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Prakash S, Kumbhojkar N, Gottlieb AP, Park KS, Kapate N, Mitragotri S. Polymer Micropatches as B-Cell Engagers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28184-28192. [PMID: 38770711 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
B cells, despite their several unique functionalities, remain largely untapped for use as an adoptive cell therapy and are limited to in vitro use for antibody production. B cells can be easily sourced, they possess excellent lymphoid-homing capabilities, and they can act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), offering an alternative to dendritic cells (DCs), which have shown limited efficacy in the clinical setting. Soluble factors such as IL-4 and anti-CD40 antibody can enhance the activation, survival, and antigen-presenting capabilities of B cells; however, it is difficult to attain sufficiently high concentrations of these biologics to stimulate B cells in vivo. Micropatches as Cell Engagers (MACE) are polymeric microparticles, surface functionalized with anti-CD40 and anti-IgM, which can attach to B cells and simultaneously engage multiple B-cell receptors (BCR) and CD40 receptors. Stimulation of these receptors through MACE, unlike free antibodies, enhanced the display of costimulatory molecules on the B-cell surface, increased B-cell viability, and improved antigen presentation by B cells to T cells in vitro. B-cell activation by MACE further synergized with soluble IL-4 and anti-CD40. MACE also elicited T-cell chemokine secretion by B cells. Upon intravenous adoptive transfer, MACE-bound B cells homed to the spleen and lymph nodes, key sites for antigen presentation to T cells. Adoptive transfer of MACE-B cells pulsed with the CD4+ and CD8+ epitopes of ovalbumin significantly delayed tumor progression in a murine subcutaneous EG7-OVA tumor model, demonstrating the functional benefit conferred to B cells by MACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Prakash
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ninad Kumbhojkar
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alexander P Gottlieb
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kyung-Soo Park
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Neha Kapate
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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2
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Martin L, Stratton HJ, Gomez K, Le Duy D, Loya-Lopez S, Tang C, Calderon-Rivera A, Ran D, Nunna V, Bellampalli SS, François-Moutal L, Dumaire N, Salih L, Luo S, Porreca F, Ibrahim M, Rogemond V, Honnorat J, Khanna R, Moutal A. Mechanism, and treatment of anti-CV2/CRMP5 autoimmune pain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.04.592533. [PMID: 38766071 PMCID: PMC11100598 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.04.592533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes arise from autoimmune reactions against nervous system antigens due to a maladaptive immune response to a peripheral cancer. Patients with small cell lung carcinoma or malignant thymoma can develop an autoimmune response against the CV2/collapsin response mediator protein 5 (CRMP5) antigen. For reasons that are not understood, approximately 80% of patients experience painful neuropathies. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying anti-CV2/CRMP5 autoantibodies (CV2/CRMP5-Abs)-related pain. We found that patient-derived CV2/CRMP5-Abs can bind to their target in rodent dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and superficial laminae of the spinal cord. CV2/CRMP5-Abs induced DRG neuron hyperexcitability and mechanical hypersensitivity in rats that were abolished by preventing binding to their cognate autoantigen CRMP5. The effect of CV2/CRMP5-Abs on sensory neuron hyperexcitability and mechanical hypersensitivity observed in patients was recapitulated in rats using genetic immunization providing an approach to rapidly identify possible therapeutic choices for treating autoantibody-induced pain including the repurposing of a monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody that selectively deplete B-lymphocytes. These data reveal a previously unknown neuronal mechanism of neuropathic pain in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes resulting directly from CV2/CRMP5-Abs-induced nociceptor excitability. CV2/CRMP5-Abs directly sensitize pain responses by increasing sensory neuron excitability and strategies aiming at either blocking or reducing CV2/CRMP5-Abs can treat pain as a comorbidity in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
| | - Harrison J. Stratton
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
| | - Kimberly Gomez
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
| | - Do Le Duy
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Santiago Loya-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
| | - Cheng Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
| | - Aida Calderon-Rivera
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
| | - Dongzhi Ran
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
| | - Venkatrao Nunna
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Shreya S. Bellampalli
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
| | - Liberty François-Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Nicolas Dumaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Lyuba Salih
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Shizhen Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
| | - Mohab Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
| | - Véronique Rogemond
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Pain and Addiction Therapeutics (PATH) Collaboratory, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, ARB R5-234, Gainesville, FL 32610-0267
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724 USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
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3
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Hawlina S, Zorec R, Chowdhury HH. Potential of Personalized Dendritic Cell-Based Immunohybridoma Vaccines to Treat Prostate Cancer. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1498. [PMID: 37511873 PMCID: PMC10382052 DOI: 10.3390/life13071498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second most common cause of death due to cancer. About 30% of patients with PCa who have been castrated develop a castration-resistant form of the disease (CRPC), which is incurable. In the last decade, new treatments that control the disease have emerged, slowing progression and spread and prolonging survival while maintaining the quality of life. These include immunotherapies; however, we do not yet know the optimal combination and sequence of these therapies with the standard ones. All therapies are not always suitable for every patient due to co-morbidities or adverse effects of therapies or both, so there is an urgent need for further work on new therapeutic options. Advances in cancer immunotherapy with an immune checkpoint inhibition mechanism (e.g., ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA-4 inhibitor) have not shown a survival benefit in patients with CRPC. Other immunological approaches have also not given clear results, which has indirectly prevented breakthrough for this type of therapeutic strategy into clinical use. Currently, the only approved form of immunotherapy for patients with CRPC is a cell-based medicine, but it is only available to patients in some parts of the world. Based on what was gained from recently completed clinical research on immunotherapy with dendritic cell-based immunohybridomas, the aHyC dendritic cell vaccine for patients with CRPC, we highlight the current status and possible alternatives that should be considered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hawlina
- Clinical Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena H Chowdhury
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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4
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Rastogi I, McNeel DG. B cells require licensing by dendritic cells to serve as primary antigen-presenting cells for plasmid DNA. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2212550. [PMID: 37205983 PMCID: PMC10190194 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2212550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been an attractive approach for treating cancer patients, however have demonstrated modest immunogenicity in human clinical trials. Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to cross-present DNA-encoded antigens expressed in bystander cells. However, we have previously reported that B cells, and not DCs, serve as primary antigen-presenting cells (APCs) following passive uptake of plasmid DNA. Here we sought to understand the requirements for B cells to present DNA-encoded antigens, to ultimately increase the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines. Using ovalbumin-specific OT-1 CD8+ T cells and isolated APC populations, we demonstrated that following passive uptake of plasmid DNA, B cells but not DC, can translate the encoded antigen. However, CD8 T cells were only activated by B cells when they were co-cultured with DCs. We found that a cell-cell contact is required between B cells and DCs. Using MHCI KO and re-purification studies, we demonstrated that B cells were the primary APCs and DCs serve to license this function. We further identified that the gene expression profiles of B cells that have been licensed by DCs, compared to the B cells that have not, are vastly different and have signatures similar to B cells activated with a TLR7/8 agonist. Our data demonstrate that B cells transcribe and translate antigens encoded by plasmid DNA following passive uptake, however require licensing by live DC to present antigen to CD8 T cells. Further study of the role of B cells as APCs will be important to improve the immunological efficacy of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichwaku Rastogi
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas G. McNeel
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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5
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García-Ferreras R, Osuna-Pérez J, Ramírez-Santiago G, Méndez-Pérez A, Acosta-Moreno AM, Del Campo L, Gómez-Sánchez MJ, Iborra M, Herrero-Fernández B, González-Granado JM, Sánchez-Madrid F, Carrasco YR, Boya P, Martínez-Martín N, Veiga E. Bacteria-instructed B cells cross-prime naïve CD8 + T cells triggering effective cytotoxic responses. EMBO Rep 2023:e56131. [PMID: 37184882 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to triggering humoral responses, conventional B cells have been described in vitro to cross-present exogenous antigens activating naïve CD8+ T cells. Nevertheless, the way B cells capture these exogenous antigens and the physiological roles of B cell-mediated cross-presentation remain poorly explored. Here, we show that B cells capture bacteria by trans-phagocytosis from previously infected dendritic cells (DC) when they are in close contact. Bacterial encounter "instructs" the B cells to acquire antigen cross-presentation abilities, in a process that involves autophagy. Bacteria-instructed B cells, henceforth referred to as BacB cells, rapidly degrade phagocytosed bacteria, process bacterial antigens and cross-prime naïve CD8+ T cells which differentiate into specific cytotoxic cells that efficiently control bacterial infections. Moreover, a proof-of-concept experiment shows that BacB cells that have captured bacteria expressing tumor antigens could be useful as novel cellular immunotherapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel García-Ferreras
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Osuna-Pérez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ramírez-Santiago
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Méndez-Pérez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés M Acosta-Moreno
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Del Campo
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Gómez-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Iborra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Herrero-Fernández
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M González-Granado
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda R Carrasco
- Department of Immunology & Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Esteban Veiga
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Yaping W, Zhe W, Zhuling C, Ruolei L, Pengyu F, Lili G, Cheng J, Bo Z, Liuyin L, Guangdong H, Yaoling W, Niuniu H, Rui L. The soldiers needed to be awakened: Tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Front Genet 2022; 13:988703. [PMID: 36246629 PMCID: PMC9558824 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.988703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) are a key component. Different types of TIICs play distinct roles. CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells could secrete soluble factors to hinder tumor cell growth, whereas regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) release inhibitory factors to promote tumor growth and progression. In the meantime, a growing body of evidence illustrates that the balance between pro- and anti-tumor responses of TIICs is associated with the prognosis in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, in order to boost anti-tumor response and improve the clinical outcome of tumor patients, a variety of anti-tumor strategies for targeting TIICs based on their respective functions have been developed and obtained good treatment benefits, including mainly immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), adoptive cell therapies (ACT), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and various monoclonal antibodies. In recent years, the tumor-specific features of immune cells are further investigated by various methods, such as using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and the results indicate that these cells have diverse phenotypes in different types of tumors and emerge inconsistent therapeutic responses. Hence, we concluded the recent advances in tumor-infiltrating immune cells, including functions, prognostic values, and various immunotherapy strategies for each immune cell in different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yaping
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wang Zhe
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chu Zhuling
- Department of General Surgery, Eastern Theater Air Force Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Ruolei
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fan Pengyu
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guo Lili
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ji Cheng
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhang Bo
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Liu Liuyin
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hou Guangdong
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wang Yaoling
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hou Niuniu
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of General Surgery, Eastern Theater Air Force Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hou Niuniu, ; Ling Rui,
| | - Ling Rui
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Hou Niuniu, ; Ling Rui,
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Rastogi I, Jeon D, Moseman JE, Muralidhar A, Potluri HK, McNeel DG. Role of B cells as antigen presenting cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954936. [PMID: 36159874 PMCID: PMC9493130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells have been long studied for their role and function in the humoral immune system. Apart from generating antibodies and an antibody-mediated memory response against pathogens, B cells are also capable of generating cell-mediated immunity. It has been demonstrated by several groups that B cells can activate antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells, and can have regulatory and cytotoxic effects. The function of B cells as professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) to activate T cells has been largely understudied. This, however, requires attention as several recent reports have demonstrated the importance of B cells within the tumor microenvironment, and B cells are increasingly being evaluated as cellular therapies. Antigen presentation through B cells can be through antigen-specific (B cell receptor (BCR) dependent) or antigen non-specific (BCR independent) mechanisms and can be modulated by a variety of intrinsic and external factors. This review will discuss the pathways and mechanisms by which B cells present antigens, and how B cells differ from other professional APCs.
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8
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Qin Y, Lu F, Lyu K, Chang AE, Li Q. Emerging concepts regarding pro- and anti tumor properties of B cells in tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:881427. [PMID: 35967441 PMCID: PMC9366002 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.881427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversial views regarding the roles of B cells in tumor immunity have existed for several decades. However, more recent studies have focused on its positive properties in antitumor immunity. Many studies have demonstrated a close association of the higher density of intratumoral B cells with favorable outcomes in cancer patients. B cells can interact with T cells as well as follicular dendritic cells within tertiary lymphoid structures, where they undergo a series of biological events, including clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation, class switching, and tumor-specific antibody production, which may trigger antitumor humoral responses. After activation, B cells can function as effector cells via direct tumor-killing, antigen-presenting activity, and production of tumor-specific antibodies. At the other extreme, B cells can obtain inhibitory functions by relevant stimuli, converting to regulatory B cells, which serve as an immunosuppressive arm to tumor immunity. Here we summarize our current understanding of the bipolar properties of B cells within the tumor immune microenvironment and propose potential B cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies, which may help promote cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Qin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Furong Lu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kexing Lyu
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Alfred E. Chang
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Qiao Li, ; Alfred E. Chang,
| | - Qiao Li
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Qiao Li, ; Alfred E. Chang,
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9
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Bevers S, Kooijmans SAA, Van de Velde E, Evers MJW, Seghers S, Gitz-Francois JJJM, van Kronenburg NCH, Fens MHAM, Mastrobattista E, Hassler L, Sork H, Lehto T, Ahmed KE, El Andaloussi S, Fiedler K, Breckpot K, Maes M, Van Hoorick D, Bastogne T, Schiffelers RM, De Koker S. mRNA-LNP vaccines tuned for systemic immunization induce strong antitumor immunity by engaging splenic immune cells. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3078-3094. [PMID: 35821637 PMCID: PMC9273295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have recently proven to be highly effective against SARS-CoV-2. Key to their success is the lipid-based nanoparticle (LNP), which enables efficient mRNA expression and endows the vaccine with adjuvant properties that drive potent antibody responses. Effective cancer vaccines require long-lived, qualitative CD8 T cell responses instead of antibody responses. Systemic vaccination appears to be the most effective route, but necessitates adaptation of LNP composition to deliver mRNA to antigen presenting cells. Using a design-of-experiments methodology, we tailored mRNA-LNP compositions to achieve high magnitude tumor-specific CD8 T cell responses within a single round of optimization. Optimized LNP compositions resulted in enhanced mRNA uptake by multiple splenic immune cell populations. Type I interferon and phagocytes were found essential for the T cell response. Surprisingly, we also discovered a yet unidentified role of B cells in stimulating the vaccine-elicited CD8 T cell response. Optimized LNPs displayed a similar, spleen-centered biodistribution profile in non-human primates and did not trigger histopathological changes in liver and spleen, warranting their further assessment in clinical studies. Taken together, our study clarifies the relationship between nanoparticle composition and their T cell stimulatory capacity and provides novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of effective mRNA-LNP based antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Bevers
- eTheRNA Immunotherapies, 2845 Niel, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Free University of Brussels, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Sander A A Kooijmans
- CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martijn J W Evers
- CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nicky C H van Kronenburg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel H A M Fens
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Helena Sork
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Taavi Lehto
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinksa Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kariem E Ahmed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinksa Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinksa Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Free University of Brussels, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | | | | | - Thierry Bastogne
- CYBERnano, 54000 Nancy, France; CRAN, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INRIA BIGS, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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10
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Page A, Hubert J, Fusil F, Cosset FL. Exploiting B Cell Transfer for Cancer Therapy: Engineered B Cells to Eradicate Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9991. [PMID: 34576154 PMCID: PMC8468294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, cancers still represent a significant health burden, accounting for around 10 million deaths per year, due to ageing populations and inefficient treatments for some refractory cancers. Immunotherapy strategies that modulate the patient's immune system have emerged as good treatment options. Among them, the adoptive transfer of B cells selected ex vivo showed promising results, with a reduction in tumor growth in several cancer mouse models, often associated with antitumoral immune responses. Aside from the benefits of their intrinsic properties, including antigen presentation, antibody secretion, homing and long-term persistence, B cells can be modified prior to reinfusion to increase their therapeutic role. For instance, B cells have been modified mainly to boost their immuno-stimulatory activation potential by forcing the expression of costimulatory ligands using defined culture conditions or gene insertion. Moreover, tumor-specific antigen presentation by infused B cells has been increased by ex vivo antigen loading (peptides, RNA, DNA, virus) or by the sorting/ engineering of B cells with a B cell receptor specific to tumor antigens. Editing of the BCR also rewires B cell specificity toward tumor antigens, and may trigger, upon antigen recognition, the secretion of antitumor antibodies by differentiated plasma cells that can then be recognized by other immune components or cells involved in tumor clearance by antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity or complement-dependent cytotoxicity for example. With the expansion of gene editing methodologies, new strategies to reprogram immune cells with whole synthetic circuits are being explored: modified B cells can sense disease-specific biomarkers and, in response, trigger the expression of therapeutic molecules, such as molecules that counteract the tumoral immunosuppressive microenvironment. Such strategies remain in their infancy for implementation in B cells, but are likely to expand in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, F-69007 Lyon, France; (A.P.); (J.H.); (F.F.)
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11
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Pathophysiological Roles of Histamine Receptors in Cancer Progression: Implications and Perspectives as Potential Molecular Targets. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081232. [PMID: 34439898 PMCID: PMC8392479 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of histamine and histamine receptors (HRs), including H1R~H4R, are found in many different types of tumor cells and cells in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting their involvement in tumor progression. This review summarizes the latest evidence demonstrating the pathophysiological roles of histamine and its cognate receptors in cancer biology. We also discuss the novel therapeutic approaches of selective HR ligands and their potential prognostic values in cancer treatment. Briefly, histamine is highly implicated in cancer development, growth, and metastasis through interactions with distinct HRs. It also regulates the infiltration of immune cells into the tumor sites, exerting an immunomodulatory function. Moreover, the effects of various HR ligands, including H1R antagonists, H2R antagonists, and H4R agonists, on tumor progression in many different cancer types are described. Interestingly, the expression levels of HR subtypes may serve as prognostic biomarkers in several cancers. Taken together, HRs are promising targets for cancer treatment, and HR ligands may offer novel therapeutic potential, alone or in combination with conventional therapy. However, due to the complexity of the pathophysiological roles of histamine and HRs in cancer biology, further studies are warranted before HR ligands can be introduced into clinical settings.
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12
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Qin Y, Peng F, Ai L, Mu S, Li Y, Yang C, Hu Y. Tumor-infiltrating B cells as a favorable prognostic biomarker in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:310. [PMID: 34118931 PMCID: PMC8199375 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes (TIL-Bs) is a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes. The prognostic value of TIL-Bs in patients with breast cancer remains controversial. Here we conducted this meta-analysis to clarify the association of TIL-Bs with outcomes of patients with breast cancer. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to identify relevant studies assessing the prognostic significance of TIL-Bs in patients with breast cancer. Fixed- or random-effects models were used to evaluate the pooled hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS), breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), disease-free survival (DFS), and relapse-free survival (RFS) in breast cancer. Results
A total of 8 studies including 2628 patients were included in our study. Pooled analyses revealed that high level of TIL-Bs was associated with longer OS (pooled HR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.24–0.60), BCSS (pooled HR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.47–0.85), and DFS/RFS (pooled HR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.27–0.55). Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests that TIL-Bs could be a promising prognostic marker for breast cancer. Novel therapeutic strategies for breast cancer treatment could be developed by enhancement of B cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02004-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Qin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Hubei, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Lisha Ai
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Hubei, 430022, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shidai Mu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Hubei, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chensu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Hubei, 430022, Wuhan, China.
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13
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Zahm CD, Moseman JE, Delmastro LE, G Mcneel D. PD-1 and LAG-3 blockade improve anti-tumor vaccine efficacy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1912892. [PMID: 33996265 PMCID: PMC8078506 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1912892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent blockade of different checkpoint receptors, notably PD-1 and CTLA-4, elicits greater anti-tumor activity for some tumor types, and the combination of different checkpoint receptor inhibitors is an active area of clinical research. We have previously demonstrated that anti-tumor vaccination, by activating CD8 + T cells, increases the expression of PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3 and other inhibitory receptors, and the anti-tumor efficacy of vaccination can be increased with checkpoint blockade. In the current study, we sought to determine whether anti-tumor vaccination might be further improved with combined checkpoint blockade. Using an OVA-expressing mouse tumor model, we found that CD8 + T cells activated in the presence of professional antigen presenting cells (APC) expressed multiple checkpoint receptors; however, T cells activated without APCs expressed LAG-3 alone, suggesting that LAG-3 might be a preferred target in combination with vaccination. Using three different murine tumor models, and peptide or DNA vaccines targeting three tumor antigens, we assessed the effects of vaccines with blockade of PD-1 and/or LAG-3 on tumor growth. We report that, in each model, the anti-tumor efficacy of vaccination was increased with PD-1 and/or LAG-3 blockade. However, combined PD-1 and LAG-3 blockade elicited the greatest anti-tumor effect when combined with vaccination in a MycCaP prostate cancer model in which PD-1 blockade alone with vaccination targeting a “self” tumor antigen had less efficacy. These results suggest anti-tumor vaccination might best be combined with concurrent blockade of both PD-1 and LAG-3, and potentially other checkpoint receptors whose expression is increased on CD8 + T cells following vaccine-mediated activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Zahm
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jena E Moseman
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lauren E Delmastro
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Douglas G Mcneel
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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14
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Oxley KL, Hanson BM, Zani AN, Bishop GA. Activated B lymphocytes and tumor cell lysate as an effective cellular cancer vaccine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3093-3103. [PMID: 33765210 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines that utilize patient antigen-presenting cells to fight their own tumors have shown exciting promise in many preclinical studies, but have proven quite challenging to translate to clinical feasibility. Dendritic cells have typically been the cell of choice for such vaccine platforms, due to their ability to endocytose antigens nonspecifically, and their expression of multiple surface molecules that enhance antigen presentation. However, dendritic cells are present in low numbers in human peripheral blood and must be matured in culture before use in vaccines. Mature B lymphocytes, in contrast, are relatively abundant in peripheral blood, and can be quickly activated and expanded in overnight cultures. We devised an optimal stimulation cocktail that engages the B cell antigen receptor, CD40, TLR4 and TLR7, to activate B cells to present antigens from lysates of the recipient's tumor cells, precluding the need for known tumor antigens. This B cell vaccine (Bvac) improved overall survival from B16F1 melanoma challenge, as well as reduced tumor size and increased time to tumor appearance. Bvac upregulated B cell antigen presentation molecules, stimulated activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and induced T cell migration. Bvac provides an alternative cellular vaccine strategy that has considerable practical advantages for translation to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyp L Oxley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Bishop, 2296 Carver Biomedical Research Bldg., 340 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Brett M Hanson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Bishop, 2296 Carver Biomedical Research Bldg., 340 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, AMITA Resurrection, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashley N Zani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Bishop, 2296 Carver Biomedical Research Bldg., 340 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gail A Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Bishop, 2296 Carver Biomedical Research Bldg., 340 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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15
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Khalil IA, Younis MA, Kimura S, Harashima H. Lipid Nanoparticles for Cell-Specific in Vivo Targeted Delivery of Nucleic Acids. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:584-595. [PMID: 32238701 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The last few years have witnessed a great advance in the development of nonviral systems for in vivo targeted delivery of nucleic acids. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most promising carriers for producing clinically approved products in the future. Compared with other systems used for nonviral gene delivery, LNPs provide several advantages including higher stability, low toxicity, and greater efficiency. Additionally, systems based on LNPs can be modified with ligands and devices for controlled biodistribution and internalization into specific cells. Efforts are ongoing to improve the efficiency of lipid-based gene vectors. These efforts depend on the appropriate design of nanocarriers as well as the development of new lipids with improved gene delivery ability. Several ionizable lipids have recently been developed and have shown dramatically improved efficiency. However, enhancing the ability of nanocarriers to target specific cells in the body remains the most difficult challenge. Systemically administered LNPs can access organs in which the capillaries are characterized by the presence of fenestrations, such as the liver and spleen. The liver has received the most attention to date, although targeted delivery to the spleen has recently emerged as a promising tool for modulating the immune system. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the use of LNPs for cell-specific targeted delivery of nucleic acids. We focus mainly on targeting liver hepatocytes and spleen immune cells as excellent targets for gene therapy. We also discuss the potential of endothelial cells as an alternate approach for targeting organs with a continuous endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikramy A Khalil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University
| | - Mahmoud A Younis
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University
| | - Seigo Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
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16
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Kimura S, Khalil IA, Elewa YHA, Harashima H. Spleen selective enhancement of transfection activities of plasmid DNA driven by octaarginine and an ionizable lipid and its implications for cancer immunization. J Control Release 2019; 313:70-79. [PMID: 31526828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficiently delivering plasmid DNA (pDNA) to the spleen is particularly significant for DNA immunization. However, increasing the efficiency of gene expression in spleen cells for achieving a therapeutic effect remains a serious challenge. An ideal spleen-targeted system should avoid liver uptake and should efficiently transfect specific functional spleen cells. Here, we report on pDNA nanocarriers with enhanced transfection in spleen cells driven by synergism between an octaarginine (R8) peptide and YSK05; a pH-responsive ionizable lipid. A double-coating design is essential for enhancing spleen selective transfection which is significantly affected by the total amount of lipid and the composition of the outer coat. The optimized R8/YSK system shows a high gene expression in the spleen with a high spleen/liver ratio and a surprising ability to target spleen B cells. Compared to other organs, the high spleen activity cannot be explained based on the amount of pDNA delivered to each organ, indicating that the system is extremely efficient in transfecting spleen cells. The system can be used in cancer immunization where a strong anti-tumor effect was observed in mice immunized with the R8/YSK system encapsulating antigen-encoding pDNA. The R8/YSK system holds great promise for future applications in the field of DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Kimura
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ikramy A Khalil
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Yaser H A Elewa
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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17
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Platt JL, Cascalho M. Non-canonical B cell functions in transplantation. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:363-377. [PMID: 30980861 PMCID: PMC6544480 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
B cells are differentiated to recognize antigen and respond by producing antibodies. These activities, governed by recognition of ancillary signals, defend the individual against microorganisms and the products of microorganisms and constitute the canonical function of B cells. Despite the unique differentiation (e.g. recombination and mutation of immunoglobulin gene segments) toward this canonical function, B cells can provide other, "non-canonical" functions, such as facilitating of lymphoid organogenesis and remodeling and fashioning T cell repertoires and modifying T cell responses. Some non-canonical functions are exerted by antibodies, but most are mediated by other products and/or direct actions of B cells. The diverse set of non-canonical functions makes the B cell as much as any cell a central organizer of innate and adaptive immunity. However, the diverse products and actions also confound efforts to weigh the importance of individual non-canonical B cell functions. Here we shall describe the non-canonical functions of B cells and offer our perspective on how those functions converge in the development and governance of immunity, particularly immunity to transplants, and hurdles to advancing understanding of B cell functions in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Departments of Surgery and of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Departments of Surgery and of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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18
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Zahm CD, Colluru VT, McIlwain SJ, Ong IM, McNeel DG. TLR Stimulation during T-cell Activation Lowers PD-1 Expression on CD8 + T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:1364-1374. [PMID: 30201735 PMCID: PMC6215515 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Expression of T-cell checkpoint receptors can compromise antitumor immunity. Blockade of these receptors, notably PD-1 and LAG-3, which become expressed during T-cell activation with vaccination, can improve antitumor immunity. We evaluated whether T-cell checkpoint expression could be separated from T-cell activation in the context of innate immune stimulation with TLR agonists. We found that ligands for TLR1/2, TLR7, and TLR9 led to a decrease in expression of PD-1 on antigen-activated CD8+ T cells. These effects were mediated by IL12 released by professional antigen-presenting cells. In two separate tumor models, treatment with antitumor vaccines combined with TLR1/2 or TLR7 ligands induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with lower PD-1 expression and improved antitumor immunity. These findings highlight the role of innate immune activation during effector T-cell development and suggest that at least one mechanism by which specific TLR agonists can be strategically used as vaccine adjuvants is by modulating the expression of PD-1 during CD8+ T-cell activation. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(11); 1364-74. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Zahm
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Viswa T Colluru
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sean J McIlwain
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Irene M Ong
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
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19
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Bąbała N, Bovens A, de Vries E, Iglesias-Guimarais V, Ahrends T, Krummel MF, Borst J, Bins AD. Subcellular Localization of Antigen in Keratinocytes Dictates Delivery of CD4 + T-cell Help for the CTL Response upon Therapeutic DNA Vaccination into the Skin. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:835-847. [PMID: 29764836 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a mouse model of therapeutic DNA vaccination, we studied how the subcellular localization of vaccine protein impacts antigen delivery to professional antigen-presenting cells and efficiency of CTL priming. Cytosolic, membrane-bound, nuclear, and secretory versions of ZsGreen fluorescent protein, conjugated to MHC class I and II ovalbumin (OVA) epitopes, were expressed in keratinocytes by DNA vaccination into the skin. ZsGreen-OVA versions reached B cells in the skin-draining lymph node (dLN) that proved irrelevant for CTL priming. ZsGreen-OVA versions were also actively transported to the dLN by dendritic cells (DC). In the dLN, vaccine proteins localized to classical (c)DCs of the migratory XCR1+ and XCR- subtypes, and-to a lesser extent-to LN-resident cDCs. Secretory ZsGreen-OVA induced the best antitumor CTL response, even though its delivery to cDCs in the dLN was significantly less efficient than for other vaccine proteins. Secretory ZsGreen-OVA protein proved superior in CTL priming, because it led to in vivo engagement of antigen-loaded XCR1+, but not XCR1-, cDCs. Secretory ZsGreen-OVA also maximally solicited CD4+ T-cell help. The suboptimal CTL response to the other ZsGreen-OVA versions was improved by engaging costimulatory receptor CD27, which mimics CD4+ T-cell help. Thus, in therapeutic DNA vaccination into the skin, mere inclusion of helper epitopes does not ensure delivery of CD4+ T-cell help for the CTL response. Targeting of the vaccine protein to the secretory route of keratinocytes is required to engage XCR1+ cDC and CD4+ T-cell help and thus to promote CTL priming. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(7); 835-47. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Bąbała
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid Bovens
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evert de Vries
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Victoria Iglesias-Guimarais
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Ahrends
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jannie Borst
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Adriaan D Bins
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Johnson LE, Brockstedt D, Leong M, Lauer P, Theisen E, Sauer JD, McNeel DG. Heterologous vaccination targeting prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) using DNA and Listeria vaccines elicits superior anti-tumor immunity dependent on CD4+ T cells elicited by DNA priming. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1456603. [PMID: 30221049 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1456603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Sipuleucel T, an autologous cell-based vaccine targeting prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), has demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. DNA vaccines encoding PAP and live attenuated Listeria vaccines have entered clinical trials for patients with prostate cancer, and have advantages in terms of eliciting predominantly Th1-biased immunity. In this study, we investigated whether the immunogenicity and anti-tumor efficacy of a DNA and Listeria vaccine, each encoding PAP, could be enhanced by using them in a heterologous prime/boost approach. Methods. Transgenic mice expressing HLA-A2.01 and HLA-DRB1*0101 were immunized alone or with a heterologous prime/boost strategy. Splenocytes were evaluated for MHC class I and II-restricted, PAP-specific immune responses by IFNγ ELISPOTs. Anti-tumor activity to a syngeneic, PAP-expressing tumor line was evaluated. Results. PAP-specific cellular immunity and anti-tumor activity were elicited in mice after immunization with DNA- or listeria-based vaccines. Greater CD4+ and CD8+ responses, and anti-tumor responses, were elicited when mice were immunized first with DNA and boosted with Listeria, but not when administered in the opposite order. This was found to be dependent on CD4+ T cells elicited with DNA priming, and was not due to inflammatory signals by Listeria itself or due to B cells serving as antigen-presenting cells for DNA during priming. Conclusions. Heterologous prime/boost vaccination using DNA priming with Listeria boosting may provide better anti-tumor immunity, similar to many reports evaluating DNA priming with vaccines targeting foreign microbial antigens. These findings have implications for the design of future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Johnson
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | | | | | - Erin Theisen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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21
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Cytolytic DNA vaccine encoding lytic perforin augments the maturation of- and antigen presentation by- dendritic cells in a time-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8530. [PMID: 28819257 PMCID: PMC5561019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of cost-effective vaccines capable of inducing robust CD8+ T cell immunity will contribute significantly towards the elimination of persistent viral infections and cancers worldwide. We have previously reported that a cytolytic DNA vaccine encoding an immunogen and a truncated mouse perforin (PRF) protein significantly augments anti-viral T cell (including CD8+ T cell) immunity. Thus, the current study investigated whether this vaccine enhances activation of dendritic cells (DCs) resulting in greater priming of CD8+ T cell immunity. In vitro data showed that transfection of HEK293T cells with the cytolytic DNA resulted in the release of lactate dehydrogenase, indicative of necrotic/lytic cell death. In vitro exposure of this lytic cell debris to purified DCs from naïve C57BL/6 mice resulted in maturation of DCs as determined by up-regulation of CD80/CD86. Using activation/proliferation of adoptively transferred OT-I CD8+ T cells to measure antigen presentation by DCs in vivo, it was determined that cytolytic DNA immunisation resulted in a time-dependent increase in the proliferation of OT-I CD8+ T cells compared to canonical DNA immunisation. Overall, the data suggest that the cytolytic DNA vaccine increases the activity of DCs which has important implications for the design of DNA vaccines to improve their translational prospects.
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The Multifaceted Roles of B Cells in Solid Tumors: Emerging Treatment Opportunities. Target Oncol 2017; 12:139-152. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
DNA vaccines offer many advantages over other anti-tumor vaccine approaches due to their simplicity, ease of manufacturing, and safety. Results from several clinical trials in patients with cancer have demonstrated that DNA vaccines are safe and can elicit immune responses. However, to date few DNA vaccines have progressed beyond phase I clinical trial evaluation. Studies into the mechanism of action of DNA vaccines in terms of antigen-presenting cell types able to directly present or cross-present DNA-encoded antigens, and the activation of innate immune responses due to DNA itself, have suggested opportunities to increase the immunogenicity of these vaccines. In addition, studies into the mechanisms of tumor resistance to anti-tumor vaccination have suggested combination approaches that can increase the anti-tumor effect of DNA vaccines. This review focuses on these mechanisms of action and mechanisms of resistance using DNA vaccines, and how this information is being used to improve the anti-tumor effect of DNA vaccines. These approaches are then specifically discussed in the context of human prostate cancer, a disease for which DNA vaccines have been and continue to be explored as treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Zahm
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Viswa Teja Colluru
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
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