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Goates M, Shrestha A, Thapa S, Bettini M, Barrios R, Shivanna B. Blocking IL-17a Signaling Decreases Lung Inflammation and Improves Alveolarization in Experimental Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024:S0002-9440(24)00282-7. [PMID: 39117111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic lung disease of preterm infants that is associated with life-long morbidities. Inflammatory insults contribute to BPD pathogenesis. Although the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-17a, plays a role in various neonatal inflammatory disorders, its role in BPD pathogenesis is unclear. To test the hypothesis that blocking IL-17a signaling decreases lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated experimental BPD in neonatal mice, wild-type mice were injected intraperitoneally with phosphate-buffered saline or LPS during the saccular lung developmental phase. Pulmonary IL-17a expression was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by flow cytometry. LPS-injected mice had higher pulmonary IL-17a protein levels and IL-17a+ and IL-22+ cells. γδ T cells, followed by non-T lymphoid cells, were the primary producers of IL-17a. Wild-type mice were then injected intraperitoneally with isotype antibody (Ab) or IL-17a Ab, while they were treated with phosphate-buffered saline or LPS, followed by quantification of lung inflammatory markers, alveolarization, vascularization, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. LPS-mediated alveolar simplification, apoptosis, and cell proliferation inhibition were significantly greater in mice treated with isotype Ab than in those treated with IL-17a Ab. Furthermore, STAT1 activation and IL-6 levels were significantly greater in LPS-exposed mice treated with isotype Ab than in those treated with IL-17a Ab. The study results indicate that blocking IL-17a signaling decreases LPS-mediated experimental BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Goates
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Amrit Shrestha
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shyam Thapa
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew Bettini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Roberto Barrios
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Binoy Shivanna
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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2
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Kale KB, Shinde MASA, Patil RH, Ottoor DP. Exploring the interaction of Valsartan and Valsartan-Zn(ll) complex with DNA by spectroscopic and in silico methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 264:120329. [PMID: 34481251 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Belonging to the Sartan family, antihypertensive drug - Valsartan (Val) had been found to possess antioxidant properties. Also, the zinc complex of Valsartan (VZn) has been recently recognized as inducing agents of the reductive stress effects thus possessing anticancer activity. Hence, in this work an attempt has been made to understand the interaction of Val and VZn with DNA using spectroscopic and in silico methods as DNA has been identified as the target for many anticancer drugs. VZn has been prepared in 2:1 M ratio and characterised by absorbance, FTIR, HRMS, NMR and Job's continuous variation method. VZn has been tested against human lungs cancer cell line which exhibited good anticancer activity (IC50 = 89 µg/mL). Interaction of Val and VZn with ct-DNA under physiological conditions has been studied by spectroscopic techniques such as fluorescence, absorbance, FTIR, circular dichroism (CD) and in silico methods. Fluorescence quenching, DNA melting and viscometric studies confirmed that both ligand and complex bind to the grooves of the ct-DNA. The experimental results have revealed that VZn strongly bind with DNA compared to Val. Docking study suggested that, Val binds at major groove while VZn binds to both minor and major grooves of B-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor B Kale
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India; Department of Chemistry, Nowrosjee Wadia College, Pune 411001, India
| | | | - Rajendra H Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Divya P Ottoor
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India.
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Zhang L, Zhu J, Wang H, Xia J, Liu P, Chen F, Jiang H, Miao Q, Wu W, Zhang L, Luo L, Jiang X, Bai Y, Sun C, Chen D, Zhang X. A high-resolution cell atlas of the domestic pig lung and an online platform for exploring lung single-cell data. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:411-425. [PMID: 34144929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetically engineered pig is regarded as an optimal source of organ transplantation for humans and an excellent model for human disease research, given its comparable physiology to human beings. A myriad of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data on humans has been reported, but such data on pigs are scarce. Here, we apply scRNA-seq technology to study the cellular heterogeneity of 3-month-old pig lungs, generating the single-cell atlas of 13,580 cells covering 16 major cell types. Based on these data, we systematically characterize the similarities and differences in the cellular cross-talk and expression patterns of respiratory virus receptors in each cell type of pig lungs compared with human lungs. Furthermore, we analyze pig lung xenotransplantation barriers and reported the cell-type expression patterns of 10 genes associated with pig-to-human immunobiological incompatibility and coagulation dysregulation. We also investigate the conserved transcription factors (TFs) and their candidate target genes and constructed five conserved TF regulatory networks in the main cell types shared by pig and human lungs. Finally, we present a comprehensive and openly accessible online platform, ScdbLung. Our scRNA-seq atlas of the domestic pig lung and ScdbLung database can guide pig lung research and clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jun Xia
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Ping Liu
- MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Fang Chen
- MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Qiuling Miao
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Weiying Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310031, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Lihua Luo
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xiaosen Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yong Bai
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Chengcheng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Xingliang Zhang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China; Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China.
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4
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Li S, Liu F, Pei Y, Dong Y, Shang Y. Parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor regulates osteosarcoma K7M2 Cell growth by interacting with angiotensinogen. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2841-2850. [PMID: 33511766 PMCID: PMC7957183 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the interactions between parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTHR1) and angiotensinogen (AGT) and the effects of these agents on osteosarcoma (OS). We constructed a stably transfected mouse OS K7M2 cell line (shPTHR1- K7M2) using shRNA and knocked down AGT in these cells using siRNA-AGT. The transfection efficiency and expression of AGT, chemokine C-C motif receptor 3 (CCR3), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9 (CCL9) were determined using real-time quantitative PCR. Cell viability and colony formation were assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 and crystal violet staining, respectively. Cell apoptosis and cycle phases were assessed by flow cytometry, and cell migration and invasion were evaluated using Transwell assays. Interference with PTHR1 upregulated the expression of AGT and CCR3, and downregulated that of CCL9, which was further downregulated by AGT knockdown. Cell viability, migration, invasion and colony formation were significantly decreased, while cell apoptosis was significantly increased in shPTHR1-K7M2, compared with those in K7M2 cells (P < .05 for all). However, AGT knockdown further inhibited cell viability after 72 h of culture but promoted cell migration and invasion. PTHR1 interference decreased and increased the numbers of cells in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases, respectively, compared with those in K7M2 cells. Angiotensinogen knockdown increased the number of cells in the G0/G1 phase compared with that in the shPTHR1-K7M2 cells. Therefore, PTHR1 affects cell viability, apoptosis, migration, invasion and colony formation, possibly by regulating AGT/CCL9 in OS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Li
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor SurgeryLiaoning Cancer Hospital & InstituteCancer Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor SurgeryLiaoning Cancer Hospital & InstituteCancer Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yi Pei
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor SurgeryLiaoning Cancer Hospital & InstituteCancer Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yujin Dong
- Department of Hand and Foot SurgeryDalian Municipal Center Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Yaohua Shang
- Department of Hand and Foot SurgeryDalian Municipal Center Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
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Martínez VR, Aguirre MV, Todaro JS, Ferrer EG, Williams PAM. Candesartan and valsartan Zn(ii) complexes as inducing agents of reductive stress: mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02937h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Candesartan and valsartan Zn(ii) complexes as inducing agents of reductive stress, including mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria R. Martínez
- Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR-CONICET-CICPBA-UNLP)
- La Plata
- Argentina
| | - María V. Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas
- Facultad de Medicina
- UNNE
- Corrientes
- Argentina
| | - Juan S. Todaro
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas
- Facultad de Medicina
- UNNE
- Corrientes
- Argentina
| | - Evelina G. Ferrer
- Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR-CONICET-CICPBA-UNLP)
- La Plata
- Argentina
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Mescoli A, Maffei G, Pillo G, Bortone G, Marchesi S, Morandi E, Ranzi A, Rotondo F, Serra S, Vaccari M, Zauli Sajani S, Mascolo MG, Jacobs MN, Colacci A. The Secretive Liaison of Particulate Matter and SARS-CoV-2. A Hypothesis and Theory Investigation. Front Genet 2020; 11:579964. [PMID: 33240326 PMCID: PMC7680895 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.579964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As the novel coronavirus disease sweeps across the world, there is growing speculation on the role that atmospheric factors may have played on the different distribution of SARS-CoV-2, and on the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19. Knowing the role that environmental factors play in influenza virus outbreaks, environmental pollution and, in particular, atmospheric airborne (particulate matter, PM) has been considered as a potential key factor in the spread and mortality of COVID-19. A possible role of the PM as the virus carrier has also been debated. The role of PM in exacerbating respiratory and cardiovascular disease has been well recognized. Accumulating evidence support the hypothesis that PM can trigger inflammatory response at molecular, cellular and organ levels. On this basis, we developed the hypothesis that PM may play a role as a booster of COVID-19 rather than as a carrier of SARS-CoV-2. To support our hypothesis, we analyzed the molecular signatures detected in cells exposed to PM samples collected in one of the most affected areas by the COVID-19 outbreak, in Italy. T47D human breast adenocarcinoma cells were chosen to explore the global gene expression changes induced by the treatment with organic extracts of PM 2.5. The analysis of the KEGG's pathways showed modulation of several gene networks related to the leucocyte transendothelial migration, cytoskeleton and adhesion system. Three major biological process were identified, including coagulation, growth control and immune response. The analysis of the modulated genes gave evidence for the involvement of PM in the endothelial disease, coagulation disorders, diabetes and reproductive toxicity, supporting the hypothesis that PM, directly or through molecular interplay, affects the same molecular targets as so far known for SARS-COV-2, contributing to the cytokines storm and to the aggravation of the symptoms triggered by COVID-19. We provide evidence for a plausible cooperation of receptors and transmembrane proteins, targeted by PM and involved in COVID-19, together with new insights into the molecular interplay of chemicals and pathogens that could be of importance for sustaining public health policies and developing new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Mescoli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Section of Cancerology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giangabriele Maffei
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Section of Cancerology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gelsomina Pillo
- Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy (Arpae), Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bortone
- Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy (Arpae), Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Stefano Marchesi
- Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy (Arpae), Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Elena Morandi
- Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy (Arpae), Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Andrea Ranzi
- Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy (Arpae), Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Francesca Rotondo
- Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy (Arpae), Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Stefania Serra
- Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy (Arpae), Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy (Arpae), Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | | | | | - Miriam Naomi Jacobs
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Public Health England, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Section of Cancerology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy (Arpae), Emilia-Romagna, Italy
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7
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Chen JH, Feng DD, Chen YF, Yang CX, Juan CX, Cao Q, Chen X, Liu S, Zhou GP. Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 targeting STING transcription promotes bronchopulmonary dysplasia through regulation of CREB. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10478-10492. [PMID: 32812343 PMCID: PMC7521324 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a severe complication of preterm infants characterized by increased alveolarization and inflammation. Premature exposure to hyperoxia is believed to be a key contributor to the pathogenesis of BPD. No effective preventive or therapeutic agents have been created. Stimulator of interferon gene (STING) is associated with inflammation and apoptosis in various lung diseases. Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 has been reported to be involved in BPD. However, how MALAT1 regulates STING expression remains unknown. In this study, we assessed that STING and MALAT1 were up-regulated in the lung tissue from BPD neonates, hyperoxia-based rat models and lung epithelial cell lines. Then, using the flow cytometry and cell proliferation assay, we found that down-regulating of STING or MALAT1 inhibited the apoptosis and promoted the proliferation of hyperoxia-treated cells. Subsequently, qRT-PCR, Western blotting and dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that suppressing MALAT1 decreased the expression and promoter activity of STING. Moreover, transcription factor CREB showed its regulatory role in the transcription of STING via a chromatin immunoprecipitation. In conclusion, MALAT1 interacts with CREB to regulate STING transcription in BPD neonates. STING, CREB and MALAT1 may be promising therapeutic targets in the prevention and treatment of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-He Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Fei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cai-Xia Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen-Xia Juan
- Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Cheng C, Hua J, Tan J, Qian W, Zhang L, Hou X. Identification of differentially expressed genes, associated functional terms pathways, and candidate diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel diseases by bioinformatics analysis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:278-288. [PMID: 31258663 PMCID: PMC6566124 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are chronic inflammatory disorders caused by genetic influences, the immune system and environmental factors. However, the underlying pathogenesis of IBDs and the pivotal molecular interactions remain to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to identify genetic signatures in patients with IBDs and elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms underlying IBD subtypes. The gene expression profiles of the GSE75214 datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in UC and CD patients compared with controls using the GEO2R tool. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses of DEGs were performed using DAVID. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of the DEGs were constructed using Cytoscape software. Subsequently, significant modules were selected and the hub genes were identified. In the GO and KEGG pathway analysis, the top enriched pathways in UC and CD included Staphylococcus aureus infection, rheumatoid arthritis, complement and coagulation cascades, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and osteoclast differentiation. In addition, the GO terms in the category biological process significantly enriched by these genes were inflammatory response, immune response, leukocyte migration, cell adhesion, response to molecules of bacterial origin and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization. However, several other biological processes (GO terms) and pathways (e.g., ‘chemotaxis’, ‘collagen catabolic process’ and ‘ECM-receptor interaction’) exhibited significant differences between the two subtypes of IBD. The top 10 hub genes were identified from the PPI network using respective DEGs. Of note, the hub genes G protein subunit gamma 11 (GNG11), G protein subunit beta 4 (GNB4), Angiotensinogen (AGT), Phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 (PIK3R3) and C-C motif chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) are disease-specific and may be used as biomarkers for differentiating UC from CD. Furthermore, module analysis further confirmed that common significant pathways involved in the pathogenesis of IBD subtypes were associated with chemokine-induced inflammation, innate immunity, adapted immunity and infectious microbes. In conclusion, the present study identified DEGs, key target genes, functional pathways and enrichment analysis of IBDs, enhancing the understanding of the pathogenesis of IBDs and also advancing the clarification of the underlying molecular mechanisms of UC and CD. Furthermore, these results may provide potential molecular targets and diagnostic biomarkers for UC and CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Juan Hua
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, P.R. China
| | - Jun Tan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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