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Risk Factors for Failure of Direct Oral Feeding Following a Totally Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103616. [PMID: 34684617 PMCID: PMC8539606 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown that directly starting oral feeding (DOF) from postoperative day one (POD1) after a totally minimally invasive Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy (MIE-IL) can further improve postoperative outcomes. However, in some patients, tube feeding by a preemptively placed jejunostomy is necessary. This single-center cohort study investigated risk factors associated with failure of DOF in patients that underwent a MIE-IL between October 2015 and April 2021. A total of 165 patients underwent a MIE-IL, in which DOF was implemented in the enhanced recovery after surgery program. Of these, 70.3% (n = 116) successfully followed the nutritional protocol. In patients in which tube feeding was needed (29.7%; n = 49), female sex (compared to male) (OR 3.5 (95% CI 1.5–8.1)) and higher ASA scores (III + IV versus II) (OR 2.2 (95% CI 1.0–4.8)) were independently associated with failure of DOF for any cause. In case of failure, this was either due to a postoperative complication (n = 31, 18.8%) or insufficient caloric intake on POD5 (n = 18, 10.9%). In the subgroup of patients with complications, higher ASA scores (OR 2.8 (95% CI 1.2–6.8)) and histological subtypes (squamous-cell carcinoma versus adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated) (OR 5.2 (95% CI 1.8–15.1)) were identified as independent risk factors. In the subgroup of patients with insufficient caloric intake, female sex was identified as a risk factor (OR 5.8 (95% CI 2.0–16.8)). Jejunostomy-related complications occurred in 17 patients (10.3%). In patients with preoperative risk factors, preemptively placing a jejunostomy may be considered to ensure that nutritional goals are met.
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Porphyromonas gingivalis infection exacerbates oesophageal cancer and promotes resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:433-444. [PMID: 33981017 PMCID: PMC8329259 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) infection on oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) prognosis, chemotherapeutic efficacy, and oesophageal cancer cell apoptosis resistance and proliferation remain poorly understood. METHODS Clinicopathological data from 312 ESCC oesophagectomy patients, along with the computed tomography imaging results and longitudinal cancerous tissue samples from a patient subset (n = 85) who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), were analysed. Comparison of overall survival and response rate to NACT between Pg-infected and Pg-uninfected patients was made by multivariate Cox analysis and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours v.1.1 criteria. The influence of Pg on cell proliferation and drug-induced apoptosis was examined in ESCC patients and validated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The 5-year overall survival was lower in Pg-positive patients, and infection was associated with multiple clinicopathological factors and pathologic tumour, node, metastasis stage. Of the 85 patients who received NACT, Pg infection was associated with a lower response rate and 5-year overall survival. Infection with Pg resulted in apoptosis resistance in ESCC and promoted ESCC cell viability, which was confirmed in longitudinal cancerous tissue samples. Pg-induced apoptosis resistance was dependent on fimbriae and STAT3. CONCLUSIONS Pg infection is associated with a worse ESCC prognosis, reduced chemotherapy efficacy, and can potentiate the aggressive behaviour of ESCC cells.
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Suzuki T, Ishibashi Y, Tsujimoto H, Nomura S, Kouzu K, Itazaki Y, Sugihara T, Harada M, Ito N, Sugasawa H, Kishi Y, Ueno H. A Novel Systemic Inflammatory Score Combined With Immunoinflammatory Markers Accurately Reflects Prognosis in Patients With Esophageal Cancer. In Vivo 2021; 34:3705-3711. [PMID: 33144487 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To establish a novel systemic inflammatory score (SIS) combined with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) and to validate its prognostic value and relation with serum cytokine levels in patients who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer (EC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Preoperative NLR, PLR, and CAR were evaluated in 102 patients undergoing esophageal resection for EC from 2009 to 2014. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves censored for 5-year survival were plotted to determine the cutoff values of each measure. Each measure was scored 1 if it was above the cutoff value (NLR >3.12, PLR >230, and CAR >0.085) and scored 0 if it was below that. The SIS was defined as the sum of these values and was divided into the two groups: High SIS (SIS=2-3) and low SIS (SIS=0-1). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the prognostic significance. The area under the ROCs (AUROC) was compared to verify the discriminative power of survival prediction. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between SIS and perioperative serum interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels. RESULTS In the clinicopathological findings, only tumor depth was significantly related to SIS (p=0.004). At 0.732, the AUROC of SIS was the highest (NLR=0.618, PLR=0.545), and CAR=0.712). The high-SIS group had a significantly poorer prognosis than the low-SIS group (p=0.011). SIS was identified as an independent prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis (hazard ratio=1.96, 95% confidence intervaI=1.11-3.41, p=0.020). The preoperative serum interleukin-6 level was significantly low (p=0.046) and postoperative serum interleukin-10 level was significantly high in the high-SIS group (p=0.047). CONCLUSION SIS was a superior predictor of prognosis compared with existing immunoinflammatory markers and closely reflected the fluctuation of peripheral inflammatory cytokines in patients with EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Suzuki
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishibashi
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Shinsuke Nomura
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keita Kouzu
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yujiro Itazaki
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takao Sugihara
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Manabu Harada
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nozomi Ito
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Sugasawa
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoji Kishi
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Wang Y, Wang F. Postoperative Radiotherapy for Thoracic Esophageal Carcinoma with Upfront R0 Esophagectomy. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:13023-13032. [PMID: 33376396 PMCID: PMC7755334 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s286074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidisciplinary therapies can improve the survival of patients with locally advanced esophageal carcinoma. However, the determination of the optimal modality is still a controversial subject. Many randomized controlled trials in the late 20th century showed that there was no survival benefit when postoperative radiotherapy was added to surgery for esophageal carcinoma. As a result, the treatment modality shifted thereafter to neoadjuvant therapies. Even so, these trials are criticized for many limitations and an increasing number of studies (mainly nonrandomized controlled trials) has indicated that postoperative radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy can improve the survival of patients with a poor prognosis after R0 esophagectomy. Additionally, a large number of patients with locally advanced esophageal carcinoma still choose upfront surgery in the clinical practice due to many reasons. Therefore, postoperative radiotherapy seems to be a feasible treatment for these patients with a poor prognosis, particularly in the new era of conformal radiotherapy. Here, we review published studies on postoperative radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy, and we discuss the clinical issues related to postoperative radiotherapy, such as the indication, target volume, total radiation dosage, time interval and complications of postoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy, to make recommendations of postoperative radiotherapy for both current practice and future research in esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Feng JF, Wang L, Yang X, Jiang YH. Prognostic value of lactate dehydrogenase to albumin ratio (LAR) in patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:7243-7251. [PMID: 31447584 PMCID: PMC6683178 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s208320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We firstly identified a combination of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) along with albumin (ALB), which was defined as LAR (LDH/ALB ratio). The purpose of our study here was initially to explore the prognostic role of LAR in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) undergoing esophagectomy. Patients and methods A retrospective study was conducted including 346 resectable ESCC patients. Patients who received curative surgery without any neoadjuvant therapy were included in the current study. The X-tile program was performed to calculate the optimal cut-off values for LDH, ALB and LAR. The Kaplan-Meier methods, Cox regression univariate and multivariate analyses were utilized to analyze the prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival (CSS). Results There were 76 (22.0%) women and 270 (78.0%) men in all 346 patients. The mean value for serum LDH, ALB and LAR were 180±62 U/L (range 28-473 U/L), 40.3±5.3 g/L (range 26.6-52.4 g/L) and 4.6±1.8 (range 0.64-14.97), respectively. According to the X-tile program, the optimum cut-off points were 220 (U/L), 40.5 (g/L), and 5.5 for LDH, ALB, and LAR, respectively. The 5-year CSS was 31.8%. Patients with a high level of LAR (>5.5) were associated with poor CSS (13.3% vs 38.3%, P<0.001). Multivariate analyses revealed that LAR was an independent predictor in resectable ESCC patients (P=0.038). Conclusion Our retrospective observations indicate that LAR is a useful potential prognostic biomarker in resectable ESCC patients who received curative surgery without any neoadjuvant therapy with the optimal cut-off value of 5.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Feng Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Hua Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310022, People's Republic of China
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De Bondt C, Psallidas I, Van Schil PEY, van Meerbeeck JP. Combined modality treatment in mesothelioma: a systemic literature review with treatment recommendations. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2018; 7:562-573. [PMID: 30450295 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2018.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In spite of recent progress, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) remains synonymous with poor prognosis. A selected minority (<10%) of patients is eligible for a radical treatment with a combination of systemic chemotherapy (CT) and/or surgery and/or radiotherapy (RT), in an effort to maintain locoregional tumor control after achieving a macroscopically complete resection (MCR). However, as of yet there is no standard of care for this so-called multimodality treatment. As its potential gain is still limited (approximately one year added to overall survival), we must balance its efficacy with its cumulative toxicity. Several combined modality treatment trials are currently ongoing using novel techniques in surgery, RT and/or CT in an attempt to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with older multimodality treatment protocols. Guidelines are following suit and are now including or mentioning this treatment option. In this systematic review, we analyze the available data in order to address the following questions: Is combined modality better than single modality? What is the optimal regimen within each modality? What is the optimal sequence of combined modality?
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte De Bondt
- Department Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Psallidas
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul E Y Van Schil
- Department Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan P van Meerbeeck
- Department Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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Zhang R, Zhou F, Cheng L, Yu A, Zhu M, Wang M, Zhang Z, Xiang J, Wei Q. Genetic variants in nucleotide excision repair pathway predict survival of esophageal squamous cell cancer patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1553-1565. [PMID: 30035334 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of platinum-based chemotherapy (PBC) on survival of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients are inexplicit due to the varied therapeutic effects. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway plays a vital role in removing platinum-DNA adducts in tumor cells and hence may modulate the therapeutic effect and survival outcome. The present study assessed the associations of 26 potentially functional regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms (rSNPs) in nine core NER genes with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in 339 ESCC patients. We found that ERCC2 rs2097215 T and rs3916788 A, ERCC5 rs3759497 A and XPC rs3731054 C alleles were associated with unfavorable DFS. Patients carrying high-risk allele group (HRG, 5-8 risk alleles) had a significantly shorter DFS, compared with those carrying low-risk alleles (LRG, 0-4 risk alleles) [adjusted hazards ratio (HRadj ) = 1.64, 95%CI = 1.23-2.19, Padj < 0.001]. Three of these SNPs (ie, ERCC2 rs2097215 T and rs3916788 A and ERCC5 rs3759497 A) were also significantly associated with a poorer OS (HRG vs LRG: HRadj = 1.75, 95%CI = 1.23-2.47, Padj = 0.002). The expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis revealed significant genotype-expression correlations for ERCC5 rs3759497 and ERCC2 2097215 and rs3916788, which suggest regulatory roles of these SNPs. It appears that these NER variants may independently or jointly exert an impact on survival outcome of Chinese ESCC patients undergoing adjuvant platinum-based therapy. Large studies are warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxin Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University affiliated Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alexandria Yu
- Department of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyun Wang
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuanxu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqing Xiang
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Ma HF, Lv GX, Cai ZF, Zhang DH. Comparison of the prognosis of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy treatment with surgery alone in esophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:3441-3447. [PMID: 29942136 PMCID: PMC6005309 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s145063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resection remains the best treatment for carcinoma of the esophagus in terms of local control, but local recurrence and distant metastasis remain an issue after surgery. Chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) followed by surgery was associated with significantly improved survival benefit, but the effectiveness of neoadjuvant therapy in patients with resectable esophageal carcinoma remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in resectable esophageal carcinoma compared to surgery alone (SA). Methods A search for publications that compared the efficacy of CRT with SA in resectable esophageal carcinoma was conducted. After a rigorous review of the quality, the data were extracted from eligible trials. The major outcomes measures were odds ratios (ORs). The ORs with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals were the principal measure of effects. For the meta-analysis, Revman 5.3 software was used to analyze the combined pooled ORs using fixed- or random-effects models according to the heterogeneity. Results Our findings revealed that, compared with SA, neoadjuvant CRT was associated with improved overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival times, but the 3- and 5-year OS did not show a statistical difference (P≥0.05). The adjuvant chemotherapy group did not show significant improvement on reference rate and metastasis rate compared with the control group. Conclusion CRT does significantly improve progression-free survival and OS in patients with esophageal cancer compared with SA. However, further assessment is still warranted on the role of CRT in future trials with well-selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Ma
- Department of Radiotherapy, Dongyang People's Hospital, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo-Xiao Lv
- Department of Radiotherapy, Dongyang People's Hospital, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhong-Fang Cai
- Department of Radiotherapy, Dongyang People's Hospital, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Da-Hai Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Dongyang People's Hospital, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
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Zhao QT, Zhang XP, Zhang H, Duan GC. Prognostic role of platelet to lymphocyte ratio in esophageal cancer: A meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112085-112093. [PMID: 29340113 PMCID: PMC5762381 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The prognostic role of inflammation index like platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in esophageal cancer remains controversial. We evaluated the prognostic significance of PLR in esophageal cancer patients. Methods We searched databases to identify relevant literatures. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the prognostic value of PLR in patients with esophageal cancer. Results A total of 6,699 patients from 16 studies (17 cohorts) were finally enrolled in the meta-analysis. The results demonstrate that the elevated PLR predicted poorer overall survival (OS) (HR: 1.389, 95% CI: 1.161-1.663) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR: 1.404, 95% CI: 1.169-1.687) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) (HR: 1.686, 95% CI: 1.146-2.480) in patients with esophageal cancer. Subgroup analysis revealed that the elevated PLR was also associated with poor OS in esophageal cancer treated by surgery (HR: 1.492, 95%CI: 1.149-1.938, P<0.05) and mixed treatment (HR: 1.222, 95%CI: 1.009-1.479, P<0.05). In addition, PLR Cut-off value≤160 (HR: 1.484, 95%CI: 1.088-2.024, P<0.05) and PLR Cut-off value>160 (HR: 1.391, 95%CI: 1.161-1.666, P<0.05). Conclusion This meta-analysis result suggested that PLR might be a significant predicative biomarker of poor prognosis for esophageal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Tao Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, PR China
| | - Xiao-Peng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, PR China
| | - Guo-Chen Duan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, PR China
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