1
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Zhang Y, Zhou L, Xu Y, Zhou J, Jiang T, Wang J, Li C, Sun X, Song H, Song J. Targeting SMYD2 inhibits angiogenesis and increases the efficiency of apatinib by suppressing EGFL7 in colorectal cancer. Angiogenesis 2023; 26:1-18. [PMID: 35503397 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-022-09839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential factor affecting the occurrence and development of solid tumors. SET And MYND Domain Containing 2 (SMYD2) serves as an oncogene in various cancers. However, whether SMYD2 is involved in tumor angiogenesis remains unclear. Here, we report that SMYD2 expression is associated with microvessel density in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues. SMYD2 promotes CRC angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, SMYD2 physically interacts with HNRNPK and mediates lysine monomethylation at K422 of HNRNPK, which substantially increases RNA binding activity. HNRNPK acts by binding and stabilizing EGFL7 mRNA. As an angiogenic stimulant, EGFL7 enhances CRC angiogenesis. H3K4me3 maintained by PHF8 mediates the abnormal overexpression of SMYD2 in CRC. Moreover, targeting SMYD2 blocks CRC angiogenesis in tumor xenografts. Treatment with BAY-598, a functional inhibitor of SMYD2, can also synergize with apatinib in patient-derived xenografts. Overall, our findings reveal a new regulatory axis of CRC angiogenesis and provide a potential strategy for antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyu Zhou
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hu Song
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jun Song
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China.
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Winkler R, Piskor EM, Kosan C. Lessons from Using Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of MYC-Induced Lymphoma. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010037. [PMID: 36611833 PMCID: PMC9818924 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic overexpression of MYC leads to the fatal deregulation of signaling pathways, cellular metabolism, and cell growth. MYC rearrangements are found frequently among non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas enforcing MYC overexpression. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) were developed to understand MYC-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis. Here, we highlight the advantages of using Eµ-Myc transgenic mice. We thoroughly compiled the available literature to discuss common challenges when using such mouse models. Furthermore, we give an overview of pathways affected by MYC based on knowledge gained from the use of GEMMs. We identified top regulators of MYC-induced lymphomagenesis, including some candidates that are not pharmacologically targeted yet.
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3
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Rueda-Robles A, Audano M, Álvarez-Mercado AI, Rubio-Tomás T. Functions of SMYD proteins in biological processes: What do we know? An updated review. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 712:109040. [PMID: 34555372 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic modifiers, such as methyltransferases, play crucial roles in the regulation of many biological processes, including development, cancer and multiple physiopathological conditions. SUMMARY The Su(Var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax (SET) and Myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1 (MYND) domain-containing (SMYD) protein family consists of five members in humans and mice (i.e. SMYD1, SMYD2, SMYD3, SMYD4 and SMYD5), which are known or predicted to have methyltransferase activity on histone and non-histone substrates. The abundance of information concerning SMYD2 and SMYD3 is of note, whereas the other members of the SMYD family have not been so thoroughly studied CONCLUSION: Here we review the literature regarding SMYD proteins published in the last five years, including basic molecular biology mechanistic studies using in vitro systems and animal models, as well as human studies with a more translational or clinical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascensión Rueda-Robles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Matteo Audano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana I Álvarez-Mercado
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, 18014, Spain.
| | - Teresa Rubio-Tomás
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013, Herakleion, Crete, Greece.
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4
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Novel insights into SMYD2 and SMYD3 inhibitors: from potential anti-tumoural therapy to a variety of new applications. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7499-7508. [PMID: 34510321 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The revelance of the epigenetic regulation of cancer led to the design and testing of many drugs targeting epigenetic modifiers. The Su(Var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax (SET) and myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1 (MYND) domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) and 3 (SMYD3) are methyltransferases which act on histone and non-histone proteins to promote tumorigenesis in many cancer types. In addition to their oncogenic roles, SMYD2 and SMYD3 are involved in many other physiopathological conditions. In this review we will focus on the advances made in the last five years in the field of pharmacology regarding drugs targeting SMYD2 (such as LLY-507 or AZ505) and SMYD3 (such as BCI-121 or EPZ031686) and their potential cellular and molecular mechanisms of action and application in anti-tumoural therapy and/or against other diseases.
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5
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Rubio-Tomás T. The SMYD family proteins in immunology: An update of their obvious and non-obvious relations with the immune system. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07387. [PMID: 34235289 PMCID: PMC8246384 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is an emerging field, due to its relevance in the regulation of a wide range of biological processes. The Su(Var)3–9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax (SET) and Myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1 (MYND) domain-containing (SMYD) proteins, named SMYD1, SMYD2, SMYD3, SMYD4 and SMYD5, are enzymes that catalyse methylation of histone and non-histone substrates, thereby playing a key role in gene expression regulation in many biological contexts, such as muscle development and physiology, haematopoiesis and many types of cancer. This review focuses on a relatively unexplored aspect of SMYD family members - their relation with immunology. Here, immunology is defined in the broadest sense of the word, including basic research on macrophage function or host immunity against pathogen infection, as well as clinical studies, most of which are centred on blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rubio-Tomás
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013, Herakleion, Crete, Greece.,Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Vari, Greece
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6
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Bhat KP, Ümit Kaniskan H, Jin J, Gozani O. Epigenetics and beyond: targeting writers of protein lysine methylation to treat disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:265-286. [PMID: 33469207 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-00108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein lysine methylation is a crucial post-translational modification that regulates the functions of both histone and non-histone proteins. Deregulation of the enzymes or 'writers' of protein lysine methylation, lysine methyltransferases (KMTs), is implicated in the cause of many diseases, including cancer, mental health disorders and developmental disorders. Over the past decade, significant advances have been made in developing drugs to target KMTs that are involved in histone methylation and epigenetic regulation. The first of these inhibitors, tazemetostat, was recently approved for the treatment of epithelioid sarcoma and follicular lymphoma, and several more are in clinical and preclinical evaluation. Beyond chromatin, the many KMTs that regulate protein synthesis and other fundamental biological processes are emerging as promising new targets for drug development to treat diverse diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamakoti P Bhat
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - H Ümit Kaniskan
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Or Gozani
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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7
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Characterizing the Role of SMYD2 in Mammalian Embryogenesis-Future Directions. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020063. [PMID: 32408548 PMCID: PMC7357037 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The SET and MYND domain-containing (SMYD) family of lysine methyltransferases are essential in several mammalian developmental pathways. Although predominantly expressed in the heart, the role of SMYD2 in heart development has yet to be fully elucidated and has even been shown to be dispensable in a murine Nkx2-5-associated conditional knockout. Additionally, SMYD2 was recently shown to be necessary not only for lymphocyte development but also for the viability of hematopoietic leukemias. Based on the broad expression pattern of SMYD2 in mammalian tissues, it is likely that it plays pivotal roles in a host of additional normal and pathological processes. In this brief review, we consider what is currently known about the normal and pathogenic functions of SMYD2 and propose specific future directions for characterizing its role in embryogenesis.
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8
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Brown MA, Edwards MA, Alshiraihi I, Geng H, Dekker JD, Tucker HO. The lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 is required for normal lymphocyte development and survival of hematopoietic leukemias. Genes Immun 2020; 21:119-130. [PMID: 32115575 PMCID: PMC7183909 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 5 membered SET and MYND Domain-containing lysine methyltransferase (SMYD) family plays pivotal roles in development and proliferation. Initially characterized within the cardiovascular system, one such member, SMYD2, has been implicated as an oncogene in leukemias deriving from flawed hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation. We show here that conditional SMYD2 loss disrupts hematopoiesis at and downstream of the HSC via both apoptotic loss and transcriptional deregulation of HSC proliferation and disruption of Wnt-β-Catenin signaling. Yet previously documented SMYD2 cell cycle targets were unscathed. Turning our analysis to human leukemias, we observed that SMYD2 is highly expressed in CML, MLLr-B-ALL, AML, T-ALL and B-ALL leukemias and its levels in B-ALL correlate with poor survival. SMYD2 knockdown results in apoptotic death and loss of anchorage-independent transformation of each of these hematopoietic leukemias. These data provide an underlying mechanism by which SMYD2 acts during normal hematopoiesis and as a proto-oncogene in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Brown
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Melissa A Edwards
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ilham Alshiraihi
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Huimin Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Joseph D Dekker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Haley O Tucker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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9
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Function of the MYND Domain and C-Terminal Region in Regulating the Subcellular Localization and Catalytic Activity of the SMYD Family Lysine Methyltransferase Set5. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00341-19. [PMID: 31685550 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00341-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD lysine methyltransferases target histones and nonhistone proteins for methylation and are critical regulators of muscle development and implicated in neoplastic transformation. They are characterized by a split catalytic SET domain and an intervening MYND zinc finger domain, as well as an extended C-terminal domain. Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains two SMYD proteins, Set5 and Set6, which share structural elements with the mammalian SMYD enzymes. Set5 is a histone H4 lysine 5, 8, and 12 methyltransferase, implicated in the regulation of stress responses and genome stability. While the SMYD proteins have diverse roles in cells, there are many gaps in our understanding of how these enzymes are regulated. Here, we performed mutational analysis of Set5, combined with phosphoproteomics, to identify regulatory mechanisms for its enzymatic activity and subcellular localization. Our results indicate that the MYND domain promotes Set5 chromatin association in cells and is required for its role in repressing subtelomeric genes. Phosphoproteomics revealed extensive phosphorylation of Set5, and phosphomimetic mutations enhance Set5 catalytic activity but diminish its ability to interact with chromatin in cells. These studies uncover multiple regions within Set5 that regulate its localization and activity and highlight potential avenues for understanding mechanisms controlling the diverse roles of SMYD enzymes.
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10
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Zhang Y, Li C, Yang Z. Is MYND Domain-Mediated Assembly of SMYD3 Complexes Involved in Calcium Dependent Signaling? Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:121. [PMID: 31737645 PMCID: PMC6837996 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular complexes are essential to intracellular signal transduction by creating signaling niches and enabling a chain of reactions that transmit external signals into various cellular responses. Analysis of SMYD3 interactome indicates this protein lysine methyltransferase might be involved in calcium dependent signaling pathways through forming complexes with the phospholipase PLCB3, calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase CAMK2B, or calcineurin inhibitor RCAN3. SMYD3 is well-known as a histone H3K4 methyltransferase involved in epigenetic transcriptional regulation; however, any roles SMYD3 may play in signaling transduction remain unknown. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis reveals the SMYD3 interacting proteins are overrepresented in several signaling pathways such as estrogen signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and WNT signaling pathway. Sequence motif scanning reveals a significant enrichment of PXLXP motif in SMYD3 interacting proteins. The MYND domain of SMYD3 is known to bind to the PXLXP motif. The enrichment of the PXLXP motif suggests that the MYND domain is likely to be a key interaction module that mediates formation of some SMYD3 complexes. The presence of the PXLXP motifs in PLCB3 and CAMK2B indicates the potential role of the MYND domain in mediating complex formation in signaling. The structural basis of SMYD3 MYND domain-mediated interactions is unknown. The only available MYND-peptide complex structure suggests the MYND domain-mediated interaction is likely transient and dynamic. The transient nature will make this domain well-suited to mediate signaling transduction processes where it may allow rapid responses to cellular perturbations and changes in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Chunying Li
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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11
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Zhang P, Ruan J, Weng W, Tang Y. Overexpression of SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) is associated with poor prognosis in pediatric B lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 61:437-444. [PMID: 31612757 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1675875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - JinFei Ruan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenwen Weng
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yongmin Tang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
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12
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Sun JJ, Li HL, Ma H, Shi Y, Yin LR, Guo SJ. SMYD2 promotes cervical cancer growth by stimulating cell proliferation. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:75. [PMID: 31548876 PMCID: PMC6749660 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy with low terminal cure rate, and therefore new therapeutic targets are urgently needed to combat this disease. SMYD2, as an oncogene, is abnormal highly expressed in multiple types of tumors and further affects the occurrence and development, but the potential correlations between SMYD2 expression and cervical cancer progression is still unclear. Methods We first used the bioinformatics website to screen the data of cervical cancer in (The Cancer Genome Atlas) TCGA and survival analysis was used to find the different survival rates in the SMYD2 high expression group and low expression group. Through immunohistochemistry, the association between SMYD2 expression and clinical-pathological features of cervical cancer patients was further evaluated. Quantitative PCR and Immunoblot were applied to investigate the relative mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to explore the function of SMYD2 in cancer progression. Results We first found a high expression of SMYD2 in cervical cancer, and survival analysis found that the poorer survival rate in the SMYD2 high expression group than that in the low expression group. Herein, our study demonstrated that the expression of SMYD2 in patients with cervical cancer was associated with FIGO stage, tumor size and further correlated with poor prognosis. Our data further showed that the inhibition of SMYD2 expression in cervical cancer cell line Caski and Siha could dramatically block the proliferation of cervical cancer cells. Additionally, SMYD2-shRNA lentivirus infected remarkably inhibited tumorigenesis in mice compared with the scramble group. Conclusions Taken together, this study provides strong evidence of the involvement of SMYD2 in cervical cancer growth and indicates that it could have high potential as a therapeutic target of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Sun
- Department of Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211 China
| | - Hong-Lin Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211 China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211 China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211 China
| | - Li-Rong Yin
- Department of Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211 China
| | - Su-Jie Guo
- Department of Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211 China
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13
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Yi X, Jiang XJ, Fang ZM. Histone methyltransferase SMYD2: ubiquitous regulator of disease. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:112. [PMID: 31370883 PMCID: PMC6670139 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SET (Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax) and MYND (Myeloid-Nervy-DEAF1) domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) is a protein methyltransferase that methylates histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4) or lysine 36 (H3K36) and diverse nonhistone proteins. SMYD2 activity is required for normal organismal development and the regulation of a series of pathophysiological processes. Since aberrant SMYD2 expression and its dysfunction are often closely related to multiple diseases, SMYD2 is a promising candidate for the treatment of these diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Here, we present an overview of the complex biology of SMYD2 and its family members and their context-dependent nature. Then, we discuss the discovery, structure, inhibitors, roles, and molecular mechanisms of SMYD2 in distinct diseases, with a focus on cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xue-Jun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ze-Min Fang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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14
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Hay J, Gilroy K, Huser C, Kilbey A, Mcdonald A, MacCallum A, Holroyd A, Cameron E, Neil JC. Collaboration of MYC and RUNX2 in lymphoma simulates T-cell receptor signaling and attenuates p53 pathway activity. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18332-18345. [PMID: 31257681 PMCID: PMC6772115 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
MYC and RUNX oncogenes each trigger p53‐mediated failsafe responses when overexpressed in vitro and collaborate with p53 deficiency in vivo. However, together they drive rapid onset lymphoma without mutational loss of p53. This phenomenon was investigated further by transcriptomic analysis of premalignant thymus from RUNX2/MYC transgenic mice. The distinctive contributions of MYC and RUNX to transcriptional control were illustrated by differential enrichment of canonical binding sites and gene ontology analyses. Pathway analysis revealed signatures of MYC, CD3, and CD28 regulation indicative of activation and proliferation, but also strong inhibition of cell death pathways. In silico analysis of discordantly expressed genes revealed Tnfsrf8/CD30, Cish, and Il13 among relevant targets for sustained proliferation and survival. Although TP53 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated, its downstream targets in growth suppression and apoptosis were largely unperturbed. Analysis of genes encoding p53 posttranslational modifiers showed significant upregulation of three genes, Smyd2, Set, and Prmt5. Overexpression of SMYD2 was validated in vivo but the functional analysis was constrained by in vitro loss of p53 in RUNX2/MYC lymphoma cell lines. However, an early role is suggested by the ability of SMYD2 to block senescence‐like growth arrest induced by RUNX overexpression in primary fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Hay
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Gilroy
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Huser
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Kilbey
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alma Mcdonald
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda MacCallum
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ailsa Holroyd
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan Cameron
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James C Neil
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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15
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Chandramouli B, Melino G, Chillemi G. Smyd2 conformational changes in response to p53 binding: role of the C-terminal domain. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1450-1461. [PMID: 31069954 PMCID: PMC6547616 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smyd2 lysine methyltransferase regulates monomethylation of histone and nonhistone lysine residues using S‐adenosylmethionine cofactor as the methyl donor. The nonhistone interactors include several tumorigenic targets, including p53. Understanding this interaction would allow the structural principles that underpin Smyd2‐mediated p53 methylation to be elucidated. Here, we performed μ‐second molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on binary Smyd2‐cofactor and ternary Smyd2‐cofactor‐p53 peptide complexes. We considered both unmethylated and monomethylated p53 peptides (at Lys370 and Lys372). The results indicate that (a) the degree of conformational freedom of the C‐terminal domain of Smyd2 is restricted by the presence of the p53 peptide substrate, (b) the Smyd2 C‐terminal domain shows distinct dynamic properties when interacting with unmethylated and methylated p53 peptides, and (c) Lys372 methylation confines the p53 peptide conformation, with detectable influence on Lys370 accessibility to the cofactor. These MD results are therefore of relevance for studying the biology of p53 in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Italy.,Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.,National Council of Research, CNR, Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Bari, Italy
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16
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Small molecule inhibitors and CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis demonstrate that SMYD2 and SMYD3 activity are dispensable for autonomous cancer cell proliferation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197372. [PMID: 29856759 PMCID: PMC5983452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in the development of precision medicine is defining the phenotypic consequences of pharmacological modulation of specific target macromolecules. To address this issue, a variety of genetic, molecular and chemical tools can be used. All of these approaches can produce misleading results if the specificity of the tools is not well understood and the proper controls are not performed. In this paper we illustrate these general themes by providing detailed studies of small molecule inhibitors of the enzymatic activity of two members of the SMYD branch of the protein lysine methyltransferases, SMYD2 and SMYD3. We show that tool compounds as well as CRISPR/Cas9 fail to reproduce many of the cell proliferation findings associated with SMYD2 and SMYD3 inhibition previously obtained with RNAi based approaches and with early stage chemical probes.
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17
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Zipin-Roitman A, Aqaqe N, Yassin M, Biechonski S, Amar M, van Delft MF, Gan OI, McDermott SP, Buzina A, Ketela T, Shlush L, Xie S, Voisin V, Moffat J, Minden MD, Dick JE, Milyavsky M. SMYD2 lysine methyltransferase regulates leukemia cell growth and regeneration after genotoxic stress. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16712-16727. [PMID: 28187429 PMCID: PMC5369996 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular determinants governing escape of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) cells from DNA damaging therapy remain poorly defined and account for therapy failures. To isolate genes responsible for leukemia cells regeneration following multiple challenges with irradiation we performed a genome-wide shRNA screen. Some of the isolated hits are known players in the DNA damage response (e.g. p53, CHK2), whereas other, e.g. SMYD2 lysine methyltransferase (KMT), remains uncharacterized in the AML context. Here we report that SMYD2 knockdown confers relative resistance to human AML cells against multiple classes of DNA damaging agents. Induction of the transient quiescence state upon SMYD2 downregulation correlated with the resistance. We revealed that diminished SMYD2 expression resulted in the upregulation of the related methyltransferase SET7/9, suggesting compensatory relationships. Indeed, pharmacological targeting of SET7/9 with (R)-PFI2 inhibitor preferentially inhibited the growth of cells expressing low levels of SMYD2. Finally, decreased expression of SMYD2 in AML patients correlated with the reduced sensitivity to therapy and lower probability to achieve complete remission. We propose that the interplay between SMYD2 and SET7/9 levels shifts leukemia cells from growth to quiescence state that is associated with the higher resistance to DNA damaging agents and rationalize SET7/9 pharmacological targeting in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Zipin-Roitman
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nasma Aqaqe
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Muhammad Yassin
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shahar Biechonski
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mariam Amar
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mark F van Delft
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olga I Gan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sean P McDermott
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Leidos Biomedical Research, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Alla Buzina
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Troy Ketela
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Liran Shlush
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stephanie Xie
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Veronique Voisin
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - John E Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Milyavsky
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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18
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Boehm D, Jeng M, Camus G, Gramatica A, Schwarzer R, Johnson JR, Hull PA, Montano M, Sakane N, Pagans S, Godin R, Deeks SG, Krogan NJ, Greene WC, Ott M. SMYD2-Mediated Histone Methylation Contributes to HIV-1 Latency. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:569-579.e6. [PMID: 28494238 PMCID: PMC5490666 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional latency of HIV is a last barrier to viral eradication. Chromatin-remodeling complexes and post-translational histone modifications likely play key roles in HIV-1 reactivation, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We performed an RNAi-based screen of human lysine methyltransferases and identified the SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) as an enzyme that regulates HIV-1 latency. Knockdown of SMYD2 or its pharmacological inhibition reactivated latent HIV-1 in T cell lines and in primary CD4+ T cells. SMYD2 associated with latent HIV-1 promoter chromatin, which was enriched in monomethylated lysine 20 at histone H4 (H4K20me1), a mark lost in cells lacking SMYD2. Further, we find that lethal 3 malignant brain tumor 1 (L3MBTL1), a reader protein with chromatin-compacting properties that recognizes H4K20me1, was recruited to the latent HIV-1 promoter in a SMYD2-dependent manner. We propose that a SMYD2-H4K20me1-L3MBTL1 axis contributes to HIV-1 latency and can be targeted with small-molecule SMYD2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Boehm
- Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mark Jeng
- Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gregory Camus
- Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrea Gramatica
- Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Roland Schwarzer
- Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Johnson
- Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Philip A Hull
- Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mauricio Montano
- Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Naoki Sakane
- Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratory, JT, 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Sara Pagans
- Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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