1
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Kharrat R, Lakhal FB, Souia H, Limam I, Naji HB, Abdelkarim M. Anticancer effects of Artemisia campestris extract on acute myeloid leukemia cells: an ex vivo study. Med Oncol 2024; 41:206. [PMID: 39037595 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Cure rates for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain suboptimal; thus, new treatment strategies are needed for this deadly disease. Artemisia campestris leaves hold significant value in traditional medicine. Despite extensive research conducted on this plant globally, the specific anti-AML properties of the leaves have received limited investigation. This study aims to explore the potential anti-leukemic activities of the ethyl acetate extract derived from Artemisia campestris (EAEAC), using mononuclear cells from bone marrow of thirteen AML patients. To this end, cytotoxic effects were evaluated using the MTT assay, and the mechanisms of cell death were investigated through various methods, including propidium iodide staining, annexin V/propidium iodide double staining, mitochondrial depolarization, and caspase-3/7 activation assays. Results demonstrated that EAEAC induced cell apoptosis by increasing DNA fragmentation, causing mitochondrial depolarization, and activating caspases 3/7. On the other hand, we assessed EAEAC's effect on two leukemia stem cell subpopulations, with results suggesting a potential decrease in their frequencies (three/five patients).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Kharrat
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Aziza Othmena Hospital, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ben Lakhal
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Aziza Othmena Hospital, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hiba Souia
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Limam
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hend Ben Naji
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Aziza Othmena Hospital, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Abdelkarim
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
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2
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Miari KE, Williams MTS. Stromal bone marrow fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells support acute myeloid leukaemia cells and promote therapy resistance. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:216-237. [PMID: 36609915 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) is the primary site of adult haematopoiesis, where stromal elements (e.g. fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs]) work in concert to support blood cell development. However, the establishment of an abnormal clone can lead to a blood malignancy, such as acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Despite our increased understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, patient survival remains suboptimal, mainly driven by the development of therapy resistance. In this review, we highlight the importance of bone marrow fibroblasts and MSCs in health and acute myeloid leukaemia and their impact on patient prognosis. We discuss how stromal elements reduce the killing effects of therapies via a combination of contact-dependent (e.g. integrins) and contact-independent (i.e. secreted factors) mechanisms, accompanied by the establishment of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Importantly, we underline the challenges of therapeutically targeting the bone marrow stroma to improve acute myeloid leukaemia patient outcomes, due to the inherent heterogeneity of stromal cell populations. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Cancer Microenvironment and Pharmacological Interventions. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina E Miari
- Charles Oakley Laboratories, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark T S Williams
- Charles Oakley Laboratories, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
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3
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Mazewski C, Platanias LC. A novel approach to overcome drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2023; 108:2889-2890. [PMID: 37165841 PMCID: PMC10620585 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2023.283099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Candice Mazewski
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
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4
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Hruba L, Das V, Hajduch M, Dzubak P. Nucleoside-based anticancer drugs: Mechanism of action and drug resistance. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115741. [PMID: 37567317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside-based drugs, recognized as purine or pyrimidine analogs, have been potent therapeutic agents since their introduction in 1950, deployed widely in the treatment of diverse diseases such as cancers, myelodysplastic syndromes, multiple sclerosis, and viral infections. These antimetabolites establish complex interactions with cellular molecular constituents, primarily via activation of phosphorylation cascades leading to consequential interactions with nucleic acids. However, the therapeutic efficacy of these agents is frequently compromised by the development of drug resistance, a continually emerging challenge in their clinical application. This comprehensive review explores the mechanisms of resistance to nucleoside-based drugs, encompassing a wide spectrum of phenomena from alterations in membrane transporters and activating kinases to changes in drug elimination strategies and DNA damage repair mechanisms. The critical analysis in this review underlines complex interactions of drug and cell and also guides towards novel therapeutic strategies to counteract resistance. The development of targeted therapies, novel nucleoside analogs, and synergistic drug combinations are promising approaches to restore tumor sensitivity and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Hruba
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Viswanath Das
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dzubak
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic.
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5
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Lehner KM, Gopalakrishnapillai A, Kolb EA, Barwe SP. Bone Marrow Microenvironment-Induced Chemoprotection in KMT2A Rearranged Pediatric AML Is Overcome by Azacitidine-Panobinostat Combination. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3112. [PMID: 37370721 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in therapies of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been minimal in recent decades. Although 82% of patients will have an initial remission after intensive therapy, approximately 40% will relapse. KMT2A is the most common chromosomal translocation in AML and has a poor prognosis resulting in high relapse rates and low chemotherapy efficacy. Novel targeted approaches are needed to increase sensitivity to chemotherapy. Recent studies have shown how interactions within the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment help AML cells evade chemotherapy and contribute to relapse by promoting leukemic blast survival. This study investigates how DNA hypomethylating agent azacitidine and histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat synergistically overcome BM niche-induced chemoprotection modulated by stromal, endothelial, and mesenchymal stem cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). We show that direct contact between AML cells and BM components mediates chemoprotection. We demonstrate that azacitidine and panobinostat synergistically sensitize MV4;11 cells and KMT2A rearranged pediatric patient-derived xenograft lines to cytarabine in multicell coculture. Treatment with the epigenetic drug combination reduced leukemic cell association with multicell monolayer and ECM in vitro and increased mobilization of leukemic cells from the BM in vivo. Finally, we show that pretreatment with the epigenetic drug combination improves the efficacy of chemotherapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Lehner
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children's Hospital, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Anilkumar Gopalakrishnapillai
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children's Hospital, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Edward Anders Kolb
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children's Hospital, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Sonali P Barwe
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children's Hospital, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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6
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Targeting mitochondria as a potential therapeutic strategy against chemoresistance in cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114398. [PMID: 36773523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of mitochondria is not only limited to energy generation but also in several physical and chemical processes critical for cell survival. Mitochondria play an essential role in cellular apoptosis, calcium ion transport and cellular metabolism. Mutation in the nuclear and mitochondrial genes, altered oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes, and deregulated signalling for cell viability are major reasons for cancer progression and chemoresistance. The development of drug resistance in cancer patients is a major challenge in cancer treatment as the resistant cells are often more aggressive. The drug resistant cells of numerous cancer types exhibit the deregulation of mitochondrial function. The increased biogenesis of mitochondria and its dynamic alteration contribute to developing resistance. Further, a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells in the heterogeneous tumor is primarily responsible for chemoresistance and has an attribute of mitochondrial dysfunction. This review highlights the critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in chemoresistance in cancer cells through the processes of apoptosis, autophagy/mitophagy, and cancer stemness. Mitochondria-targeted therapeutic strategies might help reduce cancer progression and chemoresistance induced by various cancer drugs.
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7
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Mishra SK, Millman SE, Zhang L. Metabolism in acute myeloid leukemia: mechanistic insights and therapeutic targets. Blood 2023; 141:1119-1135. [PMID: 36548959 PMCID: PMC10375271 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring and cellular reprogramming are trademarks of neoplastic initiation and progression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Metabolic alteration in leukemic cells is often genotype specific, with associated changes in epigenetic and functional factors resulting in the downstream upregulation or facilitation of oncogenic pathways. Targeting abnormal or disease-sustaining metabolic activities in AML provides a wide range of therapeutic opportunities, ideally with enhanced therapeutic windows and robust clinical efficacy. This review highlights the dysregulation of amino acid, nucleotide, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism in AML; explores the role of key vitamins and enzymes that regulate these processes; and provides an overview of metabolism-directed therapies currently in use or development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott E. Millman
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Lingbo Zhang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
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8
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Hsieh Y, Tsai T, Huang S, Heng J, Huang Y, Tsai P, Tu C, Chao T, Tsai Y, Chang P, Lee C, Yu G, Chang S, Dzhagalov IL, Hsu C. IFN-stimulated metabolite transporter ENT3 facilitates viral genome release. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55286. [PMID: 36652307 PMCID: PMC9986816 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing amount of evidence emphasizes the role of metabolic reprogramming in immune cells to fight infections. However, little is known about the regulation of metabolite transporters that facilitate and support metabolic demands. In this study, we found that the expression of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 (ENT3, encoded by solute carrier family 29 member 3, Slc29a3) is part of the innate immune response, which is rapidly upregulated upon pathogen invasion. The transcription of Slc29a3 is directly regulated by type I interferon-induced signaling, demonstrating that this metabolite transporter is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG). Suprisingly, we unveil that several viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, require ENT3 to facilitate their entry into the cytoplasm. The removal or suppression of Slc29a3 expression is sufficient to significantly decrease viral replication in vitro and in vivo. Our study reveals that ENT3 is a pro-viral ISG co-opted by some viruses to gain a survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Ting Hsieh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tsung‐Lin Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Shen‐Yan Huang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Jian‐Wen Heng
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Chia Huang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Yuan Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chia‐Chun Tu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Ya‐Min Tsai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical BiotechnologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Ching Chang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chien‐Kuo Lee
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Guann‐Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research InstitutesMiaoliTaiwan
| | - Sui‐Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical BiotechnologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNational Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ivan L. Dzhagalov
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chia‐Lin Hsu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
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9
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Chen L, Xie T, Wei B, Di DL. Tumour‑derived exosomes and their emerging roles in leukaemia (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:126. [PMID: 36845960 PMCID: PMC9947586 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles with a diameter of ~40-100 nm that are secreted by the majority of endogenous cells under normal and pathological conditions. They contain abundant proteins, lipids, microRNAs, and biomolecules such as signal transduction molecules, adhesion factors and cytoskeletal proteins, and play an important role in exchanging materials and transmitting information between cells. Recent studies have shown that exosomes are involved in the pathophysiology of leukaemia by affecting the bone marrow microenvironment, apoptosis, tumour angiogenesis, immune escape and chemotherapy resistance. Furthermore, exosomes are potential biomarkers and drug carriers for leukaemia, impacting the diagnosis and treatment of leukaemia. The present study describes the biogenesis and general characteristics of exosomes, and then highlight the emerging roles of exosomes in different types of leukaemia. Finally, the value of clinical application of exosomes as biomarkers and drug carriers is discussed with the aim to provide novel strategies for the treatment of leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xie
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Da-Lin Di
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Da-Lin Di, Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotongxi Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China . com
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10
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Domenech C, Plesa A, Tourette A, Bertrand Y, Dony A, Dumontet C, Cros-Perrial E, Jordheim LP. Prognostic impact of cN-III mRNA expression on overall survival and drug sensitivity in pediatric leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 63:457-462. [PMID: 34661502 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.1992616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Domenech
- Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Adriana Plesa
- Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Tourette
- Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Yves Bertrand
- Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, France
| | - Arthur Dony
- Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Lyon, France
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emeline Cros-Perrial
- Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Lars P Jordheim
- Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
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11
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Gynn LE, Anderson E, Robinson G, Wexler SA, Upstill-Goddard G, Cox C, May JE. Primary mesenchymal stromal cells in co-culture with leukaemic HL-60 cells are sensitised to cytarabine-induced genotoxicity, whilst leukaemic cells are protected. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:419-428. [PMID: 34505878 PMCID: PMC8633936 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour microenvironments are hallmarked in many cancer types. In haematological malignancies, bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) protect malignant cells from drug-induced cytotoxicity. However, less is known about malignant impact on supportive stroma. Notably, it is unknown whether these interactions alter long-term genotoxic damage in either direction. The nucleoside analogue cytarabine (ara-C), common in haematological therapies, remains the most effective agent for acute myeloid leukaemia, yet one third of patients develop resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the bidirectional effect of MSC and malignant cell co-culture on ara-C genotoxicity modulation. Primary MSC, isolated from patient BM aspirates for haematological investigations, and malignant haematopoietic cells (leukaemic HL-60) were co-cultured using trans-well inserts, prior to treatment with physiological dose ara-C. Co-culture genotoxic effects were assessed by micronucleus and alkaline comet assays. Patient BM cells from chemotherapy-treated patients had reduced ex vivo survival (P = 0.0049) and increased genotoxicity (P = 0.3172) than untreated patients. It was shown for the first time that HL-60 were protected by MSC from ara-C-induced genotoxicity, with reduced MN incidence in co-culture as compared to mono-culture (P = 0.0068). Comet tail intensity also significantly increased in ara-C-treated MSC with HL-60 influence (P = 0.0308). MSC sensitisation to ara-C genotoxicity was also demonstrated following co-culture with HL60 (P = 0.0116), which showed significantly greater sensitisation when MSC-HL-60 co-cultures were exposed to ara-C (P = 0.0409). This study shows for the first time that malignant HSC and MSC bidirectionally modulate genotoxicity, providing grounding for future research identifying mechanisms of altered genotoxicity in leukaemic microenvironments. MSC retain long-term genotoxic and functional damage following chemotherapy exposure. Understanding the interactions perpetuating such damage may inform modifications to reduce therapy-related complications, such as secondary malignancies and BM failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana E Gynn
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Elizabeth Anderson
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Gareth Robinson
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Sarah A Wexler
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.,Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, BA1 3NG, UK
| | - Gillian Upstill-Goddard
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.,Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, BA1 3NG, UK
| | - Christine Cox
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.,Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, BA1 3NG, UK
| | - Jennifer E May
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
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12
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Miller SR, Jilek JL, McGrath ME, Hau RK, Jennings EQ, Galligan JJ, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Testicular disposition of clofarabine in rats is dependent on equilibrative nucleoside transporters. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00831. [PMID: 34288585 PMCID: PMC8292784 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children and adolescents. Although the 5-year survival rate is high, some patients respond poorly to chemotherapy or have recurrence in locations such as the testis. The blood-testis barrier (BTB) can prevent complete eradication by limiting chemotherapeutic access and lead to testicular relapse unless a chemotherapeutic is a substrate of drug transporters present at this barrier. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 and ENT2 facilitate the movement of substrates across the BTB. Clofarabine is a nucleoside analog used to treat relapsed or refractory ALL. This study investigated the role of ENTs in the testicular disposition of clofarabine. Pharmacological inhibition of the ENTs by 6-nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) was used to determine ENT contribution to clofarabine transport in primary rat Sertoli cells, in human Sertoli cells, and across the rat BTB. The presence of NBMPR decreased clofarabine uptake by 40% in primary rat Sertoli cells (p = .0329) and by 53% in a human Sertoli cell line (p = .0899). Rats treated with 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP) injection of the NBMPR prodrug, 6-nitrobenzylthioinosine 5'-monophosphate (NBMPR-P), or vehicle, followed by an intravenous (IV) bolus 10 mg/kg dose of clofarabine, showed a trend toward a lower testis concentration of clofarabine than vehicle (1.81 ± 0.59 vs. 2.65 ± 0.92 ng/mg tissue; p = .1160). This suggests that ENTs could be important for clofarabine disposition. Clofarabine may be capable of crossing the human BTB, and its potential use as a first-line treatment to avoid testicular relapse should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siennah R. Miller
- College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Joseph L. Jilek
- College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Meghan E. McGrath
- College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Raymond K. Hau
- College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Erin Q. Jennings
- College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - James J. Galligan
- College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Stephen H. Wright
- College of MedicineDepartment of PhysiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Nathan J. Cherrington
- College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
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13
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D-Propranolol Impairs EGFR Trafficking and Destabilizes Mutant p53 Counteracting AKT Signaling and Tumor Malignancy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143622. [PMID: 34298835 PMCID: PMC8305715 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer progression is frequently driven by altered functions of EGFR belonging to the tyrosine-kinase family of growth factor receptors and by the transcription factor p53, which is called the “genome guardian”. We report that D-Propranolol, previously used for other purposes in human patients, has antitumor effects involving a redistribution of cell surface EGFR to intracellular compartments and degradation of gain-of-function mutants of p53 (GOF-mutp53). These effects can be seen in cancer cell lines expressing EGFR and GOF-mutp53 and are reproduced in vivo, reducing tumor growth and prolonging survival of xenografted mice. D-Propranolol is proposed as a prototype drug for a new strategy against highly aggressive EGFR- and mutp53-expressing tumors. Abstract Cancer therapy may be improved by the simultaneous interference of two or more oncogenic pathways contributing to tumor progression and aggressiveness, such as EGFR and p53. Tumor cells expressing gain-of-function (GOF) mutants of p53 (mutp53) are usually resistant to EGFR inhibitors and display invasive migration and AKT-mediated survival associated with enhanced EGFR recycling. D-Propranolol (D-Prop), the non-beta blocker enantiomer of propranolol, was previously shown to induce EGFR internalization through a PKA inhibitory pathway that blocks the recycling of the receptor. Here, we first show that D-Prop decreases the levels of EGFR at the surface of GOF mutp53 cells, relocating the receptor towards recycling endosomes, both in the absence of ligand and during stimulation with high concentrations of EGF or TGF-α. D-Prop also inactivates AKT signaling and reduces the invasive migration and viability of these mutp53 cells. Unexpectedly, mutp53 protein, which is stabilized by interaction with the chaperone HSP90 and mediates cell oncogenic addiction, becomes destabilized after D-Prop treatment. HSP90 phosphorylation by PKA and its interaction with mutp53 are decreased by D-Prop, releasing mutp53 towards proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, a single daily dose of D-Prop reproduces most of these effects in xenografts of aggressive gallbladder cancerous G-415 cells expressing GOF R282W mutp53, resulting in reduced tumor growth and extended mice survival. D-Prop then emerges as an old drug endowed with a novel therapeutic potential against EGFR- and mutp53-driven tumor traits that are common to a large variety of cancers.
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Januszyk P, Januszyk K, Wierzbik-Strońska M, Boroń D, Grabarek B. Analysis of the Differences in the Expression of mRNAs and miRNAs Associated with Drug Resistance in Endometrial Cancer Cells Treated with Salinomycin. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:541-548. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200629151008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background:
It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in cancer
drug resistance and to study the activity of new drugs, e.g. salinomycin.
Objective:
The purpose of the study was to analyze changes in the expression of genes associated with drug resistance in the
Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell line when treated with salinomycin. In addition, changes in the level of miRNA potentially
regulating these mRNAs were evaluated.
Materials and Methods:
Endometrial cancer cells were treated with 1 μM of salinomycin for 12, 24
and 48 hours periods. Untreated cells were a control culture. The molecular analysis consists of mRNA
and miRNA microarray analysis and the RTqPCR technique.
Results:
The following was observed about the number of mRNAs differentiating the cell culture exposed
to the drug compared to a control culture: H-12 vs. C - 9 mRNAs, H_24 vs. C - 6 mRNAs, and
H_48 vs. C - 1 mRNA. It was noted that 4 of the 9 differentiating mRNAs were characteristic for 12
hours of exposure to salinomycin and they correspond to the following genes: TUFT1, ABCB1,
MTMR11, and MX2. After 24 hours, 2 mRNAs were characteristic for this time of incubation cells
with salinomycin: TUFT1 and MYD88 and after 48 hours, SLC30A5 could also be observed.
Discussion:
The highest differences in expression were indicated for TUFT1, MTMR11, and SLC30A5.
The highest influence probability was determined between TUFT1 and hsa- miR-3188 (FC + 2.48),
MTMR11and has-miR-16 (FC -1.74), and between SLC30A5 and hsa-miR-30d (FC -2.01).
Conclusions:
Salinomycin induces changes in the activity of mRNA and miRNA participating in drug
resistance; however, the observed changes in character are the expected result of anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Januszyk
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Januszyk
- Faculty of Health Science, Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wierzbik-Strońska
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Dariusz Boroń
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Beniamin Grabarek
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
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15
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Chen W, Mou KY, Solomon P, Aggarwal R, Leung KK, Wells JA. Large remodeling of the Myc-induced cell surface proteome in B cells and prostate cells creates new opportunities for immunotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2018861118. [PMID: 33483421 PMCID: PMC7848737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018861118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC is a powerful transcription factor overexpressed in many human cancers including B cell and prostate cancers. Antibody therapeutics are exciting opportunities to attack cancers but require knowledge of surface proteins that change due to oncogene expression. To identify how MYC overexpression remodels the cell surface proteome in a cell autologous fashion and in different cell types, we investigated the impact of MYC overexpression on 800 surface proteins in three isogenic model cell lines either of B cell or prostate cell origin engineered to have high or low MYC levels. We found that MYC overexpression resulted in dramatic remodeling (both up- and down-regulation) of the cell surfaceome in a cell type-dependent fashion. We found systematic and large increases in distinct sets of >80 transporters including nucleoside transporters and nutrient transporters making cells more sensitive to toxic nucleoside analogs like cytarabine, commonly used for treating hematological cancers. Paradoxically, MYC overexpression also increased expression of surface proteins driving cell turnover such as TNFRSF10B, also known as death receptor 5, and immune cell attacking signals such as the natural killer cell activating ligand NCR3LG1, also known as B7-H6. We generated recombinant antibodies to these two targets and verified their up-regulation in MYC overexpression cell lines and showed they were sensitive to bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs). Our studies demonstrate how MYC overexpression leads to dramatic bidirectional remodeling of the surfaceome in a cell type-dependent but functionally convergent fashion and identify surface targets or combinations thereof as possible candidates for cytotoxic metabolite or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Kurt Yun Mou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| | - Paige Solomon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Kevin K Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
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16
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Cucchi DGJ, Groen RWJ, Janssen JJWM, Cloos J. Ex vivo cultures and drug testing of primary acute myeloid leukemia samples: Current techniques and implications for experimental design and outcome. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 53:100730. [PMID: 33096284 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New treatment options of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are rapidly emerging. Pre-clinical models such as ex vivo cultures are extensively used towards the development of novel drugs and to study synergistic drug combinations, as well as to discover biomarkers for both drug response and anti-cancer drug resistance. Although these approaches empower efficient investigation of multiple drugs in a multitude of primary AML samples, their translational value and reproducibility are hampered by the lack of standardized methodologies and by culture system-specific behavior of AML cells and chemotherapeutic drugs. Moreover, distinct research questions require specific methods which rely on specific technical knowledge and skills. To address these aspects, we herein review commonly used culture techniques in light of diverse research questions. In addition, culture-dependent effects on drug resistance towards commonly used drugs in the treatment of AML are summarized including several pitfalls that may arise because of culture technique artifacts. The primary aim of the current review is to provide practical guidelines for ex vivo primary AML culture experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G J Cucchi
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R W J Groen
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J W M Janssen
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Cloos
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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17
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Harnessing Gene Expression Profiles for the Identification of Ex Vivo Drug Response Genes in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051247. [PMID: 32429253 PMCID: PMC7281398 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel treatment strategies are of paramount importance to improve clinical outcomes in pediatric AML. Since chemotherapy is likely to remain the cornerstone of curative treatment of AML, insights in the molecular mechanisms that determine its cytotoxic effects could aid further treatment optimization. To assess which genes and pathways are implicated in tumor drug resistance, we correlated ex vivo drug response data to genome-wide gene expression profiles of 73 primary pediatric AML samples obtained at initial diagnosis. Ex vivo response of primary AML blasts towards cytarabine (Ara C), daunorubicin (DNR), etoposide (VP16), and cladribine (2-CdA) was associated with the expression of 101, 345, 206, and 599 genes, respectively (p < 0.001, FDR 0.004–0.416). Microarray based expression of multiple genes was technically validated using qRT-PCR for a selection of genes. Moreover, expression levels of BRE, HIF1A, and CLEC7A were confirmed to be significantly (p < 0.05) associated with ex vivo drug response in an independent set of 48 primary pediatric AML patients. We present unique data that addresses transcriptomic analyses of the mechanisms underlying ex vivo drug response of primary tumor samples. Our data suggest that distinct gene expression profiles are associated with ex vivo drug response, and may confer a priori drug resistance in leukemic cells. The described associations represent a fundament for the development of interventions to overcome drug resistance in AML, and maximize the benefits of current chemotherapy for sensitive patients.
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18
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Jaramillo AC, Hubeek I, Broekhuizen R, Pastor-Anglada M, Kaspers GJL, Jansen G, Cloos J, Peters GJ. Expression of the nucleoside transporters hENT1 (SLC29) and hCNT1 (SLC28) in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 39:1379-1388. [PMID: 32312148 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1746803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellular uptake of clinically important deoxynucleoside analogs is mediated by nucleoside transporters including the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) and the concentrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hCNT1). These transporters are responsible for influx of cytarabine and reduced hENT1 expression is a major resistance mechanism in acute myeloid leukemia. We determined hENT1 and hCNT1 protein expression by immunocytochemistry in 50 diagnostic pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patient samples. All samples expressed hENT1 [9/43 (21%) low; 26/43 (60%) medium and 8/43 (19%) high] and hCNT1 [2/42 (5%) low; 35/42 (83%) medium and 5/42 (12%) high] at the cell membrane and cytoplasm. Statistical analysis showed a non-significant relationship between survival and transporter expression and in vitro drug sensitivity. In conclusion, the nucleoside transporters hENT1 and hCNT1 are broadly expressed in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Hubeek
- Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Broekhuizen
- Depts of Pediatric Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gertjan J L Kaspers
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Cancer, Utrecht, and SKION, The Netherlands.,Emma's Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC, Pediatric Oncology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Jansen
- Reumatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Depts of Pediatric Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Laboratory Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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19
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S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR) is Not a Selective Inhibitor of Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters but Also Blocks Efflux Activity of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein. Pharm Res 2020; 37:58. [PMID: 32086630 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-2782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR) is routinely used at concentrations of 0.10 μM and 0.10 mM to specifically inhibit transport of nucleosides mediated by equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 (ENT1) and 2 (ENT2), respectively. We recently showed that NBMPR (0.10 mM) might also inhibit placental active efflux of [3H]zidovudine and [3H]tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Here we test the hypothesis that NBMPR abolishes the activity of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and/or breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). METHODS We performed accumulation assays with Hoechst 33342 (a model dual substrate of ABCB1 and ABCG2) and bi-directional transport studies with the ABCG2 substrate [3H]glyburide in transduced MDCKII cells, accumulation studies in choriocarcinoma-derived BeWo cells, and in situ dual perfusions of rat term placenta with glyburide. RESULTS NBMPR inhibited Hoechst 33342 accumulation in MDCKII-ABCG2 cells (IC50 = 53 μM) but not in MDCKII-ABCB1 and MDCKII-parental cells. NBMPR (0.10 mM) also inhibited bi-directional [3H]glyburide transport across monolayers of MDCKII-ABCG2 cells and blocked ABCG2-mediated [3H]glyburide efflux by rat term placenta in situ. CONCLUSION NBMPR at a concentration of 0.10 mM abolishes ABCG2 activity. Researchers using NBMPR to evaluate the effect of ENTs on pharmacokinetics must therefore interpret their results carefully if studying compounds that are substrates of both ENTs and ABCG2.
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20
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Loss of KDM6A confers drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2019; 34:50-62. [PMID: 31201358 PMCID: PMC7214274 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic neoplasm resulting from the malignant transformation of myeloid progenitors. Despite intensive chemotherapy leading to initial treatment responses, relapse caused by intrinsic or acquired drug resistance represents a major challenge. Here, we report that histone 3 lysine 27 demethylase KDM6A (UTX) is targeted by inactivating mutations and mutation-independent regulation in relapsed AML. Analyses of matched diagnosis and relapse specimens from individuals with KDM6A mutations showed an outgrowth of the KDM6A mutated tumor population at relapse. KDM6A expression is heterogeneously regulated and relapse-specific loss of KDM6A was observed in 45.7% of CN-AML patients. KDM6A-null myeloid leukemia cells were more resistant to treatment with the chemotherapeutic agents cytarabine (AraC) and daunorubicin. Inducible re-expression of KDM6A in KDM6A-null cell lines suppressed proliferation and sensitized cells again to AraC treatment. RNA expression analysis and functional studies revealed that resistance to AraC was conferred by downregulation of the nucleoside membrane transporter ENT1 (SLC29A1) by reduced H3K27 acetylation at the ENT1 locus. Our results show that loss of KDM6A provides cells with a selective advantage during chemotherapy, which ultimately leads to the observed outgrowth of clones with KDM6A mutations or reduced KDM6A expression at relapse.
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21
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Hu Y, Chen A, Zheng X, Lu J, He H, Yang J, Zhang Y, Sui P, Yang J, He F, Wang Y, Xiao P, Liu X, Zhou Y, Pei D, Cheng C, Ribeiro RC, Hu S, Wang QF. Ecological principle meets cancer treatment: treating children with acute myeloid leukemia with low-dose chemotherapy. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:469-479. [PMID: 34691895 PMCID: PMC8291445 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard chemotherapy regimens for remission induction of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We performed a cohort study to determine the impact of reducing the intensity of remission induction chemotherapy on the outcomes of selected children with AML treated with a low-dose induction regimen plus granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) (low-dose chemotherapy (LDC)/G-CSF). Complete response (CR) after two induction courses was attained in 87.0% (40/46) of patients receiving LDC/G-CSF. Post-remission therapy was offered to all patients, and included standard consolidation and/or stem cell transplantation. During the study period, an additional 94 consecutive children with AML treated with standard chemotherapy (SDC) for induction (80/94 (85.1%) of the patients attained CR after induction II, P = 0.953) and post-remission. In this non-randomized study, there were no significant differences in 4-year event-free (67.4 vs. 70.7%; P = 0.99) and overall (70.3 vs. 74.6%, P = 0.69) survival in the LDC/G-CSF and SDC cohorts, respectively. After the first course of induction, recovery of white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts were significantly faster in patients receiving LDC/G-CSF than in those receiving SDC (11.5 vs. 18.5 d for WBCs (P < 0.001); 15.5 vs. 22.0 d for platelets (P < 0.001)). To examine the quality of molecular response, targeted deep sequencing was performed. Of 137 mutations detected at diagnosis in 20 children who attained hematological CR after two courses of LDC/G-CSF (n = 9) or SDC (n = 11), all of the mutations were below the reference value (variant allelic frequency <2.5%) after two courses, irrespective of the treatment group. In conclusion, children with AML receiving LDC/G-CSF appear to have similar outcomes and mutation clearance levels, but significantly lower toxicity than those receiving SDC. Thus, LDC/G-CSF should be further evaluated as an effective alternative to remission induction in pediatric AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Hu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Aili Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinchang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Hailong He
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Nothern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pinpin Sui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fuhong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Peifang Xiao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Xin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinmei Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Deqing Pei
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Raul C Ribeiro
- Department of Oncology and Global Medicine, International Outreach Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shaoyan Hu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Qian-Fei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Liang X, Xin X, Qi D, Fu C, Ding M. Silencing the PIK3CA Gene Enhances the Sensitivity of Childhood Leukemia Cells to Chemotherapy Drugs by Suppressing the Phosphorylation of Akt. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:182-190. [PMID: 30666840 PMCID: PMC6342719 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.2.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of PIK3CA on the sensitivity of acute B lymphocytic leukemia cells (Nalm-6 cells) to chemotherapy drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Children's normal B lymphocytes and Nalm-6 cells were cultured. Nalm-6 cells were transfected with PIK3CA siRNA (siPIK3CA group) or its negative control (PIK3CA-Control group). Normal Nalm-6 cells were named Mock group. Nalm-6 cells transfected by PIK3CA siRNA were treated with Akt inhibitor (siPIK3CA+Akti-1/2 group). mRNA and protein expression was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Proliferation and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs was detected by MTT assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis was explored by low cytometry. Transwell assay was performed to test invasion. RESULTS PIK3CA mRNA (p=0.008) and protein (p=0.006) expression was higher in Nalm-6 cells than that in normal B lymphocytes. Compared with the Mock group and PIK3CA-Control group, Nalm-6 cells of the siPIK3CA group had lower OD495 values (all p<0.05) and invasion cell numbers (p=0.03 and p=0.025), as well as a higher proportion of G0/G1 phase cells (p=0.020 and p=0.022), percentage of apoptosis (p=0.016 and p=0.022), and inhibition rate (all p<0.05). pAkt expression in the siPIK3CA group (p=0.026 and p=0.031) and siPIK3CA+Akti-1/2 group (p=0.019 and p=0.023) was lower than that in the Mock group. CONCLUSION PIK3CA silencing inhibited Nalm-6 cell proliferation and invasion, and promoted their apoptosis and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs, potentially through regulation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Liang
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xianfang Xin
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Dongmei Qi
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Chengyan Fu
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Mingde Ding
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, China.
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23
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Miller SR, Cherrington NJ. Transepithelial transport across the blood-testis barrier. Reproduction 2018; 156:R187-R194. [PMID: 30328342 PMCID: PMC6437009 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The blood-testis barrier protects developing germ cells by limiting the entry of xenobiotics into the adluminal compartment. There is strong evidence that the male genital tract can serve as a sanctuary site, an area of the body where tumors or viruses are able to survive treatments because most drugs are unable to reach therapeutic concentrations. Recent work has classified the expression and localization of endogenous transporters in the male genital tract as well as the discovery of a transepithelial transport pathway as the molecular mechanism by which nucleoside analogs may be able to circumvent the blood-testis barrier. Designing drug therapies that utilize transepithelial transport pathways may improve drug disposition to this sanctuary site. Strategies that improve disposition into the male genital tract could reduce the rate of testicular relapse, decrease viral load in semen, and improve therapeutic strategies for male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siennah R Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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24
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Anderson E, Mehta P, Heywood J, Rees B, Bone H, Robinson G, Reynolds D, Salisbury V, Mayer L. CPX-351 exhibits hENT-independent uptake and can be potentiated by fludarabine in leukaemic cells lines and primary refractory AML. Leuk Res 2018; 74:121-129. [PMID: 30119908 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CPX-351, a liposomal formulation co-encapsulating cytarabine and daunorubicin (DNR) in a synergistic 5:1 M ratio, has shown favourable response in newly diagnosed elderly high-risk AML. This study assessed intracellular ara-CTP levels following in vitro exposure of human immortalised leukaemic cell lines and primary AML blasts to CPX-351, and investigated fludarabine potentiation of intracellular ara-CTP formation from CPX-351. Comparison of intracellular handling of CPX-351 to cytarabine in HL-60 cells indicated slower conversion to ara-CTP for CPX-351, but equivalent cytotoxicity to cytarabine and combined DNR/cytarabine (DA) at 48 h, mostly likely reflecting the need for intracellular liposome processing to release encapsulated drugs. Further assessment demonstrated cytotoxicity of CPX-351 to be superior to DA at 48 and 72 h in cytarabine-resistant THP-1 cells (p < 0.001), and this effect could not be inhibited upon blockade of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT) function with dipyridamole. Assessment of Flu-CPX in primary blasts from presentation AML patients (n = 5) demonstrated a more rapid and pronounced potentiation of ara-CTP from CPX-351 than in immortalised cell lines, with 4/5 patients showing significant increases in ara-CTP, notably for those that went on to fail induction and relapse treatment in vivo (n = 3). This suggests a favourable impact on patient outcome from Flu-CPX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priyanka Mehta
- Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospital Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Heywood
- Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospital Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Rees
- University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Bone
- University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Vyv Salisbury
- University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Mayer
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Suite 250-887 Great Northern Way, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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25
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Sterner RM, Kremer KN, Dudakovic A, Westendorf JJ, van Wijnen AJ, Hedin KE. Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase Is Required for MC3T3 Osteoblast-Mediated Protection of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells from Apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1086-1096. [PMID: 29914885 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The bone marrow microenvironment harbors and protects leukemic cells from apoptosis-inducing agents via mechanisms that are incompletely understood. We previously showed SDF-1 (CXCL-12), a chemokine readily abundant within the bone marrow microenvironment, induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells that express high levels of the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4. However, differentiating osteoblasts found within this niche protect cocultured AML cells from apoptosis. Additionally, this protection was abrogated upon treatment of the differentiating osteoblasts with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). In this study, we begin to characterize and target the molecular mechanisms that mediate this osteoblast protection. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that HDACi treatment of differentiating osteoblasts (mouse MC3T3 osteoblast cell line) reduced expression of multiple genes required for osteoblast differentiation, including genes important for producing mineralized bone matrix. Interestingly, pretreating differentiating osteoblasts with cyclosporine A, a drug known to inhibit osteoblast differentiation, similarly impaired osteoblast-mediated protection of cocultured AML cells (KG1a and U937 human AML cell lines). Both HDACi and cyclosporine A reduced osteoblast expression of the key mineralization enzyme tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP; encoded by Alpl). Moreover, specifically reducing TNAP expression or activity in differentiating osteoblasts significantly impaired the ability of the osteoblasts to protect cocultured AML cells. Together, our results indicate that inhibiting osteoblast matrix mineralization by specifically targeting TNAP is sufficient to significantly impair osteoblast-mediated protection of AML cells. Therefore, designing combination therapies that additionally target the osteoblast-produced mineralized bone matrix may improve treatment of AML by reducing the protection of leukemic cells within the bone marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie M Sterner
- Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Kimberly N Kremer
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905; and
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905; and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905; and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Karen E Hedin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905;
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26
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Abstract
We evaluated outcomes of 100 patients with high risk AML treated with Ida-FLAG induction as first-line therapy. 72 achieved remission with one cycle; 19 did not. High risk cytogenetics and TP53 mutations were associated with failure to achieve remission. In those reaching remission, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation was associated with better relapse-free and overall survival. Those not achieving remission with induction therapy were extremely unlikely to reach remission with further therapy and had a dismal prognosis. Exploratory molecular analysis confirmed persistence of the dominant genetic mutations identified at diagnosis. Ex vivo chemosensitivity did not demonstrate significant differences between responders and non-responders. Thus, Ida-FLAG induction has a high chance of inducing remission in patients with high risk AML. Those achieving remission require allogeneic transplantation to achieve cure; those not achieving remission rarely respond to salvage chemotherapy and have a dismal outcome. Alternatives to conventional chemotherapy must be considered in this group.
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27
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Sterner RM, Kremer KN, Al-Kali A, Patnaik MM, Gangat N, Litzow MR, Kaufmann SH, Westendorf JJ, van Wijnen AJ, Hedin KE. Histone deacetylase inhibitors reduce differentiating osteoblast-mediated protection of acute myeloid leukemia cells from cytarabine. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94569-94579. [PMID: 29212250 PMCID: PMC5706896 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow microenvironment protects acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells during chemotherapy and is a major factor in relapse. Here, we examined which type(s) of bone marrow cells are responsible for the relapse of AML following treatment with cytarabine (Ara-C), and we identified a means to inhibit this protection. To determine the protective cell type(s), AML cells were treated with Ara-C, and AML cell survival in the presence or absence of osteoblast lineage cells was assessed. Cultured AML cells and patient bone marrow isolates were each significantly protected from Ara-C-induced apoptosis by co-culture with differentiating osteoblasts. Moreover, pretreating differentiating osteoblasts with the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) vorinostat and panobinostat abrogated the ability of the differentiating osteoblasts to protect AML cells. Together, our results indicate that differentiating osteoblasts have the potential to promote residual AML in the bone marrow following standard chemotherapy and act via a mechanism requiring HDACi-sensitive gene expression. Using HDACi to target the leukemic microenvironment in combination with Ara-C could potentially improve treatment of AML. Moreover, other strategies for manipulating bone marrow osteoblasts may also help eradicate AML cells and reduce relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie M Sterner
- Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Kimberly N Kremer
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Aref Al-Kali
- Division of Hematology and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Mrinal M Patnaik
- Division of Hematology and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Naseema Gangat
- Division of Hematology and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Mark R Litzow
- Division of Hematology and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Hematology and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Karen E Hedin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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28
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Distinct signaling events promote resistance to mitoxantrone and etoposide in pediatric AML: a Children's Oncology Group report. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90037-90049. [PMID: 29163809 PMCID: PMC5685730 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive chemotherapy including mitoxantrone and etoposide, relapse occurs for almost half of children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Since both drugs inhibit topoisomerase II and cause DNA double strand breaks, resistance could be achieved by enhanced DNA damage repair (DDR), via homologous recombination (HR) and/or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). An important source of extrinsic chemoresistance is the bone marrow stroma. We aimed to reveal intrinsic and stroma-induced signaling pathways that contribute to chemoresistance. Sixty diagnostic pediatric AML samples were cultured on or off stromal cells, with or without chemotherapy. We measured apoptosis, DNA damage signaling, and NHEJ/HR pathway activity by FACS analysis of intracellular cleaved PARP, γH2AX, pDNA-PKcs and pATM, respectively. Mitoxantrone strongly increased γH2AX and pDNA-PKcs. Neither chemotherapy drug induced pATM. DNA-PK inhibition alleviated mitoxantrone resistance for AML cells on and off stromal cells. Regarding stroma-induced signaling pathways, ERK1/2 was most consistently activated in primary AML cells by stromal cells. ERK1/2 inactivation partially restored chemosensitivity to AML cells on stromal cells. Additionally, low stroma-induced STAT3 activity and strong stroma-induced mitoxantrone resistance were associated with inferior clinical outcome. Taken together, the NHEJ DDR and ERK1/2 pathways are potential targets for reducing intrinsic and extrinsic chemotherapy resistance in pediatric AML.
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29
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Islam A. Induction treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in an elderly patient with intramarrow injection/administration of cytarabine. Second case report. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5:1496-1502. [PMID: 28878913 PMCID: PMC5582223 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We show for the second time that intramarrow injection/administration of chemotherapeutic agents such as cytarabine (Ara-C) can be used safely and effectively and is associated with no toxicity, promising antileukemic activity and possible improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Islam
- Division of Hematology/Oncology Department of Medicine Buffalo General Hospital Buffalo New York USA
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