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Sadeghi M, Fathi M, Gholizadeh Navashenaq J, Mohammadi H, Yousefi M, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Namdar A, Movasaghpour Akbari AA, Jadidi-Niaragh F. The prognostic and therapeutic potential of HO-1 in leukemia and MDS. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:57. [PMID: 36915102 PMCID: PMC10009952 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a heme-degrading enzyme, is proven to have anti-apoptotic effects in several malignancies. In addition, HO-1 is reported to cause chemoresistance and increase cell survival. Growing evidence indicates that HO-1 contributes to the course of hematological malignancies as well. Here, the expression pattern, prognostic value, and the effect of HO-1 targeting in HMs are discussed. MAIN BODY According to the recent literature, it was discovered that HO-1 is overexpressed in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells and is associated with high-risk disease. Furthermore, in addition to HO-1 expression by leukemic and MDS cells, CML, AML, and ALL leukemic stem cells express this protein as well, making it a potential target for eliminating minimal residual disease (MRD). Moreover, it was concluded that HO-1 induces tumor progression and prevents apoptosis through various pathways. CONCLUSION HO-1 has great potential in determining the prognosis of leukemia and MDS patients. HO-1 induces resistance to several chemotherapeutic agents as well as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and following its inhibition, chemo-sensitivity increases. Moreover, the exact role of HO-1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is yet unknown. While findings illustrate that MDS and other leukemic patients could benefit from HO-1 targeting. Future studies can help broaden our knowledge regarding the role of HO-1 in MDS and leukemia. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadeghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Afshin Namdar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Characterization of Philadelphia-like Pre-B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Experiences in Mexican Pediatric Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179587. [PMID: 36076986 PMCID: PMC9455471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ph-like subtypes with CRLF2 abnormalities are frequent among Hispano–Latino children with pre-B ALL. Therefore, there is solid ground to suggest that this subtype is frequent in Mexican patients. The genomic complexity of Ph-like subtype constitutes a challenge for diagnosis, as it requires diverse genomic methodologies that are not widely available in diagnostic centers in Mexico. Here, we propose a diagnostic strategy for Ph-like ALL in accordance with our local capacity. Pre-B ALL patients without recurrent gene fusions (104) were classified using a gene-expression profile based on Ph-like signature genes analyzed by qRT-PCR. The expressions of the CRLF2 transcript and protein were determined by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. The P2RY8::CRLF2, IGH::CRLF2, ABL1/2 rearrangements, and Ik6 isoform were screened using RT-PCR and FISH. Surrogate markers of Jak2-Stat5/Abl/Ras pathways were analyzed by phosphoflow. Mutations in relevant kinases/transcription factors genes in Ph-like were assessed by target-specific NGS. A total of 40 patients (38.5%) were classified as Ph-like; of these, 36 had abnormalities associated with Jak2-Stat5 and 4 had Abl. The rearrangements IGH::CRLF2,P2RY8::CRLF2, and iAMP21 were particularly frequent. We propose a strategy for the detection of Ph-like patients, by analyzing the overexpression/genetic lesions of CRLF2, the Abl phosphorylation of surrogate markers confirmed by gene rearrangements, and Sanger sequencing.
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Moreno Lorenzana D, Juárez Velázquez MDR, Reyes León A, Martínez Anaya D, Hernández Monterde A, Salas Labadía C, Navarrete Meneses MDP, Zapata Tarrés M, Juárez Villegas L, Jarquín Ramírez B, Cárdenas Cardós R, Herrera Almanza M, Paredes Aguilera R, Pérez Vera P. CRLF2 and IKZF1 abnormalities in Mexican children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and recurrent gene fusions: exploring surrogate markers of signaling pathways. J Pathol Clin Res 2021; 7:410-421. [PMID: 33890726 PMCID: PMC8185361 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gene fusions BCR-ABL1, TCF3-PBX1, and ETV6-RUNX1 are recurrent in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and are found with low frequency in coexistence with CRLF2 (cytokine receptor-like factor 2) rearrangements and overexpression. There is limited information regarding the CRLF2 abnormalities and dominant-negative IKZF1 isoforms associated with surrogate markers of Jak2, ABL, and Ras signaling pathways. To assess this, we evaluated 24 Mexican children with B-ALL positive for recurrent gene fusions at diagnosis. We found CRLF2 rearrangements and/or overexpression, dominant-negative IKZF1 isoforms, and surrogate phosphorylated markers of signaling pathways coexisting with recurrent gene fusions. All the BCR-ABL1 patients expressed CRLF2 and were positive for pCrkl (ABL); most of them were also positive for pStat5 (Jak2/Stat5) and negative for pErk (Ras). TCF3-PBX1 patients with CRLF2 abnormalities were positive for pStat5, most of them were also positive for pCrkl, and two patients were also positive for pErk. One patient with ETV6-RUNX1 and intracellular CRLF2 protein expressed pCrkl. In some cases, the activated signaling pathways were reverted in vitro by specific inhibitors. We further analyzed a TCF3-PBX1 patient at relapse, identifying a clone with the recurrent gene fusion, P2RY8-CRLF2, rearrangement, and phosphorylation of the three surrogate markers that we studied. These results agree with the previous reports regarding resistance to treatment observed in patients with recurrent gene fusions and coexisting CRLF2 gene abnormalities. A marker phosphorylation signature was identified in BCR-ABL1 and TCF3-PBX1 patients. To obtain useful information for the assessment of treatment in B-ALL patients with recurrent gene fusions, we suggest that they should be evaluated at diagnosis for CRLF2 gene abnormalities and dominant-negative IKZF1 isoforms, in addition to the analyses of activation and inhibition of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafné Moreno Lorenzana
- Laboratorio de Genética y CáncerInstituto Nacional de PediatríaMexico CityMexico
- Cátedra CONACYT‐Instituto Nacional de PediatríaMexico CityMexico
| | | | - Adriana Reyes León
- Laboratorio de Genética y CáncerInstituto Nacional de PediatríaMexico CityMexico
| | - Daniel Martínez Anaya
- Laboratorio de Genética y CáncerInstituto Nacional de PediatríaMexico CityMexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Luis Juárez Villegas
- Servicio de Hemato‐OncologíaHospital Infantil de México Federico GómezMexico CityMexico
| | | | | | - Martha Herrera Almanza
- Laboratorio de Genética y CáncerInstituto Nacional de PediatríaMexico CityMexico
- Becaria de la Dirección General de Calidad y Educación en SaludSecretaría de Salud MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | | | - Patricia Pérez Vera
- Laboratorio de Genética y CáncerInstituto Nacional de PediatríaMexico CityMexico
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Yu K, Wang J, Lu T, Ma D, Wei D, Guo Y, Cheng B, Wang W, Fang Q. Overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 in microenvironment mediates vincristine resistance of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by promoting vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17791-17810. [PMID: 31264739 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance often causes treatment failure of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). However, the mechanism remains unclear at present. Herein, overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was found in the bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) from B-ALL patients developing resistance to vincristine (VCR), a chemotherapeutic agent. Two B-ALL cell lines Super B15 and CCRF-SB were cocultured with BMSCs transfected with lentivirus to regulate the expression of HO-1. Silencing HO-1 expression in BMSCs increased the apoptotic rates of B-ALL cell lines induced by VCR, whereas upregulating HO-1 expression reduced the rate. Cell cycle can be arrested in the G2/M phase by VCR. In contrast, B-ALL cells were arrested in the G0/G1 phase due to HO-1 overexpression in BMSCs, which avoided damage from the G2/M phase. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in BMSCs, as a key factor in the microenvironment-associated chemoresistance, was also positively coexpressed with HO-1. VEGF secretion was markedly increased in BMSCs with HO-1 upregulation but decreased in BMSCs with HO-1 silencing. B-ALL cell lines became resistant to VCR when cultured with VEGF recombinant protein, so VEGF secretion induced by HO-1 expression may promote the VCR resistance of B-ALL cells. As to the molecular mechanism, the PI3K/AKT pathway mediated regulation of VEGF by HO-1. In conclusion, this study clarifies a mechanism by which B-ALL is induced to resist VCR through HO-1 overexpression in BMSCs, and provides a novel strategy for overcoming VCR resistance in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlin Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre of Guizhou Province, Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jishi Wang
- Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre of Guizhou Province, Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Tingting Lu
- Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre of Guizhou Province, Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre of Guizhou Province, Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Danna Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre of Guizhou Province, Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yongling Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre of Guizhou Province, Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Bingqin Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre of Guizhou Province, Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Weili Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre of Guizhou Province, Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Qu P, Han J, Qiu Y, Yu H, Hao J, Jin R, Zhou F. Huaier extract enhances the treatment efficacy of imatinib in Ik6 + Ph + acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109071. [PMID: 31202171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) is considered as a high risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are tailored drug for Ph+ ALL, but Ik6 is associated with TKI resistance and poor outcome of Ph+ ALL. In the present study, we investigated the potential benefit of combination therapy with imatinib and Huaier extract, a traditional Chinese medicine, in Ik6+ Ph+ ALL. The Ik6+ Ph+ -ALL cell lines Sup-B15 or BV173 were treated with Huaier extract, imatinib or the combination of the two. Analysis of cell proliferation showed that the combined treatment of imatinib and Huaier extract exhibited a greater effect on cell inhibition. Using flow cytometry and Western blot, enhanced effects on the induction of cell apoptosis were observed. The combination of the two drugs also exhibited a significant effect in decreasing the protein and enzymatic activity levels of BCR-ABL. The molecular mechanisms may be involved in BCR-ABL related pathways, including the inactivation of p-AKT, p-STAT5, p-mTOR and p-Lyn. Consistent with the in vitro results, the combination of Huaier extract and imatinib inhibit the growth and infiltration of xenografted tumors. Taken together, our findings show that Huaier extract enhances the anticancer efficacy of imatinib in Ik6+ Ph+ ALL Further, it also provides a potential clinical application in the treatment of refractory Ph+ ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Juan Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yining Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jinjin Hao
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Runming Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Fen Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Crucial role of HO-1/IRF4-dependent apoptosis induced by panobinostat and lenalidomide in multiple myeloma. Exp Cell Res 2018; 363:196-207. [PMID: 29317217 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) is a promising therapeutic strategy for various hematologic cancers. Panobinostat has been approved for treating patients with multiple myeloma (MM) by the FDA. Since the mechanism for the resistance of panobinostat to MM remains elusive, we aimed to clarify this mechanism and the synergism of panobinostat with lenalidomide. The mRNA and protein of transcription factor IRF4 were overexpressed in CD138+ mononuclear cells from MM patients compared with in those from healthy donors. Given that direct IRF4 inhibitors are clinically unavailable, we intended to explore the mechanism by which IRF4 expression was regulated in MM. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) promotes the growth and drug resistance of various malignant tumors, and its expression is positively correlated with IRF4 mRNA and protein expression levels. Herein, panobinostat induced acetylation of histone H3K9 and activation of caspase-3 in MM cells, being inversely correlated with the reduction of HO-1/IRF4/MYC protein levels. Adding Z-DEVD-FMK, a caspase-3 inhibitor, abolished the HO-1/IRF4 reduction by panobinostat alone or in combination with lenalidomide, suggesting that caspase-3-mediated HO-1/IRF4/MYC degradation occurred. Given that lenalidomide stabilized cereblon and facilitated IRF4 degradation in MM cells, we combined it with LBH589, an HDAC inhibitor. LBH589 and lenalidomide exerted synergistic effects, and LBH589 reversed the efficacy of lenalidomide on the resistance of CD138+ primary MM cells, in part due to simultaneous suppression of HO-1, IRF4 and MYC. The results provide an eligible therapeutic strategy for targeting MM depending on the IRF4 network and clinical testing of this drug combination in MM patients.
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Hull TD, Agarwal A, Hoyt K. New Ultrasound Techniques Promise Further Advances in AKI and CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:3452-3460. [PMID: 28923914 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017060647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AKI and CKD are important clinical problems because they affect many patients and the associated diagnostic and treatment paradigms are imperfect. Ultrasound is a cost-effective, noninvasive, and simple imaging modality that offers a multitude of means to improve the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of both AKI and CKD, especially considering recent advances in this technique. Ultrasound alone can attenuate AKI and prevent CKD by stimulating the splenic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Additionally, microbubble contrast agents are improving the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound for diagnosing kidney disease, especially when these agents are conjugated to ligand-specific mAbs or peptides, which make the dynamic assessment of disease progression and response to treatment possible. More recently, drug-loaded microbubbles have been developed and the load release by ultrasound exposure has been shown to be a highly specific treatment modality, making the potential applications of ultrasound even more promising. This review focuses on the multiple strategies for using ultrasound with and without microbubble technology for enhancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of AKI and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis D Hull
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kenneth Hoyt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas; and .,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Li Volti G, Tibullo D, Vanella L, Giallongo C, Di Raimondo F, Forte S, Di Rosa M, Signorelli SS, Barbagallo I. The Heme Oxygenase System in Hematological Malignancies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:363-377. [PMID: 28257621 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Several lines of evidence suggest that hematological malignancies exhibit an altered redox balance homeostasis that can lead to the activation of various survival pathways that, in turn, lead to the progression of disease and chemoresistance. Among these pathways, the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway is likely to play a major role. HO catalyzes the enzymatic degradation of heme with the simultaneous release of carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron (Fe2+), and biliverdin. This review focuses on the role of HO-1 in various hematological malignancies and the possibility of exploiting such targets to improve the outcome of well-established chemotherapeutic regimens. Recent Advances and Critical Issues: Interestingly, the inhibition of the expression of HO-1 (e.g., with siRNA) or HO activity (with competitive inhibitors) contributes to the increased efficacy of chemotherapy and improves the outcome in animal models. Furthermore, some hematological malignancies (e.g., chronic myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma) have served to explore the non-canonical functions of HO-1, such as the association between nuclear compartmentalization and genetic instability and/or chemoresistance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The HO system may serve as an important tool in the field of hematological malignancies because it can be exploited to counteract chemoresistance and to monitor the outcome of bone marrow transplants and may be an additional target for combined therapies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 363-377.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Li Volti
- 1 Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania , Catania, Italy .,2 EuroMediterranean Institute of Science and Technology , Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- 3 Division of Haematology, AOU "Policlinico - Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania , Catania, Italy
| | - Luca Vanella
- 4 Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania , Catania, Italy
| | - Cesarina Giallongo
- 3 Division of Haematology, AOU "Policlinico - Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania , Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Raimondo
- 3 Division of Haematology, AOU "Policlinico - Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania , Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Forte
- 1 Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania , Catania, Italy .,5 Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo Ricerca srl Viagrande , Catania, Italy
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- 1 Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania , Catania, Italy
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Translocation of heme oxygenase-1 contributes to imatinib resistance in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67406-67421. [PMID: 28978042 PMCID: PMC5620182 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) degrades heme to bilirubin. In addition, it is upregulated in malignant disease and has been described as an important factor for cancer prognosis and therapy. Under physiological conditions HO-1 is anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Under stress conditions HO-1 can be cleaved and subsequently translocates to the cytosol and nucleus. In this study we systematically investigated the influence of HO-1's catabolic activity and subcellular localization on resistance against the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib in leukemia cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy, hemoglobin synthesis experiments and cell viability assays. We created two types of monoclonal K562 cell lines stably transfected with GFP-tagged HO-1: cell lines expressing ER anchored HO-1 or anchorless HO-1. Since translocation of HO-1 disrupts the association with cytochrome P450 reductase, heme degrading activity was higher for ER anchored versus anchorless HO-1. Cell viability tests with increasing concentrations of imatinib showed IC50-values for all six cell lines with ER localized HO-1 that were similar to control cells. However, out of the seven cell lines with anchorless HO-1, two showed a statistically significant increase in the imatinib IC50 (19.76 μM and 12.35 μM versus 2.35 – 7.57 μM of sensitive cell lines) corresponding to plasma concentrations outside the therapeutic range. We conclude that the presence of translocated HO-1 in the cytosol and nucleus supports imatinib resistance while it is not sufficient to cause imatinib resistance in every cell line. In contrast, an increase in ER anchored HO-1 with high heme degrading activity does not contribute to imatinib resistance.
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