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Ważny Ł, Whiteside TL, Pietrowska M. Oncoviral Infections and Small Extracellular Vesicles. Viruses 2024; 16:1291. [PMID: 39205265 PMCID: PMC11359865 DOI: 10.3390/v16081291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) are small membrane-bound nanovesicles with a size range below 200 nm that are released by all types of cells. sEV carry a diverse cargo of proteins, lipids, glycans, and nucleic acids that mimic the content of producer cells. sEV mediate intercellular communication and play a key role in a broad variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Recently, numerous reports have emerged examining the role of sEV in viral infections. A significant number of similarities in the sEV biogenesis pathways and the replication cycles of viruses suggest that sEV might influence the course of viral infections in diverse ways. Besides directly modulating virus propagation by transporting the viral cargo (complete virions, proteins, RNA, and DNA), sEV can also modify the host antiviral response and increase the susceptibility of cells to infection. The network of mutual interactions is particularly complex in the case of oncogenic viruses, deserving special consideration because of its significance in cancer progression. This review summarizes the current knowledge of interactions between sEV and oncogenic viruses, focusing on sEV abilities to modulate the carcinogenic properties of oncoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Ważny
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA;
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland;
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2
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Owliaee I, Khaledian M, Boroujeni AK, Shojaeian A. Engineered small extracellular vesicles as a novel platform to suppress human oncovirus-associated cancers. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:69. [PMID: 37915098 PMCID: PMC10621078 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer, as a complex, heterogeneous disease, is currently affecting millions of people worldwide. Even if the most common traditional treatments, namely, chemotherapy (CTx) and radiotherapy (RTx), have been so far effective in some conditions, there is still a dire need for novel, innovative approaches to treat types of cancer. In this context, oncoviruses are responsible for 12% of all malignancies, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), as well as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the poorest in the world also account for 80% of all human cancer cases. Against this background, nanomedicine has developed nano-based drug delivery systems (DDS) to meet the demand for drug delivery vectors, e.g., extracellular vesicles (EVs). This review article aimed to explore the potential of engineered small EVs (sEVs) in suppressing human oncovirus-associated cancers. METHODS Our search was conducted for published research between 2000 and 2022 using several international databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We also reviewed additional evidence from relevant published articles. RESULTS In this line, the findings revealed that EV engineering as a new field is witnessing the development of novel sEV-based structures, and it is expected to be advanced in the future. EVs may be further exploited in specialized applications as therapeutic or diagnostic tools. The techniques of biotechnology have been additionally utilized to create synthetic bilayers based on the physical and chemical properties of parent molecules via a top-down strategy for downsizing complicated, big particles into nano-sized sEVs. CONCLUSION As the final point, EV-mediated treatments are less toxic to the body than the most conventional ones, making them a safer and even more effective option. Although many in vitro studies have so far tested the efficacy of sEVs, further research is still needed to develop their potential in animal and clinical trials to reap the therapeutic benefits of this promising platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Owliaee
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehran Khaledian
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Armin Khaghani Boroujeni
- Skin Disease and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Rangel-Ramírez VV, González-Sánchez HM, Lucio-García C. Exosomes: from biology to immunotherapy in infectious diseases. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023; 55:79-107. [PMID: 36562253 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2022.2149852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles derived from the endosomal compartment, which are released by all kinds of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. These vesicles contain a variety of biomolecules that differ both in quantity and type depending on the origin and cellular state. Exosomes are internalized by recipient cells, delivering their content and thus contributing to cell-cell communication in health and disease. During infections exosomes may exert a dual role, on one hand, they can transmit pathogen-related molecules mediating further infection and damage, and on the other hand, they can protect the host by activating the immune response and reducing pathogen spread. Selective packaging of pathogenic components may mediate these effects. Recently, quantitative analysis of samples by omics technologies has allowed a deep characterization of the proteins, lipids, RNA, and metabolite cargoes of exosomes. Knowledge about the content of these vesicles may facilitate their therapeutic application. Furthermore, as exosomes have been detected in almost all biological fluids, pathogenic or host-derived components can be identified in liquid biopsies, making them suitable for diagnosis and prognosis. This review attempts to organize the recent findings on exosome composition and function during viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoan infections, and their contribution to host defense or to pathogen spread. Moreover, we summarize the current perspectives and future directions regarding the potential application of exosomes for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - César Lucio-García
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
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Mahmoudvand S, Shokri S, Nakhaie M, Jalilian FA, Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi A, Yarani R, Shojaeian A. Small extracellular vesicles as key players in cancer development caused by human oncogenic viruses. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:58. [DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Exosomes are the smallest group of extracellular vesicles in size from 30 to 150 nm, surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane, and originate from multivesicular bodies secreted by different types of cells, such as virus-infected cells. The critical role of exosomes is information transfer among cells, representing a unique way for intercellular communication via a load of many kinds of molecules, including various signaling proteins and nucleic acids. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively investigate the role of exosomes in promoting human oncogenic viruses-associated cancers.
Methods
Our search was conducted for published researches between 2000 and 2022 by using several international databases includeing Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science as well as Google scholar. We also reviewed additional evidence from relevant published articles.
Results
It has been shown that exosomes can create the conditions for viral spread in viral infections. Exosome secretion in a human tumor virus can switch on the cell signaling pathways by transferring exosome-encapsulated molecules, including viral oncoproteins, signal transduction molecules, and virus-encoded miRNAs, into various cells.
Conclusion
Given the role of exosomes in viruses-associated cancers, they can also be considered as molecular targets in diagnosis and treatment.
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Lee J, Park HS, Han SR, Kang YH, Mun JY, Shin DW, Oh HW, Cho YK, Lee MS, Park J. Alpha-2-macroglobulin as a novel diagnostic biomarker for human bladder cancer in urinary extracellular vesicles. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976407. [PMID: 36176383 PMCID: PMC9513419 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from urine are promising tools for the diagnosis of urogenital cancers. Urinary EVs (uEVs) are considered potential biomarkers for bladder cancer (BC) because urine is in direct contact with the BC tumor microenvironment and thus reflects the current state of the disease. However, challenges associated with the effective isolation and analysis of uEVs complicate the clinical detection of uEV-associated protein biomarkers. Herein, we identified uEV-derived alpha-2-macroglobulin (a2M) as a novel diagnostic biomarker for BC through comparative analysis of uEVs obtained from patients with BC pre- and post-operation using an antibody array. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of uEVs isolated from patients with BC (n=60) and non-cancer control subjects (n=23) validated the significant upregulation of a2M expression in patient uEVs (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in whole urine a2M levels between patients with BC and controls (p=0.317). We observed that compared to classical differential centrifugation, ExoDisc, a centrifugal microfluidic tangential flow filtration device, was a significantly more effective separation method for uEV protein analysis. We expect that our approach for EV analysis will provide an efficient route for the identification of clinically meaningful uEV-based biomarkers for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Park
- Department of Urology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung Ro Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yun Hee Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine/Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Oh
- Core Facility Management Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Myung-Shin Lee, ; Jinsung Park,
| | - Jinsung Park
- Department of Urology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Urology, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Uijeongbu-si, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Myung-Shin Lee, ; Jinsung Park,
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Ma Y, Li J, Dong H, Yang Z, Zhou L, Xu P. PML Body Component Sp100A Restricts Wild-Type Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0027922. [PMID: 35353002 PMCID: PMC9044927 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00279-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sp100 (speckled protein 100 kDa) is a constituent component of nuclear structure PML (promyelocytic leukemia) bodies, playing important roles in mediating intrinsic and innate immunity. The Sp100 gene encodes four isoforms with distinct roles in the transcriptional regulation of both cellular and viral genes. Since Sp100 is a primary intranuclear target of infected-cell protein 0 (ICP0), an immediate early E3 ligase encoded by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), previous investigations attempting to analyze the functions of individual Sp100 variants during HSV-1 infection mostly avoided using a wild-type virus. Therefore, the role of Sp100 under natural infection by HSV-1 remains to be clarified. Here, we reappraised the antiviral capacity of four Sp100 isoforms during infection by a nonmutated HSV-1, examined the molecular behavior of the Sp100 protein in detail, and revealed the following intriguing observations. First, Sp100 isoform A (Sp100A) inhibited wild-type HSV-1 propagation in HEp-2, Sp100-/-, and PML-/- cells. Second, endogenous Sp100 is located in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. During HSV-1 infection, the nuclear Sp100 level decreased drastically upon the detection of ICP0 in the same subcellular compartment, but cytosolic Sp100 remained stable. Third, transfected Sp100A showed subcellular localizations similar to those of endogenous Sp100 and matched the protein size of endogenous cytosolic Sp100. Fourth, HSV-1 infection induced increased secretion of endogenous Sp100 and ectopically expressed Sp100A, which copurified with extracellular vesicles (EVs) but not infectious virions. Fifth, the Sp100A level in secreting cells positively correlated with its level in EVs, and EV-associated Sp100A restricted HSV-1 in recipient cells. IMPORTANCE Previous studies show that the PML body component Sp100 protein is immediately targeted by ICP0 of HSV-1 in the nucleus during productive infection. Therefore, extensive studies investigating the interplay of Sp100 isoforms with HSV-1 were conducted using a mutant virus lacking ICP0 or in the absence of infection. The role of Sp100 variants during natural HSV-1 infection remains blurry. Here, we report that Sp100A potently and independently inhibited wild-type HSV-1 and that during HSV-1 infection, cytosolic Sp100 remained stable and was increasingly secreted into the extracellular space, in association with EVs. Furthermore, the Sp100A level in secreting cells positively correlated with its level in EVs and the anti-HSV-1 potency of these EVs in recipient cells. In summary, this study implies an active antiviral role of Sp100A during wild-type HSV-1 infection and reveals a novel mechanism of Sp100A to restrict HSV-1 through extracellular communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Ma
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongchang Dong
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoxin Yang
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingyue Zhou
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Pei Xu
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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7
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Adib A, Sahu R, Mohta S, Pollock RE, Casadei L. Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Their Role in Sarcoma. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040481. [PMID: 35454972 PMCID: PMC9029613 DOI: 10.3390/life12040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are rare malignancies with limited responses to anticancer therapy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of bi-lipid layer sacs secreted by cells into extracellular space. Investigations of tumor-derived EVs have revealed their functional capabilities, including cell-to-cell communication and their impact on tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis; however information on the roles of EVs in sarcoma is currently limited. In this review we investigate the role of various EV cargos in sarcoma and the mechanisms by which those cargos can affect the recipient cell phenotype and the aggressivity of the tumor itself. The study of EVs in sarcoma may help establish novel therapeutic approaches that target specific sarcoma subtypes or biologies, thereby improving sarcoma therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Adib
- The James Cancer Hospital Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.M.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Ruhi Sahu
- The James Cancer Hospital Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.M.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Shivangi Mohta
- The James Cancer Hospital Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Raphael Etomar Pollock
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Lucia Casadei
- The James Cancer Hospital Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.M.); (L.C.)
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Cortes C, Desler C, Mazzoli A, Chen JY, Ferreira VP. The role of properdin and Factor H in disease. Adv Immunol 2022; 153:1-90. [PMID: 35469595 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The complement system consists of three pathways (alternative, classical, and lectin) that play a fundamental role in immunity and homeostasis. The multifunctional role of the complement system includes direct lysis of pathogens, tagging pathogens for phagocytosis, promotion of inflammatory responses to control infection, regulation of adaptive cellular immune responses, and removal of apoptotic/dead cells and immune complexes from circulation. A tight regulation of the complement system is essential to avoid unwanted complement-mediated damage to the host. This regulation is ensured by a set of proteins called complement regulatory proteins. Deficiencies or malfunction of these regulatory proteins may lead to pro-thrombotic hematological diseases, renal and ocular diseases, and autoimmune diseases, among others. This review focuses on the importance of two complement regulatory proteins of the alternative pathway, Factor H and properdin, and their role in human diseases with an emphasis on: (a) characterizing the main mechanism of action of Factor H and properdin in regulating the complement system and protecting the host from complement-mediated attack, (b) describing the dysregulation of the alternative pathway as a result of deficiencies, or mutations, in Factor H and properdin, (c) outlining the clinical findings, management and treatment of diseases associated with mutations and deficiencies in Factor H, and (d) defining the unwanted and inadequate functioning of properdin in disease, through a discussion of various experimental research findings utilizing in vitro, mouse and human models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cortes
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States.
| | - Caroline Desler
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Amanda Mazzoli
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Jin Y Chen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Viviana P Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States.
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9
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Ciullo A, Li C, Li L, Ungerleider KC, Peck K, Marbán E, Ibrahim AG. Biodistribution of unmodified cardiosphere-derived cell extracellular vesicles using single RNA tracing. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12178. [PMID: 35005847 PMCID: PMC8743874 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potent signalling mediators. Although interest in EV translation is ever-increasing, development efforts are hampered by the inability to reliably assess the uptake of EVs and their RNA cargo. Here, we establish a novel qPCR-based method for the detection of unmodified EVS using an RNA Tracer (DUST). In this proof-of-concept study we use a human-specific Y RNA-derived small RNA (YsRNA) we dub "NT4" that is enriched in cardiosphere-derived cell small EVs (CDC-sEVs). The assay is robust, sensitive, and reproducible. Intravenously administered CDC-sEVs accumulated primarily in the heart on a per mg basis. Cardiac injury enhanced EV uptake in the heart, liver, and brain. Inhibition of EV docking by heparin suppressed uptake variably, while inhibition of endocytosis attenuated uptake in all organs. In vitro, EVs were uptaken more efficiently by macrophages, endothelial cells, and cardiac fibroblasts compared to cardiomyocytes. These findings demonstrate the utility of DUST to assess uptake of EVs in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ciullo
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chang Li
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Liang Li
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Kiel Peck
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ahmed G.E. Ibrahim
- Smidt Heart InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Varghese PM, Mukherjee S, Al-Mohanna FA, Saleh SM, Almajhdi FN, Beirag N, Alkahtani SH, Rajkumari R, Nal Rogier B, Sim RB, Idicula-Thomas S, Madan T, Murugaiah V, Kishore U. Human Properdin Released By Infiltrating Neutrophils Can Modulate Influenza A Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747654. [PMID: 34956182 PMCID: PMC8695448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is designed to recognise and eliminate invading pathogens via activation of classical, alternative and lectin pathways. Human properdin stabilises the alternative pathway C3 convertase, resulting in an amplification loop that leads to the formation of C5 convertase, thereby acting as a positive regulator of the alternative pathway. It has been noted that human properdin on its own can operate as a pattern recognition receptor and exert immune functions outside its involvement in complement activation. Properdin can bind directly to microbial targets via DNA, sulfatides and glycosaminoglycans, apoptotic cells, nanoparticles, and well-known viral virulence factors. This study was aimed at investigating the complement-independent role of properdin against Influenza A virus infection. As one of the first immune cells to arrive at the site of IAV infection, we show here that IAV challenged neutrophils released properdin in a time-dependent manner. Properdin was found to directly interact with haemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix 1 protein Influenza A virus proteins in ELISA and western blot. Furthermore, modelling studies revealed that properdin could bind HA and NA of the H1N1 subtype with higher affinity compared to that of H3N2 due to the presence of an HA cleavage site in H1N1. In an infection assay using A549 cells, properdin suppressed viral replication in pH1N1 subtype while promoting replication of H3N2 subtype, as revealed by qPCR analysis of M1 transcripts. Properdin treatment triggered an anti-inflammatory response in H1N1-challenged A549 cells and a pro-inflammatory response in H3N2-infected cells, as evident from differential mRNA expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-6, IL-12 and RANTES. Properdin treatment also reduced luciferase reporter activity in MDCK cells transduced with H1N1 pseudotyped lentiviral particles; however, it was increased in the case of pseudotyped H3N2 particles. Collectively, we conclude that infiltrating neutrophils at the site of IAV infection can release properdin, which then acts as an entry inhibitor for pandemic H1N1 subtype while suppressing viral replication and inducing an anti-inflammatory response. H3N2 subtype can escape this immune restriction due to altered haemagglutinin and neuraminindase, leading to enhanced viral entry, replication and pro-inflammatory response. Thus, depending on the subtype, properdin can either limit or aggravate IAV infection in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen M Varghese
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Shuvechha Mukherjee
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Futwan A Al-Mohanna
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Souad M Saleh
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad N Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazar Beirag
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Saad H Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reena Rajkumari
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Beatrice Nal Rogier
- INSERM U1104 Centre d'immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Robert B Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Idicula-Thomas
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Taruna Madan
- Department of Innate Immunity, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Valarmathy Murugaiah
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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11
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Kang SK, Lee MJ, Ryu HH, Lee J, Lee MS. Dimethyl Sulfoxide Enhances Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Production During Lytic Replication. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:778525. [PMID: 34975802 PMCID: PMC8716793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.778525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease. In studies of KSHV, efficient virus production and isolation are essential. Reactivation of KSHV can be initiated by treating latently infected cells with chemicals, such as 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate and sodium butyrate. These chemicals have been used as tools to induce lytic replication and viral production in KSHV-producing cell lines. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an organosulfur compound that is frequently used as an aprotic solvent similar to water. In experiments exploring signaling pathways in KSHV-infected cells, DMSO treatment alone as a vehicle affected the lytic gene expression of KSHV. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effects of DMSO on KSHV-producing cells have not yet been reported. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether DMSO could be used as a reagent to enhance viral production during lytic replication in KSHV-producing cells and assessed the underlying mechanisms. The effects of DMSO on KSHV production were analyzed in iSLK BAC16 cells, which have been widely used for recombinant KSHV production. We found that the production of KSHV virions was significantly increased by treatment with DMSO during the induction of lytic replication. Mechanistically, lytic genes of KSHV were enhanced by DMSO treatment, which was correlated with virion production. Additionally, DMSO induced the phosphorylation of JNK during lytic replication, and inhibition of JNK abolished the effects of DMSO on lytic replication and virion production. Our findings showed that additional treatment with DMSO during the induction of lytic replication significantly improved the yield of KSHV production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kyung Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myung-Ju Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ho-Hyun Ryu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jisu Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Myung-Shin Lee,
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12
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Mitochondrial DNA in innate immune responses against infectious diseases. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2823-2838. [PMID: 33155647 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can initiate an innate immune response when mislocalized in a compartment other than the mitochondrial matrix. mtDNA plays significant roles in regulating mitochondrial dynamics as well as mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR). The mislocalized extra-mtDNA can elicit innate immune response via cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes) pathway, inducing the expression of the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Also, cytosolic damaged mtDNA is cleared up by various pathways which are responsible for participating in the activation of inflammatory responses. Four pathways of extra-mitochondrial mtDNA clearance are highlighted in this review - the inflammasome activation mechanism, neutrophil extracellular traps formation, recognition by Toll-like receptor 9 and transfer of mtDNA between cells packaged into extracellular vesicles. Anomalies in these pathways are associated with various diseases. We posit our review in the present pandemic situation and discuss how mtDNA elicits innate immune responses against different viruses and bacteria. This review gives a comprehensive picture of the role of extra-mitochondrial mtDNA in infectious diseases and speculates that research towards its understanding would help establish its therapeutic potential.
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13
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Barrett L, Dai L, Wang S, Qin Z. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and extracellular vesicles. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3294-3299. [PMID: 33415746 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) represents the etiological agent for several human malignancies, including Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), which develop mainly in immunocompromised patients. KSHV has established many strategies to hijack and thwart the host's immune responses, including through the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs represent a significant mode of intercellular communication as they carry a variety of molecules that can be delivered from cell-to-cell. EVs are now recognized as one of the major players in immune system development and function during both innate and adaptive immune responses. In the current mini-review, we summarize recent findings on how KSHV utilizes EVs to create favorable environments for viral spread and persistence while evading immune responses. We also discuss the limitations and unanswered questions in this field and the potential areas for related immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Barrett
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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14
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Mitchell MI, Ben‐Dov IZ, Liu C, Ye K, Chow K, Kramer Y, Gangadharan A, Park S, Fitzgerald S, Ramnauth A, Perlin DS, Donato M, Bhoy E, Manouchehri Doulabi E, Poulos M, Kamali‐Moghaddam M, Loudig O. Extracellular Vesicle Capture by AnTibody of CHoice and Enzymatic Release (EV-CATCHER): A customizable purification assay designed for small-RNA biomarker identification and evaluation of circulating small-EVs. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12110. [PMID: 34122779 PMCID: PMC8173589 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating nucleic acids, encapsulated within small extracellular vesicles (EVs), provide a remote cellular snapshot of biomarkers derived from diseased tissues, however selective isolation is critical. Current laboratory-based purification techniques rely on the physical properties of small-EVs rather than their inherited cellular fingerprints. We established a highly-selective purification assay, termed EV-CATCHER, initially designed for high-throughput analysis of low-abundance small-RNA cargos by next-generation sequencing. We demonstrated its selectivity by specifically isolating and sequencing small-RNAs from mouse small-EVs spiked into human plasma. Western blotting, nanoparticle tracking, and transmission electron microscopy were used to validate and quantify the capture and release of intact small-EVs. As proof-of-principle for sensitive detection of circulating miRNAs, we compared small-RNA sequencing data from a subset of small-EVs serum-purified with EV-CATCHER to data from whole serum, using samples from a small cohort of recently hospitalized Covid-19 patients. We identified and validated, only in small-EVs, hsa-miR-146a and hsa-miR-126-3p to be significantly downregulated with disease severity. Separately, using convalescent sera from recovered Covid-19 patients with high anti-spike IgG titers, we confirmed the neutralizing properties, against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, of a subset of small-EVs serum-purified by EV-CATCHER, as initially observed with ultracentrifuged small-EVs. Altogether our data highlight the sensitivity and versatility of EV-CATCHER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan I. Mitchell
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Iddo Z. Ben‐Dov
- Laboratory of Medical TranscriptomicsHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Christina Liu
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Kenny Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Population HealthAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Kar Chow
- BiorepositoryHackensack University Medical CenterHackensackNew JerseyUSA
| | - Yael Kramer
- BiorepositoryHackensack University Medical CenterHackensackNew JerseyUSA
| | - Anju Gangadharan
- BiorepositoryHackensack University Medical CenterHackensackNew JerseyUSA
| | - Steven Park
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Sean Fitzgerald
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Andrew Ramnauth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUSA
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Michele Donato
- BiorepositoryHackensack University Medical CenterHackensackNew JerseyUSA
| | - Emily Bhoy
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyScience for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Michael Poulos
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Masood Kamali‐Moghaddam
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyScience for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Olivier Loudig
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
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15
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Murugaiah V, Varghese PM, Beirag N, DeCordova S, Sim RB, Kishore U. Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050824. [PMID: 34063241 PMCID: PMC8147407 DOI: 10.3390/v13050824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system represents a crucial part of innate immunity. It contains a diverse range of soluble activators, membrane-bound receptors, and regulators. Its principal function is to eliminate pathogens via activation of three distinct pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin. In the case of viruses, the complement activation results in effector functions such as virion opsonisation by complement components, phagocytosis induction, virolysis by the membrane attack complex, and promotion of immune responses through anaphylatoxins and chemotactic factors. Recent studies have shown that the addition of individual complement components can neutralise viruses without requiring the activation of the complement cascade. While the complement-mediated effector functions can neutralise a diverse range of viruses, numerous viruses have evolved mechanisms to subvert complement recognition/activation by encoding several proteins that inhibit the complement system, contributing to viral survival and pathogenesis. This review focuses on these complement-dependent and -independent interactions of complement components (especially C1q, C4b-binding protein, properdin, factor H, Mannose-binding lectin, and Ficolins) with several viruses and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valarmathy Murugaiah
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Praveen M. Varghese
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Nazar Beirag
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Syreeta DeCordova
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Robert B. Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK;
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: or
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16
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Jeon H, Kang SK, Lee MJ, Park C, Yoo SM, Kang YH, Lee MS. Rab27b regulates extracellular vesicle production in cells infected with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus to promote cell survival and persistent infection. J Microbiol 2021; 59:522-529. [PMID: 33877577 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication. EVs and viruses share several properties related to their structure and the biogenesis machinery in cells. EVs from virus-infected cells play a key role in virus spread and suppression using various loading molecules, such as viral proteins, host proteins, and microRNAs. However, it remains unclear how and why viruses regulate EV production inside host cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying EV production and their roles in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected cells. Here, we found that KSHV induced EV production in human endothelial cells via Rab-27b upregulation. The suppression of Rab27b expression in KSHV-infected cells enhanced cell death by increasing autophagic flux and autolysosome formation. Our results indicate that Rab27b regulates EV biogenesis to promote cell survival and persistent viral infection during KSHV infection, thereby providing novel insights into the crucial role of Rab-27b in the KSHV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungtaek Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Kyung Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Ju Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea.
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Activation of the Complement System on Human Endothelial Cells by Urban Particulate Matter Triggers Inflammation-Related Protein Production. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073336. [PMID: 33805189 PMCID: PMC8038114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is becoming a major global health issue. The amount and time of exposure to PM are known to be closely associated with cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism through which PM affects the vascular system is still not clear. Endothelial cells line the interior surface of blood vessels and actively interact with plasma proteins, including the complement system. Unregulated complement activation caused by invaders, such as pollutants, may promote endothelial inflammation. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether urban PM (UPM) acts on the endothelial environment via the complement system. UPM-treated human endothelial cells with normal human serum showed the deposition of membrane attack complexes (MACs) on the cell surface via the alternative pathway of the complement system. Despite the formation of MACs, cell death was not observed, and cell proliferation was increased in UPM-mediated complement activation. Furthermore, complement activation on endothelial cells stimulated the production of inflammation-related proteins. Our results revealed that UPM could activate the complement system in human endothelial cells and that complement activation regulated inflammatory reaction in microenvironment. These findings provide clues with regard to the role of the complement system in pathophysiologic events of vascular disease elicited by air pollution.
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18
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Jeon H, Kang SK, Lee MS. Effects of different separation methods on the physical and functional properties of extracellular vesicles. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235793. [PMID: 32634162 PMCID: PMC7340315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles secreted from cells. They have crucial biological functions in intercellular communications and may even be biomarkers for cancer. The various methods used to isolate EVs from body fluid and cell culture supernatant have been compared in prior studies, which determined that the component yield and physical properties of isolated EVs depend largely on the isolation method used. Several novel and combined methods have been recently developed, which have not yet been compared to the established methods. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare the physical and functional differences in EVs isolated using a differential centrifugation method, the precipitation-based Invitrogen kit, the ExoLutE kit, and the Exodisc, of which the latter two were recently developed. We investigated the properties of EVs isolated from non-infected and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells using each method and determined the yields of DNA, RNA, and proteins using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and bicinchoninic acid assays. Additionally, we determined whether the biological activity of EVs correlated with the quantity or physical properties of the EVs isolated using different methods. We found that Exodisc was the most suitable method for obtaining large quantities of EVs, which might be useful for biomarker investigations, and that the EVs separated using Exodisc exhibited the highest complement activation activity. However, we also found that the functional properties of EVs were best maintained when differential centrifugation was used. Effective isolation is necessary to study EVs as tools for diagnosing cancer and our findings may have relevant implications in the field of oncology by providing researchers with data to assist their selection of a suitable isolation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungtaek Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Su-Kyung Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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19
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Sun C, Guo Y, Zhou W, Xia C, Xing X, Chen J, Li X, Zhu H, Lu J. p300 promotes cell proliferation through suppressing Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) reactivation in the infected B-lymphoma cells. Virus Res 2020; 286:198066. [PMID: 32553609 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) is a B-cell lymphoma associated with Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. However, the mechanism of oncogenesis of PEL is still unclear. Studies have shown that the cellular transcriptional coactivator p300 regulates the interaction between host and virus, which plays a vital role in viral replication. In this study, we investigated the role of p300 in BCBL1 cells during the KSHV life cycle. We found that p300 knockout resulted in an overall increase for the early lytic genes and changed the expression of genes associated with tumor development, proliferation, and the immune response in the KSHV infected B cells. However, knockout of p300 significantly inhibited the expression of the immediate-early gene RTA and the late lytic gene K8 after KSHV lytic activation. Additionally, the intracellular KSHV genome copy number and the virion production were reduced. These results demonstrated that p300 plays a crucial role in suppressing KSHV viral replication in BCBL1. Furthermore, we observed that the growth of BCBL1 was inhibited by knockout of p300, which confirmed our findings that p300 promotes cell proliferation. This study further provided evidence that p300 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of BCBL1, which might lead to the oncogenesis of PEL caused by KSHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuankai Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yizhen Guo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chuan Xia
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiwen Xing
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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20
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Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus and Host Interaction by the Complement System. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040260. [PMID: 32260199 PMCID: PMC7237997 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) modulates the immune response to allow the virus to establish persistent infection in the host and facilitate the development of KSHV-associated cancer. The complement system has a central role in the defense against pathogens. Hence, KSHV has adopted an evasion strategy for complement attack using the viral protein encoded by KSHV open reading frame 4. However, despite this defense mechanism, the complement system appears to become activated in KSHV-infected cells as well as in the region surrounding Kaposi’s sarcoma tumors. Given that the complement system can affect cell fate as well as the inflammatory microenvironment, complement activation is likely associated with KSHV pathogenesis. A better understanding of the interplay between KSHV and the complement system may, therefore, translate into the development of novel therapeutic interventions for KSHV-associated tumors. In this review, the mechanisms and functions of complement activation in KSHV-infected cells are discussed.
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21
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Mitochondrial DNA: A Key Regulator of Anti-Microbial Innate Immunity. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11010086. [PMID: 31940818 PMCID: PMC7017290 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few years, mitochondrial DNA has attained much attention as a modulator of immune responses. Due to common evolutionary origin, mitochondrial DNA shares various characteristic features with DNA of bacteria, as it consists of a remarkable number of unmethylated DNA as 2′-deoxyribose cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) islands. Due to this particular feature, mitochondrial DNA seems to be recognized as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern by the innate immune system. Under the normal physiological situation, mitochondrial DNA is enclosed in the double membrane structure of mitochondria. However, upon pathological conditions, it is usually released into the cytoplasm. Growing evidence suggests that this cytosolic mitochondrial DNA induces various innate immune signaling pathways involving NLRP3, toll-like receptor 9, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling, which participate in triggering downstream cascade and stimulating to produce effector molecules. Mitochondrial DNA is responsible for inflammatory diseases after stress and cellular damage. In addition, it is also involved in the anti-viral and anti-bacterial innate immunity. Thus, instead of entire mitochondrial importance in cellular metabolism and energy production, mitochondrial DNA seems to be essential in triggering innate anti-microbial immunity. Here, we describe existing knowledge on the involvement of mitochondrial DNA in the anti-microbial immunity by modulating the various immune signaling pathways.
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22
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Jeon H, Lee J, Lee S, Kang SK, Park SJ, Yoo SM, Lee MS. Extracellular Vesicles From KSHV-Infected Cells Stimulate Antiviral Immune Response Through Mitochondrial DNA. Front Immunol 2019; 10:876. [PMID: 31068945 PMCID: PMC6491682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, which is the most common cancer in acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. KSHV contains a variety of immunoregulatory proteins. There have been many studies on the modulation of antiviral response by these immunoregulatory proteins of KSHV. However, the antiviral effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) during de novo KSHV infection have not been investigated to our best knowledge. In this study, we showed that KSHV-infected cells induce interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) response but not type I interferon in uninfected bystander cells using EVs. mRNA microarray analysis showed that ISGs and IRF-activating genes were prominently activated in EVs from KSHV-infected cells (KSHV EVs)-treated human endothelial cells, which were validated by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. We also found that this response was not associated with cell death or apoptosis by virus infection. Mechanistically, the cGAS-STING pathway was linked with these KSHV EVs-mediated ISGs expressions, and mitochondrial DNA on the surface of KSHV EVs was one of the causative factors. Besides, KSHV EVs-treated cells showed lower infectivity for KSHV and viral replication activity than mock EVs-treated cells. Our results indicate that EVs from KSHV-infected cells could be an initiating factor for the innate immune response against viral infection, which may be critical to understanding the microenvironment of virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungtaek Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jisu Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Suhyuk Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Su-Kyung Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang June Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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23
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Zheng J, Shi Y, Feng Z, Zheng Y, Li Z, Zhao Y, Wang Y. Oncogenic effects of exosomes in γ‐herpesvirus‐associated neoplasms. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19167-19179. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zheng
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Basic Medical School Guangdong Medical University Dongguan Guangdong China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine Guangdong Medical University Dongguan Guangdong China
| | - Yiwan Shi
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine Guangdong Medical University Dongguan Guangdong China
| | - Zhenyu Feng
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine Guangdong Medical University Dongguan Guangdong China
| | - Yilu Zheng
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine Guangdong Medical University Dongguan Guangdong China
| | - Zhanhao Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine Guangdong Medical University Dongguan Guangdong China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Basic Medical School Guangdong Medical University Dongguan Guangdong China
| | - Yan Wang
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Basic Medical School Guangdong Medical University Dongguan Guangdong China
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Chen JY, Cortes C, Ferreira VP. Properdin: A multifaceted molecule involved in inflammation and diseases. Mol Immunol 2018; 102:58-72. [PMID: 29954621 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Properdin, the widely known positive regulator of the alternative pathway (AP), has undergone significant investigation over the last decade to define its function in inflammation and disease, including its role in arthritis, asthma, and kidney and cardiovascular diseases. Properdin is a glycoprotein found in plasma that is mainly produced by leukocytes and can positively regulate AP activity by stabilizing C3 and C5 convertases and initiating the AP. Promotion of complement activity by properdin results in changes in the cellular microenvironment that contribute to innate and adaptive immune responses, including pro-inflammatory cytokine production, immune cell infiltration, antigen presenting cell maturation, and tissue damage. The use of properdin-deficient mouse models and neutralizing antibodies has contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms by which properdin contributes to promoting or preventing disease pathology. This review mainly focusses on the multifaceted roles of properdin in inflammation and diseases, and how understanding these roles is contributing to the development of new disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Y Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States.
| | - Claudio Cortes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oakland University School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States.
| | - Viviana P Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States.
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25
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K15 Protein of Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesviruses Increases Endothelial Cell Proliferation and Migration through Store-Operated Calcium Entry. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060282. [PMID: 29795033 PMCID: PMC6024707 DOI: 10.3390/v10060282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a tumor of the vascular endothelium that is caused by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). K15 of KSHV is a specific gene encoding a transmembrane protein. Two highly different forms of K15, the predominant (K15P) and minor (K15M) have been identified in different KSHV strains. In genomic locations and protein topology, two K15 alleles resemble the latent membrane protein (LMP) 1 and LMP2A of Epstein⁻Barr virus. Both K15 proteins have motifs similar to those found in LMP1 and LMP2A. K15 therefore seems to be a hybrid of a distant evolutionary relative of LMP1 and LMP2A. Ca2+ is a second messenger and participates in numerous activities in cells, like proliferation, migration and metastasis. It has been found previously that LMP1 increased Ca2+ influx through store-operated calcium channels and blockade of LMP1 reduced store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). LMP2A has similar activity. So we sought to determine whether K15 had similar activity. We showed that K15P induced Ca2+ influx and enhanced expression of Orail1, which is a vital protein in SOCE, and overexpression of K15P improved cell motility. Mutant K15P did not show these activities in HEK-293T and EA.hy 926 cells. Our results showed that K15P increased cell proliferation and migration though SOCE and established a novel mechanism for the development of KS and KSHV-associated diseases.
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Park SJ, Jeon H, Yoo SM, Lee MS. The effect of storage temperature on the biological activity of extracellular vesicles for the complement system. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:423-429. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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Jeon H, Han SR, Lee S, Park SJ, Kim JH, Yoo SM, Lee MS. Activation of the complement system in an osteosarcoma cell line promotes angiogenesis through enhanced production of growth factors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5415. [PMID: 29615744 PMCID: PMC5883033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the complement system is activated in various cancer tissues. Besides being involved in innate immunity against pathogens, the complement system also participates in inflammation and the modulation of tumor microenvironment. Recent studies suggest that complement activation promotes tumor progression in various ways. Among some cancer cell lines, we found that human bone osteosarcoma epithelial cells (U2-OS) can activate the alternative pathway of the complement system by pooled normal human serum. Interestingly, U2-OS cells showed less expression of complement regulatory proteins, compared to other cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the activated complement system enhanced the production of growth factors, which promoted angiogenesis of human endothelial cells. Our results demonstrated a direct linkage between the complement system and angiogenesis using the in vitro model, which suggest the complement system and related mechanisms might be potential targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungtaek Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, South Korea
| | - Seung Ro Han
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyuk Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, South Korea
| | - Sang June Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, South Korea
| | - Joo Heon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, South Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, South Korea.
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