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Lyu C, Yin X, Li Z, Wang T, Xu R. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:118. [PMID: 38833040 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-024-01382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin D acts through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and vitamin D level decreases in multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in VDR alter its functions to affect the vitamin D status. This raises the question of whether VDR gene polymorphisms are associated with MM risk, which has been investigated in case‒control studies, but the results have been inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the relationship between VDR gene polymorphisms and MM risk. The PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Scientific Journal (VIP), Wanfang Databases (WANFANG) were searched from inception to June 1, 2023, without language restriction or publication preference. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each variable were calculated. Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the source of heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using Begg' and Egger's tests, and the trim-and-fill method was used to compensate for publication bias. The correlation meta-analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0 and STATA 12.0 software. All the included studies were based on Asian populations and involved four VDR gene polymorphisms, TaqI (rs731236), ApaI (rs7975232), BsmI (rs1544410) and FokI (rs2228570). The results showed that TaqI (C vs. T: OR = 1.487, 95% CI 1.052, 2.104, P = 0.025; CC + CT vs. TT: OR = 1.830, 95% CI 1.138, 2.944, P = 0.013), ApaI (T vs. G: OR = 1.292, 95% CI 1.101, 1.517, P = 0.002; TT vs. GG: OR = 1.600, 95% CI 1.106, 2.314, P = 0.013; TG vs. GG: OR 1.305, 95% CI 1.050, 1.622; P = 0.016; TT + TG vs. GG: OR = 1.353, 95% CI 1.103, 1.662, P = 0.004), BsmI (GG vs. AA: OR = 1.918, 95% CI 1.293, 2.844, P = 0.001; GA vs. AA: OR = 1.333, 95% CI 1.058, 1.679, P = 0.015; G vs. A: OR = 1.398, 95% CI 1.180, 1.657, P = 0.000; GG vs. AA + GA: OR = 1.686, 95% CI 1.174, 2.423, P = 0.005), and FokI (T vs. C: OR = 1.687, 95% CI 1.474, 1.931, P = 0.000; TT vs. CC: OR = 2.829, 95% CI 2.066, 3.872, P = 0.000; TC vs. CC: OR = 1.579, 95% CI 1.304, 1.913, P = 0.000, TT + TC vs. CC: OR = 1.771, 95% CI 1.477, 2.125, P = 0.000; TT vs. CC + TC: OR = 2.409, 95% CI 1.814, 3.200, P = 0.000) are associated with MM risk. VDR gene polymorphisms including ApaI, BsmI, TaqI, and FokI are associated with MM risk in Asian populations. Additional studies with large sample sizes and different ethnicities are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Lyu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewei Yin
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zonghong Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirong Xu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Hematology of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Health Commission, Institute of Hematology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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Cheah S, English DR, Harrison SJ, Vajdic CM, Giles GG, Milne RL. Sunlight, vitamin D, vitamin D receptor polymorphisms, and risk of multiple myeloma: A systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol 2023; 87:102488. [PMID: 37976630 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2023.102488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review examines the relationship with multiple myeloma (MM) risk for sunlight and vitamin D related exposures, including vitamin D supplementation, circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, personal ultraviolet B radiation exposure, ambient solar irradiance and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms We conducted a search for terms related to multiple myeloma, vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, ultraviolet radiation, sunlight, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) using Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane CENTRAL. Studies were assessed for risk of bias and quality using the RoB 2.0, ROBINS-E or Q-Genie tools. We identified 13 eligible studies: one randomised controlled trial, two cohort studies, and ten case-control studies, including one nested case-control study and one meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. We conducted a qualitative synthesis; quantitative synthesis was not appropriate due to study heterogeneity and the small number of studies identified. There was insufficient evidence to support an effect of any sunlight or vitamin D related exposure on MM risk. No polymorphisms in VDR were found to be strongly related to risk for people of European ancestry. Of the identified studies, many had high risk of bias or were of lower quality. Few studies have investigated the association between sunlight and vitamin D related exposures and multiple myeloma risk. The scarcity of high-quality studies makes it difficult to evaluate potential effects of these exposures on MM risk. Further research is necessary to investigate the influence of vitamin D related exposures on risk of multiple myeloma..
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cheah
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, 200 Victoria Parade, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Dallas R English
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, 200 Victoria Parade, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Simon J Harrison
- Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Dept of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Claire M Vajdic
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, 200 Victoria Parade, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, 200 Victoria Parade, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Ismail NH, Mussa A, Al-Khreisat MJ, Mohamed Yusoff S, Husin A, Johan MF, Islam MA. The Global Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:3227. [PMID: 37513645 PMCID: PMC10386623 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the exponential growth of malignant plasma cells. Individuals diagnosed with MM exhibit a deficiency in vitamin D and may suffer fatigue, a loss of muscular strength, persistent musculoskeletal aches, and pain. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in individuals diagnosed with MM. METHODS We searched five electronic databases using relevant keywords. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the critical appraisal tool developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. We employed a random-effects model and presented the findings in the form of percentages accompanied by 95% confidence intervals (CI). This protocol has been officially registered in PROSPERO under the registration number CRD42021248710. RESULTS The meta-analysis comprised a total of eighteen studies and found that, among patients with MM, the occurrence of serum vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was 39.4% (95% CI: 25.8 to 52.9, n = 3746) and 34.1% (95% CI: 20.9 to 47.2, n = 3559), respectively. The findings indicate that a greater proportion of newly diagnosed patients exhibited vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, with rates of 43.0% and 41.6%, respectively, compared to those receiving treatment (rates of 41.6% and 32.3%, respectively). The findings of the sensitivity analyses were consistent, and most of the studies (72.2%) were deemed to be of high quality. The results of Egger's test indicated the absence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Patients diagnosed with MM have been found to exhibit significantly elevated levels of both vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. Therefore, it is recommended to consider vitamin D testing as an additional parameter in the current criteria for the clinical evaluation of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Hayati Ismail
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Ali Mussa
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman P.O. Box 382, Sudan
| | - Mutaz Jamal Al-Khreisat
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Shafini Mohamed Yusoff
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Azlan Husin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Farid Johan
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Md Asiful Islam
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Global Women's Health, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Innao V, Allegra A, Ginaldi L, Pioggia G, De Martinis M, Musolino C, Gangemi S. Reviewing the Significance of Vitamin D Substitution in Monoclonal Gammopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4922. [PMID: 34066482 PMCID: PMC8124934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that is essential for bone mineral metabolism and it has several other effects in the body, including anti-cancer actions. Vitamin D causes a reduction in cell growth by interrupting the cell cycle. Moreover, the active form of vitamin D, i.e., 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, exerts various effects via its interaction with the vitamin D receptor on the innate and adaptive immune system, which could be relevant in the onset of tumors. Multiple myeloma is a treatable but incurable malignancy characterized by the growth of clonal plasma cells in protective niches in the bone marrow. In patients affected by multiple myeloma, vitamin D deficiency is commonly correlated with an advanced stage of the disease, greater risk of progression, the development of pathological fractures, and a worse prognosis. Changes in the vitamin D receptor often contribute to the occurrence and progress of deficiencies, which can be overcome by supplementation with vitamin D or analogues. However, in spite of the findings available in the literature, there is no clear standard of care and clinical practice varies. Further research is needed to better understand how vitamin D influences outcomes in patients with monoclonal gammopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Innao
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, Division of Haematology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (V.I.); (C.M.)
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, Division of Haematology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (V.I.); (C.M.)
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.G.); (M.D.M.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.G.); (M.D.M.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, Division of Haematology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (V.I.); (C.M.)
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
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Gnagnarella P, Raimondi S, Aristarco V, Johansson H, Bellerba F, Corso F, De Angelis SP, Belloni P, Caini S, Gandini S. Ethnicity as modifier of risk for Vitamin D receptors polymorphisms: Comprehensive meta-analysis of all cancer sites. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 158:103202. [PMID: 33387627 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D receptors polymorphisms are found to be associated with several cancers. Since their prevalence vary across ethnicities and ethnicity itself seems to influence the cancer risk, a comprehensive meta-analysis was performed to investigate the role of VDR Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, Cdx2 and cancer risk at specific organ sites. Odds ratios, calculated with random-effects models, summarized one-hundred-ninety-two independent studies for twenty-two cancer sites. Evidence was provided that Fok1, Bsm1, Cdx2, Apa1 and Taq1 are linked to cancer susceptibility for colorectal, lung, ovarian, skin, multiple myeloma and brain cancer. Stratifying by ethnicity, some differences were found, partially explained by minor allele frequency (MAF), for colorectal cancer, ovarian and prostate cancer in Caucasian and prostate cancer in Asian populations. In summary, ethnicity may be a modifier of cancer risk, in particular for hormone dependent cancers and it should be considered evaluating the effect of VDR on cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Gnagnarella
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Raimondi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Aristarco
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Harriet Johansson
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Bellerba
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Corso
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Belloni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Saverio Caini
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Gandini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Increasing scientific evidence supports the link between vitamin D and cancer risk. The active metabolite 1,25(OH)2D exerts its activity by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), an intracellular receptor that mediates transcriptional activation and repression of target genes. The binding of 1,25(OH)2D to VDR is able to regulate hundreds of different genes. VDR is active in virtually all tissues including the colon, breast, lung, ovary, bone, kidney, parathyroid gland, pancreatic b-cells, monocytes, T lymphocytes, melanocytes, keratinocytes, and also cancer cells.The relevance of VDR gene restriction fragment length polymorphisms for various types of cancer has been investigated by a great number of studies.We have carried out a systematic review of the literature to analyze the relevance of more VDR polymorphisms (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, and Cdx2) for individual malignancies considering ethnicity as a key factor for heterogeneity.Up to December 2018, we identified 176 independent studies with data to assess the risk of breast, prostate, colorectal, skin (melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer), lung, ovarian, kidney, bladder, gallbladder, esophageal, thyroid, head and neck, liver and pancreatic cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma and sarcoma.Significant associations with VDR polymorphisms have been reported for prostate (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, Cdx2), breast (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, CdX2), colorectal (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1), and skin cancer (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1). Very few studies reported risk estimates for the other cancer sites.Conflicting data have been reported for most malignancies, and at present, it is still not possible to make any definitive statements about the importance of the VDR genotype for cancer risk. It seems probable that other factors such as ethnicity, phenotype, 25(OH)D plasma levels, and UV radiation exposure play a role as confounding factors and introduce heterogeneity.To conclude, there is some indication that VDR polymorphisms may modulate the risk of some cancer sites and in future studies VDR genetic variation should be integrated also with assessment of vitamin D status and stratified by ethnicity.
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Incidence and Risk Factors of Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Multiple Myeloma Patients Undergoing Dexamethasone-Based Regimens. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7126982. [PMID: 32509867 PMCID: PMC7246411 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7126982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the incidence and risk factors for osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) in multiple myeloma (MM) patients undergoing dexamethasone-based regimens (DBRs). Methods A retrospective study was conducted in MM patients administered DBRs between December 2012 and April 2015. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were extracted to compare between two groups. Incidence of ONFH were calculated and risk factors identified by both univariate and multivariate analysis. Results The study group comprised 105 patients undergoing DBRs. Seven patients with ONFH after DBRs were classified as the ONFH group, and the other 98 patients without ONFH were included in the non-ONFH group. Incidence of ONFH was 6.7%. Median age of developing ONFH was 51 years (45-64), and the male to female ratio was 6 : 1. A total of 12 femoral heads were involved, including unilateral in 2 patients and bilateral in 5 patients. After the multivariate analysis, four risk factors were confirmed including male, younger age, cumulative dose of dexamethasone, and hyperlipidemia. Conclusion The overall incidence of ONFH in MM patients treated with DBRs is 6.7%, and 4 risk factors are confirmed including male, younger age, cumulative dose of dexamethasone, and hyperlipidemia in our study.
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Kumar R, Gupta N, Singh V, Kumar V, Haq A, Mirza AA, Sharma A. Unveiling molecular associations of polymorphic variants of VDR gene (FokI, BsmI and ApaI) in multiple myeloma patients of Indian population. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105588. [PMID: 32004705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy frequently accompanied with skeletal co-morbidity. Vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) is an important mediator of skeletal homeostasis that mediates its effect by binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR), a steroid family receptor and modulates various downstream pathways. Multiple polymorphisms have been determined in VDR gene that witnessed significant association with cancer development and progression. Therefore, in this maiden study, we recruited 75 newly diagnosed MM patients and 75 control subjects. 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were measured in all recruited study subjects. Further, PCR-RFLP was performed in DNA samples of recruited study subjects. Results demonstrated significantly decreased 25(OH)D levels in MM patients compared to controls. Additionally, decreased 25(OH)D levels in MM patients inversely associated with disease severity. Further, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of VDR gene showed significantly higher risk of MM disease development in Ff + ff, Aa + aa, and Bb + bb genotypes. Additionally, FokI f, ApaI a and BsmI b alleles were significantly associated with MM occurrence. In conclusion, this study provided initial evidences of association between 25(OH)D insufficiency, VDR gene polymorphism and MM development. Thus, we suggest that a study involving assessment of 25(OH)D levels and VDR gene polymorphism in large patients' cohort might substantiate their role in MM development which would further provide impetus to give 25(OH)D supplementation along with conventional chemotherapeutic agents for myeloma treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Vishwajeet Singh
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Vimal Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Afrozul Haq
- Department of Food Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | - Anissa Atif Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.
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