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Nikanjam M, Wells K, Kato S, Adashek JJ, Block S, Kurzrock R. Reverse repurposing: Potential utility of cancer drugs in nonmalignant illnesses. MED 2024; 5:689-717. [PMID: 38749442 PMCID: PMC11246816 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Growth and immune process dysregulation can result in both cancer and nonmalignant disease (hereditary or acquired, with and without predisposition to malignancy). Moreover, perhaps unexpectedly, many nonmalignant illnesses harbor genomic alterations indistinguishable from druggable oncogenic drivers. Therefore, targeted compounds used successfully to treat cancer may have therapeutic potential for nonmalignant conditions harboring the same target. MEK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), and NRG1/ERBB pathway genes have all been implicated in both cancer and noncancerous conditions, and several cognate antagonists, as well as Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, and CD20-directed antibodies, have established or theoretical therapeutic potential to bridge cancer and benign diseases. Intriguingly, pharmacologically tractable cancer drivers characterize a wide spectrum of disorders without malignant potential, including but not limited to Alzheimer's disease and a variety of other neurodegenerative conditions, rheumatoid arthritis, achondroplastic dwarfism, and endometriosis. Expanded repositioning of oncology agents in order to benefit benign but serious medical illnesses is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nikanjam
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn Wells
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shumei Kato
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacob J Adashek
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shanna Block
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA; WIN Consortium, Chevilly-Larue, France.
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2
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Sadler KV, Rowlands CF, Smith PT, Hartley CL, Bowers NL, Roberts NY, Harris JL, Wallace AJ, Gareth Evans D, Messiaen LM, Smith MJ. Re-evaluation of Missense Variant Classifications in NF2. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:643-654. [PMID: 35332608 PMCID: PMC9323416 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Missense variants in the NF2 gene result in variable NF2 disease presentation. Clinical classification of missense variants often represents a challenge, due to lack of evidence for pathogenicity and function. This study provides a summary of NF2 missense variants, with variant classifications based on currently available evidence. NF2 missense variants were collated from pathology‐associated databases and existing literature. Association for Clinical Genomic Sciences Best Practice Guidelines (2020) were followed in the application of evidence for variant interpretation and classification. The majority of NF2 missense variants remain classified as variants of uncertain significance. However, NF2 missense variants identified in gnomAD occurred at a consistent rate across the gene, while variants compiled from pathology‐associated databases displayed differing rates of variation by exon of NF2. The highest rate of NF2 disease‐associated variants was observed in exon 7, while lower rates were observed toward the C‐terminus of the NF2 protein, merlin. Further phenotypic information associated with variants, alongside variant‐specific functional analysis, is necessary for more definitive variant interpretation. Our data identified differences in frequency of NF2 missense variants by exon between gnomAD population data and NF2 disease‐associated variants, suggesting a potential genotype‐phenotype correlation; further work is necessary to substantiate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine V Sadler
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK.,Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Charlie F Rowlands
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK.,Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Philip T Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Claire L Hartley
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Naomi L Bowers
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Nicola Y Roberts
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Jade L Harris
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew J Wallace
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK.,Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ludwine M Messiaen
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Miriam J Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK.,Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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3
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Panizzutti B, Bortolasci CC, Spolding B, Kidnapillai S, Connor T, Richardson MF, Truong TTT, Liu ZSJ, Morris G, Gray L, Hyun Kim J, Dean OM, Berk M, Walder K. Transcriptional Modulation of the Hippo Signaling Pathway by Drugs Used to Treat Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7164. [PMID: 34281223 PMCID: PMC8268913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports suggest a link between positive regulation of the Hippo pathway with bipolar disorder (BD), and the Hippo pathway is known to interact with multiple other signaling pathways previously associated with BD and other psychiatric disorders. In this study, neuronal-like NT2 cells were treated with amisulpride (10 µM), aripiprazole (0.1 µM), clozapine (10 µM), lamotrigine (50 µM), lithium (2.5 mM), quetiapine (50 µM), risperidone (0.1 µM), valproate (0.5 mM), or vehicle control for 24 h. Genome-wide mRNA expression was quantified and analyzed using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), with genes belonging to Hippo, Wnt, Notch, TGF- β, and Hedgehog retrieved from the KEGG database. Five of the eight drugs downregulated the genes of the Hippo pathway and modulated several genes involved in the interacting pathways. We speculate that the regulation of these genes, especially by aripiprazole, clozapine, and quetiapine, results in a reduction of MAPK and NFκB pro-inflammatory signaling through modulation of Hippo, Wnt, and TGF-β pathways. We also employed connectivity map analysis to identify compounds that act on these pathways in a similar manner to the known psychiatric drugs. Thirty-six compounds were identified. The presence of antidepressants and antipsychotics validates our approach and reveals possible new targets for drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Panizzutti
- Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT, Geelong 3220, Australia; (B.P.); (C.C.B.); (B.S.); (S.K.); (T.C.); (T.T.T.T.); (Z.S.J.L.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (J.H.K.); (O.M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Chiara C. Bortolasci
- Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT, Geelong 3220, Australia; (B.P.); (C.C.B.); (B.S.); (S.K.); (T.C.); (T.T.T.T.); (Z.S.J.L.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (J.H.K.); (O.M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Briana Spolding
- Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT, Geelong 3220, Australia; (B.P.); (C.C.B.); (B.S.); (S.K.); (T.C.); (T.T.T.T.); (Z.S.J.L.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (J.H.K.); (O.M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Srisaiyini Kidnapillai
- Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT, Geelong 3220, Australia; (B.P.); (C.C.B.); (B.S.); (S.K.); (T.C.); (T.T.T.T.); (Z.S.J.L.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (J.H.K.); (O.M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Timothy Connor
- Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT, Geelong 3220, Australia; (B.P.); (C.C.B.); (B.S.); (S.K.); (T.C.); (T.T.T.T.); (Z.S.J.L.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (J.H.K.); (O.M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Mark F. Richardson
- Genomics Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia;
| | - Trang T. T. Truong
- Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT, Geelong 3220, Australia; (B.P.); (C.C.B.); (B.S.); (S.K.); (T.C.); (T.T.T.T.); (Z.S.J.L.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (J.H.K.); (O.M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Zoe S. J. Liu
- Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT, Geelong 3220, Australia; (B.P.); (C.C.B.); (B.S.); (S.K.); (T.C.); (T.T.T.T.); (Z.S.J.L.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (J.H.K.); (O.M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Gerwyn Morris
- Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT, Geelong 3220, Australia; (B.P.); (C.C.B.); (B.S.); (S.K.); (T.C.); (T.T.T.T.); (Z.S.J.L.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (J.H.K.); (O.M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Laura Gray
- Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT, Geelong 3220, Australia; (B.P.); (C.C.B.); (B.S.); (S.K.); (T.C.); (T.T.T.T.); (Z.S.J.L.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (J.H.K.); (O.M.D.); (M.B.)
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT, Geelong 3220, Australia; (B.P.); (C.C.B.); (B.S.); (S.K.); (T.C.); (T.T.T.T.); (Z.S.J.L.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (J.H.K.); (O.M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Olivia M. Dean
- Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT, Geelong 3220, Australia; (B.P.); (C.C.B.); (B.S.); (S.K.); (T.C.); (T.T.T.T.); (Z.S.J.L.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (J.H.K.); (O.M.D.); (M.B.)
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT, Geelong 3220, Australia; (B.P.); (C.C.B.); (B.S.); (S.K.); (T.C.); (T.T.T.T.); (Z.S.J.L.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (J.H.K.); (O.M.D.); (M.B.)
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Centre of Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT, Geelong 3220, Australia; (B.P.); (C.C.B.); (B.S.); (S.K.); (T.C.); (T.T.T.T.); (Z.S.J.L.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (J.H.K.); (O.M.D.); (M.B.)
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4
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Usman RM, Razzaq F, Akbar A, Farooqui AA, Iftikhar A, Latif A, Hassan H, Zhao J, Carew JS, Nawrocki ST, Anwer F. Role and mechanism of autophagy-regulating factors in tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2021; 17:193-208. [PMID: 32970929 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark feature of tumorigenesis is uncontrolled cell division. Autophagy is regulated by more than 30 genes and it is one of several mechanisms by which cells maintain homeostasis. Autophagy promotes cancer progression and drug resistance. Several genes play important roles in autophagy-induced tumorigenesis and drug resistance including Beclin-1, MIF, HMGB1, p53, PTEN, p62, RAC3, SRC3, NF-2, MEG3, LAPTM4B, mTOR, BRAF and c-MYC. These genes alter cell growth, cellular microenvironment and cell division. Mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis and drug resistance include microdeletions, genetic mutations, loss of heterozygosity, hypermethylation, microsatellite instability and translational modifications at a molecular level. Disrupted or altered autophagy has been reported in hematological malignancies like lymphoma, leukemia and myeloma as well as multiple solid organ tumors like colorectal, hepatocellular, gall bladder, pancreatic, gastric and cholangiocarcinoma among many other malignancies. In addition, defects in autophagy also play a role in drug resistance in cancers like osteosarcoma, ovarian and lung carcinomas following treatment with drugs such as doxorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin, gemcitabine and etoposide. Therapeutic approaches that modulate autophagy are a novel future direction for cancer drug development that may help to prevent issues with disease progression and overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Muhammad Usman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Faryal Razzaq
- Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arshia Akbar
- Department of Medical Intensive Care, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Ahmad Iftikhar
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Azka Latif
- Department of Medicine, Crieghton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hamza Hassan
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer S Carew
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Faiz Anwer
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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5
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Sobieski C, Killeen DE, Barnett SL, Mickey BE, Hunter JB, Isaacson B, Kutz JW. Facial Nerve Outcomes After Vestibular Schwannoma Microsurgical Resection in Neurofibromatosis Type 2. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 164:850-858. [PMID: 32957864 DOI: 10.1177/0194599820954144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate facial nerve outcomes after microsurgical resection in neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) compared to sporadic tumors. STUDY DESIGN Single institutional retrospective chart review. SETTING Tertiary referral center. METHODS All adult patients with NF2 vestibular schwannoma (VS) or sporadic VS who underwent microsurgical resection from 2008 to 2019 with preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 1 year of postsurgical follow-up were included. The primary outcome measure was postoperative House-Brackmann (HB) facial nerve score measured at first postoperative visit and after at least 10 months. RESULTS In total, 161 sporadic VSs and 14 NF2 VSs met inclusion criteria. Both median tumor diameter (NF2, 33.5 mm vs sporadic, 24 mm, P = .0011) and median tumor volume (NF2, 12.4 cm3 vs sporadic, 2.9 cm3, P = .0005) were significantly greater in patients with NF2. The median follow-up was 24.9 months (range, 12-130.1). Median facial nerve function after 1 year for patients with NF2 was HB 3 (range, 1-6) compared to HB 1 (range, 1-6) for sporadic VS (P = .001). With multivariate logistic regression, NF2 tumors (odds ratio [OR] = 13.9, P = .001) and tumor volume ≥3 cm3 (OR = 3.6, P = .025) were significantly associated with HB ≥3 when controlling for age, sex, extent of tumor resection, translabyrinthine approach, and prior radiation. CONCLUSION Tumor volume >3 cm3 and NF2 tumors are associated with poorer facial nerve outcomes 1 year following microsurgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Sobieski
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel E Killeen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Samuel L Barnett
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bruce E Mickey
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob B Hunter
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Brandon Isaacson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Joe Walter Kutz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Wang Z, Zhou Z, Wang Z, Cui Y. NF2 Inhibits Proliferation and Cancer Stemness in Breast Cancer. Open Med (Wars) 2020; 15:302-308. [PMID: 32337368 PMCID: PMC7175639 DOI: 10.1515/med-2020-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that NF2 plays a key role in tumorigenesis. NF2 has been illustrated to be downregulated in several types of human cancer. However, the role of NF2 in breast cancer remains unclear. METHODS We used UALCAN and KM-plotter database to study NF2 expression in human breast cancer and corresponding normal tissues and analyzed its relationship with clinicopathological parameters. We investigated the role of NF2 in breast cancer cells behavior by inhibiting its expression in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. RESULTS In this study, we found that NF2 was downregulated in breast cancer tissues compared to the adjacent normal tissues. We found that the low expression of NF2 was related with the tumor stage. NF2 overexpression inhibited the cell colon formation and stemness. CONCLUSION Our results indicate a role of NF2 in the progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibao Wang
- Department of Radiology, The No.2 Hospital of Baoding, No. 338 Dongfeng West Road, Jingxiu District, BaoDing071051, P.R.China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The No.2 Hospital of Baoding, No. 338 Dongfeng West Road, Jingxiu District, BaoDing071051, P.R.China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Radiology, The No.2 Hospital of Baoding, No. 338 Dongfeng West Road, Jingxiu District, BaoDing071051, P.R.China
| | - Yijie Cui
- Department of Radiology, The No.2 Hospital of Baoding, No. 338 Dongfeng West Road, Jingxiu District, BaoDing071051, P.R.China
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7
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Adashek JJ, Kato S, Lippman SM, Kurzrock R. The paradox of cancer genes in non-malignant conditions: implications for precision medicine. Genome Med 2020; 12:16. [PMID: 32066498 PMCID: PMC7027240 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-0714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has enabled patient selection for targeted drugs, some of which have shown remarkable efficacy in cancers that have the cognate molecular signatures. Intriguingly, rapidly emerging data indicate that altered genes representing oncogenic drivers can also be found in sporadic non-malignant conditions, some of which have negligible and/or low potential for transformation to cancer. For instance, activating KRAS mutations are discerned in endometriosis and in brain arteriovenous malformations, inactivating TP53 tumor suppressor mutations in rheumatoid arthritis synovium, and AKT, MAPK, and AMPK pathway gene alterations in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Furthermore, these types of alterations may also characterize hereditary conditions that result in diverse disabilities and that are associated with a range of lifetime susceptibility to the development of cancer, varying from near universal to no elevated risk. Very recently, the repurposing of targeted cancer drugs for non-malignant conditions that are associated with these genomic alterations has yielded therapeutic successes. For instance, the phenotypic manifestations of CLOVES syndrome, which is characterized by tissue overgrowth and complex vascular anomalies that result from the activation of PIK3CA mutations, can be ameliorated by the PIK3CA inhibitor alpelisib, which was developed and approved for breast cancer. In this review, we discuss the profound implications of finding molecular alterations in non-malignant conditions that are indistinguishable from those driving cancers, with respect to our understanding of the genomic basis of medicine, the potential confounding effects in early cancer detection that relies on sensitive blood tests for oncogenic mutations, and the possibility of reverse repurposing drugs that are used in oncology in order to ameliorate non-malignant illnesses and/or to prevent the emergence of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Adashek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Shumei Kato
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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8
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Shen YC, Arellano-Garcia C, Menjivar RE, Jewett EM, Dohle W, Karchugina S, Chernoff J, Potter BVL, Barald KF. Nonsteroidal sulfamate derivatives as new therapeutic approaches for Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2). BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 20:67. [PMID: 31730023 PMCID: PMC6858664 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-019-0369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis 1 and 2, although involving two different tumour suppressor genes (neurofibromin and merlin, respectively), are both cancer predisposition syndromes that disproportionately affect cells of neural crest origin. New therapeutic approaches for both NF1 and NF2 are badly needed. In promising previous work we demonstrated that two non-steroidal analogues of 2-methoxy-oestradiol (2ME2), STX3451(2-(3-bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-7-methoxy-6-sulfamoyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline), and STX2895 (7-Ethyl-6-sulfamoyloxy-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline) reduced tumour cell growth and induced apoptosis in malignant and benign human Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) tumour cells. In earlier NF1 mechanism of action studies we found that in addition to their effects on non-classical hormone-sensitive pathways, STX agents acted on the actin- and myosin-cytoskeleton, as well as PI3Kinase and MTOR signaling pathways. Tumour growth in NF2 cells is affected by different inhibitors from those affecting NF1 growth pathways: specifically, NF2 cells are affected by merlin-downstream pathway inhibitors. Because Merlin, the affected tumour suppressor gene in NF2, is also known to be involved in stabilizing membrane-cytoskeletal complexes, as well as in cell proliferation, and apoptosis, we looked for potentially common mechanisms of action in the agents' effects on NF1 and NF2. We set out to determine whether STX agents could therefore also provide a prospective avenue for treatment of NF2. METHODS STX3451 and STX2895 were tested in dose-dependent studies for their effects on growth parameters of malignant and benign NF2 human tumour cell lines in vitro. The mechanisms of action of STX3451 and STX2895 were also analysed. RESULTS Although neither of the agents tested affected cell growth or apoptosis in the NF2 tumour cell lines tested through the same mechanisms by which they affect these parameters in NF1 tumour cell lines, both agents disrupted actin- and myosin-based cytoskeletal structures in NF2 cell lines, with subsequent effects on growth and cell death. CONCLUSIONS Both STX3451 and STX2895 provide new approaches for inducing cell death and lowering tumour burden in NF2 as well as in NF1, which both have limited treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Shen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 3029 BSRB, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA.,Present Address: Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-5619, USA
| | - Caroline Arellano-Garcia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 3029 BSRB, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA.,NIH PREP program, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-5619, USA.,Present Address: Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rosa E Menjivar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 3029 BSRB, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA.,NIH PREP program, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-5619, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ethan M Jewett
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1770, USA
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Sofiia Karchugina
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Kate F Barald
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 3029 BSRB, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2099, USA. .,NIH PREP program, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-5619, USA. .,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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9
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Ghias K, Rehmani SS, Razzak SA, Madhani S, Azim MK, Ahmed R, Khan MJ. Mutational landscape of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in a South Asian population. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 4242:526-542. [PMID: 31188922 PMCID: PMC6905448 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer
type globally and contributes significantly to burden of disease in South Asia.
In Pakistan, HNSCC is among the most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and
females. The increasing regional burden of HNSCC along with a unique set of risk
factors merited a deeper investigation of the disease at the genomic level.
Whole exome sequencing of HNSCC samples and matched normal genomic DNA analysis
(n=7) was performed. Significant somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were
identified and pathway analysis performed to determine frequently affected
signaling pathways. We identified significant, novel recurrent mutations in
ASNS (asparagine synthetase) that may affect substrate
binding, and variants in driver genes including TP53, PIK3CA, FGFR2,
ARID2, MLL3, MYC and ALK. Using the IntOGen
platform, we identified MAP kinase, cell cycle, actin cytoskeleton regulation,
PI3K-Akt signaling and other pathways in cancer as affected in the samples. This
data is the first of its kind from the Pakistani population. The results of this
study can guide a better mechanistic understanding of HNSCC in the population,
ultimately contributing new, rational therapeutic targets for the treatment of
the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulsoom Ghias
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq S Rehmani
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mount Sinai St. Luke's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Safina A Razzak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - M Kamran Azim
- Department of Biosciences, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rashida Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mumtaz J Khan
- Surgical Specialty Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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10
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Alcantara KMM, Garcia RL. MicroRNA‑92a promotes cell proliferation, migration and survival by directly targeting the tumor suppressor gene NF2 in colorectal and lung cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2019; 41:2103-2116. [PMID: 30816526 PMCID: PMC6412542 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the tumor suppressor protein Merlin leads to the development of benign nervous system tumors in neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). Documented causes of Merlin inactivation include deleterious mutations in the encoding neurofibromin 2 gene (NF2) and aberrant Merlin phosphorylation leading to proteasomal degradation. Rare somatic NF2 mutations have also been detected in common human malignancies not associated with NF2, including colorectal and lung cancer. Furthermore, tumors without NF2 mutations and with unaltered NF2 transcript levels, but with low Merlin expression, have been reported. The present study demonstrated that NF2 is also regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) through direct interaction with evolutionarily conserved miRNA response elements (MREs) within its 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR). Dual-Luciferase assays in human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) and lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells revealed downregulation of NF2 by miR-92a-3p via its wild-type 3′UTR, but not NF2−3′UTR with mutated miR-92a-3p MRE. HCT116 cells overexpressing miR-92a-3p exhibited significant downregulation of endogenous NF2 mRNA and protein levels, which was rescued by co-transfection of a target protector oligonucleotide specific for the miR-92a-3p binding site within NF2−3′UTR. miR-92a-3p overexpression in HCT116 and A549 cells promoted migration, proliferation and resistance to apoptosis, as well as altered F-actin organization compared with controls. Knockdown of NF2 by siRNA phenocopied the oncogenic effects of miR-92a overexpression on HCT116 and A549 cells. Collectively, the findings of the present study provide functional proof of the unappreciated role of miRNAs in NF2 regulation and tumor progression, leading to enhanced oncogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krizelle Mae M Alcantara
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Reynaldo L Garcia
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
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11
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Matsuyama A, Jotatsu M, Uchihashi K, Tsuda Y, Shiba E, Haratake J, Hisaoka M. MUC4 expression in meningiomas: under-recognized immunophenotype particularly in meningothelial and angiomatous subtypes. Histopathology 2018; 74:276-283. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuji Matsuyama
- Department of Pathology and Oncology; School of Medicine; University of Occupational and Environmental Health; Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Mao Jotatsu
- Department of Pathology and Oncology; School of Medicine; University of Occupational and Environmental Health; Kitakyushu Japan
| | | | - Yojiro Tsuda
- Department of Pathology and Oncology; School of Medicine; University of Occupational and Environmental Health; Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Eisuke Shiba
- Department of Pathology and Oncology; School of Medicine; University of Occupational and Environmental Health; Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Joji Haratake
- Division of Pathology; Saiseikai Yahata General Hospital; Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Masanori Hisaoka
- Department of Pathology and Oncology; School of Medicine; University of Occupational and Environmental Health; Kitakyushu Japan
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12
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Guo S. Cancer driver mutations in endometriosis: Variations on the major theme of fibrogenesis. Reprod Med Biol 2018; 17:369-397. [PMID: 30377392 PMCID: PMC6194252 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One recent study reports cancer driver mutations in deep endometriosis, but its biological/clinical significance remains unclear. Since the natural history of endometriosis is essentially gradual progression toward fibrosis, it is thus hypothesized that the six driver genes reported to be mutated in endometriosis (the RP set) may play important roles in fibrogenesis but not necessarily malignant transformation. METHODS Extensive PubMed search to see whether RP and another set of driver genes not yet reported (NR) to be mutated in endometriosis have any roles in fibrogenesis. All studies reporting on the role of fibrogenesis of the genes in both RP and NR sets were retrieved and evaluated in this review. RESULTS All six RP genes were involved in various aspects of fibrogenesis as compared with only three NR genes. These nine genes can be anchored in networks linking with their upstream and downstream genes that are known to be aberrantly expressed in endometriosis, piecing together seemingly unrelated findings. CONCLUSIONS Given that somatic driver mutations can and do occur frequently in physiologically normal tissues, it is argued that these mutations in endometriosis are not necessarily synonymous with malignancy or premalignancy, but the result of enormous pressure for fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun‐Wei Guo
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine‐Related DiseasesShanghaiChina
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13
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Hyaluronan and Neurofibromatosis Type 2. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2018; 11:125-133. [PMID: 30145722 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-018-0216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF-2) is associated with mainly three types of recurrent benign tumors restricted to the central nervous system: schwannoma, meningioma and ependymoma. The absence of the protein NF2/Merlin causes an uninterrupted cell proliferation cascade originating from an abnormal interaction between an extracellular mucopolysaccharide, hyaluronan (HA), and schwann cell surface CD44 receptor, which has been identified as one of the central causative factors for schwannoma. Most tumors in NF-2 have a predilection to originate from either arachnoid cap cells or schwann cells of the cisternal portion of nerve rootlets that share a continuous exposure to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We hypothesize that the CSF HA may play a role in tumorigenesis in NF-2. In a prospective analysis over a period of one year, the levels of medium to low molecular weight HA (LMW HA) was estimated in the CSF of three subjects with central schwannomas and compared against that of age-sex matched controls, using Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide coupled turbidimetric assay and found to be seventeen-fold higher in the schwannoma subjects compared to the controls. HA was observed to be actively secreted by cultured schwannoma cells isolated from tumor tissues commensurate with their proliferation rate. On cell viability index analysis to compare the cell proliferation of astrocytoma cells with LMW HA vs. oligomeric HA (OHA), we found a decrease in cell proliferation of up to 30% with OHA. The study provides initial evidence that CSF HA may have a central role in the tumorigenesis of schwannoma in NF-2.
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14
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Ruggieri M, Praticò AD, Serra A, Maiolino L, Cocuzza S, Di Mauro P, Licciardello L, Milone P, Privitera G, Belfiore G, Di Pietro M, Di Raimondo F, Romano A, Chiarenza A, Muglia M, Polizzi A, Evans DG. Childhood neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and related disorders: from bench to bedside and biologically targeted therapies. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA 2017; 36:345-367. [PMID: 27958595 PMCID: PMC5225790 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 [NF2; MIM # 101000] is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by the occurrence of vestibular schwannomas (VSs), schwannomas of other cranial, spinal and cutaneous nerves, cranial and spinal meningiomas and/or other central nervous system (CNS) tumours (e.g., ependymomas, astrocytomas). Additional features include early onset cataracts, optic nerve sheath meningiomas, retinal hamartomas, dermal schwannomas (i.e., NF2-plaques), and (few) café-au-lait spots. Clinically, NF2 children fall into two main groups: (1) congenital NF2 - with bilateral VSs detected as early as the first days to months of life, which can be stable/asymptomatic for one-two decades and suddenly progress; and (2) severe pre-pubertal (Wishart type) NF2- with multiple (and rapidly progressive) CNS tumours other-than-VS, which usually present first, years before VSs [vs. the classical adult (Gardner type) NF2, with bilateral VSs presenting in young adulthood, sometimes as the only disease feature]. Some individuals can develop unilateral VS associated with ipsilateral meningiomas or multiple schwannomas localised to one part of the peripheral nervous system [i.e., mosaic NF2] or multiple non-VS, non-intradermal cranial, spinal and peripheral schwannomas (histologically proven) [schwannomatosis]. NF2 is caused by mutations in the NF2 gene at chromosome 22q12.1, which encodes for a protein called merlin or schwannomin, most similar to the exrin-readixin-moesin (ERM) proteins; mosaicNF2 is due to mosaic phenomena for the NF2 gene, whilst schwannomatosis is caused by coupled germ-line and mosaic mutations either in the SMARCB1 gene [SWNTS1; MIM # 162091] or the LZTR1 gene [SWNTS2; MIM # 615670] both falling within the 22q region and the NF2 gene. Data driven from in vitro and animal studies on the merlin pathway [e.g., post-translational and upstream/downstream regulation] allowed biologically targeted treatment strategies [e.g., Lapatinib, Erlotinib, Bevacizumab] aimed to multiple tumour shrinkage and/or regression and tumour arrest of progression with functional improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruggieri
- Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Italy
| | - A D Praticò
- Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - A Serra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. Ingrassia", Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - L Maiolino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. Ingrassia", Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - S Cocuzza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. Ingrassia", Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - P Di Mauro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. Ingrassia", Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - L Licciardello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. Ingrassia", Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - P Milone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. Ingrassia", Institute of Radiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - G Privitera
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. Ingrassia", Institute of Radiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - G Belfiore
- Unit of Paediatric Radiology, AOU "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy
| | - M Di Pietro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. Ingrassia", Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - F Di Raimondo
- Division of Hematology, AOU "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Italy
| | - A Romano
- Division of Hematology, AOU "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Italy
| | - A Chiarenza
- Division of Hematology, AOU "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Italy
| | - M Muglia
- Unit of Genetics, Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Piano Lago di Mangone, Italy
| | - A Polizzi
- National Centre for Rare Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - D G Evans
- Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Institute of Human Development, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
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15
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Stepanova DS, Semenova G, Kuo YM, Andrews AJ, Ammoun S, Hanemann CO, Chernoff J. An Essential Role for the Tumor-Suppressor Merlin in Regulating Fatty Acid Synthesis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5026-5038. [PMID: 28729415 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of multiple tumors in the central nervous system, most notably schwannomas, and meningiomas. Mutational inactivation of the NF2 gene encoding the protein Merlin is found in most sporadic and inherited schwannomas, but the molecular mechanisms underlying neoplastic changes in schwannoma cells remain unclear. We report here that Nf2-deficient cells display elevated expression levels of key enzymes involved in lipogenesis and that this upregulation is caused by increased activity of Torc1. Inhibition or knockdown of fatty acid synthase (FASN), the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of palmitic acid from malonyl-CoA, drove NF2-deficient cells into apoptosis. Treatment of NF2-mutant cells with agents that inhibit the production of malonyl-CoA reduced their sensitivity to FASN inhibitors. Collectively, these results suggest that the altered lipid metabolism found in NF2-mutant cells renders them sensitive to elevated levels of malonyl-CoA, as occurs following blockade of FASN, suggesting new targeted strategies in the treatment of NF2-deficient tumors. Cancer Res; 77(18); 5026-38. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Stepanova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Semenova
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yin-Ming Kuo
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Andrews
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sylwia Ammoun
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - C Oliver Hanemann
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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16
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Li X, Chen H, Xue L, Pang X, Zhang X, Zhu Z, Zhu W, Wang Z, Wu H. p53 performs an essential role in mediating the oncogenic stimulus triggered by loss of expression of neurofibromatosis type 2 during in vitro tumor progression. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2223-2231. [PMID: 28789444 PMCID: PMC5530008 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of the tumor suppressor neurofibromatosis type 2 gene, encoding merlin, has been considered to be a fundamental event during the malignant progression of various cell types. However, a consensus for the mainstream mechanism, by which merlin deficiency contributes to uncontrolled cellular proliferation, has not been reached. The present study aimed to determine whether silencing of merlin using lentivirus-based short hairpin RNA potentiates cellular proliferation and cell cycle progression in human colon carcinoma HCT116 cell lines, expressing p53. The present results demonstrated that merlin knockdown contributed to cellular proliferation and G1/S cell cycle progression to a greater extent in HCT116 cells wide-type for p53 (p53wt) compared with p53-null (p53−/−) cells. This was supported by overexpression experiments which demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect of excess merlin on cellular proliferation only in HCT116 p53wt cells. In order to investigate the underlying mechanisms of action, the expression of p53-involved G1/S transition genes was evaluated by western blot analysis. For HCT116 p53wt cells, merlin loss suppressed p53 expression, and therefore the dysregulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins, including p21, cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4 and cyclin E1/CDK2 complexes. However, merlin knockdowns had no impact on the expression of any of the aforementioned molecules in p53−/− cells, indicating that lack of merlin resulted in G1/S cell cycle progression, and thereby uncontrolled cellular proliferation mainly via the regulation of p53-mediated pathways. Taken together, it was proposed that p53 performs an essential role in mediating the oncogenic stimulus triggered by merlin loss, and p53 is a molecule that should be investigated for its potential in targeted drug therapy for merlin-deficient malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiye Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Hongsai Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Lu Xue
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Xiuhong Pang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhengjie Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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17
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Landegger LD, Sagers JE, Dilwali S, Fujita T, Sahin MI, Stankovic KM. A Unified Methodological Framework for Vestibular Schwannoma Research. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28654042 DOI: 10.3791/55827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vestibular schwannomas are the most common neoplasms of the cerebellopontine angle, making up 6-8% percent of all intracranial growths. Though these tumors cause sensorineural hearing loss in up to 95% of affected individuals, the molecular mechanisms underlying this hearing loss remain elusive. This article outlines the steps established in our laboratory to facilitate the collection and processing of various primary human tissue samples for downstream research applications integral to the study of vestibular schwannomas. Specifically, this work describes a unified methodological framework for the collection, processing, and culture of Schwann and schwannoma cells from surgical samples. This is integrated with parallel processing steps now considered essential for current research: the collection of tumor and nerve secretions, the preservation of RNA and the extraction of protein from collected tissues, the fixation of tissue for the preparation of sections, and the exposure of primary human cells to adeno-associated viruses for application to gene therapy. Additionally, this work highlights the translabyrinthine surgical approach to collect this tumor as a unique opportunity to obtain human sensory epithelium from the inner ear and perilymph. Tips to improve experimental quality are provided and common pitfalls highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas D Landegger
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School; Department of Otolaryngology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Jessica E Sagers
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Sonam Dilwali
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Takeshi Fujita
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Mehmet I Sahin
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Konstantina M Stankovic
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School; Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard Medical School;
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18
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Melloni GEM, Mazzarella L, Bernard L, Bodini M, Russo A, Luzi L, Pelicci PG, Riva L. A knowledge-based framework for the discovery of cancer-predisposing variants using large-scale sequencing breast cancer data. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:63. [PMID: 28569218 PMCID: PMC5452392 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The landscape of cancer-predisposing genes has been extensively investigated in the last 30 years with various methodologies ranging from candidate gene to genome-wide association studies. However, sequencing data are still poorly exploited in cancer predisposition studies due to the lack of statistical power when comparing millions of variants at once. METHOD To overcome these power limitations, we propose a knowledge-based framework founded on the characteristics of known cancer-predisposing variants and genes. Under our framework, we took advantage of a combination of previously generated datasets of sequencing experiments to identify novel breast cancer-predisposing variants, comparing the normal genomes of 673 breast cancer patients of European origin against 27,173 controls matched by ethnicity. RESULTS We detected several expected variants on known breast cancer-predisposing genes, like BRCA1 and BRCA2, and 11 variants on genes associated with other cancer types, like RET and AKT1. Furthermore, we detected 183 variants that overlap with somatic mutations in cancer and 41 variants associated with 38 possible loss-of-function genes, including PIK3CB and KMT2C. Finally, we found a set of 19 variants that are potentially pathogenic, negatively correlate with age at onset, and have never been associated with breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate the usefulness of a genomic-driven approach nested in a classic case-control study to prioritize cancer-predisposing variants. In addition, we provide a resource containing variants that may affect susceptibility to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio E M Melloni
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Mazzarella
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy.,Division of New Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan, Italy
| | - Loris Bernard
- Clinical Genomics Lab, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, Milano, Italy
| | - Margherita Bodini
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Russo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucilla Luzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, via Festa del Perdono 7, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Riva
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy.
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19
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Kato S, Tomson BN, Buys TPH, Elkin SK, Carter JL, Kurzrock R. Genomic Landscape of Malignant Mesotheliomas. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2498-2507. [PMID: 27507853 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the genomic landscape of malignant mesothelioma may identify novel molecular drivers of this ultra-rare disease, which can lead to an expanded roster of targeted therapies and clinical trial options for patients with mesothelioma. We examined the molecular profiles of 42 patients with malignant mesothelioma (including pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial) that were referred by clinicians to be tested in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) laboratory using next-generation sequencing (NGS; 182 or 236 genes). Among 42 patients, there were 116 alterations, with 92 being distinct. The number of genomic alterations per patient ranged from 1 to 5 (median = 3). No two patients had identical molecular portfolios. The most common aberrations were in BAP1 (BRCA1-associated protein 1; 47.6% [20/42]), NF2 (38.1% [16/42]), and CDKN2A/B (loss) (35.7% [15/42]). BAP1 alterations and CDKN2A/B loss were associated with pleural mesothelioma (OR 3.4, P = 0.059 [BAP1] [trend]; OR 5.8, P = 0.01 [CDKN2A/B]). All 42 patients had a molecular abnormality that was potentially actionable (median = three actionable alterations per patient; range, 1 to 5), and, in 40 patients (95.2%), a drug approved by the FDA was applicable. In conclusion, each individual with malignant mesothelioma harbored a unique set of genomic aberrations, suggesting that NGS-based profiling of patients will be needed if patients are to be optimally matched to cognate treatments. All 42 patients had at least one alteration that was, in theory, pharmacologically tractable. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(10); 2498-507. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Kato
- Department of Medicine, Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California.
| | | | | | | | | | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Department of Medicine, Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
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A critical role for NF2 and the Hippo pathway in branching morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12309. [PMID: 27480037 PMCID: PMC4974664 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is a complex biological process common to the development of most epithelial organs. Here we demonstrate that NF2, LATS1/2 and YAP play a critical role in branching morphogenesis in the mouse kidney. Removal of Nf2 or Lats1/2 from the ureteric bud (UB) lineage causes loss of branching morphogenesis that is rescued by loss of one copy of Yap and Taz, and phenocopied by YAP overexpression. Mosaic analysis demonstrates that cells with high YAP expression have reduced contribution to UB tips, similar to Ret−/− cells, and that YAP suppresses RET signalling and tip identity. Conversely, Yap/Taz UB-deletion leads to cyst-like branching and expansion of UB tip markers, suggesting a shift towards tip cell identity. Based on these data we propose that NF2 and the Hippo pathway locally repress YAP/TAZ activity in the UB to promote subsequent splitting of the tip to allow branching morphogenesis. Branching morphogenesis is essential for the formation of most epithelial organs. Here, the authors show that Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2), the Hippo pathway kinases LATS1 and LATS2, and the transcriptional co-activators YAP and TAZ control tip identity, RET signalling and branching morphogenesis in the mouse kidney.
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21
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Gunn-Moore FJ, Tilston-Lünel AM, Reynolds PA. Willing to Be Involved in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7070037. [PMID: 27438856 PMCID: PMC4962007 DOI: 10.3390/genes7070037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing is now a common procedure, but prior to this, screening experiments using protein baits was one of the routinely used methods that, occasionally, allowed the identification of new gene products. One such experiment uncovered the gene product called willin/human Expanded/FRMD6. Initial characterization studies found that willin bound phospholipids and was strongly co-localised with actin. However, subsequently, willin was found to be the closest human sequence homologue of the Drosophila protein Expanded (Ex), sharing 60% homology with the Ex FERM domain. This in turn suggested, and then was proven that willin could activate the Hippo signalling pathway. This review describes the increasing body of knowledge about the actions of willin in a number of cellular functions related to cancer. However, like many gene products involved in aspects of cell signalling, a convincing direct role for willin in cancer remains tantalisingly elusive, at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Gunn-Moore
- Medical and Biological Sciences Building, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
| | - Andrew M Tilston-Lünel
- Medical and Biological Sciences Building, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
| | - Paul A Reynolds
- Medical and Biological Sciences Building, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
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Rattanasinchai C, Gallo KA. MLK3 Signaling in Cancer Invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8050051. [PMID: 27213454 PMCID: PMC4880868 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8050051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) was first cloned in 1994; however, only in the past decade has MLK3 become recognized as a player in oncogenic signaling. MLK3 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) that mediates signals from several cell surface receptors including receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), chemokine receptors, and cytokine receptors. Once activated, MLK3 transduces signals to multiple downstream pathways, primarily to c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK, as well as to extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK, P38 MAPK, and NF-κB, resulting in both transcriptional and post-translational regulation of multiple effector proteins. In several types of cancer, MLK3 signaling is implicated in promoting cell proliferation, as well as driving cell migration, invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen A Gallo
- Cell and Molecular Biology program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Kato S, Lippman SM, Flaherty KT, Kurzrock R. The Conundrum of Genetic "Drivers" in Benign Conditions. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw036. [PMID: 27059373 PMCID: PMC5017937 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in deep genomic sequencing have identified a spectrum of cancer-specific passenger and driver aberrations. Clones with driver anomalies are believed to be positively selected during carcinogenesis. Accumulating evidence, however, shows that genomic alterations, such as those in BRAF, RAS, EGFR, HER2, FGFR3, PIK3CA, TP53, CDKN2A, and NF1/2, all of which are considered hallmark drivers of specific cancers, can also be identified in benign and premalignant conditions, occasionally at frequencies higher than in their malignant counterparts. Targeting these genomic drivers can produce dramatic responses in advanced cancer, but the effects on their benign counterparts are less clear. This benign-malignant phenomenon is well illustrated in studies of BRAF V600E mutations, which are paradoxically more frequent in benign nevi (∼80%) than in dysplastic nevi (∼60%) or melanoma (∼40%-45%). Similarly, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 is more commonly overexpressed in ductal carcinoma in situ (∼27%-56%) when compared with invasive breast cancer (∼11%-20%). FGFR3 mutations in bladder cancer also decrease with tumor grade (low-grade tumors, ∼61%; high-grade, ∼11%). “Driver” mutations also occur in nonmalignant settings: TP53 mutations in synovial tissue from rheumatoid arthritis and FGFR3 mutations in seborrheic keratosis. The latter observations suggest that the oncogenicity of these alterations may be tissue context–dependent. The conversion of benign conditions to premalignant disease may involve other genetic events and/or epigenetic reprogramming. Putative driver mutations can also be germline and associated with increased cancer risk (eg, germline RAS or TP53 alterations), but germline FGFR3 or NF2 abnormalities do not predispose to malignancy. We discuss the enigma of genetic “drivers” in benign and premalignant conditions and the implications for prevention strategies and theories of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Kato
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SK); Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA (SML, RK); Henri and Belinda Termeer Center for Targeted Therapies, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA (KTF)
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SK); Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA (SML, RK); Henri and Belinda Termeer Center for Targeted Therapies, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA (KTF)
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SK); Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA (SML, RK); Henri and Belinda Termeer Center for Targeted Therapies, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA (KTF)
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SK); Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA (SML, RK); Henri and Belinda Termeer Center for Targeted Therapies, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA (KTF)
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Increased expression of the immune modulatory molecule PD-L1 (CD274) in anaplastic meningioma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4704-16. [PMID: 25609200 PMCID: PMC4467109 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no effective medical treatments for WHO grade III (anaplastic) meningioma. Patients with this high-grade malignancy have a median survival of less than two years. Therapeutics that modulate the mechanisms that inhibit local immune responses in the tumor microenvironment are showing significant and durable clinical responses in patients with treatment refractory high-grade tumors. We examined the immune infiltrate of 291 meningiomas including WHO grade I-III meningiomas using immunohistochemistry and we examined the expression of PD-L1 mRNA by RNAscope in situ hybridization and PD-L1 protein by immunohistochemistry. In meningioma, the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes are predominantly T cells. In anaplastic meningioma, there is a sharp decrease in the number of T cells, including the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and cells expressing PD-1 and there is also an increase in the number of FOXP3 expressing immunoregulatory (Treg) cells. PD-L1 expression is increased in anaplastic meningioma – both mRNA and protein. Using patient derived meningioma cell, we confirm that PD-L1 is expressed in meningioma cells themselves, and not solely in infiltrating immune cells. This work indicates that high-grade meningioma harbor an immunosuppressive tumor microenviroment and that increased Treg cells and elevated PD-L1 may contribute to the aggressive phenotype of these tumors.
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Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a relatively common tumour predisposition syndrome related to germline aberrations of NF1, a tumour suppressor gene. The gene product neurofibromin is a negative regulator of the Ras cellular proliferation pathway, and also exerts tumour suppression via other mechanisms. Recent next-generation sequencing projects have revealed somatic NF1 aberrations in various sporadic tumours. NF1 plays a critical role in a wide range of tumours. NF1 alterations appear to be associated with resistance to therapy and adverse outcomes in several tumour types. Identification of a patient's germline or somatic NF1 aberrations can be challenging, as NF1 is one of the largest human genes, with a myriad of possible mutations. Epigenetic factors may also contribute to inadequate levels of neurofibromin in cancer cells. Clinical trials of NF1-based therapeutic approaches are currently limited. Preclinical studies on neurofibromin-deficient malignancies have mainly been on malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour cell lines or xenografts derived from NF1 patients. However, the emerging recognition of the role of NF1 in sporadic cancers may lead to the development of NF1-based treatments for other tumour types. Improved understanding of the implications of NF1 aberrations is critical for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Oh JE, Ohta T, Satomi K, Foll M, Durand G, McKay J, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Mittelbronn M, Brokinkel B, Paulus W, Ohgaki H. Alterations in the NF2/LATS1/LATS2/YAP Pathway in Schwannomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:952-9. [PMID: 26360373 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwannomas are benign nerve sheath tumors composed of well-differentiated Schwann cells. Other than frequent NF2 (neurofibromatosis type 2) mutations (50%-60%), their molecular pathogenesis is not fully understood. LATS1 and LATS2 are downstream molecules of NF2 and are negative regulators of the yes-associated protein (YAP) oncogene in the Hippo signaling pathway. We assessed mutations of the NF2, LATS1, and LATS2 genes, promoter methylation of LATS1 and LATS2, and expression of YAP and phosphorylated YAP in 82 cases of sporadic schwannomas. Targeted sequencing using the Ion Torrent Proton instrument revealed NF2 mutations in 45 cases (55%), LATS1 mutations in 2 cases (2%), and LATS2 mutations in 1 case (1%) of schwannoma. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction showed promoter methylation of LATS1 and LATS2 in 14 cases (17%) and 25 cases (30%), respectively. Overall, 62 cases (76%) had at least 1 alteration in the NF2, LATS1, and/or LATS2 genes. Immunohistochemistry revealed nuclear YAP expression in 18 of 42 cases of schwannoma (43%) and reduced cytoplasmic phosphorylated YAP expression in 15 of 49 cases of schwannoma (31%), all of which had at least 1 alteration in the NF2, LATS1, and/or LATS2 genes. These results suggest that an abnormal Hippo signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of most sporadic schwannomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Oh
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (JEO, TO, KS, MF, GD, JM, FCK, HO); Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany (MM); and Department of Neurosurgery (BB) and Institute of Neuropathology (WP), University Hospital Munster, Munster, Germany
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Merlin Isoforms 1 and 2 Both Act as Tumour Suppressors and Are Required for Optimal Sperm Maturation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129151. [PMID: 26258444 PMCID: PMC4530865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor Merlin, encoded by the gene NF2, is frequently mutated in the autosomal dominant disorder neurofibromatosis type II, characterised primarily by the development of schwannoma and other glial cell tumours. However, NF2 is expressed in virtually all analysed human and rodent organs, and its deletion in mice causes early embryonic lethality. Additionally, NF2 encodes for two major isoforms of Merlin of unknown functionality. Specifically, the tumour suppressor potential of isoform 2 remains controversial. In this study, we used Nf2 isoform-specific knockout mouse models to analyse the function of each isoform during development and organ homeostasis. We found that both isoforms carry full tumour suppressor functionality and can completely compensate the loss of the other isoform during development and in most adult organs. Surprisingly, we discovered that spermatogenesis is strictly dependent on the presence of both isoforms. While the testis primarily expresses isoform 1, we noticed an enrichment of isoform 2 in spermatogonial stem cells. Deletion of either isoform was found to cause decreased sperm quality as observed by maturation defects and head/midpiece abnormalities. These defects led to impaired sperm functionality as assessed by decreased sperm capacitation. Thus, we describe spermatogenesis as a new Nf2-dependent process. Additionally, we provide for the first time in vivo evidence for equal tumour suppressor potentials of Merlin isoform 1 and isoform 2.
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Karsy M, Guan J, Sivakumar W, Neil JA, Schmidt MH, Mahan MA. The genetic basis of intradural spinal tumors and its impact on clinical treatment. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 39:E3. [DOI: 10.3171/2015.5.focus15143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alterations in the cells of intradural spinal tumors can have a significant impact on the treatment options, counseling, and prognosis for patients. Although surgery is the primary therapy for most intradural tumors, radiochemothera-peutic modalities and targeted interventions play an ever-evolving role in treating aggressive cancers and in addressing cancer recurrence in long-term survivors. Recent studies have helped delineate specific genetic and molecular differences between intradural spinal tumors and their intracranial counterparts and have also identified significant variation in therapeutic effects on these tumors. This review discusses the genetic and molecular alterations in the most common intradural spinal tumors in both adult and pediatrie patients, including nerve sheath tumors (that is, neurofibroma and schwannoma), meningioma, ependymoma, astrocytoma (that is, low-grade glioma, anaplastic astrocytoma, and glioblastoma), hemangioblastoma, and medulloblastoma. It also examines the genetics of metastatic tumors to the spinal cord, arising either from the CNS or from systemic sources. Importantly, the impact of this knowledge on therapeutic options and its application to clinical practice are discussed.
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29
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Li Y, Zhou H, Li F, Chan SW, Lin Z, Wei Z, Yang Z, Guo F, Lim CJ, Xing W, Shen Y, Hong W, Long J, Zhang M. Angiomotin binding-induced activation of Merlin/NF2 in the Hippo pathway. Cell Res 2015; 25:801-17. [PMID: 26045165 PMCID: PMC4493278 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor Merlin/NF2 functions upstream of the core Hippo pathway kinases Lats1/2 and Mst1/2, as well as the nuclear E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4(DCAF1). Numerous mutations of Merlin have been identified in Neurofibromatosis type 2 and other cancer patients. Despite more than two decades of research, the upstream regulator of Merlin in the Hippo pathway remains unknown. Here we show by high-resolution crystal structures that the Lats1/2-binding site on the Merlin FERM domain is physically blocked by Merlin's auto-inhibitory tail. Angiomotin binding releases the auto-inhibition and promotes Merlin's binding to Lats1/2. Phosphorylation of Ser518 outside the Merlin's auto-inhibitory tail does not obviously alter Merlin's conformation, but instead prevents angiomotin from binding and thus inhibits Hippo pathway kinase activation. Cancer-causing mutations clustered in the angiomotin-binding domain impair angiomotin-mediated Merlin activation. Our findings reveal that angiomotin and Merlin respectively interface cortical actin filaments and core kinases in Hippo signaling, and allow construction of a complete Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Li
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fengzhi Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Siew Wee Chan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61, Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- 1] Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong, China [2] Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fusheng Guo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61, Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Chun Jye Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61, Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Wancai Xing
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuequan Shen
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61, Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Jiafu Long
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- 1] Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong, China [2] Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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30
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A rare cause of hearing loss in a child. JAAPA 2015; 28:32-7. [PMID: 25802938 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000459814.17285.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 is a rare genetic disease affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems and characterized by schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas. Prompt symptom recognition, diagnosis, and proper referrals can increase treatment effectiveness and decrease the mortality risk of this life-threatening disease.
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31
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Wheler JJ, Parker BA, Lee JJ, Atkins JT, Janku F, Tsimberidou AM, Zinner R, Subbiah V, Fu S, Schwab R, Moulder S, Valero V, Schwaederle M, Yelensky R, Miller VA, Stephens MPJ, Meric-Bernstam F, Kurzrock R. Unique molecular signatures as a hallmark of patients with metastatic breast cancer: implications for current treatment paradigms. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2349-54. [PMID: 24811890 PMCID: PMC4058010 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our analysis of the tumors of 57 women with metastatic breast cancer with next generation sequencing (NGS) demonstrates that each patient's tumor is unique in its molecular fingerprint. We observed 216 somatic aberrations in 70 different genes, including 131 distinct aberrations. The most common gene alterations (in order of decreasing frequency) included: TP53, PIK3CA, CCND1, MYC, HER2 (ERBB2), MCL1, PTEN, FGFR1, GATA3, NF1, PIK3R1, BRCA2, EGFR, IRS2, CDH1, CDKN2A, FGF19, FGF3 and FGF4. Aberrations included mutations (46%), amplifications (45%), deletions (5%), splices (2%), truncations (1%), fusions (0.5%) and rearrangements (0.5%), with multiple distinct variants within the same gene. Many of these aberrations represent druggable targets, either through direct pathway inhibition or through an associated pathway (via ‘crosstalk’). The ‘molecular individuality’ of these tumors suggests that a customized strategy, using an “N-of-One” model of precision medicine, may represent an optimal approach for the treatment of patients with advanced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Wheler
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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32
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Chiarini F, Evangelisti C, McCubrey JA, Martelli AM. Current treatment strategies for inhibiting mTOR in cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 36:124-35. [PMID: 25497227 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a Ser/Thr kinase that regulates a wide range of functions, including cell growth, proliferation, survival, autophagy, metabolism, and cytoskeletal organization. mTOR activity is dysregulated in several human disorders, including cancer. The crucial role of mTOR in cancer cell biology has stimulated interest in mTOR inhibitors, placing mTOR on the radar of the pharmaceutical industry. Several mTOR inhibitors have already undergone clinical trials for treating tumors, without great success, although mTOR inhibitors are approved for the treatment of some types of cancer, including advanced renal cell carcinoma. However, the role of mTOR inhibitors in cancer treatment continues to evolve as new compounds are continuously being disclosed. Here we review the three classes of mTOR inhibitors currently available for treating cancer patients. Moreover, we highlight efforts to identify markers of resistance and sensitivity to mTOR inhibition that could prove useful in the emerging field of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chiarini
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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