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Bushnell GG, Deshmukh AP, den Hollander P, Luo M, Soundararajan R, Jia D, Levine H, Mani SA, Wicha MS. Breast cancer dormancy: need for clinically relevant models to address current gaps in knowledge. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:66. [PMID: 34050189 PMCID: PMC8163741 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the USA. Although advances in treatment over the past several decades have significantly improved the outlook for this disease, most women who are diagnosed with estrogen receptor positive disease remain at risk of metastatic relapse for the remainder of their life. The cellular source of late relapse in these patients is thought to be disseminated tumor cells that reactivate after a long period of dormancy. The biology of these dormant cells and their natural history over a patient's lifetime is largely unclear. We posit that research on tumor dormancy has been significantly limited by the lack of clinically relevant models. This review will discuss existing dormancy models, gaps in biological understanding, and propose criteria for future models to enhance their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace G Bushnell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Abhijeet P Deshmukh
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Petra den Hollander
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rama Soundararajan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dongya Jia
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics and Departments of Physics and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sendurai A Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Max S Wicha
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Keller F, Bruch R, Clauder F, Hafner M, Rudolf R. Extracellular Matrix Components Regulate Bone Sialoprotein Expression in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061304. [PMID: 34073955 PMCID: PMC8225072 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) has become a target in breast cancer research as it is associated with tumor progression and metastasis. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of BSP expression have been largely elusive. Given that BSP is involved in the homing of cancer cells in bone metastatic niches, we addressed regulatory effects of proteolytic cleavage and extracellular matrix components on BSP expression and distribution in cell culture models. Therefore, MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were kept in 2D and 3D spheroid cultures and exposed to basement membrane extract in the presence or absence of matrix metalloproteinase 9 or the non-polar protease, dispase. Confocal imaging of immunofluorescence samples stained with different antibodies against human BSP demonstrated a strong inducing effect of basement membrane extract on anti-BSP immunofluorescence. Similarly, protease incubation led to acute upregulation of anti-BSP immunofluorescence signals, which was blocked by cycloheximide, suggesting de novo formation of BSP. In summary, our data show that extracellular matrix components play an important function in regulating BSP expression and hint at mechanisms for the formation of bone-associated metastasis in breast cancer that might involve local control of BSP levels by extracellular matrix degradation and release of growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Keller
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; (F.K.); (R.B.); (M.H.)
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roman Bruch
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; (F.K.); (R.B.); (M.H.)
| | | | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; (F.K.); (R.B.); (M.H.)
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; (F.K.); (R.B.); (M.H.)
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-292-6804
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to summarize recent experimental and clinical evidence for metastatic latency and the molecular mechanisms that regulate tumor dormancy in the bone. RECENT FINDINGS Tumor dormancy contributes to the progression of metastasis and thus has significant clinical implications for prognosis and treatment. Tumor-intrinsic signaling and specialized bone marrow niches play a pivotal role in determining the dormancy status of bone disseminated tumor cells. Experimental models have provided significant insight into the effects of the bone microenvironment on tumor cells; however, these models remain limited in their ability to study dormancy. Despite recent advances in the mechanistic understanding of how tumor cells remain dormant in the bone for prolonged periods of time, the signals that trigger spontaneous dormancy escape remain unclear. This review highlights the need for further investigation of mechanisms underlying tumor dormancy using clinically relevant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda E Clements
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Rachelle W Johnson
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Allocca G, Hughes R, Wang N, Brown HK, Ottewell PD, Brown NJ, Holen I. The bone metastasis niche in breast cancer-potential overlap with the haematopoietic stem cell niche in vivo. J Bone Oncol 2019; 17:100244. [PMID: 31236323 PMCID: PMC6582079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2019.100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone metastasis is one of the most common complications of advanced breast cancer. During dissemination to bone, breast cancer cells locate in a putative 'metastatic niche', a microenvironment that regulates the colonisation, maintenance of tumour cell dormancy and subsequent tumour growth. The precise location and composition of the bone metastatic niche is not clearly defined. We have used in vivo models of early breast cancer dissemination to provide novel evidence that demonstrates overlap between endosteal, perivascular, HSC and the metastatic niche in bone. METHODS Estrogen Receptor (ER) +ve and -ve breast cancer cells were labelled with membrane dyes Vybrant-DiD and Vybrant-CM-DiI and injected via different routes in BALBc/nude mice of different ages. Two-photon microscopy was used to detect and quantitate tumour cells and map their location within the bone microenvironment as well as their distance to the nearest bone surface compared to the nearest other tumour cell. To investigate whether the metastatic niche overlapped with the HSC niche, animals were pre-treated with the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 to mobilise hematopoietic (HSCs) prior to injection of breast cancer cells. RESULTS Breast cancer cells displayed a characteristic pattern of homing in the long bones, with the majority of tumour cells seeded in the trabecular regions, regardless of the route of injection, cell-line characteristics (ER status) or animal age. Breast cancer cells located in close proximity to the nearest bone surface and the average distance between individual tumour cells was higher than their distance to bone. Mobilisation of HSCs from the niche to the circulation prior to injection of cell lines resulted in increased numbers of tumour cells disseminated in trabecular regions. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence that homing of breast cancer cells is independent of their ER status and that the breast cancer bone metastasis niche is located within the trabecular region of bone, an area rich in osteoblasts and microvessels. The increased number of breast cancer cells homing to bone after mobilisation of HSCs suggests that the HSC and the bone metastasis niche overlap.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, Analysis of variance
- Animal models
- Bone metastasis
- Breast cancer
- CTC, Circulating tumour cell
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DTC, Disseminated tumour cell
- EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- ER, Estrogen Receptor
- FBS, Foetal bovine serum
- GFP, Green fluorescent protein
- HSC, Hematopoietic stem cell
- Hematopoietic stem cell
- IC, Intra cardiac
- IV, Intra venous
- Luc2, Luciferase2
- OVX, Ovariectomy
- ROI, Region of interest
- TSP-1, thrombospondin-1
- µCT, Microcomputed tomography
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ingunn Holen
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
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Sowder ME, Johnson RW. Enrichment and detection of bone disseminated tumor cells in models of low tumor burden. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14299. [PMID: 30250146 PMCID: PMC6155169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer cells frequently home to the bone, but the mechanisms controlling tumor colonization of the bone marrow remain unclear. We report significant enrichment of bone-disseminated estrogen receptor positive human MCF7 cells by 17 β-estradiol (E2) following intracardiac inoculation. Using flow cytometric and quantitative PCR approaches, tumor cells were detected in >80% of MCF7 tumor-inoculated mice, regardless of E2, suggesting that E2 is not required for MCF7 dissemination to the bone marrow. Furthermore, we propose two additional models in which to study prolonged latency periods by bone-disseminated tumor cells: murine D2.0R and human SUM159 breast carcinoma cells. Tumor cells were detected in bone marrow of up to 100% of D2.0R and SUM159-inoculated mice depending on the detection method. These findings establish novel models of bone colonization in which to study mechanisms underlying tumor cell seeding to the marrow and prolonged latency, and provide highly sensitive methods to detect these rare events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda E Sowder
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Rachelle W Johnson
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Chiu JH, Wen CS, Wang JY, Hsu CY, Tsai YF, Hung SC, Tseng LM, Shyr YM. Role of estrogen receptors and Src signaling in mechanisms of bone metastasis by estrogen receptor positive breast cancers. J Transl Med 2017; 15:97. [PMID: 28472954 PMCID: PMC5418839 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Evidence shows that Luminal A breast cancer is likely to undergo bone metastasis, but the mechanisms involved remain unknown. This study's aim was to demonstrate a correlation between estrogen receptor (ER) positivity and bone metastasis as the clinically preferred site of metastasis, as well as investigating the role of ERα-Src signaling in MCF-7 cells using Snail over-expression as an in vivo bone metastasis model. METHODS Clinically, the records of breast cancer with distant metastasis were retrospectively reviewed to correlate breast cancer subtypes and preferential metastatic sites. An in vivo bone metastasis model was created by injection of MCF-7 cells with/without Snail over-expression into the tibia of nude mice. The human MCF-7 cells that over-expressed (o/e) Snail were examined and the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) markers, ER-Src signaling proteins and p190 RhoGAP analyzed by Western blotting and real-time PCR. The role of ERα was elucidated using ESR1 silence by transfecting shRNA (∆ESR1) into MCF-7 o/e Snail cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The clinical results showed that ER ≥1% breast cancers showed a positive correlation with bone metastasis, which was found to be the preferred site of metastasis. An in vivo bone metastasis was successfully established using injection of MCF-7 o/e Snail cells into the tibia of nude mice, but no such metastasis was found using control MCF-7 cells. The proteins expressed in MCF-7 o/e Snail cells showed an EMT pattern, while those of the MCF-7 o/e Snail metastatic tissue showed a mesenchymal-epithelial pattern. There was an increase in cytosolic Src, p190 RhoGAP and nuclear ERα proteins, but not in Snail, in MCF-7 o/e Snail tissue compared to the same cell line in vitro. ESR1 knock down decreased Src and p190 RhoGAP expression in vitro and also decreased the incidence of bone metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSION We conclude that ER-Src signaling plays an important role in ER (+) breast cancer, which shows a high potential for bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hwey Chiu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center & Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Che-Sheng Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jir-You Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Yi Hsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Fang Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Chieh Hung
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center & Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yi-Ming Shyr
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center & Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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