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Kanev PB, Varhoshkova S, Georgieva I, Lukarska M, Kirova D, Danovski G, Stoynov S, Aleksandrov R. A unified mechanism for PARP inhibitor-induced PARP1 chromatin retention at DNA damage sites in living cells. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114234. [PMID: 38758646 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPis) not only suppress PARP1 catalytic activity but also prolong its association to damaged chromatin. Here, through live-cell imaging, we quantify the alterations in PARP1 dynamics and activity elicited by seven PARPis over a wide range of concentrations to deliver a unified mechanism of PARPi-induced PARP1 chromatin retention. We find that gross PARP1 retention at DNA damage sites is jointly governed by catalytic inhibition and allosteric trapping, albeit in a strictly independent manner-catalytic inhibition causes multiple unproductive binding-dissociation cycles of PARP1, while allosteric trapping prolongs the lesion-bound state of PARP1 to greatly increase overall retention. Importantly, stronger PARP1 retention produces greater temporal shifts in downstream DNA repair events and superior cytotoxicity, highlighting PARP1 retention, a complex but precisely quantifiable characteristic of PARPis, as a valuable biomarker for PARPi efficacy. Our approach can be promptly repurposed for interrogating the properties of DNA-repair-targeting compounds beyond PARPis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar-Bogomil Kanev
- Laboratory of Genomic Stability, Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl.21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sylvia Varhoshkova
- Laboratory of Genomic Stability, Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl.21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Irina Georgieva
- Transmembrane Signaling Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl.21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Lukarska
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dilyana Kirova
- Laboratory of Genomic Stability, Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl.21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Danovski
- Laboratory of Genomic Stability, Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl.21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stoyno Stoynov
- Laboratory of Genomic Stability, Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl.21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Radoslav Aleksandrov
- Laboratory of Genomic Stability, Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl.21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Zhang Y, Liang L, Li Z, Huang Y, Jiang M, Zou B, Xu Y. Polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase inhibitors: advances, implications, and challenges in tumor radiotherapy sensitization. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1295579. [PMID: 38111536 PMCID: PMC10726039 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1295579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) is a key modifying enzyme in cells, which participates in single-strand break repair and indirectly affects double-strand break repair. PARP inhibitors have shown great potential in oncotherapy by exploiting DNA damage repair pathways, and several small molecule PARP inhibitors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treating various tumor types. PARP inhibitors not only have significant antitumor effects but also have some synergistic effects when combined with radiotherapy; therefore they have potential as radiation sensitizers. Here, we reviewed the advances and implications of PARP inhibitors in tumor radiotherapy sensitization. First, we summarized the multiple functions of PARP and the mechanisms by which its inhibitors exert antitumor effects. Next, we discuss the immunomodulatory effects of PARP and its inhibitors in tumors. Then, we described the theoretical basis of using PARP inhibitors in combination with radiotherapy and outlined their importance in oncological radiotherapy. Finally, we reviewed the current challenges in this field and elaborated on the future applications of PARP inhibitors as radiation sensitizers. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanism, optimal dosing, long-term safety, and identification of responsive biomarkers remain key challenges to integrating PARP inhibition into the radiotherapy management of cancer patients. Therefore, extensive research in these areas would facilitate the development of precision radiotherapy using PARP inhibitors to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijie Liang
- Division of Head & Neck Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Division of Head & Neck Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingwen Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Xue Q, Enyang W, Tingting G, Xiaolin M, Qipeng M, Song G. Anti-tumour and radiosensitising effects of PARP inhibitor on cervical cancer xenografts. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2023; 43:2171783. [PMID: 36786286 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2023.2171783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the radiosensitising effect of niraparib; a poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor on HeLa cervical cancer cells in nude mice and explored its possible mechanism. Twenty-four 3-5-week-old female BALB/c nude mice, inoculated with HeLa cells into the right hind leg, were randomly assigned into eight groups with three mice per group and treated. The tumour volume was significantly reduced under niraparib + radiotherapy combination as compared to monotherapy and untreated mice. The tumour growth was significantly delayed by 23.33-39 days when treated with combination therapy (p<.05). Further, univariate analysis revealed prolonged time for tumour growth when radiotherapy was followed by niraparib (I.G.) rather than niraparib (I.P.) (p=.003). Combination therapy reduced levels of PARP-1 precursor, PARP-1 splicer, PAR and RAD51 protein with high expression of γ-H2AX/CC3 and low expression of Ki-67. Niraparib in combination with radiotherapy can enhance the formation of DNA double strand breaks in HeLa cells and up regulate the expression of γ-H2AX/CC3.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Asia has the highest incidence of cervical cancer (58.2%). Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are family of enzymes involved in single-strand break (SSB) and double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways. Niraparib is an effective inhibitor of both PARP-1 and PARP-2 and has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.What the results of this study add? Our study demonstrated that the combination of niraparib and radiotherapy can significantly enhance the cytotoxicity induced by radiotherapy. The inhibition effect of radiotherapy combined with niraparib on the tumour growth of mice was prominent, thereby establishing the radio-sensitisation activity of niraparib.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Niraparib can improve the cytotoxic effect of radiotherapy by increasing the formation of DSBs and up regulating the expression of apoptotic protein in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wang Enyang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gong Tingting
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ma Xiaolin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ma Qipeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gao Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Sun C, Chu A, Song R, Liu S, Chai T, Wang X, Liu Z. PARP inhibitors combined with radiotherapy: are we ready? Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1234973. [PMID: 37954854 PMCID: PMC10637512 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1234973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PARP was an enzyme found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that played a crucial role in repairing damaged DNA. Recently, PARP inhibitors have demonstrated great potential in cancer treatment. Thus, the FDA has approved several small-molecule PARP inhibitors for cancer maintenance therapy. The combination of PARP inhibitors and radiotherapy relies on synthetic lethality, taking advantage of the flaws in DNA repair pathways to target cancer cells specifically. Studies conducted prior to clinical trials have suggested that the combination of PARP inhibitors and radiotherapy can enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation, intensify DNA damage, and trigger cell death. Combining radiotherapy with PARP inhibitors in clinical trials has enhanced the response rate and progression-free survival of diverse cancer patients. The theoretical foundation of PARP inhibitors combined with radiotherapy is explained in detail in this article, and the latest advances in preclinical and clinical research on these inhibitors for tumor radiotherapy are summarized. The problems in the current field are recognized in our research and potential therapeutic applications for tumors are suggested. Nevertheless, certain obstacles need to be tackled when implementing PARP inhibitors and radiotherapies in clinical settings. Factors to consider when using the combination therapy are the most suitable schedule and amount of medication, identifying advantageous candidates, and the probable adverse effects linked with the combination. The combination of radiotherapy and PARP inhibitors can greatly enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zongwen Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Li WH, Wang F, Song GY, Yu QH, Du RP, Xu P. PARP-1: a critical regulator in radioprotection and radiotherapy-mechanisms, challenges, and therapeutic opportunities. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1198948. [PMID: 37351512 PMCID: PMC10283042 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1198948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Since its discovery, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) has been extensively studied due to its regulatory role in numerous biologically crucial pathways. PARP inhibitors have opened new therapeutic avenues for cancer patients and have gained approval as standalone treatments for certain types of cancer. With continued advancements in the research of PARP inhibitors, we can fully realize their potential as therapeutic targets for various diseases. Purpose: To assess the current understanding of PARP-1 mechanisms in radioprotection and radiotherapy based on the literature. Methods: We searched the PubMed database and summarized information on PARP inhibitors, the interaction of PARP-1 with DNA, and the relationships between PARP-1 and p53/ROS, NF-κB/DNA-PK, and caspase3/AIF, respectively. Results: The enzyme PARP-1 plays a crucial role in repairing DNA damage and modifying proteins. Cells exposed to radiation can experience DNA damage, such as single-, intra-, or inter-strand damage. This damage, associated with replication fork stagnation, triggers DNA repair mechanisms, including those involving PARP-1. The activity of PARP-1 increases 500-fold on DNA binding. Studies on PARP-1-knockdown mice have shown that the protein regulates the response to radiation. A lack of PARP-1 also increases the organism's sensitivity to radiation injury. PARP-1 has been found positively or negatively regulate the expression of specific genes through its modulation of key transcription factors and other molecules, including NF-κB, p53, Caspase 3, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Conclusion: This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the physiological and pathological roles of PARP-1 and examines the impact of PARP-1 inhibitors under conditions of ionizing radiation exposure. The review also emphasizes the challenges and opportunities for developing PARP-1 inhibitors to improve the clinical outcomes of ionizing radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Li
- School of Food and Biomedicine, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Food and Biomedicine, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Gui-Yuan Song
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Qing-Hua Yu
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Rui-Peng Du
- School of Food and Biomedicine, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Xu
- School of Food and Biomedicine, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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6
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Ying S, Liu X, Guo T, Li X, Zhou M, Wang X, Zhu M, Jiang H, Gui QW. Ultrasound-assisted bromination of indazoles at the C3 position with dibromohydantoin. RSC Adv 2022; 13:581-585. [PMID: 36605629 PMCID: PMC9773018 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06867b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromoaryl compounds have attracted great attention in organic chemistry, especially for the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. Herein, we demonstrated a novel and efficient bromination protocol of indazoles via C-H bond cleavage to give site-specific 3-bromide products that could be further employed as synthetic blocks to prepare drugs. The reaction used DBDMH as a bromine source, tolerated a wide range of indazoles, and finished in 30 min under mild, ultrasound-assisted conditions. Besides, preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that this approach was not a radical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengneng Ying
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha 410082HunanP. R. China
| | - Xingru Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha 410082HunanP. R. China
| | - Tao Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha 410082HunanP. R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha 410082HunanP. R. China
| | - Min Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha 410082HunanP. R. China
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha 410082HunanP. R. China
| | - Mengxue Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha 410082HunanP. R. China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha 410082HunanP. R. China
| | - Qing-Wen Gui
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha 410082HunanP. R. China
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7
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Huart C, Fransolet M, Demazy C, Le Calvé B, Lucas S, Michiels C, Wéra AC. Taking Advantage of the Senescence-Promoting Effect of Olaparib after X-ray and Proton Irradiation Using the Senolytic Drug, ABT-263. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061460. [PMID: 35326611 PMCID: PMC8946554 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a key component of cancer treatment. Although improvements have been made over the years, radioresistance remains a challenge. For this reason, a better understanding of cell fates in response to RT could improve therapeutic options to enhance cell death and reduce adverse effects. Here, we showed that combining RT (photons and protons) to noncytotoxic concentration of PARP inhibitor, Olaparib, induced a cell line-dependent senescence-like phenotype. The senescent cells were characterized by morphological changes, an increase in p21 mRNA expression as well as an increase in senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. We demonstrated that these senescent cells could be specifically targeted by Navitoclax (ABT-263), a Bcl-2 family inhibitor. This senolytic drug led to significant cell death when combined with RT and Olaparib, while limited cytotoxicity was observed when used alone. These results demonstrate that a combination of RT with PARP inhibition and senolytics could be a promising therapeutic approach for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Huart
- Cellular Biology Research Unit (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.H.); (M.F.); (C.D.); (B.L.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Maude Fransolet
- Cellular Biology Research Unit (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.H.); (M.F.); (C.D.); (B.L.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Catherine Demazy
- Cellular Biology Research Unit (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.H.); (M.F.); (C.D.); (B.L.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Benjamin Le Calvé
- Cellular Biology Research Unit (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.H.); (M.F.); (C.D.); (B.L.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Stéphane Lucas
- Laboratory of Analysis by Nuclear Reaction (LARN), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - Carine Michiels
- Cellular Biology Research Unit (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.H.); (M.F.); (C.D.); (B.L.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Anne-Catherine Wéra
- Cellular Biology Research Unit (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.H.); (M.F.); (C.D.); (B.L.C.); (C.M.)
- Molecular Imaging, Radiation and Oncology (MIRO) Lab, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Kong Y, Xu C, Sun X, Sun H, Zhao X, He N, Ji K, Wang Q, Du L, Wang J, Zhang M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Liu Q. BLM helicase inhibition synergizes with PARP inhibition to improve the radiosensitivity of olaparib resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells by inhibiting homologous recombination repair. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 19:j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0178. [PMID: 34846107 PMCID: PMC9425185 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to investigate the radiosensitizing efficacy of the poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, olaparib, and the Bloom syndrome protein (BLM) helicase inhibitor, ML216, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Methods: Radiosensitization of NSCLC cells was assessed by colony formation and tumor growth assays. Mechanistically, the effects of ML216, olaparib, and radiation on cell and tumor proliferation, DNA damage, cell cycle, apoptosis, homologous recombination (HR) repair, and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair activity were determined. Results: Both olaparib and ML216 enhanced the radiosensitivities of olaparib-sensitive H460 and H1299 cells, which was seen as decreased surviving fractions and Rad51 foci, increased total DNA damage, and γH2AX and 53BP1 foci (P < 0.05). The expressions of HR repair proteins were remarkably decreased in olaparib-treated H460 and H1299 cells after irradiation (P < 0.05), while olaparib combined with ML216 exerted a synergistic radiosensitization effect on olaparib-resistant A549 cells. In addition to increases of double strand break (DSB) damage and decreases of Rad51 foci, olaparib combined with ML216 also increased pDNA-PKcs (S2056) foci, abrogated G2 cell cycle arrest, and induced apoptosis in A549 lung cancer after irradiation in vitro and in vivo (P < 0.05). Moreover, Western blot showed that olaparib combined with ML216 and irradiation inhibited HR repair, promoted NHEJ repair, and inactivated cell cycle checkpoint signals both in vitro and in vivo (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Taken together, these results showed the efficacy of PARP and BLM helicase inhibitors for radiosensitizing NSCLC cells, and supported the model that BLM inhibition sensitizes cells to PARP inhibitor-mediated radiosensitization, as well as providing the basis for the potential clinical development of this combination for tumors intrinsically resistant to PARP inhibitors and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Ningning He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Kaihua Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Liqing Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jinhan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Manman Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
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9
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Simić S, Zukić E, Schmermund L, Faber K, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Shortening Synthetic Routes to Small Molecule Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Employing Biocatalytic Methods. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1052-1126. [PMID: 34846124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, using enzymes for organic synthesis, has emerged as powerful tool for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The first industrial biocatalytic processes launched in the first half of the last century exploited whole-cell microorganisms where the specific enzyme at work was not known. In the meantime, novel molecular biology methods, such as efficient gene sequencing and synthesis, triggered breakthroughs in directed evolution for the rapid development of process-stable enzymes with broad substrate scope and good selectivities tailored for specific substrates. To date, enzymes are employed to enable shorter, more efficient, and more sustainable alternative routes toward (established) small molecule APIs, and are additionally used to perform standard reactions in API synthesis more efficiently. Herein, large-scale synthetic routes containing biocatalytic key steps toward >130 APIs of approved drugs and drug candidates are compared with the corresponding chemical protocols (if available) regarding the steps, reaction conditions, and scale. The review is structured according to the functional group formed in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Simić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erna Zukić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Luca Schmermund
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K Winkler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth─University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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10
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Zhang N, Gao Y, Zeng Z, Luo Y, Jiang X, Zhang J, Li J, Zhang J, Gong Y, Xie C. PARP inhibitor niraparib as a radiosensitizer promotes antitumor immunity of radiotherapy in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:1827-1837. [PMID: 33774805 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly-(ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) were reported as radiosensitizers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with wide-type epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), but the effects of radiation combined with PARPi were not investigated in EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms were not well examined. This study aimed to study the efficacy of radiation combined with niraparib in EGFR-mutated NSCLC and explore their influence on the immune system. METHODS Clone formation and apoptosis assay were conducted to explore the effects of niraparib and radiation. Immunofluorescence was conducted to detect the double-strand DNA breaks. Real-time PCR and immunoblotting were employed to evaluate the activation of STING/TBK1/TRF3 pathway and the expression levels of interferon β, CCL5 and CXCL10. Immunocompetent mice model bearing with subcutaneous Lewis lung cancer was established to confirm the results in vivo. RESULTS Niraparib and radiation were synergistic to inhibit tumor both in vitro and in vivo. Radiation plus niraparib could activate anti-tumor immunity, which appeared as increased CD8+ T lymphocytes and activated STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway. CONCLUSION PARPi not only as a radiosensitizer inhibited EGFR-mutated NSCLC tumor growth, but also cooperated with radiation to promote anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Y Gao
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Z Zeng
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Y Luo
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - X Jiang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Y Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China. .,Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - C Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China. .,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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11
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Zhang H, Zhang LQ, Yang CC, Li J, Tian XY, Li DN, Cui J, Cai JP. The high expression of NUDT5 indicates poor prognosis of breast cancer by modulating AKT / Cyclin D signaling. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245876. [PMID: 33571243 PMCID: PMC7877577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NUDIX hydrolase type 5 (NUDT5) is a kind of ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase and nucleotide metabolizing enzyme in cell metabolism. Previous studies have shown NUDT5 expression affected chromosome remodeling, involved in cell adhesion, cancer stem cell maintenance and epithelial to mesenchyme transition in breast cancer cells. Nevertheless, the role of NUDT5 in breast cancer progression and prognosis has not yet been systematically studied. This study explored the association of NUDT5 with the tumor development and poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. Our results show that the levels of NUDT5 were upregulated in breast cancer cell lines and breast tumor tissues, and the expression of NUDT5 in breast tumor tissues increased significantly when compared with adjacent non-tumorous tissues by immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays. Breast cancer patients with high NUDT5 expression had a worse prognosis than those with low expression of NUDT5. In addition, the knockdown of NUDT5 suppressed breast cancer cell lines proliferation, migration and invasion, and dramatically inhibited the AKT phosphorylation at Thr308 and expression of Cyclin D1. The opposite effects were observed in vitro following NUDT5 rescue. Our findings indicated that the high expression of NUDT5 is probably involved in the poor prognosis of breast cancer via the activation of the AKT / Cyclin D pathways, which could be a prognostic factor and potential target in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan, Beijing, P.R China
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li-Qun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R China
| | - Jin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yuan Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Ni Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ju Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Cai
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan, Beijing, P.R China
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Pesch AM, Pierce LJ, Speers CW. Modulating the Radiation Response for Improved Outcomes in Breast Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2021; 5:PO.20.00297. [PMID: 34250414 DOI: 10.1200/po.20.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Pesch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lori J Pierce
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Corey W Speers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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13
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Triple-negative breast cancer, compared with other molecular subtypes, poses particular challenges for optimizing the timing and the extent of locoregional treatments. In the past, the combination of increased rates of both locoregional and distant recurrences led to a preference of radical surgery and extensive radiation therapy; however, since the introduction of more effective chemotherapy, a sharp de-escalation in the extent of locoregional treatments followed. Current evidence confirms that less aggressive surgery in combination with tailored radiation therapy offers improved oncological outcomes combined with better quality of life. However, further research is required to optimize locoregional treatments, considering the significant heterogeneity in biological behavior and tumor response to systemic treatments.
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14
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Weigert V, Jost T, Hecht M, Knippertz I, Heinzerling L, Fietkau R, Distel LV. PARP inhibitors combined with ionizing radiation induce different effects in melanoma cells and healthy fibroblasts. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:775. [PMID: 32811446 PMCID: PMC7433076 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PARP inhibitors niraparib and talazoparib are FDA approved for special cases of breast cancer. PARP is an interesting repair protein which is frequently affected in cancer cells. We studied the combined action of talazoparib or niraparib with ionizing radiation in melanoma cells and healthy fibroblasts. Methods Homologous recombination (HR) status in six different melanoma cell lines and healthy fibroblasts was assessed. Cell cultures were treated with PARP inhibitors talazoparib or niraparib and ionizing radiation (IR). Apoptosis, necrosis and cell cycle distribution was analyzed via flow cytometry. Cell migration was studied by scratch assays. Results Studied melanoma cell cultures are HR deficient. Studied healthy fibroblasts are HR proficient. Talazoparib and niraparib have congruent effects within the same cell cultures. In all cell cultures, combined treatment increases cell death and G2/M arrest compared to IR. Combined treatment in melanoma cells distinctly increases G2/M arrest. Healthy fibroblasts are less affected by G2/M arrest. Treatment predominantly decelerates or does not modify migration. In two cell cultures migration is enhanced under the inhibitors. Conclusions Although the two PARP inhibitors talazoparib and niraparib appear to be suitable for a combination treatment with ionizing radiation in our in vitro studies, a combination treatment cannot generally be recommended. There are clear interindividual differences in the effect of the inhibitors on different melanoma cells. Therefore, the effect on the cancer cells should be studied prior to a combination therapy. Since melanoma cells increase more strongly than fibroblasts in G2/M arrest, the fractional application of combined treatment should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Weigert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Strahlenklinik, Universitätsstraße 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tina Jost
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Strahlenklinik, Universitätsstraße 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Hecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Strahlenklinik, Universitätsstraße 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ilka Knippertz
- Department of Immune Modulation, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstr. 14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucie Heinzerling
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hautkrebszentrum, Hautklinik, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Strahlenklinik, Universitätsstraße 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold V Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Strahlenklinik, Universitätsstraße 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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15
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Zhang J, Si J, Gan L, Zhou R, Guo M, Zhang H. Harnessing the targeting potential of differential radiobiological effects of photon versus particle radiation for cancer treatment. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1695-1711. [PMID: 32691425 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the major modalities for malignancy treatment. High linear energy transfer (LET) charged-particle beams, like proton and carbon ions, exhibit favourable depth-dose distributions and radiobiological enhancement over conventional low-LET photon irradiation, thereby marking a new era in high precision medicine. Tumour cells have developed multicomponent signal transduction networks known as DNA damage responses (DDRs), which initiate cell-cycle checkpoints and induce double-strand break (DSB) repairs in the nucleus by nonhomologous end joining or homologous recombination pathways, to manage ionising radiation (IR)-induced DNA lesions. DNA damage induction and DSB repair pathways are reportedly dependent on the quality of radiation delivered. In this review, we summarise various types of DNA lesion and DSB repair mechanisms, upon irradiation with low and high-LET radiation, respectively. We also analyse factors influencing DNA repair efficiency. Inhibition of DNA damage repair pathways and dysfunctional cell-cycle checkpoint sensitises tumour cells to IR. Radio-sensitising agents, including DNA-PK inhibitors, Rad51 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, ATM/ATR inhibitors, chk1 inhibitors, wee1 kinase inhibitors, Hsp90 inhibitors, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors have been found to enhance cell killing by IR through interference with DDRs, cell-cycle arrest, or other cellular processes. The cotreatment of these inhibitors with IR may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Si
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Research Center for Ecological Impacts and Environmental Health Effects of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, China
| | - Menghuan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Wang L, Cao J, Wang X, Lin E, Wang Z, Li Y, Li Y, Chen M, Wang X, Jiang B, Zhang R, Sahoo N, Zhang X, Zhu XR, Myers JN, Frank SJ. Proton and photon radiosensitization effects of niraparib, a PARP-1/-2 inhibitor, on human head and neck cancer cells. Head Neck 2020; 42:2244-2256. [PMID: 32323895 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combining photon or proton radiotherapy with targeted therapy shows promise for head and neck cancer (HNSCC). The poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase-1/2 inhibitor niraparib targets DNA damage repair (DDR). We evaluated the effects of niraparib in combination with photons or protons, and its effects on the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of protons, in human HNSCC cell lines. METHODS Radiosensitivity was assessed and RBE was calculated with clonogenic survival assays; unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks were evaluated using immunocytochemical analysis of 53BP1 foci. RESULTS Niraparib reduced colony formation in two of the four cell lines tested (P < .05), enhanced radiosensitivity in all four cell lines, delayed DDR (P < .05), and increased proton vs photon RBE. CONCLUSION Niraparib enhanced the sensitivity of four HNSCC cell lines to both photons and protons and increased the RBE of protons, possibly by inhibiting DDR. Niraparib may enhance the effectiveness of both photon and proton radiotherapy for patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianzhong Cao
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eric Lin
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zeming Wang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yupeng Li
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xianliang Wang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Narayan Sahoo
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - X Ronald Zhu
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Myers
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Steven J Frank
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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17
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Molkentine JM, Molkentine DP, Bridges KA, Xie T, Yang L, Sheth A, Heffernan TP, Clump DA, Faust AZ, Ferris R, Myers JN, Frederick MJ, Mason KA, Meyn RE, Pickering CR, Skinner HD. Targeting DNA damage response in head and neck cancers through abrogation of cell cycle checkpoints. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:1121-1128. [PMID: 32073931 PMCID: PMC7483862 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1730014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Head and neck cancers (HNSCC) are routinely treated with radiotherapy; however, normal tissue toxicity remains a concern. Therefore, it is important to validate treatment modalities combining molecularly targeted agents with radiotherapy to improve the therapeutic ratio. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of the PARP inhibitor niraparib (MK-4827) alone, or in combination with cell cycle checkpoint abrogating drugs targeting Chk1 (MK-8776) or Wee1 (MK-1775), to radiosensitize HNSCCs in the context of HPV status. MATERIALS AND METHODS PARP1, PARP2, Chk1 or Wee1 shRNA constructs were analyzed from an in vivo shRNA screen of HNSCC xenografts comparing radiosensitization differences between HPV(+) and HPV(-) tumors. Radiosensitization by niraparib alone or in combination with MK-8776 or MK-1775 was assessed by clonogenic survival in HPV(-) and HPV(+) cells; and the role of p16 in determining response was explored. Relative expressions of DNA repair genes were compared by PCR array in HPV(+) and HPV(-) cells, and following siRNA-mediated knockdown of TRIP12 in HPV(-) cells. RESULTS In vivo shRNA screening showed a modest preferential radiosensitization by Wee1 and PARP2 in HPV(-) and Chk1 in HPV(+) tumor models. Niraparib alone enhanced the radiosensitivity of all HNSCC cell lines tested. However, HPV(-) cells were sensitized to a greater degree, as suggested by the shRNA screen. When combined with MK-8776 or MK-1775, radiosensitization was further enhanced in an HPV dependent manner with HPV(+) cells enhanced by MK-8776 and HPV(-) cells enhanced by MK-1775. A PCR array for DNA repair genes showed PARP and HR proteins BRCA1 and RAD51 were much lower in HPV(+) cells than in HPV(-). Similarly, directly knocking down p16-dependent TRIP12 decreased expression of these same genes. Overexpressing p16 decreased TRIP12 expression and increased radiosensitivity in HPV(-) HN5. However, while PARP inhibition led to significant radiosensitization in the control, it led to no further significant radiosensitization in p16 overexpressing cells. Forced p16 expression in HPV(-) HN5 increased accumulation in G1 and subG1 and limited progression to S phase, thus reducing effectiveness of PARP inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Niraparib effectively radiosensitizes HNSCCs with a greater benefit seen in HPV(-). HPV status also plays a role in response to MK-8776 or MK-1775 when combined with niraparib due to differences in DNA repair mechanisms. This study suggests that using cell cycle abrogators in combination with PARP inhibitors may be a beneficial treatment option in HNSCC, but also emphasizes the importance of HPV status when considering effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Molkentine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - David P. Molkentine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Bridges
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Tongxin Xie
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Liangpeng Yang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Aakash Sheth
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Timothy P. Heffernan
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - David A. Clump
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Alma Z. Faust
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Robert Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Myers
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Frederick
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Kathryn A. Mason
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Raymond E. Meyn
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Curtis R. Pickering
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Heath D. Skinner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, USA
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18
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Chowdhury P, Dey P, De D, Ghosh U. Gamma ray-induced in vitro cell migration via EGFR/ERK/Akt/p38 activation is prevented by olaparib pretreatment. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:651-660. [PMID: 31914341 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1711461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Radiotherapy using gamma ray is still the main therapeutic modality for the treatment of various cancers. However, local recurrence and increase of metastasis after radiotherapy is still a major therapeutic challenge. Aim of this work was to check cell migration along with activity and expression of some marker proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway in three different human cancer cells after exposure with gamma radiation in combination with PARP inhibitor olaparib.Materials and methods: Here, we presented cell viability, in vitro cell migration, activity of MMPs by gelatin zymography, expression of few EMT marker proteins and the signaling cascade involved in transcriptional regulation of MMPs after gamma irradiation with and without olaparib pretreatment in highly metastatic three human cancer cell lines-A549, HeLa and U2OS.Results: We observed that gamma irradiation alone increased in vitro cell migration, MMP-2,-9 activity, expression of N-cadherin, vimentin and the signaling molecules EGFR, ERK1/2, Akt, p38 that enhanced NF-kB expression in all three cell types. Olaparib treatment alone reduced in vitro cell migration along with reduction of expression of all the above-mentioned marker proteins of the EMT pathway. However, 4 h olaparib pretreatment prevented gamma ray induced activation of all these marker proteins in all three cell types.Conclusions: This data implicates that olaparib treatment in combination with gamma therapy could be promising in protecting patients from gamma-induced metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Payel Dey
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Debapriya De
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Utpal Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
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19
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Targeting the DNA Damage Response for Radiosensitization. CANCER DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49701-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Lee TW, Wong WW, Dickson BD, Lipert B, Cheng GJ, Hunter FW, Hay MP, Wilson WR. Radiosensitization of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma lines by DNA-PK inhibitors is more effective than PARP-1 inhibition and is enhanced by SLFN11 and hypoxia. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:1597-1612. [PMID: 31490091 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1664787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose: Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP1) and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) play key roles in the repair of radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks, but it is unclear which is the preferred therapeutic target in radiotherapy. Here we compare small molecule inhibitors of both as radiosensitizers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines.Methods: Two PARP1 inhibitors (olaparib, veliparib) and two DNA-PK inhibitors (KU57788, IC87361) were tested in 14 HNSCC cell lines and two non-tumorigenic lines (HEK-293 and WI-38/Va-13), with drug exposure for 6 or 24 h post-irradiation, using regrowth assays. For three lines (UT-SCC-54C, -74B, -76B), radiosensitization was also assessed by clonogenic assay under oxia and acute (6 h) anoxia, and for 54C cells under chronic hypoxia (0.2% O2 for 48 h). Relationships between sensitizer enhancement ratios (SER) and gene expression, assessed by RNA sequencing, were evaluated.Results: The inhibitors were minimally cytotoxic in the absence of radiation, with 74B and 54C cells the most sensitive to both olaparib and KU57788. Median SER values for each inhibitor at 1.1 µM were 1.12 (range 1.02-1.24) for olaparib, 1.08 (1.04-1.13) for veliparib, 1.35 (1.10-1.64) for IC87361 and 1.77 (1.41-2.38) for KU57788. The higher SER values for the DNA-PK inhibitors were observed with all cell lines (except HEK-293) and all concentrations tested and were confirmed by clonogenic assay. Radiosensitization by the DNA-PK inhibitors correlated with expression of SLFN11 mRNA. Radiosensitization by IC87361 and olaparib was significantly enhanced under acute anoxia and chronic hypoxia.Conclusions: The DNA-PK inhibitors KU57788 and IC87361 are more effective radiosensitizers than the PARP-1 inhibitors olaparib and veliparib at non-cytotoxic concentrations in HNSCC cell cultures and their activity is enhanced by SLFN11 and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tet Woo Lee
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Way Wua Wong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin D Dickson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Lipert
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gary J Cheng
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Francis W Hunter
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William R Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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Reduction of metastatic potential by inhibiting EGFR/Akt/p38/ERK signaling pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition after carbon ion exposure is potentiated by PARP-1 inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:829. [PMID: 31438892 PMCID: PMC6704719 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon ion (12C) radiotherapy is becoming very promising to kill highly metastatic cancer cells keeping adjacent normal cells least affected. Our previous study shows that combined PARP-1 inhibition with 12C ion reduces MMP-2,-9 synergistically in HeLa cells but detailed mechanism are not clear. To understand this mechanism and the rationale of using PARP-1 inhibitor with 12C ion radiotherapy for better outcome in controlling metastasis, we investigated metastatic potential in two non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 and H1299 (p53-deficient) cells exposed with 12C ion in presence and absence of PARP-1 inhibition using siRNA or olaparib. METHODS We monitored cell proliferation, in-vitro cell migration, wound healing, expression and activity of MMP-2, - 9 in A549 and p53-deficient H1299 cell lines exposed with 12C ion with and without PARP-1 inhibitor olaparib/DPQ. Expression and phosphorylation of NF-kB, EGFR, Akt, p38, ERK was also observed in A549 and H1299 cells exposed with 12C ion with and without PARP-1 inhibition using siRNA or olaparib. We also checked expression of few marker genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways like N-cadherin, vimentin, anillin, claudin-1, - 2 in both NSCLC. To determine the generalized effect of 12C ion and olaparib in inhibition of cell's metastatic potential, wound healing and activity of MMP-2, - 9 was also studied in HeLa and MCF7 cell lines after 12C ion exposure and in combination with PARP-1 inhibitor olaparib. RESULTS Our experiments show that 12C ion and PARP-1 inhibition separately reduces cell proliferation, cell migration, wound healing, phosphorylation of EGFR, Akt, p38, ERK resulting inactivation of NF-kB. Combined treatment abolishes NF-kB expression and hence synergistically reduces MMP-2, - 9 expressions. Each single treatment reduces N-cadherin, vimentin, anillin but increases claudin-1, - 2 leading to suppression of EMT process. However, combined treatment synergistically alters these proteins to suppress EMT pathways significantly. CONCLUSION The activation pathways of transcription of MMP-2,-9 via NF-kB and key marker proteins in EMT pathways are targeted by both 12C ion and olaparib/siRNA. Hence, 12C ion radiotherapy could potentially be combined with olaparib as chemotherapeutic agent for better control of cancer metastasis.
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Wéra AC, Lobbens A, Stoyanov M, Lucas S, Michiels C. Radiation-induced synthetic lethality: combination of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and RAD51 inhibitors to sensitize cells to proton irradiation. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1770-1783. [PMID: 31238782 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1632640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although improvements in radiation therapy were made over the years, radioresistance is still a major challenge. Cancer cells are often deficient for DNA repair response, a feature that is currently exploited as a new anti-cancer strategy. In this context, combination of inhibitors targeting complementary pathways is of interest to sensitize cells to radiation. In this work, we used PARP (Olaparib) and RAD51 (B02) inhibitors to radiosensitize cancer cells to proton and X-ray radiation. More particularly, Olaparib and B02 were used at concentration leading to limited cytotoxic (alone or in combination) but increasing cell death when the cells were irradiated. We showed that, although at limited concentration, Olaparib and B02 were able to radiosensitize different cancer cell lines, i.e. lung and pancreatic cancer cells. Antagonistic, additive or synergistic effects were observed and correlated to cell proliferation rate. The inhibitors enhanced persistent DNA damage, delayed apoptosis, prolonged cell cycle arrest and senescence upon irradiation. These results demonstrated that radiation-induced synthetic lethality might widen the therapeutic window, hence extending the use of PARP inhibitors to patients without BRCAness.
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Toma M, Skorski T, Sliwinski T. DNA Double Strand Break Repair - Related Synthetic Lethality. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1446-1482. [PMID: 29421999 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180201114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a high degree of diversity between and within tumors. Our limited knowledge of their biology results in ineffective treatment. However, personalized approach may represent a milestone in the field of anticancer therapy. It can increase specificity of treatment against tumor initiating cancer stem cells (CSCs) and cancer progenitor cells (CPCs) with minimal effect on normal cells and tissues. Cancerous cells carry multiple genetic and epigenetic aberrations which may disrupt pathways essential for cell survival. Discovery of synthetic lethality has led a new hope of creating effective and personalized antitumor treatment. Synthetic lethality occurs when simultaneous inactivation of two genes or their products causes cell death whereas individual inactivation of either gene is not lethal. The effectiveness of numerous anti-tumor therapies depends on induction of DNA damage therefore tumor cells expressing abnormalities in genes whose products are crucial for DNA repair pathways are promising targets for synthetic lethality. Here, we discuss mechanistic aspects of synthetic lethality in the context of deficiencies in DNA double strand break repair pathways. In addition, we review clinical trials utilizing synthetic lethality interactions and discuss the mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Toma
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 3400 North Broad Street, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Tomasz Sliwinski
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors combined with other small-molecular compounds for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2019; 30:554-561. [PMID: 30998513 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease with complex molecular and genetic hallmarks. Benefitting from profound understanding of molecular mechanisms in ovarian cancer pathogenesis, novel targeted drugs have been actively explored in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Considered as one of the most potent and effective targeted therapies for the treatment of ovarian cancer, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPis) take advantages of synthetic lethality mechanisms to prevent DNA damage repair in cancer cells and cause their death, especially in cancers with BRCA mutations. Mounting evidence has indicated that the combination of PARPis with cytotoxic drugs or other targeted drugs has shown favorable synergistic effects. Excitingly, the antitumor activity of combination therapy of PARPis has been actively tested in multiple clinical trials and in-vitro or in-vivo experiments. In this review, we will briefly discuss the molecular mechanisms of PARPis combined with other therapeutic small-molecular compounds for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Camero S, Ceccarelli S, De Felice F, Marampon F, Mannarino O, Camicia L, Vescarelli E, Pontecorvi P, Pizer B, Shukla R, Schiavetti A, Mollace MG, Pizzuti A, Tombolini V, Marchese C, Megiorni F, Dominici C. PARP inhibitors affect growth, survival and radiation susceptibility of human alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:137-152. [PMID: 30357520 PMCID: PMC6326011 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are used in a wide range of human solid tumours but a limited evidence is reported in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most frequent childhood soft-tissue sarcoma. The cellular and molecular effects of Olaparib, a specific PARP1/2 inhibitor, and AZD2461, a newly synthesized PARP1/2/3 inhibitor, were assessed in alveolar and embryonal RMS cells both as single-agent and in combination with ionizing radiation (IR). METHODS Cell viability was monitored by trypan blue exclusion dye assays. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry, and alterations of specific molecular markers were investigated by, Real Time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence experiments. Irradiations were carried out at a dose rate of 2 Gy (190 UM/min) or 4 Gy (380 UM/min). Radiosensitivity was assessed by using clonogenic assays. RESULTS Olaparib and AZD2461 dose-dependently reduced growth of both RH30 and RD cells by arresting growth at G2/M phase and by modulating the expression, activation and subcellular localization of specific cell cycle regulators. Downregulation of phospho-AKT levels and accumulation of γH2AX, a specific marker of DNA damage, were significantly and persistently induced by Olaparib and AZD2461 exposure, this leading to apoptosis-related cell death. Both PARPi significantly enhanced the effects of IR by accumulating DNA damage, increasing G2 arrest and drastically reducing the clonogenic capacity of RMS-cotreated cells. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the combined exposure to PARPi and IR might display a role in the treatment of RMS tumours compared with single-agent exposure, since stronger cytotoxic effects are induced, and compensatory survival mechanisms are prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Camero
- Department of Paediatrics, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca De Felice
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Mannarino
- Department of Paediatrics, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Camicia
- Department of Paediatrics, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Vescarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Pontecorvi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Barry Pizer
- Department of Oncology, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP UK
| | - Rajeev Shukla
- Department of Perinatal and Paediatric Pathology, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amalia Schiavetti
- Department of Paediatrics, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Mollace
- Department of Paediatrics, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pizzuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tombolini
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Megiorni
- Department of Paediatrics, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Dominici
- Department of Paediatrics, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Hu XL, Feng JH, Pham TA, Ma HY, Ma MX, Song R, Shen W, Xiong F, Zhang XQ, Ye WC, Wang H. Identification of amentoflavone as a potent highly selective PARP-1 inhibitor and its potentiation on carboplatin in human non-small cell lung cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 50:88-98. [PMID: 30466996 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear protein poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a key enzyme in the repair of DNA and is a promising target in the development of chemosensitizers. This study first investigated the inhibitory effects of amentoflavone (AMF) and its derivatives on PARP-1 and the potentiation of AMF on carboplatin (CBP) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effect of AMF against PARP-1 and its potentiation on CBP in lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo. STUDY DESIGN The inhibitory effect of AMF on PARP-1 was investigated using molecular docking and cell-free model of PARP-1 assay. Its potentiation on CBP in lung cancer was also evaluated. METHODS Fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay was used to detect the inhibitory effects of AMF and its analogues on PARP-1. Molecular docking was employed to predict the binding mode of AMF and PARP-1. MTT assay, isobologram analysis, Hoechst staining, and Annexin V-PI double staining were used to confirm the potentiation of AMF on CBP in vitro. siRNA (PARP-1)-A549 cells were used to reveal the action target of AMF. Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and Tunnel assay were employed to evaluate the potentiation of AMF on CBP in A549 xenograft mice. RESULTS AMF and its analogues exerted excellent inhibitory effects on PARP-1 with IC50 values ranging from 0.198 μM to 0.409 μM. Docking experiment showed that AMF can stably bind to PARP-1 with a comparable binding energy to olaparib. AMF can decrease the expression of PAR induced by H2O2in vitro. AMF synergistically increased the CBP anti-proliferative effect in A549. However, its potentiation nearly disappeared when the cells were transfected with siRNAs against PARP-1. Oral administration of AMF (100 mg/kg), combined with CBP, remarkably inhibited A549 tumor growth and ki67 expression, and increased apoptosis compared with CBP-alone group. CONCLUSION All results suggest that AMF can be a potential PARP-1 inhibitor and a candidate adjuvant agent to boost the anticancer effect of CBP in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Thi-Anh Pham
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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PARP-1 inhibition with or without ionizing radiation confers reactive oxygen species-mediated cytotoxicity preferentially to cancer cells with mutant TP53. Oncogene 2018; 37:2793-2805. [PMID: 29511347 PMCID: PMC5970015 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers and mechanisms of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor-mediated cytotoxicity in tumor cells lacking a BRCA-mutant or BRCA-like phenotype are poorly defined. We sought to explore the utility of PARP-1 inhibitor (PARPi) treatment with/without ionizing radiation in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), which has poor therapeutic outcomes. We assessed the DNA damaging and cytotoxic effects of the PARPi olaparib in nine bladder cancer cell lines. Olaparib radiosensitized all cell lines with dose enhancement factors from 1.22 to 2.27. Radiosensitization was correlated with the induction of potentially lethal DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) but not with RAD51 foci formation. The ability of olaparib to radiosensitize MIBC cells was linked to the extent of cell kill achieved with drug alone. Unexpectedly, increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from PARPi treatment were the cause of DSB throughout the cell cycle in-vitro and in-vivo. ROS originated from mitochondria and were required for the radiosensitizing effects of olaparib. Consistent with the role of TP53 in ROS regulation, loss of p53 function enhanced radiosensitization by olaparib in non-isogenic and isogenic cell line models and was associated with increased PARP-1 expression in bladder cancer cell lines and tumors. Impairment of ATM in addition to p53 loss resulted in an even more pronounced radiosensitization. In conclusion, ROS suppression by PARP-1 in MIBC is a potential therapeutic target either for PARPi combined with radiation or drug alone treatment. The TP53 and ATM genes, commonly mutated in MIBC and other cancers, are candidate biomarkers of PARPi-mediated radiosensitization.
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MK-8776, a novel chk1 kinase inhibitor, radiosensitizes p53-defective human tumor cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:71660-71672. [PMID: 27690219 PMCID: PMC5342109 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is commonly used to treat a variety of solid tumors but improvements in the therapeutic ratio are sorely needed. The aim of this study was to assess the Chk1 kinase inhibitor, MK-8776, for its ability to radiosensitize human tumor cells. Cells derived from NSCLC and HNSCC cancers were tested for radiosensitization by MK-8776. The ability of MK-8776 to abrogate the radiation-induced G2 block was determined using flow cytometry. Effects on repair of radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) were determined on the basis of rad51, γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci. Clonogenic survival analyses indicated that MK-8776 radiosensitized p53-defective tumor cells but not lines with wild-type p53. Abrogation of the G2 block was evident in both p53-defective cells and p53 wild-type lines indicating no correlation with radiosensitization. However, only p53-defective cells entered mitosis harboring unrepaired DSBs. MK-8776 appeared to inhibit repair of radiation-induced DSBs at early times after irradiation. A comparison of MK-8776 to the wee1 inhibitor, MK-1775, suggested both similarities and differences in their activities. In conclusion, MK-8776 radiosensitizes tumor cells by mechanisms that include abrogation of the G2 block and inhibition of DSB repair. Our findings support the clinical evaluation of MK-8776 in combination with radiation.
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Sisay M, Edessa D. PARP inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for various cancers: focus on niraparib and its first global approval for maintenance therapy of gynecologic cancers. GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2017; 4:18. [PMID: 29214031 PMCID: PMC5706442 DOI: 10.1186/s40661-017-0055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are an important family of nucleoproteins highly implicated in DNA damage repair. Among the PARP families, the most studied are PARP1, PARP2 and PARP 3. PARP1 is found to be the most abundant nuclear enzyme under the PARP series. These enzymes are primarily involved in base excision repair as one of the major single strand break (SSB) repair mechanisms. Being double stranded, DNA engages itself in reparation of a sub-lethal SSB with the aid of PARP. Moreover, by having a sister chromatid, DNA can also repair double strand breaks with either error-free homologous recombination or error-prone non-homologous end-joining. For effective homologous recombination repair, DNA requires functional heterozygous breast cancer genes (BRCA) which encode BRCA1/2. Currently, the development of PARP inhibitors has been one of the promising breakthroughs for cancer chemotherapy. In March 2017, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved niraparib for maintenance therapy of recurrent gynecologic cancers (epithelial ovarian, primary peritoneal and fallopian tube carcinomas) which are sensitive to previous platinum based chemotherapy irrespective of BRCA mutation and homologous recombination deficiency status. It is the third drug in this class to receive FDA approval, following olaparib and rucaparib and is the first global approval for maintenance therapy of the aforementioned cancers. Niraparib preferentially blocks both PARP1 and PARP2 enzymes. The daily tolerated dose of niraparib is 300 mg, above which dose limiting grade 3 and 4 toxicities were observed. In combination with humanized antibody, pembrolizumab, it is also under investigation for those patients who have triple negative breast cancer. By and large, there are several clinical trials that are underway investigating clinical efficacy and safety, as well as other pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of this drug for various malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekonnen Sisay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O.Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Dumessa Edessa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia
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Gravells P, Neale J, Grant E, Nathubhai A, Smith KM, James DI, Bryant HE. Radiosensitization with an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase: A comparison with the PARP1/2/3 inhibitor olaparib. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 61:25-36. [PMID: 29179156 PMCID: PMC5765821 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PARG and PARP inhibition both radiosensitize. PARP and PARG inhibition both alter the DNA damage response following irradiation (IR). PARP and PARG inhibition both alter homologous recombination following IR. Only PARG inhibition induces rapid activation of non-homologous end-joining post-IR. Only inhibition of PARG causes accumulation of cells in metaphase post-IR.
Upon DNA binding the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family of enzymes (PARPs) add multiple ADP-ribose subunits to themselves and other acceptor proteins. Inhibitors of PARPs have become an exciting and real prospect for monotherapy and as sensitizers to ionising radiation (IR). The action of PARPs are reversed by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Until recently studies of PARG have been limited by the lack of an inhibitor. Here, a first in class, specific, and cell permeable PARG inhibitor, PDD00017273, is shown to radiosensitize. Further, PDD00017273 is compared with the PARP1/2/3 inhibitor olaparib. Both olaparib and PDD00017273 altered the repair of IR-induced DNA damage, resulting in delayed resolution of RAD51 foci compared with control cells. However, only PARG inhibition induced a rapid increase in IR-induced activation of PRKDC (DNA-PK) and perturbed mitotic progression. This suggests that PARG has additional functions in the cell compared with inhibition of PARP1/2/3, likely via reversal of tankyrase activity and/or that inhibiting the removal of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) has a different consequence to inhibiting PAR addition. Overall, our data are consistent with previous genetic findings, reveal new insights into the function of PAR metabolism following IR and demonstrate for the first time the therapeutic potential of PARG inhibitors as radiosensitizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Gravells
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - James Neale
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Grant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Nathubhai
- Drug and Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Somerset, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic I James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom.
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Lesueur P, Chevalier F, Austry JB, Waissi W, Burckel H, Noël G, Habrand JL, Saintigny Y, Joly F. Poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase inhibitors as radiosensitizers: a systematic review of pre-clinical and clinical human studies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69105-69124. [PMID: 28978184 PMCID: PMC5620324 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly-(ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are becoming important actors of anti-neoplasic agents landscape, with recent but narrow FDA's approvals for ovarian BRCA mutated cancers and prostatic cancer. Nevertheless, PARP inhibitors are also promising drugs for combined treatments particularly with radiotherapy. More than seven PARP inhibitors have been currently developed. Central Role of PARP in DNA repair, makes consider PARP inhibitor as potential radiosensitizers, especially for tumors with DNA repair defects, such as BRCA mutation, because of synthetic lethality. Furthermore the replication-dependent activity of PARP inhibitor helps to maintain the differential effect between tumoral and healthy tissues. Inhibition of chromatin remodeling, G2/M arrest, vasodilatory effect induced by PARP inhibitor, also participate to their radio-sensitization effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, after highlighting mechanisms of PARP inhibitors radiosensitization we methodically searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Databases and meeting proceedings for human pre-clinical and clinical studies that evaluated PARP inhibitor radiosensitizing effect. Enhancement ratio, when available, was systematically reported. RESULTS Sixty four studies finally met our selection criteria and were included in the analysis. Only three pre-clinical studies didn't find any radiosensitizing effect. Median enhancement ratio vary from 1,3 for prostate tumors to 1,5 for lung cancers. Nine phase I or II trials assessed safety data. CONCLUSION PARP inhibitors are promising radiosensitizers, but need more clinical investigation. The next ten years will be determining for judging their real potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lesueur
- Laboratoire d'Accueil et de Recherche avec les Ions Accélérés, CEA, CIMAP-GANIL, 14000 Caen, France.,Centre Francois Baclesse Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Radiotherapy Unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - François Chevalier
- Laboratoire d'Accueil et de Recherche avec les Ions Accélérés, CEA, CIMAP-GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Austry
- Laboratoire d'Accueil et de Recherche avec les Ions Accélérés, CEA, CIMAP-GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Waisse Waissi
- EA 3430, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie, Centre Paul Strauss, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Burckel
- EA 3430, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie, Centre Paul Strauss, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Georges Noël
- EA 3430, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie, Centre Paul Strauss, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Louis Habrand
- Centre Francois Baclesse Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Radiotherapy Unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Yannick Saintigny
- Laboratoire d'Accueil et de Recherche avec les Ions Accélérés, CEA, CIMAP-GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Florence Joly
- Centre Francois Baclesse Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Clinical Research Unit, 14000 Caen, France
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PARP1 inhibition radiosensitizes HNSCC cells deficient in homologous recombination by disabling the DNA replication fork elongation response. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9732-41. [PMID: 26799421 PMCID: PMC4891080 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need to develop new, more efficient therapies for head and neck cancer (HNSCC) patients. It is currently unclear whether defects in DNA repair genes play a role in HNSCCs' resistance to therapy. PARP1 inhibitors (PARPi) were found to be “synthetic lethal” in cancers deficient in BRCA1/2 with impaired homologous recombination. Since tumors rarely have these particular mutations, there is considerable interest in finding alternative determinants of PARPi sensitivity. Effectiveness of combined irradiation and PARPi olaparib was evaluated in ten HNSCC cell lines, subdivided into HR-proficient and HR-deficient cell lines using a GFP-based reporter assay. Both groups were equally sensitive to PARPi alone. Combined treatment revealed stronger synergistic interactions in the HR-deficient group. Because HR is mainly active in S-Phase, replication processes were analyzed. A stronger impact of treatment on replication processes (p = 0.04) and an increased number of radial chromosomes (p = 0.003) were observed in the HR-deficient group. We could show that radiosensitization by inhibition of PARP1 strongly correlates with HR competence in a replication-dependent manner. Our observations indicate that PARP1 inhibitors are promising candidates for enhancing the therapeutic ratio achieved by radiotherapy via disabling DNA replication processes in HR-deficient HNSCCs.
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Yuan Z, Chen J, Li W, Li D, Chen C, Gao C, Jiang Y. PARP inhibitors as antitumor agents: a patent update (2013-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:363-382. [PMID: 27841036 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1259413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION PARP inhibitors have been extensively explored as antitumor agents and have shown potent efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. They can be used in monotherapy under the synthetic lethality concept or in combination with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, inducing a synergistic effect. Areas covered: This review covers relevant efforts in the development of PARP inhibitors with a particular focus on recently patented PARP inhibitors, combination therapy involving PARP inhibitors, tumor responsiveness to PARP inhibitors as detailed in reports made from 2013 - 2015, and PARP drugs in clinical trials and other novel inhibitors that emerged in 2013 - 2015. Expert opinion: Clinical studies and applications of PARP inhibitors as antitumor agents have gained considerable recognition in the last few years. In addition to FDA-approved olaparib, an increasing number of new inhibitors have been designed and synthesized, some of which are under preclinical or clinical evaluation. Novel inhibitors are still required, especially new scaffold compounds or drugs with improved properties, such as higher selectivity, higher potency and lower toxicity. The development of combination therapies involving PARP inhibitors and the exploration of biomarkers to predict outcomes with PARP inhibitors would expand the applications of these inhibitors, allowing more patients to benefit from this promising class of drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigao Yuan
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Jiwei Chen
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Wenlu Li
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Changjun Chen
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Gao
- b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China.,c National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized anti-tumor drugs, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China.,c National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized anti-tumor drugs, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China.,d School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China
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van Andel L, Zhang Z, Lu S, Kansra V, Agarwal S, Hughes L, Tibben MM, Gebretensae A, Rosing H, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of niraparib and its metabolite M1 in human plasma and urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1040:14-21. [PMID: 27898364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Niraparib (MK-4827) is a novel poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor currently investigated in phase III clinical trials to treat cancers. The development of a new drug includes the characterisation of absorption, metabolism and excretion (AME) of the compound. AME studies are a requirement of regulatory agencies and for this purpose bioanalytical assays are essential. This article describes the development and validation of a bioanalytical assay for niraparib and its carboxylic acid metabolite M1 in human plasma and urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sample pre-treatment involved protein precipitation for plasma and dilution of urine samples using acetonitrile-methanol (50:50, v/v). Final extracts were injected onto a SunFire C18 column and gradient elution using 20mM ammonium acetate (mobile phase A) and formic acid:acetonitrile:methanol (0.1:50:50, v/v/v) (mobile phase B) was applied. Detection was performed on an API5500 tandem mass spectrometer operating in the positive electrospray ionisation mode applying multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The assay was successfully validated in accordance with the Food and Drug Administration and latest European Medicines Agency guidelines on bioanalytical method validation and can therefore be applied in pharmacological clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van Andel
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute and MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Z Zhang
- Tesaro Inc., Waltham, MA, United States
| | - S Lu
- Tesaro Inc., Waltham, MA, United States
| | - V Kansra
- Tesaro Inc., Waltham, MA, United States
| | - S Agarwal
- Tesaro Inc., Waltham, MA, United States
| | - L Hughes
- Tesaro Inc., Waltham, MA, United States
| | - M M Tibben
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute and MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Gebretensae
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute and MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute and MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H M Schellens
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute and MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hu L, Wang H, Huang L, Zhao Y, Wang J. Crosstalk between autophagy and intracellular radiation response (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2217-2226. [PMID: 27748893 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy induced by radiation is critical to cell fate decision. Evidence now sheds light on the importance of autophagy induced by cancer radiotherapy. Traditional view considers radiation can directly or indirectly damage DNA which can activate DNA damage the repair signaling pathway, a large number of proteins participating in DNA damage repair signaling pathway such as p53, ATM, PARP1, FOXO3a, mTOR and SIRT1 involved in autophagy regulation. However, emerging recent evidence suggests radiation can also cause injury to extranuclear targets such as plasma membrane, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induce accumulation of ceramide, ROS, and Ca2+ concentration which activate many signaling pathways to modulate autophagy. Herein we review the role of autophagy in radiation therapy and the potent intracellular autophagic triggers induced by radiation. We aim to provide a more theoretical basis of radiation-induced autophagy, and provide novel targets for developing cytotoxic drugs to increase radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelin Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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Gewirtz DA, Alotaibi M, Yakovlev VA, Povirk LF. Tumor Cell Recovery from Senescence Induced by Radiation with PARP Inhibition. Radiat Res 2016; 186:327-332. [PMID: 27588595 DOI: 10.1667/rr14437.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are clinically used as single-agent therapy for tumors with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. One approach to expanding the use of PARP inhibitors to a wider range of tumors is to combine them with cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Preclinical studies in experimental animals and tumor cells in culture indicate that PARP inhibition modestly sensitizes most tumor cells to ionizing radiation. Studies of cell behavior after these combined treatments show that radiosensitization is manifested predominantly in an increase in prolonged growth arrest and senescence, with little or no contribution from apoptosis. The secretory phenotype associated with senescence can target these tumor cells for immune surveillance, and therefore increased senescence can effectively contribute to tumor control. However, the possible recovery of senescent cells and re-entry into cell cycle after prolonged arrest also needs to be considered. Such recovery could lead to tumor recurrence, yet may not be reflected in short-term assays commonly used to assess radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moureq Alotaibi
- Department of a Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine and.,c College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vasily A Yakovlev
- b Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298; and
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Morgan MA, Lawrence TS. Molecular Pathways: Overcoming Radiation Resistance by Targeting DNA Damage Response Pathways. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 21:2898-904. [PMID: 26133775 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks are the critical lesions responsible for the majority of ionizing radiation-induced cell killing. Thus, the ability of tumor cells to elicit a DNA damage response following radiation, via activation of DNA repair and cell-cycle checkpoints, promotes radiation resistance and tumor cell survival. Consequently, agents that target these DNA damage response pathways are being developed to overcome radiation resistance. Overall, these agents are effective radiosensitizers; however, their mechanisms of tumor cell selectivity are not fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on the crucial radiation-induced DNA damage responses as well as clinical and translational advances with agents designed to inhibit these responses. Importantly, we describe how synthetic lethality can provide tumor cell-selective radiosensitization by these agents and expand the therapeutic window for DNA damage response-targeted agents used in combination with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Morgan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Theodore S Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Alotaibi M, Sharma K, Saleh T, Povirk LF, Hendrickson EA, Gewirtz DA. Radiosensitization by PARP Inhibition in DNA Repair Proficient and Deficient Tumor Cells: Proliferative Recovery in Senescent Cells. Radiat Res 2016; 185:229-45. [PMID: 26934368 PMCID: PMC4821451 DOI: 10.1667/rr14202.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy continues to be a primary modality in the treatment of cancer. In addition to promoting apoptosis, radiation-induced DNA damage can promote autophagy and senescence, both of which can theoretically function to prolong tumor survival. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that autophagy and/or senescence could be permissive for DNA repair, thereby facilitating tumor cell recovery from radiation-induced growth arrest and/or cell death. In addition, studies were designed to elucidate the involvement of autophagy and senescence in radiosensitization by PARP inhibitors and the re-emergence of a proliferating tumor cell population. In the context of this work, the relationship between radiation-induced autophagy and senescence was also determined. Studies were performed using DNA repair-proficient HCT116 colon carcinoma cells and a repair-deficient ligase IV(-/-) isogenic cell line. Exposure to radiation promoted a parallel induction of autophagy and senescence that was strongly correlated with the extent of persistent H2AX phosphorylation in both cell lines, however, inhibition of autophagy failed to suppress senescence, indicating that the two responses were dissociable. Exposure to radiation resulted in a transient arrest in the HCT116 cells while arrest was prolonged in the ligase IV(-/-) cells, however, both cell lines ultimately recovered proliferative function, which may reflect maintenance of DNA repair capacity. The PARP inhibitors, olaparib and niraparib, increased the extent of persistent DNA damage induced by radiation exposure as well as the extent of both autophagy and senescence. Neither cell line underwent significant apoptosis by radiation exposure alone or in the presence of the PARP inhibitors. Inhibition of autophagy failed to attenuate radiosensitization, indicating that autophagy was not involved in the action of the PARP inhibitors. As with radiation alone, despite sensitization by PARP inhibition, proliferative recovery was evident within a period of 10-20 days. While inhibition of DNA repair via PARP inhibition may initially sensitize tumor cells to radiation via the promotion of senescence, this strategy does not appear to interfere with proliferative recovery, which could ultimately contribute to disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moureq Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University,
P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khushboo Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Lawrence F. Povirk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Eric A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center
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Zou LH, Shang ZF, Tan W, Liu XD, Xu QZ, Song M, Wang Y, Guan H, Zhang SM, Yu L, Zhong CG, Zhou PK. TNKS1BP1 functions in DNA double-strand break repair though facilitating DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation dependent on PARP-1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7011-22. [PMID: 25749521 PMCID: PMC4466666 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TNKS1BP1 was originally identified as an interaction protein of tankyrase 1, which belongs to the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) superfamily. PARP members play important roles for example in DNA repair, telomere stability and mitosis regulation. Although the TNKS1BP1 protein was considered to be a poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation acceptor of tankyrase 1, its function is still unknown. Here we firstly identified that TNKS1BP1 was up-regulated by ionizing radiation (IR) and the depletion of TNKS1BP1 significantly sensitized cancer cells to IR. Neutral comet assay, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and γH2AX foci analysis indicated that TNKS1BP1 is required for the efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). The TNKS1BP1 protein was demonstrated to interact with DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), by co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Moreover, TNKS1BP1 was shown to promote the association of PARP-1 and DNA-PKcs. Overexpression of TNKS1BP1 induced the autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs/Ser2056 in a PARP-1 dependent manner, which contributed to an increased capability of DNA DSB repair. Inhibition of PARP-1 blocked the TNKS1BP1-mediated DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation and attenuated the PARylation of DNA-PKcs. TNKS1BP1 is a newly described component of the DNA DSB repair machinery, which provides much more mechanistic evidence for the rationale of developing effective anticancer measures by targeting PARP-1 and DNA-PKcs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Hong Zou
- School of Public Heath, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, P. R. China.,Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Zeng-Fu Shang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China.,School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei Tan
- School of Public Heath, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, P. R. China.,Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dan Liu
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Qin-Zhi Xu
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Man Song
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China.,School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Meng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cai-Gao Zhong
- School of Public Heath, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, P. R. China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China.,School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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41
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Chornenkyy Y, Agnihotri S, Yu M, Buczkowicz P, Rakopoulos P, Golbourn B, Garzia L, Siddaway R, Leung S, Rutka JT, Taylor MD, Dirks PB, Hawkins C. Poly-ADP-Ribose Polymerase as a Therapeutic Target in Pediatric Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma and Pediatric High-Grade Astrocytoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2560-8. [PMID: 26351319 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade astrocytomas (pHGA) and diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG) are devastating malignancies for which no effective therapies exist. We investigated the therapeutic potential of PARP1 inhibition in preclinical models of pHGA and DIPG. PARP1 levels were characterized in pHGA and DIPG patient samples and tumor-derived cell lines. The effects of PARP inhibitors veliparib, olaparib, and niraparib as monotherapy or as radiosensitizers on cell viability, DNA damage, and PARP1 activity were evaluated in a panel of pHGA and DIPG cell lines. Survival benefit of niraparib was examined in an orthotopic xenograft model of pHGA. About 85% of pHGAs and 76% of DIPG tissue microarray samples expressed PARP1. Six of 8 primary cell lines highly expressed PARP1. Interestingly, across multiple cell lines, some PARP1 protein expression was required for response to PARP inhibition; however, there was no correlation between protein level or PARP1 activity and sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. Niraparib was the most effective at reducing cell viability and proliferation (MTT and Ki67). Niraparib induced DNA damage (γH2AX foci) and induced growth arrest. Pretreatment of pHGA cells with a sublethal dose of niraparib (1 μmol/L) before 2 Gy of ionizing radiation (IR) decreased the rate of DNA damage repair, colony growth, and relative cell number. Niraparib (50 mg/kg) inhibited PARP1 activity in vivo and extended survival of mice with orthotopic pHGA xenografts, when administered before IR (20 Gy, fractionated), relative to control mice (40 vs. 25 days). Our data provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that niraparib may be an effective radiosensitizer for pHGA and DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Chornenkyy
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Man Yu
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pawel Buczkowicz
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Rakopoulos
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Golbourn
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Livia Garzia
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Siddaway
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephie Leung
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter B Dirks
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Ko JC, Wang TJ, Chang PY, Syu JJ, Chen JC, Chen CY, Jian YT, Jian YJ, Zheng HY, Chen WC, Lin YW. Minocycline enhances mitomycin C-induced cytotoxicity through down-regulating ERK1/2-mediated Rad51 expression in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26212550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Minocycline is a semisynthetic tetracycline derivative; it has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects distinct from its antimicrobial function. However, the molecular mechanism of minocycline-induced cytotoxicity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells has not been identified. Rad51 plays a central role in homologous recombination and high levels of Rad51 expression are observed in chemo- or radioresistant carcinomas. Our previous studies have shown that the MKK1/2-ERK1/2 signal pathway maintains the expression of Rad51 in NSCLC cells. In this study, minocycline treatment inhibited cell viability and proliferation of two NSCLC cells, A549 and H1975. Treatment with minocycline decreased Rad51 mRNA and protein levels through MKK1/2-ERK1/2 inactivation. Furthermore, expression of constitutively active MKK1 (MKK1-CA) vectors significantly rescued the decreased Rad51 protein and mRNA levels in minocycline-treated NSCLC cells. However, combined treatment with MKK1/2 inhibitor U0126 and minocycline further decreased the Rad51 expression and cell viability of NSCLC cells. Knocking down Rad51 expression by transfection with small interfering RNA of Rad51 enhanced the cytotoxicity and cell growth inhibition of minocycline. Mitomycin C (MMC) is typically used as a first or second line regimen to treat NSCLC. Compared to a single agent alone, MMC combined with minocycline resulted in cytotoxicity and cell growth inhibition synergistically in NSCLC cells, accompanied with reduced activation of phospho-ERK1/2, and reduced Rad51 protein levels. Overexpression of MKK1-CA or Flag-tagged Rad51 could reverse the minocycline and MMC-induced synergistic cytotoxicity. These findings may have implications for the rational design of future drug regimens incorporating minocycline and MMC for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chung Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Taiwan, Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Jing Wang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jhan-Jhang Syu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Cheng Chen
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Jian
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jun Jian
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Zheng
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wei Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
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Jones P, Wilcoxen K, Rowley M, Toniatti C. Niraparib: A Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Inhibitor for the Treatment of Tumors with Defective Homologous Recombination. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3302-14. [PMID: 25761096 DOI: 10.1021/jm5018237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are involved in DNA repair following damage by endogenous or exogenous processes. It has become clear over the past decade that inhibition of PARP in the context of defects in other DNA repair mechanisms provide a tumor specific way to kill cancer cells. We describe the rationale for this approach and the design and discovery of niraparib, a potent PARP-1/2 inhibitor with good cell based activity, selectivity for cancer over normal cells, and oral bioavailability. Niraparib was characterized in a number of preclinical models before moving to phase I clinical trials, where it showed excellent human pharmacokinetics suitable for once a day oral dosing, achieved its pharmacodynamic target for PARP inhibition, and had promising activity in cancer patients. It is currently being tested in phase 3 clinical trials as maintenance therapy in ovarian cancer and as a treatment for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Jones
- †Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, Via Pontina km 30600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Keith Wilcoxen
- ‡TESARO, Inc., 1000 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Michael Rowley
- †Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, Via Pontina km 30600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Carlo Toniatti
- †Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, Via Pontina km 30600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
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