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Venugopal S, Dan Q, Sri Theivakadadcham VS, Wu B, Kofler M, Layne MD, Connelly KA, Rzepka MF, Friedberg MK, Kapus A, Szászi K. Regulation of the RhoA exchange factor GEF-H1 by profibrotic stimuli through a positive feedback loop involving RhoA, MRTF, and Sp1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C387-C402. [PMID: 38912734 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00088.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
RhoA and its effectors, the transcriptional coactivators myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF) and serum response factor (SRF), control epithelial phenotype and are indispensable for profibrotic epithelial reprogramming during fibrogenesis. Context-dependent control of RhoA and fibrosis-associated changes in its regulators, however, remain incompletely characterized. We previously identified the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1 as a central mediator of RhoA activation in renal tubular cells exposed to inflammatory or fibrotic stimuli. Here we found that GEF-H1 expression and phosphorylation were strongly elevated in two animal models of fibrosis. In the Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction mouse kidney fibrosis model, GEF-H1 was upregulated predominantly in the tubular compartment. GEF-H1 was also elevated and phosphorylated in a rat pulmonary artery banding (PAB) model of right ventricular fibrosis. Prolonged stimulation of LLC-PK1 tubular cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 increased GEF-H1 expression and activated a luciferase-coupled GEF-H1 promoter. Knockdown and overexpression studies revealed that these effects were mediated by RhoA, cytoskeleton remodeling, and MRTF, indicative of a positive feedback cycle. Indeed, silencing endogenous GEF-H1 attenuated activation of the GEF-H1 promoter. Of importance, inhibition of MRTF using CCG-1423 prevented GEF-H1 upregulation in both animal models. MRTF-dependent increase in GEF-H1 was prevented by inhibition of the transcription factor Sp1, and mutating putative Sp1 binding sites in the GEF-H1 promoter eliminated its MRTF-dependent activation. As the GEF-H1/RhoA axis is key for fibrogenesis, this novel MRTF/Sp1-dependent regulation of GEF-H1 abundance represents a potential target for reducing renal and cardiac fibrosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that expression of the RhoA regulator GEF-H1 is upregulated in tubular cells exposed to fibrogenic cytokines and in animal models of kidney and heart fibrosis. We identify a pathway wherein GEF-H1/RhoA-dependent MRTF activation through its noncanonical partner Sp1 upregulates GEF-H1. Our data reveal the existence of a positive feedback cycle that enhances Rho signaling through control of both GEF-H1 activation and expression. This feedback loop may play an important role in organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Venugopal
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qinghong Dan
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veroni S Sri Theivakadadcham
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Wu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Kofler
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew D Layne
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kim A Connelly
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark F Rzepka
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark K Friedberg
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Center Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - András Kapus
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katalin Szászi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Jonas K, Prinz F, Ferracin M, Krajina K, Deutsch A, Madl T, Rinner B, Slaby O, Klec C, Pichler M. MiR-4646-5p Acts as a Tumor-Suppressive Factor in Triple Negative Breast Cancer and Targets the Cholesterol Transport Protein GRAMD1B. Noncoding RNA 2023; 10:2. [PMID: 38250802 PMCID: PMC10801495 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, and their deregulation contributes to many aspects of cancer development and progression. Thus, miRNAs provide insight into oncogenic mechanisms and represent promising targets for new therapeutic approaches. A type of cancer that is still in urgent need of improved treatment options is triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Therefore, we aimed to characterize a novel miRNA with a potential role in TNBC. Based on a previous study, we selected miR-4646-5p, a miRNA with a still unknown function in breast cancer. We discovered that higher expression of miR-4646-5p in TNBC patients is associated with better survival. In vitro assays showed that miR-4646-5p overexpression reduces growth, proliferation, and migration of TNBC cell lines, whereas inhibition had the opposite effect. Furthermore, we found that miR-4646-5p inhibits the tube formation ability of endothelial cells, which may indicate anti-angiogenic properties. By whole transcriptome analysis, we not only observed that miR-4646-5p downregulates many oncogenic factors, like tumor-promoting cytokines and migration- and invasion-related genes, but were also able to identify a direct target, the GRAM domain-containing protein 1B (GRAMD1B). GRAMD1B is involved in cellular cholesterol transport and its knockdown phenocopied the growth-reducing effects of miR-4646-5p. We thus conclude that GRAMD1B may partly contribute to the diverse tumor-suppressive effects of miR-4646-5p in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Jonas
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (K.J.)
- Research Unit for Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Prinz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (K.J.)
- Research Unit for Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Manuela Ferracin
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Katarina Krajina
- Translational Oncology, II. Med Clinics Hematology and Oncology, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Division of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Rinner
- Department for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Ondrej Slaby
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christiane Klec
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (K.J.)
- Research Unit for Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (K.J.)
- Research Unit for Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Translational Oncology, II. Med Clinics Hematology and Oncology, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
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3
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Soriano O, Alcón-Pérez M, Vicente-Manzanares M, Castellano E. The Crossroads between RAS and RHO Signaling Pathways in Cellular Transformation, Motility and Contraction. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060819. [PMID: 34071831 PMCID: PMC8229961 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras and Rho proteins are GTP-regulated molecular switches that control multiple signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells. Ras was among the first identified oncogenes, and it appears mutated in many forms of human cancer. It mainly promotes proliferation and survival through the MAPK pathway and the PI3K/AKT pathways, respectively. However, the myriad proteins close to the plasma membrane that activate or inhibit Ras make it a major regulator of many apparently unrelated pathways. On the other hand, Rho is weakly oncogenic by itself, but it critically regulates microfilament dynamics; that is, actin polymerization, disassembly and contraction. Polymerization is driven mainly by the Arp2/3 complex and formins, whereas contraction depends on myosin mini-filament assembly and activity. These two pathways intersect at numerous points: from Ras-dependent triggering of Rho activators, some of which act through PI3K, to mechanical feedback driven by actomyosin action. Here, we describe the main points of connection between the Ras and Rho pathways as they coordinately drive oncogenic transformation. We emphasize the biochemical crosstalk that drives actomyosin contraction driven by Ras in a Rho-dependent manner. We also describe possible routes of mechanical feedback through which myosin II activation may control Ras/Rho activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Soriano
- Tumor Biophysics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Marta Alcón-Pérez
- Tumour-Stroma Signalling Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Tumor Biophysics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.V.-M.); (E.C.)
| | - Esther Castellano
- Tumour-Stroma Signalling Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.V.-M.); (E.C.)
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Morgani SM, Su J, Nichols J, Massagué J, Hadjantonakis AK. The transcription factor Rreb1 regulates epithelial architecture, invasiveness, and vasculogenesis in early mouse embryos. eLife 2021; 10:e64811. [PMID: 33929320 PMCID: PMC8131102 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras-responsive element-binding protein 1 (Rreb1) is a zinc-finger transcription factor acting downstream of RAS signaling. Rreb1 has been implicated in cancer and Noonan-like RASopathies. However, little is known about its role in mammalian non-disease states. Here, we show that Rreb1 is essential for mouse embryonic development. Loss of Rreb1 led to a reduction in the expression of vasculogenic factors, cardiovascular defects, and embryonic lethality. During gastrulation, the absence of Rreb1 also resulted in the upregulation of cytoskeleton-associated genes, a change in the organization of F-ACTIN and adherens junctions within the pluripotent epiblast, and perturbed epithelial architecture. Moreover, Rreb1 mutant cells ectopically exited the epiblast epithelium through the underlying basement membrane, paralleling cell behaviors observed during metastasis. Thus, disentangling the function of Rreb1 in development should shed light on its role in cancer and other diseases involving loss of epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jie Su
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
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5
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Nakao Y, Nakagawa S, Yamashita YI, Umezaki N, Okamoto Y, Ogata Y, Yasuda-Yoshihara N, Itoyama R, Yusa T, Yamashita K, Miyata T, Okabe H, Hayashi H, Imai K, Baba H. High ARHGEF2 (GEF-H1) Expression is Associated with Poor Prognosis Via Cell Cycle Regulation in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:4733-4743. [PMID: 33393038 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-09383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor prognosis, even after curative resection. Treatment options for pancreatic cancer remain limited, therefore new therapeutic targets are urgently needed. We searched for genes predictive of poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer using a public database and validated the survival impact of the selected gene in a patient cohort. METHODS We used a public database to search for genes associated with early pancreatic cancer recurrence. As a validation cohort, 201 patients who underwent radical resection in our institution were enrolled. Expression of the target gene was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC). We evaluated growth and invasiveness using small interfering RNAs, then performed pathway analysis using gene set enrichment analysis. RESULTS We extracted ARHGEF2 from GSE21501 as a gene with a high hazard ratio (HR) for early recurrence within 1 year. The high ARHGEF2 expression group had significantly poorer recurrence-free survival (RFS) and poorer overall survival (OS) than the low ARHGEF2 expression group. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high ARHGEF2 expression was an independent poor prognostic factor for RFS (HR 1.92) and OS (HR 1.63). In vitro, ARHGEF2 suppression resulted in reduced cell growth and invasiveness. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that ARHGEF2 expression was associated with MYC, G2M, E2F, and CDC25A expression, suggesting that c-Myc and cell cycle genes are associated with high ARHGEF2 expression. IHC revealed a positive correlation between ARHGEF2 and c-Myc expression. CONCLUSIONS High ARHGEF2 expression is associated with cell cycle progression, and predicts early recurrence and poor survival in patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Nakao
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Umezaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Ogata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Yasuda-Yoshihara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Rumi Itoyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yusa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Miyata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Okabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsunori Imai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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6
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Indukuri R, Hases L, Archer A, Williams C. Estrogen Receptor Beta Influences the Inflammatory p65 Cistrome in Colon Cancer Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:650625. [PMID: 33859619 PMCID: PMC8042384 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.650625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a primary component of both initiation and promotion of colorectal cancer (CRC). Cytokines secreted by macrophages, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), activates the pro-survival transcription factor complex NFκB. The precise mechanism of NFκB in CRC is not well studied, but we recently reported the genome-wide transcriptional impact of TNFα in two CRC cell lines. Further, estrogen signaling influences inflammation in a complex manner and suppresses CRC development. CRC protective effects of estrogen have been shown to be mediated by estrogen receptor beta (ERβ, ESR2), which also impacts inflammatory signaling of the colon. However, whether ERβ impacts the chromatin interaction (cistrome) of the main NFκB subunit p65 (RELA) is not known. We used p65 chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-Seq) in two different CRC cell lines, HT29 and SW480, with and without expression of ERβ. We here present the p65 colon cistrome of these two CRC cell lines. We identify that RELA and AP1 motifs are predominant in both cell lines, and additionally describe both common and cell line-specific p65 binding sites and correlate these to transcriptional changes related to inflammation, migration, apoptosis and circadian rhythm. Further, we determine that ERβ opposes a major fraction of p65 chromatin binding in HT29 cells, but enhances p65 binding in SW480 cells, thereby impacting the p65 cistrome differently in the two cell lines. However, the biological functions of the regulated genes appear to have similar roles in both cell lines. To our knowledge, this is the first time the p65 CRC cistrome is compared between different cell lines and the first time an influence by ERβ on the p65 cistrome is investigated. Our work provides a mechanistic foundation for a better understanding of how estrogen influences inflammatory signaling through NFκB in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajitha Indukuri
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Linnea Hases
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Amena Archer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Williams
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Cecilia Williams, ;
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Haploinsufficiency of RREB1 causes a Noonan-like RASopathy via epigenetic reprogramming of RAS-MAPK pathway genes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4673. [PMID: 32938917 PMCID: PMC7495420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS-MAPK signaling mediates processes critical to normal development including cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Germline mutation of RAS-MAPK genes lead to the Noonan-spectrum of syndromes. Here, we present a patient affected by a 6p-interstitial microdeletion with unknown underlying molecular etiology. Examination of 6p-interstitial microdeletion cases reveals shared clinical features consistent with Noonan-spectrum disorders including short stature, facial dysmorphia and cardiovascular abnormalities. We find the RAS-responsive element binding protein-1 (RREB1) is the common deleted gene in multiple 6p-interstitial microdeletion cases. Rreb1 hemizygous mice display orbital hypertelorism and cardiac hypertrophy phenocopying the human syndrome. Rreb1 haploinsufficiency leads to sensitization of MAPK signaling. Rreb1 recruits Sin3a and Kdm1a to control H3K4 methylation at MAPK pathway gene promoters. Haploinsufficiency of SIN3A and mutations in KDM1A cause syndromes similar to RREB1 haploinsufficiency suggesting genetic perturbation of the RREB1-SIN3A-KDM1A complex represents a new category of RASopathy-like syndromes arising through epigenetic reprogramming of MAPK pathway genes.
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Saralamma VVG, Vetrivel P, Lee HJ, Kim SM, Ha SE, Murugesan R, Kim EH, Heo JD, Kim GS. Comparative proteomic analysis uncovers potential biomarkers involved in the anticancer effect of Scutellarein in human gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:939-958. [PMID: 32705238 PMCID: PMC7388386 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scutellarein (SCU), a flavone that belongs to the flavonoid family and abundantly present in Scutellaria baicalensis a flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, has been reported to exhibit anticancer effects in several cancer cell lines including gastric cancer (GC). Although our previous study documented the mechanisms of Scutellarein‑induced cytotoxic effects, the literature shows that the proteomic changes that are associated with the cellular response to SCU have been poorly understood. To avoid adverse side‑effects and significant toxicity of chemotherapy in patients who react poorly, biomarkers anticipating therapeutic responses are imperative. In the present study, we utilized a comparative proteomic analysis to identify proteins associated with Scutellarein (SCU)‑induced cell death in GC cells (AGS and SNU484), by integrating two‑dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‑DE), mass spectrometry (MS), and bioinformatics to analyze the proteins. Proteomic analysis between SCU‑treated and DMSO (control) samples successfully identified 41 (AGS) and 31 (SNU484) proteins by MALDI‑TOF/MS analysis and protein database search. Comparative proteomics analysis between AGS and SNU484 cells treated with SCU revealed a total of 7 protein identities commonly expressed and western blot analysis validated a subset of identified critical proteins, which were consistent with those of the 2‑DE outcome. Molecular docking studies also confirmed the binding affinity of SCU towards these critical proteins. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5‑bisphosphate 3‑kinase catalytic subunit β isoform (PIK3CB) protein expression was accompanied by a distinct group of cellular functions, including cell growth, and proliferation. Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A), is one of the oncogenic molecules that have been shown to promote tumor growth and resistance to apoptosis and senescence‑inducing therapies. In the present study, both PIK3CB and CIP2A proteins were downregulated in SCU‑treated cells, which boosts our previous results of SCU to induce apoptosis and inhibits GC cell growth by regulating these critical proteins. The comparative proteomic analysis has yielded candidate biomarkers of response to SCU treatment in GC cell models and further validation of these biomarkers will help the future clinical development of SCU as a novel therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Preethi Vetrivel
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Min Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Ha
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajeswari Murugesan
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641043, India
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52833, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
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Lee SH, Jeon Y, Kang JH, Jang H, Lee H, Kim SY. The Combination of Loss of ALDH1L1 Function and Phenformin Treatment Decreases Tumor Growth in KRAS-Driven Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061382. [PMID: 32481524 PMCID: PMC7352727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma cells express high levels of ALDH1L1, an enzyme of the one-carbon pathway that catalyzes the conversion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate and NAD(P)H. In this study, we evaluated the potential of ALDH1L1 as a therapeutic target by deleting the Aldh1l1 gene in KrasLA2 mice, a model of spontaneous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Reporter assays revealed KRAS-mediated upregulation of the ALDH1L1 promoter in human NSCLC cells. Aldh1l1-/- mice exhibited a normal phenotype, with a 10% decrease in Kras-driven lung tumorigenesis. By contrast, the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation inhibition using phenformin in Aldh1l1-/-; KrasLA2 mice dramatically decreased the number of tumor nodules and tumor area by up to 50%. Furthermore, combined treatment with pan-ALDH inhibitor and phenformin showed a decreased number and area of lung tumors by 70% in the KrasLA2 lung cancer model. Consistent with this, previous work showed that the combination of ALDH1L1 knockdown and phenformin treatment decreased ATP production by as much as 70% in NSCLS cell lines. Taken together, these results suggest that the combined inhibition of ALDH activity and oxidative phosphorylation represents a promising therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hyeong Lee
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Yoon Jeon
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Joon Hee Kang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Hyonchol Jang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.K.); (H.L.)
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.K.); (H.L.)
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10
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Deng YN, Xia Z, Zhang P, Ejaz S, Liang S. Transcription Factor RREB1: from Target Genes towards Biological Functions. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1463-1473. [PMID: 32210733 PMCID: PMC7085234 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.40834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras-responsive element binding protein 1(RREB1) is a member of zinc finger transcription factors, which is widely involved in biological processes including cell proliferation, transcriptional regulation and DNA damage repair. New findings reveal RREB1 functions as both transcriptional repressors and transcriptional activators for transcriptional regulation of target genes. The activation of RREB1 is regulated by MAPK pathway. We have summarized the target genes of RREB1 and discussed RREB1 roles in the cancer development. In addition, increasing evidences suggest that RREB1 is a potential risk gene for type 2 diabetes and obesity. We also review the current clinical application of RREB1 as a biomarker for melanoma detection. In conclusion, RREB1 is a promising diagnostic biomarker or new drug target for cancers and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zijing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Samina Ejaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Baghdad Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shufang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
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11
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Yao J, Zhong L, Zhong P, Liu D, Yuan Z, Liu J, Yao S, Zhao Y, Chen M, Li L, Liu L, Liu B. RAS-Responsive Element-Binding Protein 1 Blocks the Granulocytic Differentiation of Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Oncol Res 2019; 27:809-818. [PMID: 30982491 PMCID: PMC7848438 DOI: 10.3727/096504018x15451301487729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS-responsive element-binding protein 1 (RREB1) is a transcription factor that is implicated in RAS signaling and multiple tumors. However, the role of RREB1 in acute myeloid leukemia has not been studied. We found that RREB1 is overexpressed in AML patients and myeloid leukemia cell lines (NB4 and HL-60), and RREB1 expression was significantly decreased during granulocytic differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells induced by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Then we performed a RREB1 knockdown assay in NB4 and HL-60 cells; the results showed that knockdown of RREB1 upregulated expression of CD11b, CEBPβ, and microRNA-145 (miR-145), which hinted that knockdown of RREB1 enhanced granulocytic differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. In addition, inhibitor of miR-145 can offset the enhanced effect on granulocytic differentiation mediated by downregulation of RREB1. These collective findings demonstrated that RREB1 blocks granulocytic differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells by inhibiting the expression of miR-145 and downstream targets of the RAS signal pathway. These may provide a promising therapeutic target for AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Yao
- Central Laboratory of Yong Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Pengqiang Zhong
- Central Laboratory of Yong Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Junmei Liu
- Central Laboratory of Yong Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Shifei Yao
- Central Laboratory of Yong Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Central Laboratory of Yong Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Min Chen
- Central Laboratory of Yong Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Lianwen Li
- Central Laboratory of Yong Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Beizhong Liu
- Central Laboratory of Yong Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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12
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Comparative Proteomic Profiling of Tumor-Associated Proteins in Human Gastric Cancer Cells Treated with Pectolinarigenin. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111596. [PMID: 30380781 PMCID: PMC6265996 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectolinarigenin (PEC), a natural flavonoid that is present in citrus fruits, has been reported to exhibit antitumor effects in several cancers. Though the mechanism of PEC-induced cytotoxicity effects has been documented, the proteomic changes that are associated with the cellular response to this flavonoid are poorly understood in gastric cancer cells. In this study, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed to identify proteins associated with PEC-induced cell death in two human gastric cancer cell lines: AGS and MKN-28. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) revealed a total of 29 and 56 protein spots with significant alteration were screened in AGS and MKN-28 cells respectively. In total, 13 (AGS) and 39 (MKN28) proteins were successfully identified by mass spectrometry from the differential spots and they are known to be involved in signal transduction, apoptosis, transcription and translation, cell structural organization, and metabolism, as is consistent with multiple effects of PEC on tumor cells. Notably, novel target proteins like Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX4 (DDX4) and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase LRSAM1 (LRSAM1) along with the commonly differential expressed proteins on both the cell lines that are treated with PEC were confirmed by immunoblotting. The DDX4 accelerates cell cycle progression by abrogating the G2 checkpoint when overexpressed in cancer cells, while the aberrant expression of LRSAM1 may be involved in the cancer pathology. Thus, proteomic analysis provides vital information about target proteins that are important for PEC-induced cell death in gastric cancer cells.
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13
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Rath N, Munro J, Cutiongco MF, Jagiełło A, Gadegaard N, McGarry L, Unbekandt M, Michalopoulou E, Kamphorst JJ, Sumpton D, Mackay G, Vennin C, Pajic M, Timpson P, Olson MF. Rho Kinase Inhibition by AT13148 Blocks Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Invasion and Tumor Growth. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3321-3336. [PMID: 29669760 PMCID: PMC6005347 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The high mortality of pancreatic cancer demands that new therapeutic avenues be developed. The orally available small-molecule inhibitor AT13148 potently inhibits ROCK1 and ROCK2 kinases that regulate the actomyosin cytoskeleton. We previously reported that ROCK kinase expression increases with human and mouse pancreatic cancer progression and that conditional ROCK activation accelerates mortality in a genetically modified LSL-KrasG12D; LSL-p53R172H; Pdx1-Cre; (KPC) mouse pancreatic cancer model. In this study, we show that treatment of KPC mouse and human TKCC5 patient-derived pancreatic tumor cells with AT13148, as well as the ROCK-selective inhibitors Y27632 and H1152, act comparably in blocking ROCK substrate phosphorylation. AT13148, Y27632, and H1152 induced morphologic changes and reduced cellular contractile force generation, motility on pliable discontinuous substrates, and three-dimensional collagen matrix invasion. AT13148 treatment reduced subcutaneous tumor growth and blocked invasion of healthy pancreatic tissue by KPC tumor cells in vivo without affecting proliferation, suggesting a role for local tissue invasion as a contributor to primary tumor growth. These results suggest that AT13148 has antitumor properties that may be beneficial in combination therapies or in the adjuvant setting to reduce pancreatic cancer cell invasion and slow primary tumor growth. AT13148 might also have the additional benefit of enabling tumor resection by maintaining separation between tumor and healthy tissue boundaries.Significance: Preclinical evaluation of a small-molecule ROCK inhibitor reveals significant effects on PDAC invasion and tumor growth, further validating ROCK kinases as viable therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res; 78(12); 3321-36. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Rath
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - June Munro
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Francene Cutiongco
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alicja Jagiełło
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn McGarry
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jurre J Kamphorst
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Sumpton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Mackay
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Vennin
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Michael F Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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14
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Gebregiworgis T, Marshall CB, Nishikawa T, Radulovich N, Sandí MJ, Fang Z, Rottapel R, Tsao MS, Ikura M. Multiplexed Real-Time NMR GTPase Assay for Simultaneous Monitoring of Multiple Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Activities from Human Cancer Cells and Organoids. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [PMID: 29543440 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPases (sGTPases) are critical switch-like regulators that mediate several important cellular functions and are often mutated in human cancers. They are activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which specifically catalyze the exchange of GTP for GDP. GEFs coordinate signaling networks in normal cells, and are frequently deregulated in cancers. sGTPase signaling pathways are complex and interconnected; however, most GEF assays do not reveal such complexity. In this Communication, we describe the development of a unique real-time NMR-based multiplexed GEF assay that employs distinct isotopic labeling schemes for each sGTPase protein to enable simultaneous observation of six proteins of interest. We monitor nucleotide exchange of KRas, Rheb, RalB, RhoA, Cdc42 and Rac1 in a single system, and assayed the activities of GEFs in lysates of cultured human cells and 3D organoids derived from pancreatic cancer patients. We observed potent activation of RhoA by lysates of HEK293a cells transfected with GEF-H1, along with weak stimulation of Rac1, which we showed is indirect. Our functional analyses of pancreatic cancer-derived organoids revealed higher GEF activity for RhoA than other sGTPases, in line with RNA-seq data indicating high expression of RhoA-specific GEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teklab Gebregiworgis
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Christopher B Marshall
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Tadateru Nishikawa
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Nikolina Radulovich
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - María-José Sandí
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Zhenhao Fang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
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15
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Kent OA, Sandi MJ, Rottapel R. Co-dependency between KRAS addiction and ARHGEF2 promotes an adaptive escape from MAPK pathway inhibition. Small GTPases 2017; 10:441-448. [PMID: 28656876 PMCID: PMC6748365 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1337545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS engages multiple effector pathways including the MAPK cascade to promote proliferation and survival of pancreatic cancer cells. KRAS-transformed cancer cells exhibit oncogene addiction to sustained activity of RAS for maintenance of malignant phenotypes. Previously, we have shown an essential role for the RHO guanine exchange factor ARHGEF2 for growth and survival of RAS-transformed pancreatic tumors. Here, we have determined that pancreatic cancer cells demonstrating KRAS addiction are significantly dependent on expression of ARHGEF2. Furthermore, enforced expression of ARHGEF2 desensitizes cells to pharmacological MEK inhibition and initiates a positive feedback loop which activates ERK phosphorylation and the downstream ARHGEF2 promoter. Therefore, targeting ARHGEF2 expression may increase the efficacy of MAPK inhibitors for treatment of RAS-dependent pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver A Kent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Maria-Jose Sandi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,Department of Medicine , Toronto , Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics , Toronto , Canada.,Department of Immunology , Toronto , Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Canada
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16
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Zago G, Biondini M, Camonis J, Parrini MC. A family affair: A Ral-exocyst-centered network links Ras, Rac, Rho signaling to control cell migration. Small GTPases 2017; 10:323-330. [PMID: 28498728 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1310649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is central to many developmental, physiologic and pathological processes, including cancer progression. The Ral GTPases (RalA and RalB) which act down-stream the Ras oncogenes, are key players in the coordination between membrane trafficking and actin polymerization. A major direct effector of Ral, the exocyst complex, works in polarized exocytosis and is at the center of multiple protein-protein interactions that support cell migration by promoting protrusion formation, front-rear polarization, and extra-cellular matrix degradation. In this review we describe the recent advancements in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying this role of Ral via exocyst on cell migration. Among others, we will discuss the recently identified cross-talk between Ral and Rac1 pathways: exocyst binds to a negative regulator (the RacGAP SH3BP1) and to the major effector (the Wave Regulatory Complex, WRC) of Rac1, the master regulator of protrusions. Next challenge will be to better characterize the dynamics in space and in time of these molecular interplays, to better understand the pleiotropic functions of Ral in both normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zago
- a Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University , Paris , France.,b ART group, Inserm U830 , Paris , France
| | - Marco Biondini
- a Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University , Paris , France.,b ART group, Inserm U830 , Paris , France
| | - Jacques Camonis
- a Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University , Paris , France.,b ART group, Inserm U830 , Paris , France
| | - Maria Carla Parrini
- a Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University , Paris , France.,b ART group, Inserm U830 , Paris , France
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17
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Yu J, Chen L, Chen Y, Hasan MK, Ghia EM, Zhang L, Wu R, Rassenti LZ, Widhopf GF, Shen Z, Briggs SP, Kipps TJ. Wnt5a induces ROR1 to associate with 14-3-3ζ for enhanced chemotaxis and proliferation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia 2017; 31:2608-2614. [PMID: 28465528 PMCID: PMC5670032 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Wnt5a can activate Rho GTPases in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells by inducing the recruitment of ARHGEF2 to ROR1. Mass spectrometry on immune precipitates of Wnt5a-activated ROR1 identified 14-3-3ζ, which was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. The capacity of Wnt5a to induce ROR1 to complex with 14-3-3ζ could be blocked in CLL cells by treatment with cirmtuzumab, a humanized mAb targeting ROR1. Silencing 14-3-3ζ via small interfering RNA impaired the capacity of Wnt5a to: (1) induce recruitment of ARHGEF2 to ROR1, (2) enhance in vitro exchange activity of ARHGEF2 and (3) induce activation of RhoA and Rac1 in CLL cells. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of 14-3-3ζ in ROR1-negative CLL cell-line MEC1, and in MEC1 cells transfected to express ROR1 (MEC1-ROR1), demonstrated that 14-3-3ζ was necessary for the growth/engraftment advantage of MEC1-ROR1 over MEC1 cells. We identified a binding motif (RSPS857SAS) in ROR1 for 14-3-3ζ. Site-directed mutagenesis of ROR1 demonstrated that serine-857 was required for the recruitment of 14-3-3ζ and ARHGEF2 to ROR1, and activation of RhoA and Rac1. Collectively, this study reveals that 14-3-3ζ plays a critical role in Wnt5a/ROR1 signaling, leading to enhanced CLL migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - L Chen
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Y Chen
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M K Hasan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E M Ghia
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - L Zhang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R Wu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - L Z Rassenti
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - G F Widhopf
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Z Shen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S P Briggs
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T J Kipps
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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