Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) regulates the miR-183~96~182 cluster under physiologic and pathologic conditions

CD22 exacerbates brain injury in subarachnoid hemorrhage by inhibiting microglial phagocytic function

INTRODUCTION

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a neurological emergency with a high mortality rate. The phagocytic and homeostatic functions of microglial cells play a crucial role after SAH. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of CD22-mediated abnormal microglial phagocytosis in brain injury caused by SAH.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

BV2 microglial cells were exposed to 10 µM oxyhemoglobin for 24 hours to establish an in vitro SAH model. After CD22 knockdown, cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8. The microglial phagocytic function was evaluated using pHrodo Red E.coli BioParticles and fluorescence microscopy. The expression levels of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), miR-150-3p, and CD22 were analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The binding relationship of KLF4 to the miR-150-3p promoter and the binding relationship of miR-150-3p to the CD22 3'UTR sequence were analyzed. Overexpression of KLF4 and inhibition of miR-150-3p in SAH cells were conducted to validate the mechanism.

RESULTS

SAH inhibited the microglial phagocytic function. CD22 was overexpressed in the SAH cell model. CD22 inhibition increased the microglial phagocytic function. miR-150-3p targeted and inhibited CD22 expression. Overexpression of miR-150-3p resulted in downregulation of CD22 and increased phagocytic function in microglial cells. KLF4 bound to the miR-150-3p promoter and promoted miR-150-3p expression. Overexpression of KLF4 reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-150-3p inhibition on phagocytic function in SAH cell model.

CONCLUSION

KLF4 enhances the microglial phagocytic function in SAH by promoting miR-150-3p and inhibiting CD22.

MicroRNA-183 cluster: a promising biomarker and therapeutic target in gastrointestinal malignancies

Small non-coding RNAs (microRNA, miR), powerful epigenetic regulators, were found involved in the regulation of most biological functions via post-translational inhibition of protein expression. Increased expression of pro-oncogenic miRs (known as miR cancer biomarkers) and inhibition of pro-apoptotic miR expression have been demonstrated in different tumors. The recently identified miR-183 was found implicated in gastrointestinal tumor metabolism regulation. Elevated miR-183 expression and cancer-promoting effects were reported in esophageal and colorectal cancers, which was partially contradicted by controversial data observed in gastric cancers. Anti-cancer effect of miR-183 in gastric cancer cells was associated with the Bim-1 and Ezrin genes regulation. Many studies indicated that miR-183 can inhibit tumor suppressor genes in most cell lines, promoting tumor cell proliferation and migration. Increased miR-183 level results in the downregulation of FOXO1, PDCD4, and other tumor suppressor genes in gastrointestinal tumor cells. MiR-183 also influences the signaling of PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, and Bcl-2/p53 signaling pathways. Mir-183 inhibits apoptosis and autophagy, and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer cell proliferation, and migration. Accordingly, gastrointestinal cancer occurrence, development of chemoradiotherapy resistance, recurrence/metastasis, and prognosis were associated with miR-183 expression. The current study assessed reported miR-183 functions and signaling, providing new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies.

Post-transcriptional regulation of polycistronic microRNAs

An important proportion of microRNA (miRNA) genes tend to lie close to each other within animal genomes. Such genomic organization is generally referred to as miRNA clusters. Even though many miRNA clusters have been greatly studied, most attention has been usually focused on functional impacts of clustered miRNA co-expression. However, there is also another compelling aspect about these miRNA clusters, their polycistronic nature. Being transcribed on a single RNA precursor, polycistronic miRNAs benefit from common transcriptional regulation allowing their coordinated expression. And yet, numerous reports have revealed striking discrepancies in the accumulation of mature miRNAs produced from the same cluster. Indeed, the larger polycistronic transcripts can act as platforms providing unforeseen post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms controlling individual miRNA processing, thus leading to differential miRNA expression, and sometimes even challenging the general assumption that polycistronic miRNAs are co-expressed. In this review, we aim to address the current knowledge about how miRNA polycistrons are post-transcriptionally regulated. In particular, we will focus on the mechanisms occurring at the level of the primary transcript, which are highly relevant for individual miRNA processing and as such have a direct repercussion on miRNA function within the cell. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Processing of Small RNAs Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Biogenesis of Effector Small RNAs RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes.

Microvascular Barrier Protection by microRNA-183 via FoxO1 Repression: A Pathway Disturbed in Neuropathy and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

Blood nerve barrier disruption and edema are common in neuropathic pain as well as in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). MicroRNAs (miRNA) are epigenetic multitarget switches controlling neuronal and non-neuronal cells in pain. The miR-183 complex attenuates hyperexcitability in nociceptors, but additional non-neuronal effects via transcription factors could contribute as well. This study explored exosomal miR-183 in CRPS and murine neuropathy, its effect on the microvascular barrier via transcription factor FoxO1 and tight junction protein claudin-5, and its antihyperalgesic potential. Sciatic miR-183 decreased after CCI. Substitution with perineural miR-183 mimic attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity and restored blood nerve barrier function. In vitro, serum from CCI mice und CRPS patients weakened the microvascular barrier of murine cerebellar endothelial cells, increased active FoxO1 and reduced claudin-5, concomitant with a lack of exosomal miR-183 in CRPS patients. Cellular stress also compromised the microvascular barrier which was rescued either by miR-183 mimic via FoxO1 repression or by prior silencing of Foxo1. PERSPECTIVE: Low miR-183 leading to barrier impairment via FoxO1 and subsequent claudin-5 suppression is a new aspect in the pathophysiology of CRPS and neuropathic pain. This pathway might help untangle the wide symptomatic range of CRPS and nurture further research into miRNA mimics or FoxO1 inhibitors.

The oncogenic role of HIF-1α/miR-182-5p/ZFP36L1 signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Background

Accumulating evidence indicates that dysregulation of miR-182-5p can serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for some cancers, whereas the role of miR-182-5p has not been explored in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Our study aims to elucidate the biological function of miR-182-5p in NPC and the potential molecular mechanism involved.

Methods

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to determine miR-182-5p expression in NPC primary tissues and cell lines. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for ZFP36L1 was conducted in NPC samples. Western blot was used to evaluate protein expression in cell lines. A series of functional assays were carried out to evaluate the roles of miR-182-5p and ZFP36L1 in tumor development and progression of NPC. Bioinformatics tools and luciferase reporter assays were utilized to identify the potential mechanisms of action. Moreover, rescue experiments were applied to explore whether ZFP36L1 mediated the effects of miR-182-5p in NPC.

Results

Up-regulation of miR-182-5p was significantly associated with tumor development and poor prognosis in patients with NPC. Functional study demonstrated that miR-182-5p overexpression enhanced, whereas suppression of miR-182-5p impeded NPC cell proliferation, migration, tumorigenesis and metastasis. Mechanistically, miR-182-5p interacted with ZFP36L1 at two sites in its 3′ un-translated region (UTR) and repressed ZFP36L1 expression in NPC. Consistently, an inverse correlation was observed between the expression levels of miR-182-5p and ZFP36L1 using clinical NPC tissues, and down-regulation of ZFP36L1 in NPC predicts poor survival. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-182-5p in NPC was partly attributable to the transcriptional activation effect induced by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α).

Conclusions

Our data suggests that miR-182-5p facilitates cell proliferation and migration in NPC through its ability to down-regulate ZFP36L1 expression, and that the HIF-1α/miR-182-5p/ZFP36L1 axis may serve as a novel therapeutic target in the management of NPC.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02177-3.

SMAD4 Inhibits Granulosa Cell Apoptosis via the miR-183-96-182 Cluster and FoxO1 Axis

The miR-183-96-182 cluster is a polycistronic miRNA cluster necessary for ovarian functions in mammals. However, its transcriptional regulation in the ovary is largely unclear. In this study, we characterized the promoter region of the porcine miR-183-96-182 cluster, and showed that SMAD4 may function as a transcriptional activator of the miR-183-96-182 cluster in GCs through direct binding to SBE motifs in its promoter. SMAD4 may inhibit GC apoptosis via suppression of FoxO1, an effector of GC apoptosis and a direct target of the miR-183-96-182 cluster, by inducing the miR-183-96-182 cluster, and this process may be regulated by the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway. Our findings uncovered the regulatory mechanism of miR-183-96-182 cluster expression in GCs and demonstrated that TGF-β1/SMAD4/miR-183-96-182 cluster/FoxO1 may be a potential pathway for regulating follicular atresia and female reproduction.

The role of Krüppel-like factor 8 in cancer biology: Current research and its clinical relevance

Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, ranked second after heart disease. Despite recent advancements in diagnosis and treatment, there are still numerous problems associated with cancer progression, disease recurrence, and therapeutic resistance that are partially explored. Several studies have recently revealed that Krüppel-like factor 8 (KLF8) regulates transcription of genes linked with diverse biological processes, including proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, invasion, and inflammation. KLF8 is expressed ubiquitously in mammalian cells, and its aberrant expression has been manifested with several cancer types. Earlier studies demonstrated the crucial role of KLF8 in DNA repair and resistance to apoptosis in numerous cancer types. Hence, studying the function of KLF8 from the perspective of cancer progression and therapy resistance would help develop a new therapeutic avenue. In this review, we summarize the clinical relevance of KLF8 expression in various malignancies, focusing on recent updates in EMT, cellular signaling, and cancer stem cells. We also address the contribution of KLF8 in development, DNA repair, chemoresistance, and its clinical utility as a predictive biomarker.

Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells in the Progression to Liver Metastasis

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality. Tumorigenesis is a dynamic process wherein cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their microenvironment promote initiation, progression, and metastasis. Metastatic colonization is an inefficient process that is very complex and is poorly understood; however, in most cases, metastatic disease is not curable, and resistance mechanisms tend to develop against conventional treatments. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms and factors that contribute to the development of metastasis in CRC can aid in the search for specific therapeutic targets for improving standard treatments. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding tumor biology and the use of stroma cells as prognostic factors and inflammatory inducers associated with the use of tumor microenvironments as a promoter of cancer metastasis. Moreover, we look into the importance of CSC, pericytes, and circulating tumor cells as mechanisms that lead to liver metastasis, and we also focus on the cellular and molecular pathways that modulate and regulate epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Finally, we discuss a novel therapeutic target that can potentially eliminate CSCs as a CRC treatment.

miR-182-5p is an evolutionarily conserved Tbx5 effector that impacts cardiac development and electrical activity in zebrafish

To dissect the TBX5 regulatory circuit, we focused on microRNAs (miRNAs) that collectively contribute to make TBX5 a pivotal cardiac regulator. We profiled miRNAs in hearts isolated from wild-type, CRE, Tbx5lox/+and Tbx5del/+ mice using a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach. TBX5 deficiency in cardiomyocytes increased the expression of the miR-183 cluster family that is controlled by Kruppel-like factor 4, a transcription factor repressed by TBX5. MiR-182-5p, the most highly expressed miRNA of this family, was functionally analyzed in zebrafish. Transient overexpression of miR-182-5p affected heart morphology, calcium handling and the onset of arrhythmias as detected by ECG tracings. Accordingly, several calcium channel proteins identified as putative miR-182-5p targets were downregulated in miR-182-5p overexpressing hearts. In stable zebrafish transgenic lines, we demonstrated that selective miRNA-182-5p upregulation contributes to arrhythmias. Moreover, cardiac-specific down-regulation of miR-182-5p rescued cardiac defects in a zebrafish model of Holt-Oram syndrome. In conclusion, miR-182-5p exerts an evolutionarily conserved role as a TBX5 effector in the onset of cardiac propensity for arrhythmia, and constitutes a relevant target for mediating the relationship between TBX5, arrhythmia and heart development.

Negative Regulation of Kruppel-Like Factor 4 on microRNA-106a at Upstream Transcriptional Level and the Role in Gastric Cancer Metastasis

BACKGROUND

MicroRNAs are classes of endogenous noncoding RNAs that play a substantial role in tumor processes through regulating the targets at posttranscriptional level. However, little is known about the upstream transcription regulatory mechanism although it is a prerequisite for investigation of its aberrant expression and function.

AIMS

This report evaluates miR-106a's direct transcriptional factor from upstream level to in depth elucidate their communication in gastric cancer development.

METHODS

Gastric cancer tissues were collected to analyze the miR-106a expression using real-time PCR methods. The combination of Kruppel (or Krüppel)-like factor 4 (KLF4) to miR-106a promoter was testified through bioinformatics followed by construction of luciferase reporter plasmid and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Functional experiments and mouse models for evaluating cell growth and metastasis were conducted to observe the biological effect of KLF4 on miR-106a. The interplay between KLF4 and miR-106a was tested with Wnt activator and confirmed in clinical specimens.

RESULTS

The up-regulated miR-106a linked to gastric cancer metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. UCSC and JASPAR predicted the promoter sequence of miR-106a and its binding site with transcriptional factor KLF4. Construction of reporter gene further verified their direct combination at upstream level. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of KLF4 on the phenotype of gastric cancer cells could be restored by miR-106a. CHIR-induced experiment and clinical specimens confirmed the negative regulation of KLF4 on miR-106a.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings provide novel direct insights into molecular mechanisms for interaction of KLF4 and miR-106a at upstream level and new ways for clinical application of KLF4-miR-106a axis in advanced gastric cancer metastasis.

Potential Roles of microRNAs in the Regulation of Monoamine Oxidase A in the Brain

Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is an enzyme that regulates the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine and it has been used as a therapeutic target for depression. However, MAO-A inhibitors, which directly acts on MAO-A protein, have limited use due to their adverse effects. microRNAs (miRNAs) are 18-22 nucleotide long, small non-coding RNAs, which have recently emerged as regulators of protein levels that could potentially be new therapeutic targets for psychiatric disorders. This review article aims to discuss the current status of the treatment for depression with MAO-A inhibitors and the regulatory factors of MAO-A. Further, the review also proposes possible regulatory mechanisms of MAO-A by miRNAs, which leads to better understanding of the pathology of depressive disorders and their potential use as therapeutic agents.

Clustered miRNAs and their role in biological functions and diseases

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small non-coding RNAs known to regulate expression of protein-coding genes. A large proportion of miRNAs are highly conserved, localized as clusters in the genome, transcribed together from physically adjacent miRNAs and show similar expression profiles. Since a single miRNA can target multiple genes and miRNA clusters contain multiple miRNAs, it is important to understand their regulation, effects and various biological functions. Like protein-coding genes, miRNA clusters are also regulated by genetic and epigenetic events. These clusters can potentially regulate every aspect of cellular function including growth, proliferation, differentiation, development, metabolism, infection, immunity, cell death, organellar biogenesis, messenger signalling, DNA repair and self-renewal, among others. Dysregulation of miRNA clusters leading to altered biological functions is key to the pathogenesis of many diseases including carcinogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in miRNA cluster research and discuss their regulation and biological functions in pathological conditions.