQ); (ZL); (WF)
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SQ); (ZL); (WF)
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Sumoylation of vimentin354 is associated with PIAS3 inhibition of glioma cell migration. Oncotarget 2011; 1:620-7. [PMID: 21317457 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasive phenotype of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a hallmark of malignant process, yet the molecular mechanisms that dictate this locally invasive behavior remain poorly understood. Over-expression of PIAS3 effectively changes cell shape and inhibits GBM cell migration. We focused on the molecular target(s) of PIAS3 stimulated sumoylation, which play an important role in the inhibition of GBM cell motility. Here we report, through the immunoprecipitation with SUMO1 antibody, followed by proteomic analysis, the identification of vimentin (vimentin354), a nuclear component in GBM cells, as the main target of sumoylation promoted by PIAS3.
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