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Malik S, Inamdar S, Acharya J, Goel P, Ghaskadbi S. Characterization of palmitic acid toxicity induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 97:105802. [PMID: 38431059 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An etiology of palmitic acid (PA) induced insulin resistance (IR) is complex for which two mechanisms are proposed namely ROS induced JNK activation and lipid induced protein kinase-C (PKCε) activation. However, whether these mechanisms act alone or in consortium is not clear. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we have characterized PA induced IR in liver cells. These cells were treated with different concentrations of PA for either 8 or 16 h. Insulin responsiveness of cells treated with PA for 8 h was found to be same as that of control. However, cells treated with PA for 16 h, showed increased glucose output both in the presence and in absence of insulin only at higher concentrations, indicating development of IR. In these, both JNK and PKCε were activated in response to increased ROS and lipid accumulation, respectively. Activated JNK and PKCε phosphorylated IRS1 at Ser-307 resulting in inhibition of AKT which in turn inactivated GSK3β, leading to reduced glycogen synthase activity. Inhibition of AKT also reduced insulin suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis by activating Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and increased expression of the gluconeogenic enzymes and their transcription factors. CONCLUSION Thus, our data clearly demonstrate that both these mechanisms work simultaneously and more importantly, identified a threshold of HepG2 cells, which when crossed led to the pathological state of IR in response to PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Malik
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Shrirang Inamdar
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Jhankar Acharya
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Pranay Goel
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Saroj Ghaskadbi
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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2
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Ferreira B, Heredia A, Serpa J. An integrative view on glucagon function and putative role in the progression of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 578:112063. [PMID: 37678603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metabolism research area evolved greatly, however, is still unknown the impact of systemic metabolism control and diet on cancer. It makes sense that systemic regulators of metabolism can act directly on cancer cells and activate signalling, prompting metabolic remodelling needed to sustain cancer cell survival, tumour growth and disease progression. In the present review, we describe the main glucagon functions in the control of glycaemia and of metabolic pathways overall. Furthermore, an integrative view on how glucagon and related signalling pathways can contribute for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) progression, since pancreas and liver are the major organs exposed to higher levels of glucagon, pancreas as a producer and liver as a scavenger. The main objective is to bring to discussion some glucagon-dependent mechanisms by presenting an integrative view on microenvironmental and systemic aspects in pNETs and HCC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Ferreira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adrián Heredia
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz MB, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal.
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3
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Wynkoop MR, Lalwani S, Cipolli W, Jimenez AG. Scaling with body mass and age in glycolytic enzymes of domestic dogs. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:39-50. [PMID: 35441335 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Animals produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation using oxygen, but cellular energy can also be obtained through glycolysis when oxygen is not present at sufficient levels. Although most mammals of larger body mass have longer life spans, small dog breeds tend to outlive large breeds. Primary fibroblast cells from larger breeds of dogs have previously been shown to have increased dependency on glycolytic phenotypes across their lifespan. Different levels of activity of the glycolytic enzymes pyruvate kinase (PK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) may provide insight to a mechanism that leads to the different metabolic phenotype observed in different sized breeds as they age. In this study, 1) we measured the activities of PK, LDH, and PEPCK in primary fibroblasts from dogs of different breed sizes and age classes and 2) measured the activities of PK and LDH in plasma from dogs of different breed sizes and age classes. We found that there was no significant relationship between body mass and PK, LDH and PEPCK activity in primary fibroblasts. Further, there were not significant differences with activity in these enzymes for old dogs compared to young dogs. In plasma, we found a negative correlation between PK activity and body mass and no relationship between LDH activity and body mass. There was a negative relationship between LDH activity and age in dogs. Further, while a negative correlational relationship between PK activity and age was only marginal, a best subsets regression model demonstrated a significant marginal effect of age on PK activity. PK and LDH may provide intermediates for other metabolic pathways in small breeds. However, large breed dogs may demonstrate a deficiency in metabolism at the PK level, a cellular metabolic pathway that may potentially aid in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan R Wynkoop
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, 13 Oak Dr., Hamilton, NY, 13346, USA
| | - Sahil Lalwani
- Department of Mathematics, Colgate University, 13 Oak Dr., Hamilton, NY, 13346, USA
| | - William Cipolli
- Department of Mathematics, Colgate University, 13 Oak Dr., Hamilton, NY, 13346, USA
| | - Ana Gabriela Jimenez
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, 13 Oak Dr., Hamilton, NY, 13346, USA.
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4
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Hsu H, Chu P, Chang T, Huang K, Hung W, Jiang SS, Lin H, Tsai H. Mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promotes tumor growth in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer via regulation of the mTOR pathway. Cancer Med 2022; 12:1588-1601. [PMID: 35757841 PMCID: PMC9883444 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor cells may aberrantly express metabolic enzymes to adapt to their environment for survival and growth. Targeting cancer-specific metabolic enzymes is a potential therapeutic strategy. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate and links the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Mitochondrial PEPCK (PEPCK-M), encoded by PCK2, is an isozyme of PEPCK and is distributed in mitochondria. Overexpression of PCK2 has been identified in many human cancers and demonstrated to be important for the survival program initiated upon metabolic stress in cancer cells. We evaluated the expression status of PEPCK-M and investigated the function of PEPCK-M in breast cancer. METHODS We checked the expression status of PEPCK-M in breast cancer samples by immunohistochemical staining. We knocked down or overexpressed PCK2 in breast cancer cell lines to investigate the function of PEPCK-M in breast cancer. RESULTS PEPCK-M was highly expressed in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+ ) breast cancers. Decreased cell proliferation and G0 /G1 arrest were induced in ER+ breast cancer cell lines by knockdown of PCK2. PEPCK-M promoted the activation of mTORC1 downstream signaling molecules and the E2F1 pathways in ER+ breast cancer. In addition, glucose uptake, intracellular glutamine levels, and mTORC1 pathways activation by glucose and glutamine in ER+ breast cancer were attenuated by PCK2 knockdown. CONCLUSION PEPCK-M promotes proliferation and cell cycle progression in ER+ breast cancer via upregulation of the mTORC1 and E2F1 pathways. PCK2 also regulates nutrient status-dependent mTORC1 pathway activation in ER+ breast cancer. Further studies are warranted to understand whether PEPCK-M is a potential therapeutic target for ER+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Ping Hsu
- Department of SurgeryNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Yi Chu
- Department of PathologyShow Chwan Memorial HospitalChanghuaTaiwan,National Institute of Cancer ResearchNational Health Research InstitutesTainanTaiwan,School of Medicine, College of MedicineFu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan,Department of Post‐Baccalaureate Medicine, College of MedicineNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Tsung‐Ming Chang
- National Institute of Cancer ResearchNational Health Research InstitutesTainanTaiwan,Department of Medical Laboratory ScienceCollege of Medical Science and Technology, I‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Kuo‐Wei Huang
- National Institute of Cancer ResearchNational Health Research InstitutesTainanTaiwan
| | - Wen‐Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer ResearchNational Health Research InstitutesTainanTaiwan
| | - Shih Sheng Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer ResearchNational Health Research InstitutesTainanTaiwan
| | - Hui‐You Lin
- National Institute of Cancer ResearchNational Health Research InstitutesTainanTaiwan
| | - Hui‐Jen Tsai
- National Institute of Cancer ResearchNational Health Research InstitutesTainanTaiwan,Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
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5
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Ma X, Gao Y, Liu JH, Xu L, Liu WL, Huna A, Wang XL, Gong WJ. Low expression of PCK2 in breast tumors contributes to better prognosis via inducing senescence of cancer cells. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:896-907. [PMID: 35580079 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle arrest, one of the main character of cellular senescence, has been described as a crucial barrier that needs to be bypassed for cancer progression. Typically, cellular senescence can be induced by multiple stresses including telomere shortening, oncogenic activation as well as therapy treatment; and contributes to the inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor suppression or progression depending on the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) components. However, the mechanisms underlying cancer cell senescence remain partially understood. Here, according to METABRIC database, we identified that patients with senescent-like breast tumors show better short term survival, lower tendency of neoplasm histological grades, lower tumor stages and negative status of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) comparing with non-senescent ones. Interestingly, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis identified insulin signaling was significantly repressed in senescent breast tumors. Further verification in cultured breast cancer cells indicated that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PCK2) was significantly inhibited after therapy treatment. In addition, knockdown of PCK2 induced a senescent phenotype of breast cancer cells. Moreover, comparing with non-senescent group, the senescent breast cancers displayed lower EMT capacity both in patients and breast cancer cell lines after knocking down PCK2. In conclusion, we described for the first time that low expression level of PCK2 may contribute to better prognosis via triggering senescent phenotype and thereby inhibiting EMT capacity in breast cancers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Ma
- Department of Intensive Care, Department of The Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Intensive Care, Department of The Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Li Liu
- Department of Intensive Care, Department of The Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Anda Huna
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Léon Bérard Center, Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Xiao-Ling Wang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Juan Gong
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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6
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Dong H, Feng Y, Yang Y, Hu Y, Jia Y, Yang S, Zhao N, Zhao R. A Novel Function of Mitochondrial Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase as a Regulator of Inflammatory Response in Kupffer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:726931. [PMID: 34970539 PMCID: PMC8712867 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.726931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There has been a recent appreciation that some metabolic enzymes can profoundly influence the nature of the immune response produced in macrophages. However, the role of mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK2) in immune response remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the role of PCK2 in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced activation in Kupffer cells. Methods: Inflammatory cytokines were determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain action (qRT-PCR) and flow cytometric analysis using a cytometric bead array. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to determine PCK2 expression and subcellular distribution under confocal laser microscopy. qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine mitochondrial function. Pharmacological inhibition, knockdown, and overexpression of PCK2 were used to confirm its function. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was performed to determine MAPK/NF-κB phosphorylation. Results: Inflammatory response was significantly increased in LPS-treated mice and Kupffer cells. During the inflammatory process, the protein level of PCK2 was significantly upregulated in Kupffer cells. Interestingly, the localization of PCK2 was mainly in cytosol rather than mitochondria after LPS stimulation. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function analyses found that PCK2 overexpression significantly upregulated the levels of inflammation markers, whereas PCK2 knockdown or inhibition significantly mitigated LPS-induced inflammatory response in Kupffer cells. Furthermore, PCK2 promoted protein phosphorylation of NF-κB and AKT/MAPK, the major signaling pathways, controlling inflammatory cascade activation. Conclusion: We identified a novel function of PCK2 in mediating LPS-induced inflammation and provided mechanistic insights into the regulation of inflammatory response in Kupffer cells. Therefore, PCK2 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for the regulation of Kupffer cells-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Dong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Feng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Hu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimin Jia
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nannan Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Bluemel G, Planque M, Madreiter-Sokolowski CT, Haitzmann T, Hrzenjak A, Graier WF, Fendt SM, Olschewski H, Leithner K. PCK2 opposes mitochondrial respiration and maintains the redox balance in starved lung cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:34-45. [PMID: 34520823 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently lack nutrients like glucose, due to insufficient vascular networks. Mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, PCK2, has recently been found to mediate partial gluconeogenesis and hence anabolic metabolism in glucose starved cancer cells. Here we show that PCK2 acts as a regulator of mitochondrial respiration and maintains the redox balance in nutrient-deprived human lung cancer cells. PCK2 silencing increased the abundance and interconversion of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, augmented mitochondrial respiration and enhanced glutathione oxidation under glucose and serum starvation, in a PCK2 re-expression reversible manner. Moreover, enhancing the TCA cycle by PCK2 inhibition severely reduced colony formation of lung cancer cells under starvation. As a conclusion, PCK2 contributes to maintaining a reduced glutathione pool in starved cancer cells besides mediating the biosynthesis of gluconeogenic/glycolytic intermediates. The study sheds light on adaptive responses in cancer cells to nutrient deprivation and shows that PCK2 confers protection against respiration-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Bluemel
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Planque
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Corina T Madreiter-Sokolowski
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theresa Haitzmann
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andelko Hrzenjak
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Leithner
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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8
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Grasmann G, Mondal A, Leithner K. Flexibility and Adaptation of Cancer Cells in a Heterogenous Metabolic Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1476. [PMID: 33540663 PMCID: PMC7867260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic microenvironment, comprising all soluble and insoluble nutrients and co-factors in the extracellular milieu, has a major impact on cancer cell proliferation and survival. A large body of evidence from recent studies suggests that tumor cells show a high degree of metabolic flexibility and adapt to variations in nutrient availability. Insufficient vascular networks and an imbalance of supply and demand shape the metabolic tumor microenvironment, which typically contains a lower concentration of glucose compared to normal tissues. The present review sheds light on the recent literature on adaptive responses in cancer cells to nutrient deprivation. It focuses on the utilization of alternative nutrients in anabolic metabolic pathways in cancer cells, including soluble metabolites and macromolecules and outlines the role of central metabolic enzymes conferring metabolic flexibility, like gluconeogenesis enzymes. Moreover, a conceptual framework for potential therapies targeting metabolically flexible cancer cells is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Grasmann
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria; (G.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Ayusi Mondal
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria; (G.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Katharina Leithner
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria; (G.G.); (A.M.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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9
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Geng X, Shen J, Li F, Yip J, Guan L, Rajah G, Peng C, DeGracia D, Ding Y. Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PCK) in the Brain Gluconeogenic Pathway Contributes to Oxidative and Lactic Injury After Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2309-2321. [PMID: 33417227 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To demonstrate the role of the rate-limiting and ATP-dependent gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) in oxidative and lactic stress and the effect of phenothiazine on PCK after stroke, a total of 168 adult male Sprague Dawley rats (3 months old, 280-300 g) underwent 2-h intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion for 6, 24, 48 h, or 7 days. Phenothiazine (chlorpromazine and promethazine (C+P)) (8 mg/kg) and 3-mercaptopicolinic acid (3-MPA, a PCK inhibitor, 100 μM) were administered at reperfusion onset. The effects of phosphoenolpyruvate, 3-MPA, or PCK knockdown were studied in neuronal cultures subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation. Reactive oxygen species, lactate, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP; a gluconeogenic product), mRNA, and protein of total PCK, PCK-1, and PCK-2 increased after MCAO and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Oxaloacetate (a gluconeogenic substrate) decreased, while PEP and glucose were increased, suggesting reactive gluconeogenesis. These changes were attenuated by phenothiazine, 3-MPA, or PCK shRNA. PCK-1 and -2 existed primarily in neurons, while the effects of ischemic stroke on the PCK expression were seen predominately in astrocytes. Thus, phenothiazine reduced infarction and oxidative/lactic stress by inhibiting PCKs, leading to functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 82 Xinhua South Road, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China.
| | - Jiamei Shen
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - James Yip
- Department of Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Longfei Guan
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gary Rajah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Munson Medical Center, Traverse City, MI, 49684, USA
| | - Changya Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Donald DeGracia
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA.
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10
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Seenappa V, Joshi MB, Satyamoorthy K. Intricate Regulation of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK) Isoforms in Normal Physiology and Disease. Curr Mol Med 2020; 19:247-272. [PMID: 30947672 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190404155801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) isoforms are considered as rate-limiting enzymes for gluconeogenesis and glyceroneogenesis pathways. PEPCK exhibits several interesting features such as a) organelle-specific isoforms (cytosolic and a mitochondrial) in vertebrate clade, b) tissue-specific expression of isoforms and c) organism-specific requirement of ATP or GTP as a cofactor. In higher organisms, PEPCK isoforms are intricately regulated and activated through several physiological and pathological stimuli such as corticoids, hormones, nutrient starvation and hypoxia. Isoform-specific transcriptional/translational regulation and their interplay in maintaining glucose homeostasis remain to be fully understood. Mounting evidence indicates the significant involvement of PEPCK isoforms in physiological processes (development and longevity) and in the progression of a variety of diseases (metabolic disorders, cancer, Smith-Magenis syndrome). OBJECTIVE The present systematic review aimed to assimilate existing knowledge of transcriptional and translational regulation of PEPCK isoforms derived from cell, animal and clinical models. CONCLUSION Based on current knowledge and extensive bioinformatics analysis, in this review we have provided a comparative (epi)genetic understanding of PCK1 and PCK2 genes encompassing regulatory elements, disease-associated polymorphisms, copy number variations, regulatory miRNAs and CpG densities. We have also discussed various exogenous and endogenous modulators of PEPCK isoforms and their signaling mechanisms. A comprehensive review of existing knowledge of PEPCK regulation and function may enable identification of the underlying gaps to design new pharmacological strategies and interventions for the diseases associated with gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Seenappa
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal - 576104, India
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal - 576104, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal - 576104, India
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11
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Hu Y, Deng K, Pan M, Liu S, Li W, Huang J, Yao J, Zuo J. Down-regulation of PCK2 inhibits the invasion and metastasis of laryngeal carcinoma cells. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:3842-3857. [PMID: 32774739 PMCID: PMC7407686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Laryngeal carcinoma is one of the common malignancies of head and neck. However, the pathogenesis of laryngeal cancer has been not completely clear. To identify the effects of hypoxia on the invasion, metastasis, and metabolism of laryngeal carcinoma, iTRAQ-labeling-with-LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins of the SCC10A cells under hypoxia and normoxia, while metabolites were examined by metabolic profiling. 155 proteins and 180 metabolites were identified and the PCK2 protein was selected for validation by Western Blotting. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to analyze the expression of PCK2 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections, including laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissues from various stages. Collectively, we report that down-regulation of PCK2 inhibits the invasion, migration, and proliferation of laryngeal cancer under hypoxia and down-regulation of PCK2 may be used as a new strategy for laryngeal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaHengyang 421002, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Kun Deng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaHengyang 421002, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Meihong Pan
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South ChinaHengyang 421002, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Shanyan Liu
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South ChinaHengyang 421002, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Wenda Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaHengyang 421002, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jialu Huang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaHengyang 421002, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jinwei Yao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of University of South ChinaHengyang 421900, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jianhong Zuo
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaHengyang 421002, Hunan, P. R. China
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South ChinaHengyang 421002, Hunan, P. R. China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of University of South ChinaHengyang 421900, Hunan, P. R. China
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12
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Khan MA, Zubair H, Anand S, Srivastava SK, Singh S, Singh AP. Dysregulation of metabolic enzymes in tumor and stromal cells: Role in oncogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Lett 2020; 473:176-185. [PMID: 31923436 PMCID: PMC7067140 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Altered cellular metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. Metabolic rewiring in cancer cells occurs due to the activation of oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and/or other adaptive changes in cell signaling pathways. Furthermore, altered metabolism is also reported in tumor-corrupted stromal cells as a result of their interaction with cancer cells or due to their adaptation in the dynamic tumor microenvironment. Metabolic alterations are associated with dysregulation of metabolic enzymes and tumor-stromal metabolic crosstalk is vital for the progressive malignant journey of the tumor cells. Therefore, several therapies targeting metabolic enzymes have been evaluated and/or are being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we discuss some important metabolic enzymes that are altered in tumor and/or stromal cells, and focus on their role in supporting tumor growth. Moreover, we also discuss studies carried out in various cancers to target these metabolic abnormalities for therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aslam Khan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Haseeb Zubair
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Shashi Anand
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Ajay Pratap Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
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Gluconeogenesis in cancer cells - Repurposing of a starvation-induced metabolic pathway? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:24-36. [PMID: 31152822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells constantly face a fluctuating nutrient supply and interference with adaptive responses might be an effective therapeutic approach. It has been discovered that in the absence of glucose, cancer cells can synthesize crucial metabolites by expressing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK, PCK1 or PCK2) using abbreviated forms of gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis, which in essence is the reverse pathway of glycolysis, uses lactate or amino acids to feed biosynthetic pathways branching from glycolysis. PCK1 and PCK2 have been shown to be critical for the growth of certain cancers. In contrast, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1), a downstream gluconeogenesis enzyme, inhibits glycolysis and tumor growth, partly by non-enzymatic mechanisms. This review sheds light on the current knowledge of cancer cell gluconeogenesis and its role in metabolic reprogramming, cancer cell plasticity, and tumor growth.
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