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Tansi FL, Schrepper A, Schwarzer M, Teichgräber U, Hilger I. Identifying the Morphological and Molecular Features of a Cell-Based Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model during Growth over Time. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5619. [PMID: 38891809 PMCID: PMC11171605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), characterized by hypovascularity, hypoxia, and desmoplastic stroma is one of the deadliest malignancies in humans, with a 5-year survival rate of only 7%. The anatomical location of the pancreas and lack of symptoms in patients with early onset of disease accounts for late diagnosis. Consequently, 85% of patients present with non-resectable, locally advanced, or advanced metastatic disease at diagnosis and rely on alternative therapies such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and others. The response to these therapies highly depends on the stage of disease at the start of therapy. It is, therefore, vital to consider the stages of PDAC models in preclinical studies when testing new therapeutics and treatment modalities. We report a standardized induction of cell-based orthotopic pancreatic cancer models in mice and the identification of vital features of their progression by ultrasound imaging and histological analysis of the level of pancreatic stellate cells, mature fibroblasts, and collagen. The results highlight that early-stage primary tumors are secluded in the pancreas and advance towards infiltrating the omentum at week 5-7 post implantation of the BxPC-3 and Panc-1 models investigated. Late stages show extensive growth, the infiltration of the omentum and/or stomach wall, metastases, augmented fibroblasts, and collagen levels. The findings can serve as suggestions for defining growth parameter-based stages of orthotopic pancreatic cancer models for the preclinical testing of drug efficacy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felista L. Tansi
- Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Schrepper
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Michael Schwarzer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Ulf Teichgräber
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hilger
- Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
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2
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Haveman NJ, Schuerger AC, Yu PL, Brown M, Doebler R, Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Advancing the automation of plant nucleic acid extraction for rapid diagnosis of plant diseases in space. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1194753. [PMID: 37389293 PMCID: PMC10304293 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1194753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Human space exploration missions will continue the development of sustainable plant cultivation in what are obviously novel habitat settings. Effective pathology mitigation strategies are needed to cope with plant disease outbreaks in any space-based plant growth system. However, few technologies currently exist for space-based diagnosis of plant pathogens. Therefore, we developed a method of extracting plant nucleic acid that will facilitate the rapid diagnosis of plant diseases for future spaceflight applications. The microHomogenizer™ from Claremont BioSolutions, originally designed for bacterial and animal tissue samples, was evaluated for plant-microbial nucleic acid extractions. The microHomogenizer™ is an appealing device in that it provides automation and containment capabilities that would be required in spaceflight applications. Three different plant pathosystems were used to assess the versatility of the extraction process. Tomato, lettuce, and pepper plants were respectively inoculated with a fungal plant pathogen, an oomycete pathogen, and a plant viral pathogen. The microHomogenizer™, along with the developed protocols, proved to be an effective mechanism for producing DNA from all three pathosystems, in that PCR and sequencing of the resulting samples demonstrated clear DNA-based diagnoses. Thus, this investigation advances the efforts to automate nucleic acid extraction for future plant disease diagnosis in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha J. Haveman
- NASA Utilization & Life Sciences Office (UB-A), Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Andrew C. Schuerger
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Space Life Science Lab, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Pei-Ling Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mark Brown
- Claremont BioSolutions Limited Liability Company (LLC), Upland, CA, United States
| | - Robert Doebler
- Claremont BioSolutions Limited Liability Company (LLC), Upland, CA, United States
| | - Anna-Lisa Paul
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robert J. Ferl
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Office of Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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3
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Esteves M, Monteiro MP, Duarte JA. The Effects of Physical Exercise on Tumor Vasculature: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1237-1249. [PMID: 34341974 DOI: 10.1055/a-1533-1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of evidence supports an association between physical exercise, decreased tumor growth rate, and reduced risk of cancer mortality. In this context, the tumor vascular microenvironment may play a key role in modulating tumor biologic behavior. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the evidence regarding the effects of physical exercise on tumor vasculature in pre-clinical studies. We performed a computerized research on the PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO databases to identify pre-clinical studies that evaluated the effect of physical exercise on tumor vascular outcomes. Mean differences were calculated through a random effects model. The present systematic review included 13 studies involving 373 animals. From these, 11 studies evaluated chronic intratumoral vascular adaptations and 2 studies assessed the acute intratumoral vascular adaptations to physical exercise. The chronic intratumoral vascular adaptations resulted in higher tumor microvessel density in 4 studies, increased tumor perfusion in 2 studies, and reduced intratumoral hypoxia in 3 studies. Quantitatively, regular physical exercise induced an increased tumor vascularization of 2.13 [1.07, 3.20] (p<0.0001). The acute intratumoral vascular adaptations included increased vascular conductance and reduced vascular resistance, which improved tumor perfusion and attenuated intratumoral hypoxia. In pre-clinical studies, physical exercise seems to improve tumor vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Esteves
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Teaching Hospital of the Fernando Pessoa University, Gondomar, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Department of Anatomy, Universidade do Porto Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jose Alberto Duarte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal.,TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
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4
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Ho WJ, Erbe R, Danilova L, Phyo Z, Bigelow E, Stein-O'Brien G, Thomas DL, Charmsaz S, Gross N, Woolman S, Cruz K, Munday RM, Zaidi N, Armstrong TD, Sztein MB, Yarchoan M, Thompson ED, Jaffee EM, Fertig EJ. Multi-omic profiling of lung and liver tumor microenvironments of metastatic pancreatic cancer reveals site-specific immune regulatory pathways. Genome Biol 2021; 22:154. [PMID: 33985562 PMCID: PMC8118107 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) are diagnosed at the metastatic stage, and standard therapies have limited activity with a dismal 5-year survival rate of only 8%. The liver and lung are the most common sites of PDAC metastasis, and each have been differentially associated with prognoses and responses to systemic therapies. A deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular landscape within the tumor microenvironment (TME) metastasis at these different sites is critical to informing future therapeutic strategies against metastatic PDAC. RESULTS By leveraging combined mass cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and RNA sequencing, we identify key regulatory pathways that distinguish the liver and lung TMEs in a preclinical mouse model of metastatic PDAC. We demonstrate that the lung TME generally exhibits higher levels of immune infiltration, immune activation, and pro-immune signaling pathways, whereas multiple immune-suppressive pathways are emphasized in the liver TME. We then perform further validation of these preclinical findings in paired human lung and liver metastatic samples using immunohistochemistry from PDAC rapid autopsy specimens. Finally, in silico validation with transfer learning between our mouse model and TCGA datasets further demonstrates that many of the site-associated features are detectable even in the context of different primary tumors. CONCLUSIONS Determining the distinctive immune-suppressive features in multiple liver and lung TME datasets provides further insight into the tissue specificity of molecular and cellular pathways, suggesting a potential mechanism underlying the discordant clinical responses that are often observed in metastatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jin Ho
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Cancer Convergence Institute, Baltimore, USA
- Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 4M07 Bunting Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Rossin Erbe
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ludmila Danilova
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
| | - Zaw Phyo
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
| | - Emma Bigelow
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
| | | | - Dwayne L Thomas
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Soren Charmsaz
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
| | - Nicole Gross
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
| | - Skylar Woolman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
| | - Kayla Cruz
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
| | - Rebecca M Munday
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Neeha Zaidi
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
- Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 4M07 Bunting Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Todd D Armstrong
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA
- Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 4M07 Bunting Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA.
- The Johns Hopkins Cancer Convergence Institute, Baltimore, USA.
- Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 4M07 Bunting Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 550 N Broadway Suite 1101E, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA.
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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Large scale, robust, and accurate whole transcriptome profiling from clinical formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17597. [PMID: 33077815 PMCID: PMC7572424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome profiling can provide information of great value in clinical decision-making, yet RNA from readily available formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue is often too degraded for quality sequencing. To assess the clinical utility of FFPE-derived RNA, we performed ribo-deplete RNA extractions on > 3200 FFPE slide samples; 25 of these had direct FFPE vs. fresh frozen (FF) replicates, 57 were sequenced in 2 different labs, 87 underwent multiple library analyses, and 16 had direct microdissected vs. macrodissected replicates. Poly-A versus ribo-depletion RNA extraction methods were compared using transcriptomes of TCGA cohort and 3116 FFPE samples. Compared to FF, FFPE transcripts coding for nuclear/cytoplasmic proteins involved in DNA packaging, replication, and protein synthesis were detected at lower rates and zinc finger family transcripts were of poorer quality. The greatest difference in extraction methods was in histone transcripts which typically lack poly-A tails. Encouragingly, the overall sequencing success rate was 81%. Exome coverage was highly concordant in direct FFPE and FF replicates, with 98% agreement in coding exon coverage and a median correlation of whole transcriptome profiles of 0.95. We provide strong rationale for clinical use of FFPE-derived RNA based on the robustness, reproducibility, and consistency of whole transcriptome profiling.
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6
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Liu Z, Ahn MHY, Kurokawa T, Ly A, Zhang G, Wang F, Yamada T, Sadagopan A, Cheng J, Ferrone CR, Liss AS, Honselmann KC, Wojtkiewicz GR, Ferrone S, Wang X. A fast, simple, and cost-effective method of expanding patient-derived xenograft mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Transl Med 2020; 18:255. [PMID: 32580742 PMCID: PMC7315507 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models of cancer have been recognized as better mouse models that recapitulate the characteristics of original malignancies including preserved tumor heterogeneity, lineage hierarchy, and tumor microenvironment. However, common challenges of PDX models are the significant time required for tumor expansion, reduced tumor take rates, and higher costs. Here, we describe a fast, simple, and cost-effective method of expanding PDX of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in mice. METHODS We used two established frozen PDAC PDX tissues (derived from two different patients) and implanted them subcutaneously into SCID mice. After tissues reached 10-20 mm in diameter, we performed survival surgery on each mouse to harvest 90-95% of subcutaneous PDX (incomplete resection), allowing the remaining 5-10% of PDX to continue growing in the same mouse. RESULTS We expanded three consecutive passages (P1, P2, and P3) of PDX in the same mouse. Comparing the times required for in vivo expansion, P2 and P3 (expanded through incomplete resection) grew 26-60% faster than P1. Moreover, such expanded PDX tissues were successfully implanted orthotopically into mouse pancreases. Within 20 weeks using only 14 mice, we generated sufficient PDX tissue for future implantation of 200 mice. Our histology study confirmed that the morphologies of cancer cells and stromal structures were similar across all three passages of subcutaneous PDX and the orthotopic PDX and were reflective of the original patient tumors. CONCLUSIONS Taking advantage of incomplete resection of tumors associated with high local recurrence, we established a fast method of PDAC PDX expansion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Liu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and Urology and of Medical Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Michael Ho-Young Ahn
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomohiro Kurokawa
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Ly
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gong Zhang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fuyou Wang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teppei Yamada
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ananthan Sadagopan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jane Cheng
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristina R Ferrone
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S Liss
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kim C Honselmann
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory R Wojtkiewicz
- Mouse Imaging Program, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Takenaga K, Akimoto M, Koshikawa N, Nagase H. Cancer cell-derived interleukin-33 decoy receptor sST2 enhances orthotopic tumor growth in a murine pancreatic cancer model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232230. [PMID: 32340025 PMCID: PMC7185704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Proinflammatory interleukin-33 (IL-33) binds to its receptor ST2L and is involved in inflammation and the malignant behavior of cancer cells. However, the role of IL-33-ST2L and the IL-33 decoy receptor sST2 in the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer is unclear. Because we previously reported that sST2 derived from colon cancer cells profoundly influences malignant tumor growth, we hypothesized that sST2 released from pancreatic cancer cells also modulates IL-33-ST2L signaling in the tumor microenvironment, thereby influencing tumor growth. Methods ST2 (ST2L and sST2) expression in mouse pancreatic cancer Panc02 cells was downregulated by shRNAs. mRNA expression levels of IL-33, ST2, cytokines and chemokines in the cells and tumor tissues were examined using real-time PCR. sST2 secretion and the amount of CXCL3 in tumor tissues were measured using ELISA. Tumor growth was investigated after injection of the cells into the pancreas of C57BL/6 mice. MPO+, F4/80+ and CD20+ cells in tumor tissues were detected using immunohistochemistry. Results Some but not all human and mouse pancreatic cancer cell lines preferentially expressed sST2. Then, we investigated the role of sST2 in orthotopic tumor growth of sST2-expressing mouse pancreatic cancer Panc02 cells in immunocompetent mice. shRNA-mediated knockdown of sST2 expression in the cells suppressed orthotopic tumor growth, which was partially recovered by overexpression of shRNA-resistant sST2 mRNA but was not evident in IL-33 knockout mice. This was associated with decreases in Cxcl3 expression, vessel density and accumulation of cancer-associated neutrophils but not cancer-associated macrophages. Administration of SB225002, an inhibitor of the CXCL3 receptor CXCR2, induced similar effects. Conclusions Cancer cell-derived sST2 enhances tumor growth through upregulation of CXCL3 via inhibition of IL-33-ST2L signaling in the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. These results suggest that the sST2 and the CXCL3-CXCR2 axis could be therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Takenaga
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Nitona, Chuoh-ku, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Miho Akimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuko Koshikawa
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Nitona, Chuoh-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagase
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Nitona, Chuoh-ku, Chiba, Japan
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8
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Factors affecting RNA quantification from tissue long-term stored in formalin. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 96:61-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Nakano K, Nishizawa T, Komura D, Fujii E, Monnai M, Kato A, Funahashi SI, Ishikawa S, Suzuki M. Difference in morphology and interactome profiles between orthotopic and subcutaneous gastric cancer xenograft models. J Toxicol Pathol 2018; 31:293-300. [PMID: 30393433 PMCID: PMC6206286 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In xenograft models, orthotopic (ORT) engraftment is thought to provide a different tumor microenvironment compared with subcutaneous (SC) engraftment. We attempted to characterize the biological difference between OE19 (adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction) SC and ORT models by pathological analysis and CASTIN (CAncer-STromal INteractome) analysis, which is a novel method developed to analyze the tumor-stroma interactome framework. In SC models, SCID mice were inoculated subcutaneously with OE19 cells, and tumor tissues were sampled at 3 weeks. In ORT models, SCID mice were inoculated under the serosal membrane of the stomach wall, and tumor tissues were sampled at 3 and 6 weeks after engraftment. Results from the two models were then compared. Histopathologically, the SC tumors were well circumscribed from the adjacent tissue, with scant stroma and the formation of large ductal structures. In contrast, the ORT tumors were less circumscribed, with small ductal structures invading into abundant stroma. Then we compared the transcriptome profiles of human tumor cells with the mouse stromal cells of each model by species-specific RNA sequencing. With CASTIN analysis, we successfully identified several interactions that are known to affect the tumor microenvironment as being selectively enhanced in the ORT model. In conclusion, pathological analysis and CASTIN analysis revealed that ORT models of OE19 cells have a more invasive character and enhanced interaction with stromal cells compared with SC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Nakano
- Forerunner Pharma Research Co., Ltd., Komaba Open Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishizawa
- Forerunner Pharma Research Co., Ltd., Komaba Open Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Daisuke Komura
- Department of Genomic Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Etsuko Fujii
- Forerunner Pharma Research Co., Ltd., Komaba Open Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.,Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Makoto Monnai
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Kato
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Funahashi
- Forerunner Pharma Research Co., Ltd., Komaba Open Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Genomic Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masami Suzuki
- Forerunner Pharma Research Co., Ltd., Komaba Open Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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10
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Erstad DJ, Sojoodi M, Taylor MS, Ghoshal S, Razavi AA, Graham-O'Regan KA, Bardeesy N, Ferrone CR, Lanuti M, Caravan P, Tanabe KK, Fuchs BC. Orthotopic and heterotopic murine models of pancreatic cancer and their different responses to FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.034793. [PMID: 29903803 PMCID: PMC6078400 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.034793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Syngeneic, immunocompetent allograft tumor models recapitulate important aspects of the tumor microenvironment and have short tumor latency with predictable growth kinetics, making them useful for trialing novel therapeutics. Here, we describe surgical techniques for orthotopic and heterotopic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor implantation and characterize phenotypes based on implantation site.Mice (n=8 per group) were implanted with 104 cells in the pancreas or flank. Hy15549 and Han4.13 cell lines were derived from primary murine PDAC (Ptf1-Cre; LSL-KRAS-G12D; Trp53 Lox/+) on C57BL/6 and FVB strains, respectively. Single-cell suspension and solid tumor implants were compared. Tumors were treated with two intravenous doses of FOLFIRINOX and responses evaluated.All mice developed pancreatic tumors within 7 days. Orthotopic tumors grew faster and larger than heterotopic tumors. By 3 weeks, orthotopic mice began losing weight, and showed declines in body condition requiring euthanasia starting at 4 weeks. Single-cell injection into the pancreas had near 100% engraftment, but solid tumor implant engraftment was ∼50% and was associated with growth restriction. Orthotopic tumors were significantly more responsive to intravenous FOLFIRINOX compared with heterotopic tumors, with greater reductions in size and increased apoptosis. Heterotopic tumors were more desmoplastic and hypovascular. However, drug uptake into tumor tissue was equivalent regardless of tumor location or degree of fibrosis, indicating that microenvironment differences between heterotopic and orthotopic tumors influenced response to therapy.Our results show that orthotopic and heterotopic allograft locations confer unique microenvironments that influence growth kinetics, desmoplastic response and angiogenesis. Tumor location influences chemosensitivity to FOLFIRINOX and should inform future preclinical trials.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Erstad
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Martin S Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Sarani Ghoshal
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Allen A Razavi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Katherine A Graham-O'Regan
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Cristina R Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Michael Lanuti
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Peter Caravan
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States.,Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Kenneth K Tanabe
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Bryan C Fuchs
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
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11
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Ho J, Li X, Zhang L, Liang Y, Hu W, Yau JCW, Chan H, Gin T, Chan MTV, Tse G, Wu WKK. Translational genomics in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A review with re-analysis of TCGA dataset. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 55:70-77. [PMID: 29705685 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Malignancy of the pancreas is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with the highest case-fatality of all cancers. Nevertheless, the lack of sensitive biomarkers and presence of biological heterogeneity precludes its early detection and effective treatment. The recent introduction of next-generation sequencing allows characterization of multiple driver mutations at genome- and exome-wide levels. Sequencing of DNA and RNA from circulating tumour cells has also opened an exciting era of non-invasive procedures for tumour detection and prognostication. This massively-parallel sequencing technology has uncovered the previously obscure molecular mechanisms, providing clues for better stratification of patients and identification of druggable targets for the disease. Identification of active oncogenic pathways and gene-gene interactions may reveal oncogene addiction and synthetic lethality. Relevant findings can be extrapolated to develop targeted and personalized therapeutic interventions. In addition to known mutational events, the role of chromosomal rearrangements in pancreatic neoplasms is gradually uncovered. Coupled with bioinformatics pipelines and epidemiological analyses, a better framework for risk stratification and prognostication of pancreatic cancer will be possible in the near future. In this review, we discuss how translational genomic studies facilitate our understanding of pathobiology, and development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with emphases on whole genome sequencing, whole exome sequencing, and liquid biopsies. We have also re-analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset to look for genetic features associated with altered survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Ho
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xianchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 00060, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yonghao Liang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Johnny C W Yau
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tony Gin
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Sereti E, Karagianellou T, Kotsoni I, Magouliotis D, Kamposioras K, Ulukaya E, Sakellaridis N, Zacharoulis D, Dimas K. Patient Derived Xenografts (PDX) for personalized treatment of pancreatic cancer: emerging allies in the war on a devastating cancer? J Proteomics 2018; 188:107-118. [PMID: 29398619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the eighth most lethal cancer for men and ninth for women worldwide, remains dismal. The increasing rates of deaths by PDAC indicate that the overall management of the disease in 21st century is still insufficient. Thus it is obvious that there is an unmet need to improve management of PDAC by finding new biomarkers to screen high risk patients, confirm diagnosis, and predict response to treatment as well more efficacious and safer treatments. Patient Derived Xenografts (PDX) have been developed as a new promising tool in an effort to mirror genetics, tumor heterogeneity and cancer microenvironment of the primary tumor. Herein we aim to give an updated overview of the current status and the perspectives of PDX in the search for the identification of novel biomarkers and improved therapeutic outcomes for PDAC but also their use as a valuable tool towards individualized treatments to improve the outcome of the disease. Furthermore, we critically review the applications, advantages, limitations, and perspectives of PDX in the research towards an improved management of PDAC. SIGNIFICANCE This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current status and the potential role as well as the challenges of PDX in the road to fight one of the most lethal cancers in the developed countries, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Sereti
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Ioanna Kotsoni
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Magouliotis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kamposioras
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, United Kingdom
| | - Engin Ulukaya
- Istinye University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nikos Sakellaridis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Dimas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
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13
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Oliver AJ, Lau PKH, Unsworth AS, Loi S, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH, Slaney CY. Tissue-Dependent Tumor Microenvironments and Their Impact on Immunotherapy Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:70. [PMID: 29445373 PMCID: PMC5797771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer immunology have led to a better understanding of the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Tumors can occur at many locations within the body and coevolution between malignant tumor cells and non-malignant cells sculpts the TME at these sites. It has become increasingly clear that there are specific differences of the TMEs at different anatomical locations, and these tissue-specific TMEs regulate tumor growth, determine metastatic progression, and impact on the outcome of therapy responses. Herein, we review the scientific advances in understanding tissue-specific TMEs, discuss their impact on immunotherapeutic response, and assess the current clinical knowledge in this emerging field. A deeper understanding of the tissue-specific TME will help to develop effective immunotherapies against tumors and their metastases and assist in predicting clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Oliver
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter K H Lau
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashleigh S Unsworth
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Clare Y Slaney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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14
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Kawaguchi K, Han Q, Li S, Tan Y, Igarashi K, Miyake K, Kiyuna T, Miyake M, Chemielwski B, Nelson SD, Russell TA, Dry SM, Li Y, Singh AS, Eckardt MA, Unno M, Eilber FC, Hoffman RM. Intra-tumor L-methionine level highly correlates with tumor size in both pancreatic cancer and melanoma patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude-mouse models. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 29541401 PMCID: PMC5834286 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An excessive requirement for methionine (MET) for growth, termed MET dependence, appears to be a general metabolic defect in cancer. We have previously shown that cancer-cell growth can be selectively arrested by MET restriction such as with recombinant methioninase (rMETase). In the present study, we utilized patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude mouse models with pancreatic cancer or melanoma to determine the relationship between intra-tumor MET level and tumor size. After the tumors grew to 100 mm3, the PDOX nude mice were divided into two groups: untreated control and treated with rMETase (100 units, i.p., 14 consecutive days). On day 14 from initiation of treatment, intra-tumor MET levels were measured and found to highly correlate with tumor volume, both in the pancreatic cancer PDOX (p<0.0001, R2=0.89016) and melanoma PDOX (p<0.0001, R2=0.88114). Tumors with low concentration of MET were smaller. The present results demonstrates that patient tumors are highly dependent on MET for growth and that rMETase effectively lowers tumor MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kawaguchi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kentaro Igarashi
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tasuku Kiyuna
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Masuyo Miyake
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bartosz Chemielwski
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott D Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tara A Russell
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Dry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arun S Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Eckardt
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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15
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Jun E, Hong SM, Yoo HJ, Kim MB, Won JS, An S, Shim IK, Chang S, Hoffman RM, Kim SC. Genetic and metabolic comparison of orthotopic and heterotopic patient-derived pancreatic-cancer xenografts to the original patient tumors. Oncotarget 2017; 9:7867-7881. [PMID: 29487698 PMCID: PMC5814265 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors from 25 patients with pancreatic cancer were used to establish two patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models: orthotopic PDX (PDOX) and heterotopic (subcutaneous) PDX (PDHX). We compared gene expression by immunohistochemistry, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), DNA methylation, and metabolite levels. The 4 cases, of the total of 13 in which simultaneous PDHX & PDOX models were established, were randomly selected. The molecular-genetic characteristics of the patient's tumor were well maintained in the two PDX models. SNP analysis demonstrated that both groups were more than 90% identical to the original patient's tumor, and there was little difference between the two models. DNA methylation of most genes was similar among the two models and the original patients tumor, but some gene sets were hypermethylated the in PDOX model and hypomethylated in the PDHX model. Most of the metabolites had a similar pattern to those of the original patient tumor in both PDX tumor models, but some metabolites were more prominent in the PDOX and PDHX models. This is the first simultaneous molecular-genetic and metabolite comparison of patient tumors and their tumors established in PDOX and PDHX models. The results indicate high fidelity of these critical properties of the patient tumors in the two models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsung Jun
- Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moon-Bo Kim
- MetaBio Inc., Gangdong-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Sun Won
- Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyeon An
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Kyong Shim
- Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suhwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Song Cheol Kim
- Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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16
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Iron depletion is a novel therapeutic strategy to target cancer stem cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98405-98416. [PMID: 29228699 PMCID: PMC5716739 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate iron levels are essential for human health. However, iron overload can act as catalyst for the formation of free radicals, which may cause cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which maintain the hallmark stem cell characteristics of self-renewal and differentiation capacity, have been proposed as a driving force of tumorigenesis and metastases. In the present study, we investigated the role of iron in the proliferation and stemness of CSCs, using the miPS-LLCcm cell model. Although the anti-cancer agents fluorouracil and cisplatin suppressed the proliferation of miPS-LLCcm cells, these drugs did not alter the expression of stemness markers, including Nanog, SOX2, c-Myc, Oct3/4 and Klf4. In contrast, iron depletion by the iron chelators deferasirox and deferoxamine suppressed the proliferation of miPS-LLCcm cells and the expression of stemness markers. In an allograft model, deferasirox inhibited the growth of miPS-LLCcm implants, which was associated with decreased expression of Nanog and Sox2. Altogether, iron appears to be crucial for the proliferation and maintenance of stemness of CSCs, and iron depletion may be a novel therapeutic strategy to target CSCs.
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17
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Pi J, Cheng Y, Sun H, Chen X, Zhuang T, Liu J, Li Y, Chang H, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Tao T. Apln-CreERT:mT/mG reporter mice as a tool for sprouting angiogenesis study. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:163. [PMID: 28865439 PMCID: PMC5581477 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis is defined as a new blood vessel sprouting from pre-existing vessels, and the sprouting angiogenesis is the start phase of angiogenesis, which is critical for both physiological and pathological processes, such as embryonic development, organ growth, wound healing, tumor growth, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Better understanding of the mechanisms of sprout angiogenesis will provide a rationale for the treatments of these angiogenesis related diseases. Methods mT/mG tool mice are crossed with Apln-CreERT mice to generate Apln-CreERT: mT/mG mice, then we used neonatal retinal angiogenesis model to observe the angiogenic pattern of Apln-CreERT:mT/mG mice compared with Cdh5-CreERT:mT/mG mice. FACS analysis was used to sort eGFP and tdTomato endothelial cells (ECs) for measuring Apelin and Cdh5 expression. Retinal sprouting angiogenesis pattern was also observed at different neonatal time when induced by tamoxifen and at hypoxia condition, as well as in vivo tumor in real-time angiogenesis in a dorsal skinfold window chamber in Apln-CreERT:mT/mG mice. Results Apln-CreERT:mT/mG mice exhibited eGFP signal only in the sprouting angiogenesis, with less eGFP expression in the retinal “optic nerve” area than in that of Cdh5-CreERT: mT/mG mice, which might be due to relative mature vessels in the “optic nerve” area. The ECs sorted by FACS confirmed that the Apelin expression level was higher in eGFP ECs than tdTomato ECs of “optic nerve” area. Further we found that GFP-labeled sprouting angiogenesis decreased gradually following tamoxifen administration from P5-P7, but increased significantly during hypoxia in Apln-CreERT:mT/mG mice. At last, using Apln-CreERT:mT/mG mice we found tumor sprouting angiogenesis in dorsal skinfold, but not in the normal skinfold tissue. Conclusions Apln-CreERT:mT/mG mouse line is a useful tool to differentiate sprouting angiogenesis from whole blood vessels in the investigation of retinal and tumor sprouting angiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiang Pi
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Rd, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yixi Li
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Huan Chang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - YuZhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Ting Tao
- Department of Geriatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Rd, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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