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Tabnak P, Hasanzade Bashkandi A, Ebrahimnezhad M, Soleimani M. Forkhead box transcription factors (FOXOs and FOXM1) in glioma: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:238. [PMID: 37821870 PMCID: PMC10568859 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most aggressive and malignant type of primary brain tumor, comprises the majority of central nervous system deaths, and is categorized into different subgroups according to its histological characteristics, including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and mixed tumors. The forkhead box (FOX) transcription factors comprise a collection of proteins that play various roles in numerous complex molecular cascades and have been discovered to be differentially expressed in distinct glioma subtypes. FOXM1 and FOXOs have been recognized as crucial transcription factors in tumor cells, including glioma cells. Accumulating data indicates that FOXM1 acts as an oncogene in various types of cancers, and a significant part of studies has investigated its function in glioma. Although recent studies considered FOXO subgroups as tumor suppressors, there are pieces of evidence that they may have an oncogenic role. This review will discuss the subtle functions of FOXOs and FOXM1 in gliomas, dissecting their regulatory network with other proteins, microRNAs and their role in glioma progression, including stem cell differentiation and therapy resistance/sensitivity, alongside highlighting recent pharmacological progress for modulating their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Tabnak
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Ebrahimnezhad
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Soleimani
- Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Exploiting Cancer's Tactics to Make Cancer a Manageable Chronic Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061649. [PMID: 32580319 PMCID: PMC7352192 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of modern oncology started around eighty years ago with the introduction of cytotoxic agents such as nitrogen mustard into the clinic, followed by multi-agent chemotherapy protocols. Early success in radiation therapy in Hodgkin lymphoma gave birth to the introduction of radiation therapy into different cancer treatment protocols. Along with better understanding of cancer biology, we developed drugs targeting cancer-related cellular and genetic aberrancies. Discovery of the crucial role of vasculature in maintenance, survival, and growth of a tumor opened the way to the development of anti-angiogenic agents. A better understanding of T-cell regulatory pathways advanced immunotherapy. Awareness of stem-like cancer cells and their role in cancer metastasis and local recurrence led to the development of drugs targeting them. At the same time, sequential and rapidly accelerating advances in imaging and surgical technology have markedly increased our ability to safely remove ≥90% of tumor cells. While we have advanced our ability to kill cells from multiple directions, we have still failed to stop most types of cancer from recurring. Here we analyze the tactics employed in cancer evolution; namely, chromosomal instability (CIN), intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH), and cancer-specific metabolism. These tactics govern the resistance to current cancer therapeutics. It is time to focus on maximally delaying the time to recurrence, with drugs that target these fundamental tactics of cancer evolution. Understanding the control of CIN and the optimal state of ITH as the most important tactics in cancer evolution could facilitate the development of improved cancer therapeutic strategies designed to transform cancer into a manageable chronic disease.
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Song L, Li XX, Liu XY, Wang Z, Yu Y, Shi M, Jiang B, He XP. EFEMP2 Suppresses the Invasion of Lung Cancer Cells by Inhibiting Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Down-Regulating MMPs. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:1375-1396. [PMID: 32110039 PMCID: PMC7034775 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s236111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 2 (EFEMP2), also known as fibulin-4, MBP1 and UPH1, is an extracellular matrix protein associated with a variety of tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic value and the function of EFEMP2 in lung cancer. Methods The mRNA and protein expression of EFEMP2 in lung normal and cancer tissues, lung cancer cell lines (A549, H460, H1299 and H1650) and normal epithelial cell line BEAS-2B were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The Public databases (Oncomine and Kaplan-Meier plotter) were used to investigate the prognostic value of EFEMP2 in lung cancer. RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression transfection were performed to detect the effects of EFEMP2 up- or down-regulation on lung normal and cancer cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Results EFEMP2 was lowly expressed in lung cancer tissues and cells, and its low expression was associated with malignant phenotype and poor prognosis of lung cancer. The same conclusion had been drawn from the Public databases. EFEMP2 overexpression significantly inhibited the invasion of lung cancer cells, hampered the process of EMT, and decreased the expression and activity of MMP2 and MMP9, while EFEMP2 knockdown remarkably enhanced the invasion of lung cancer cells, promoted EMT, and increased the expression and activity of MMP2 and MMP9. Conclusion The low expression of EFEMP2 was detected in lung cancer and was positively correlated with the poor prognosis of patients. EFEMP2 was a tumor suppressor gene that inhibited the progress of lung cancer, which suggested a new research objective for the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Xin Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Peng He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Ke C, Luo JR, Cen ZW, Li Y, Cai HP, Wang J, Chen FR, Siegel ER, Le KN, Winokan JR, Gibson GJ, McSwain AE, Afrasiabi K, Linskey ME, Zhou YX, Chen ZP, Zhou YH. Dual antivascular function of human fibulin-3 variant, a potential new drug discovery strategy for glioblastoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:940-950. [PMID: 31922633 PMCID: PMC7060460 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ECM protein EFEMP1 (fibulin-3) is associated with all types of solid tumor through its cell context-dependent dual function. A variant of fibulin-3 was engineered by truncation and mutation to alleviate its oncogenic function, specifically the proinvasive role in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells at stem-like state. ZR30 is an in vitro synthesized 39-kDa protein of human fibulin-3 variant. It has a therapeutic effect in intracranial xenograft models of human GBM, through suppression of epidermal growth factor receptor/AKT and NOTCH1/AKT signaling in GBM cells and extracellular MMP2 activation. Glioblastoma multiforme is highly vascular, with leaky blood vessels formed by tumor cells expressing endothelial cell markers, including CD31. Here we studied GBM intracranial xenografts, 2 weeks after intratumoral injection of ZR30 or PBS, by CD31 immunohistochemistry. We found a 70% reduction of blood vessel density in ZR30-treated xenografts compared with that of PBS-treated ones. Matrigel plug assays showed the effect of ZR30 on suppressing angiogenesis. We further studied the effect of ZR30 on genes involved in endothelial transdifferentiation (ETD), in 7 primary cultures derived from 3 GBMs under different culture conditions. Two GBM cultures formed mesh structures with upregulation of ETD genes shortly after culture in Matrigel Matrix, and ZR30 suppressed both. ZR30 also downregulated ETD genes in two GBM cultures with high expression of these genes. In conclusion, multifaceted tumor suppression effects of human fibulin-3 variant include both suppression of angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ran Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Wen Cen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ping Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Rong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eric R Siegel
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kody N Le
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jesica R Winokan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Grace J Gibson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Asia E McSwain
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kambiz Afrasiabi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mark E Linskey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - You-Xin Zhou
- Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Hong Zhou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Bazzoni R, Bentivegna A. Role of Notch Signaling Pathway in Glioblastoma Pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030292. [PMID: 30832246 PMCID: PMC6468848 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates important biological processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, self-renewal, and differentiation. In mammals, Notch signaling is composed of four receptors (Notch1–4) and five ligands (Dll1-3–4, Jagged1–2) that mainly contribute to the development and maintenance of the central nervous system (CNS). Neural stem cells (NSCs) are the starting point for neurogenesis and other neurological functions, representing an essential aspect for the homeostasis of the CNS. Therefore, genetic and functional alterations to NSCs can lead to the development of brain tumors, including glioblastoma. Glioblastoma remains an incurable disease, and the reason for the failure of current therapies and tumor relapse is the presence of a small subpopulation of tumor cells known as glioma stem cells (GSCs), characterized by their stem cell-like properties and aggressive phenotype. Growing evidence reveals that Notch signaling is highly active in GSCs, where it suppresses differentiation and maintains stem-like properties, contributing to Glioblastoma tumorigenesis and conventional-treatment resistance. In this review, we try to give a comprehensive view of the contribution of Notch signaling to Glioblastoma and its possible implication as a target for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Bazzoni
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Pz.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Angela Bentivegna
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy.
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.
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Relationship between expression of XRCC1 and tumor proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in glioma. Invest New Drugs 2018; 37:646-657. [PMID: 30328556 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, XRCC1 polymorphisms were reported to be associated with glioma in Chinese population. However, only a few studies reported on the XRCC1 expression, and cancer progression. In this study, we investigated whether XRCC1 plays a role in glioma pathogenesis. Using the tissue microarray technology, we found that XRCC1 expression is significantly decreased in glioma compared with tumor adjacent normal brain tissue (P < 0.01, χ2 test) and reduced XRCC1 staining was associated with WHO stages (P < 0.05, χ2 test). The mRNA and protein levels of XRCC1 were significantly downregulated in human primary glioma tissues (P < 0.001, χ2 test). We also found that XRCC1 was significantly decreased in glioma cell lines compared to normal human astrocytes (P < 0.01, χ2 test). Overexpression of XRCC1 dramatically reduced the proliferation and caused cessation of cell cycle. The reduced cell proliferation is due to G1 phase arrest as cyclin D1 is diminished whereas p16 is upregulated. We further demonstrated that XRCC1 overexpression suppressed the glioma cell migration and invasion abilities by targeting MMP-2. In addition, we also found that overexpression of XRCC1 sharply inhibited angiogenesis, which correlated with down-regulation of VEGF. The data indicate that XRCC1 may be a tumor suppressor involved in the progression of glioma.
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Wu H, Li X, Feng M, Yao L, Deng Z, Zao G, Zhou Y, Chen S, Du Z. Downregulation of RNF138 inhibits cellular proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT in glioma cells via suppression of the Erk signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:3285-3296. [PMID: 30272353 PMCID: PMC6196598 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common adult malignant primary brain tumor; however, the effect of chemotherapy is often limited by drug‑resistance and poor prognosis is common. Ring finger protein 138 (RNF138) belongs to the E3 ligase family, and has significantly higher expression level in glioma tissue than in noncancerous brain tissues. Epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) has a critical role in cancer invasion and metastasis, ultimately leading to increased cell motility and resistance to genotoxic agents. Extracellular‑signal regulated kinase (Erk) pathways promote the growth of glioma cells and enhance tumor invasion, with a role in the progression of EMT. However, the association between RNF138 and human glioma progression remains poorly understood. Relatively little is known about the association between RNF138, Erk, and EMT in glioma progression. In the current study, experiments were performed to explore the potential roles and mechanisms of RNF138 in glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Glioma cell line proliferation, migration and invasion were inhibited by knockdown of RNF138 in vitro. By lowering the RNF138 expression, cleaved caspase3 and E‑cadherin were upregulated, while phospho‑Erk1/2, vimentin, MMP2, HIF‑1α and VEGF were downregulated in U87 and U251 cells in vitro. In vivo findings revealed that the growth of U87 cell‑transplanted tumors in nude mice was inhibited in tumors with RNF138 knockdown. These findings suggested that downregulation of RNF138 inhibited glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and reversed EMT, potentially via Erk signaling pathway. Therefore, RNF138 may be a potential therapeutic target against glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Xuetao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Ming Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Zhitong Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Guozheng Zao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Youxin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Sansong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Du
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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