1
|
Dixon S, O'connor AT, Brooks-Noreiga C, Clark MA, Levy A, Castejon AM. Role of renin angiotensin system inhibitors and metformin in Glioblastoma Therapy: a review. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2024:10.1007/s00280-024-04686-0. [PMID: 38914751 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-024-04686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive and incurable disease accounting for about 10,000 deaths in the USA each year. Despite the current treatment approach which includes surgery with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, there remains a high prevalence of recurrence. Notable improvements have been observed in persons receiving concurrent antihypertensive drugs such as renin angiotensin inhibitors (RAS) or the antidiabetic drug metformin with standard therapy. Anti-tumoral effects of RAS inhibitors and metformin have been observed in in vitro and in vivo studies. Although clinical trials have shown mixed results, the potential for the use of RAS inhibitors and metformin as adjuvant GBM therapy remains promising. Nevertheless, evidence suggest that these drugs exert multimodal antitumor actions; by particularly targeting several cancer hallmarks. In this review, we highlight the results of clinical studies using multidrug cocktails containing RAS inhibitors and or metformin added to standard therapy for GBM. In addition, we highlight the possible molecular mechanisms by which these repurposed drugs with an excellent safety profile might elicit their anti-tumoral effects. RAS inhibition elicits anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and immune sensitivity effects in GBM. However, metformin promotes anti-migratory, anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects mainly through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Also, we discussed metformin's potential in targeting both GBM cells as well as GBM associated-stem cells. Finally, we summarize a few drug interactions that may cause an additive or antagonistic effect that may lead to adverse effects and influence treatment outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sashana Dixon
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA.
| | - Ann Tenneil O'connor
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Chloe Brooks-Noreiga
- Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Michelle A Clark
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Arkene Levy
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Ana M Castejon
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ferreira MY, Thomaz de Assis EB, Batista S, Palavani LB, Verly G, Corrêa EM, Mitre LP, Sales de Oliveira J, Bertani R, Moreno DA, Polverini AD. Survival Impact of Combined Biguanide and Temozolomide in Glioblastoma Preclinical Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg 2024; 183:239-245.e2. [PMID: 38184227 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive tumor known for its poor prognosis. Despite extensive research into its molecular and clinical aspects, the current management strategies have shown limited efficacy in improving survival rate. Despite some preclinical studies exploring the combination of temozolomide (TMZ) with biguanides such as metformin (MET) and others, the potential benefits of this combination remain uncertain. The aim of this study is to evaluate the overall survival (OS) in GBM murine-models treated with a combination of TMZ + biguanide compared to those treated with TMZ alone. METHODS We systematically searched Medline, Embase, and Lilacs databases for studies comparing TMZ + biguanide versus TMZ alone in GBM models and reporting OS data. The mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval and random-effects model was adopted. RESULTS Nine studies were included in this systematic review. The meta-analysis comprised 6 studies involving 85 rat-models, with 45 subjects undergoing combined-treatment. GBM-murine models treated with TMZ + biguanide exhibited notably superior OS rates compared to those who received TMZ alone, showing an MD of 21.0 days (6.9-35.0). Within the subgroup of orthotopic models, the OS was also significantly better in combination-therapy with an MD of 23.7 days (6.5-40.9). Similarly, in the subgroup where MET was used as biguanide therapy, TMZ + MET demonstrated a significant increase in OS, with an MD of 27.4 days (6.0-48.8). In immunocompromised models, the combination-therapy also exhibited higher survival rates, with an MD of 13 days (9.4-16.6). CONCLUSIONS This systematic review and meta-analysis provide compelling evidence regarding the beneficial effects of TMZ + biguanide in GBM models compared with TMZ alone, resulting in a significant improvement in OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Yuri Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Surgery of Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Savio Batista
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucca B Palavani
- Faculty of Medicine, Max Planck University Center, Indaiatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Verly
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mendes Corrêa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pari Mitre
- Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Raphael Bertani
- Department of Neurosurgery, São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lenz LS, Torgo D, Buss JH, Pereira LC, Bueno M, Filippi-Chiela EC, Lenz G. Mitochondrial response of glioma cells to temozolomide. Exp Cell Res 2023; 433:113825. [PMID: 37866459 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic adaptations are central for carcinogenesis and response to therapy, but little is known about the contribution of mitochondrial dynamics to the response of glioma cells to the standard treatment with temozolomide (TMZ). Glioma cells responded to TMZ with mitochondrial mass increased and the production of round structures of dysfunctional mitochondria. At single-cell level, asymmetric mitosis contributed to the heterogeneity of mitochondrial levels. It affected the fitness of cells in control and treated condition, indicating that the mitochondrial levels are relevant for glioma cell fitness in the presence of TMZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Suéling Lenz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daphne Torgo
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Julieti Huch Buss
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiza Cherobini Pereira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mardja Bueno
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cremonese Filippi-Chiela
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Guido Lenz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mohammadpour ZJ, Mohammadzadeh R, Javadrashid D, Baghbanzadeh A, Doustvandi MA, Barpour N, Baradaran B. Combination of SIX4-siRNA and temozolomide inhibits the growth and migration of A-172 glioblastoma cancer cells. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2741-2751. [PMID: 37093251 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most common and invasive types of primary brain malignancies in adults, accounting for 45.5% of malignancies. Its annual prevalence is low compared to other cancers. The survival rate of this disease is about 14 months after diagnosis. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a common chemotherapy drug used to treatment of glioblastoma, but drug resistance against this drug is an important barrier to successful treatment of this cancer. Today, siRNAs play a significant role in cancer treatment. SIX4 is a transcriptional regulatory molecule that can act as a transcriptional suppressor and an activator in target genes involved in differentiation, migration, and cell survival processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SIX4-siRNA on A-172 glioblastoma cells, its role as a tumor suppressor, and its combination with TMZ. We studied the cytotoxic effect of the SIX4-siRNA and TMZ on A-172 cells using the MTT assay investigated their effect on apoptosis and cell cycle of A-172 cells used wound healing assays to assess their effect on cell migration. Finally, we used qRT-PCR to study the mRNA expression levels of genes involved in apoptosis and migration of tumoral cells after treatments. Based on our results, silencing SIX4-siRNA expression reduced the cell viability of A-172 cells and sensitize these cells to TMZ. Furthermore, we observed an increase in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and a decrease in migration. Bax and caspase-9 overexpression and BCL2 and MMP9 downregulation were detected in the combination of SIX4-siRNA and TMZ. According to our results, the combination of SIX4-siRNA and TMZ can be a very useful strategy for successful glioblastoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jodari Mohammadpour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadzadeh
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - Darya Javadrashid
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Nesa Barpour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mohammad AH, Jatana S, Ruiz-Barerra MA, Khalaf R, Al-Saadi T, Diaz RJ. Metformin use is associated with longer survival in glioblastoma patients with MGMT gene silencing. J Neurooncol 2023; 165:209-218. [PMID: 37889443 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE New treatments are needed to improve the overall survival of patients with glioblastoma Metformin is known for anti-tumorigenic effects in cancers, including breast and pancreas cancers. In this study, we assessed the association between metformin use and overall survival in glioblastoma patients. METHODS We retrospectively studied 241 patients who underwent surgery at diagnosis of glioblastoma between 2014 and 2018. Metformin was used for pre-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus or in the prevention or management of glucocorticoid induced hyperglycemia. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank p test were used for univariate analysis. Cox-proportional hazards model was used to generate adjusted hazard ratios for multivariate analysis. RESULTS Metformin use was associated with longer survival in patients with tumors that had a methylated O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase gene (MGMT) promoter (484 days 95% CI: 56-911 vs. 394 days 95% CI: 249-538, Log-Rank test: 6.5, p = 0.01). Cox regression analysis shows that metformin associates with lower risk of death at 2 years in patients with glioblastoma containing a methylated MGMT promoter (aHR = 0.497, 95% CI 0.26-0.93, p = 0.028). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a survival benefit with metformin use in patients with glioblastomas having methylation of the MGMT promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel Angel Ruiz-Barerra
- Neuro-Oncology Research Group, National Institute of Cancer, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Cancer, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Roy Khalaf
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tariq Al-Saadi
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Roberto J Diaz
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.
- Neurosurgical Oncology, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.
- Neurosurgical Oncology, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ibrahim RS, Ibrahim SS, El-Naas A, Koklesová L, Kubatka P, Büsselberg D. Could Metformin and Resveratrol Support Glioblastoma Treatment? A Mechanistic View at the Cellular Level. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3368. [PMID: 37444478 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a malignant brain tumor, is a common primary brain tumor in adults, with diabetes mellitus being a crucial risk factor. This review examines how the antidiabetic drug metformin and dietary supplement resveratrol can benefit the treatment of glioblastoma. Metformin and resveratrol have demonstrated action against relevant pathways in cancer cells. Metformin and resveratrol inhibit cell proliferation by downregulating the PI3K/Akt pathway, activating mTOR, and increasing AMPK phosphorylation, resulting in lower proliferation and higher apoptosis levels. Metformin and resveratrol both upregulate and inhibit different cascades in the MAPK pathway. In vivo, the drugs reduced tumor growth and volume. These actions show how metformin and resveratrol can combat cancer with both glucose-dependent and glucose-independent effects. The pre-clinical results, alongside the lack of clinical studies and the rise in novel delivery mechanisms, warrant further clinical investigations into the applications of metformin and resveratrol as both separate and as a combination complement to current glioblastoma therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed El-Naas
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar
| | - Lenka Koklesová
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yoon WS, Chang JH, Kim JH, Kim YJ, Jung TY, Yoo H, Kim SH, Ko YC, Nam DH, Kim TM, Kim SH, Park SH, Lee YS, Yim HW, Hong YK, Yang SH. Efficacy and safety of metformin plus low-dose temozolomide in patients with recurrent or refractory glioblastoma: a randomized, prospective, multicenter, double-blind, controlled, phase 2 trial (KNOG-1501 study). Discov Oncol 2023; 14:90. [PMID: 37278858 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) has a poor prognosis after standard treatment. Recently, metformin has been shown to have an antitumor effect on glioma cells. We performed the first randomized prospective phase II clinical trial to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of metformin in patients with recurrent or refractory GBM treated with low-dose temozolomide. METHODS Included patients were randomly assigned to a control group [placebo plus low-dose temozolomide (50 mg/m2, daily)] or an experimental group [metformin (1000 mg, 1500 mg, and 2000 mg per day during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd week until disease progression, respectively) plus low-dose temozolomide]. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), disease control rate, overall response rate, health-related quality of life, and safety. RESULTS Among the 92 patients screened, 81 were randomly assigned to the control group (43 patients) or the experimental group (38 patients). Although the control group showed a longer median PFS, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (2.66 versus 2.3 months, p = 0.679). The median OS was 17.22 months (95% CI 12.19-21.68 months) in the experimental group and 7.69 months (95% CI 5.16-22.67 months) in the control group, showing no significant difference by the log-rank test (HR: 0.78; 95% CI 0.39-1.58; p = 0.473). The overall response rate and disease control rate were 9.3% and 46.5% in the control group and 5.3% and 47.4% in the experimental group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although the metformin plus temozolomide regimen was well tolerated, it did not confer a clinical benefit in patients with recurrent or refractory GBM. Trial registration NCT03243851, registered August 4, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Soo Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Tae-Young Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Heon Yoo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology Clinic, Center for Specific Organs Cancer, National Cancer Center Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Se-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young-Cho Ko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hae Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Soo Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Woo Yim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Kil Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, The Hallym University Medical Center, 22, Gwanpyeong-ro 170 beon-gil, Dong-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeongggi-do, 14068, Korea.
| | - Seung Ho Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93 Jungbudaero, Paldal-gu, Suwon, Seoul, 16247, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moezzi SMI, Javadi P, Mozafari N, Ashrafi H, Azadi A. Metformin-loaded nanoerythrosomes: An erythrocyte-based drug delivery system as a therapeutic tool for glioma. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17082. [PMID: 37484272 PMCID: PMC10361227 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is an intra-cranial malignancy with the origin of neural stem cells or precursor cells, the most prevalent brain tumor worldwide. Glioblastoma, the fourth-grade glioma, is a common brain tumor whose incidence rate is 5-7 people per 100,000 populations annually. Despite their high mortality rate, all efforts for treatment have yet to achieve any desirable clinical outcome. The Wnt signaling pathway is a conserved pathway among species that seems to be a candidate for cancer therapy by its inhibition. Metformin is a known inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway. Its effects on glioma treatment have been observed in cellular, animal, and clinical experiments. Nanoerythrosomes are drug carriers obtained from the cellular membrane of red blood cells in nano size which can offer several characteristics to deliver metformin to brain tumors. They are good at loading and carrying hydrophilic drugs, they can protect metformin from its metabolizing enzymes, which are present in the blood-brain barrier, and they can extend the period of metformin presence in circulation. In this study, nanoerythrosomes were prepared by using the hypotonic buffer. They had particle sizes in the range of 97.1 ± 34.2 nm, and their loading efficiency and loading capacity were 72.6% and 1.66%, respectively. Nanoerythrosomes could reserve metformin in their structure for a long time, and only 50% of metformin was released after 30 h. Moreover, they released metformin at a low and approximately constant rate. Besides, nanoerythrosomes could tolerate various kinds of stress and maintain most of the drug in their structure. Altogether, nanoerythrosome can be a suitable drug delivery system to deliver therapeutic amounts of metformin to various tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Iman Moezzi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Javadi
- Department of Nanomedicine, School of Novel Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negin Mozafari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hajar Ashrafi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Azadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barry A, Samuel SF, Hosni I, Moursi A, Feugere L, Sennett CJ, Deepak S, Achawal S, Rajaraman C, Iles A, Wollenberg Valero KC, Scott IS, Green V, Stead LF, Greenman J, Wade MA, Beltran-Alvarez P. Investigating the effects of arginine methylation inhibitors on microdissected brain tumour biopsies maintained in a miniaturised perfusion system. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2664-2682. [PMID: 37191188 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00204g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a post-translational modification that consists of the transfer of one or two methyl (CH3) groups to arginine residues in proteins. Several types of arginine methylation occur, namely monomethylation, symmetric dimethylation and asymmetric dimethylation, which are catalysed by different protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Inhibitors of PRMTs have recently entered clinical trials to target several types of cancer, including gliomas (NCT04089449). People with glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive form of brain tumour, are among those with the poorest quality of life and likelihood of survival of anyone diagnosed with cancer. There is currently a lack of (pre)clinical research on the possible application of PRMT inhibitors to target brain tumours. Here, we set out to investigate the effects of clinically-relevant PRMT inhibitors on GBM biopsies. We present a new, low-cost, easy to fabricate perfusion device that can maintain GBM tissue in a viable condition for at least eight days post-surgical resection. The miniaturised perfusion device enables the treatment of GBM tissue with PRMT inhibitors ex vivo, and we observed a two-fold increase in apoptosis in treated samples compared to parallel control experiments. Mechanistically, we show thousands of differentially expressed genes after treatment, and changes in the type of arginine methylation of the RNA binding protein FUS that are consistent with hundreds of differential gene splicing events. This is the first time that cross-talk between different types of arginine methylation has been observed in clinical samples after treatment with PRMT inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Barry
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | - Sabrina F Samuel
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | - Ines Hosni
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | - Amr Moursi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
| | - Lauric Feugere
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | | | - Srihari Deepak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
| | - Shailendra Achawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
| | - Chittoor Rajaraman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
| | | | | | - Ian S Scott
- Neuroscience Laboratories, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vicky Green
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | - Lucy F Stead
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - John Greenman
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | - Mark A Wade
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kuduvalli SS, Daisy PS, Vaithy A, Purushothaman M, Ramachandran Muralidharan A, Agiesh KB, Mezger M, Antony JS, Subramani M, Dubashi B, Biswas I, Guruprasad KP, Anitha TS. A combination of metformin and epigallocatechin gallate potentiates glioma chemotherapy in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1096614. [PMID: 37025487 PMCID: PMC10070706 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1096614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most devastating high-grade tumor of the central nervous system, with dismal prognosis. Existing treatment modality does not provide substantial benefit to patients and demands novel strategies. One of the first-line treatments for glioma, temozolomide, provides marginal benefit to glioma patients. Repurposing of existing non-cancer drugs to treat oncology patients is gaining momentum in recent years. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic benefits of combining three repurposed drugs, namely, metformin (anti-diabetic) and epigallocatechin gallate (green tea-derived antioxidant) together with temozolomide in a glioma-induced xenograft rat model. Our triple-drug combination therapy significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo and increased the survival rate (50%) of rats when compared with individual or dual treatments. Molecular and cellular analyses revealed that our triple-drug cocktail treatment inhibited glioma tumor growth in rat model through ROS-mediated inactivation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, arrest of the cell cycle at G1 phase and induction of molecular mechanisms of caspases-dependent apoptosis.In addition, the docking analysis and quantum mechanics studies performed here hypothesize that the effect of triple-drug combination could have been attributed by their difference in molecular interactions, that maybe due to varying electrostatic potential. Thus, repurposing metformin and epigallocatechin gallate and concurrent administration with temozolomide would serve as a prospective therapy in glioma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas S. Kuduvalli
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Puducherry, India
| | - Precilla S. Daisy
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Puducherry, India
| | - Anandraj Vaithy
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Puducherry, India
| | | | - Arumugam Ramachandran Muralidharan
- Department of Visual Neurosciences, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Eye-APC, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kumar B. Agiesh
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Puducherry, India
| | - Markus Mezger
- University Children’s Hospital Tübingen, Department of General Paediatrics, Haematology /Oncology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Justin S. Antony
- University Children’s Hospital Tübingen, Department of General Paediatrics, Haematology /Oncology, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Biswajit Dubashi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Indrani Biswas
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Puducherry, India
| | - K. P. Guruprasad
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - T. S. Anitha
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Puducherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
GBM Cells Exhibit Susceptibility to Metformin Treatment According to TLR4 Pathway Activation and Metabolic and Antioxidant Status. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030587. [PMID: 36765551 PMCID: PMC9913744 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer associated with poor overall survival. The metabolic status and tumor microenvironment of GBM cells have been targeted to improve therapeutic strategies. TLR4 is an important innate immune receptor capable of recognizing pathogens and danger-associated molecules. We have previously demonstrated the presence of TLR4 in GBM tumors and the decreased viability of the GBM tumor cell line after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (TLR4 agonist) stimulation. In the present study, metformin (MET) treatment, used in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) in two GBM cell lines (U87MG and A172) and stimulated with LPS was analyzed. MET is a drug widely used for the treatment of diabetes and has been repurposed for cancer treatment owing to its anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory actions. The aim of the study was to investigate MET and LPS treatment in two GBM cell lines with different metabolic statuses. MET treatment led to mitochondrial respiration blunting and oxidative stress with superoxide production in both cell lines, more markedly in U87MG cells. Decreased cell viability after MET + TMZ and MET + LPS + TMZ treatment was observed in both cell lines. U87MG cells exhibited apoptosis after MET + LPS + TMZ treatment, promoting increased ER stress, unfolded protein response, and BLC2 downregulation. LPS stimulation of U87MG cells led to upregulation of SOD2 and genes related to the TLR4 signaling pathway, including IL1B and CXCL8. A172 cells attained upregulated antioxidant gene expression, particularly SOD1, TXN and PRDX1-5, while MET treatment led to cell-cycle arrest. In silico analysis of the TCGA-GBM-RNASeq dataset indicated that the glycolytic plurimetabolic (GPM)-GBM subtype had a transcriptomic profile which overlapped with U87MG cells, suggesting GBM cases exhibiting this metabolic background with an activated inflammatory TLR4 pathway may respond to MET treatment. For cases with upregulated CXCL8, coding for IL8 (a pro-angiogenic factor), combination treatment with an IL8 inhibitor may improve tumor growth control. The A172 cell line corresponded to the mitochondrial (MTC)-GBM subtype, where MET plus an antioxidant inhibitor, such as anti-SOD1, may be indicated as a combinatory therapy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bader JM, Deigendesch N, Misch M, Mann M, Koch A, Meissner F. Proteomics separates adult-type diffuse high-grade gliomas in metabolic subgroups independent of 1p/19q codeletion and across IDH mutational status. Cell Rep Med 2022; 4:100877. [PMID: 36584682 PMCID: PMC9873829 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High-grade adult-type diffuse gliomas are malignant neuroepithelial tumors with poor survival rates in combined chemoradiotherapy. The current WHO classification is based on IDH1/2 mutational and 1p/19q codeletion status. Glioma proteome alterations remain undercharacterized despite their promise for a better molecular patient stratification and therapeutic target identification. Here, we use mass spectrometry to characterize 42 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from IDH-wild-type (IDHwt) gliomas, IDH-mutant (IDHmut) gliomas with and without 1p/19q codeletion, and non-neoplastic controls. Based on more than 5,500 quantified proteins and 5,000 phosphosites, gliomas separate by IDH1/2 mutational status but not by 1p/19q status. Instead, IDHmut gliomas split into two proteomic subtypes with widespread perturbations, including aerobic/anaerobic energy metabolism. Validations with three independent glioma proteome datasets confirm these subgroups and link the IDHmut subtypes to the established proneural and classic/mesenchymal subtypes in IDHwt glioma. This demonstrates common phenotypic subtypes across the IDH status with potential therapeutic implications for patients with IDHmut gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Maximilian Bader
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Deigendesch
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Misch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arend Koch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Felix Meissner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Department of Systems Immunology and Proteomics, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Metabolomic and Lipidomic Profiling of Gliomas-A New Direction in Personalized Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205041. [PMID: 36291824 PMCID: PMC9599495 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gliomas comprise an extremely diverse category of brain tumors that are difficult to diagnose and treat. As a result, scientists continue to search for new treatment solutions, with personalized medicine having emerged as a particularly promising therapeutic approach. Metabolomics and its sub-discipline, lipidomics, are two scientific fields well-suited to support this search. Metabolomics focuses on the physicochemical changes in the metabolome, which include all of the small endogenous and exogenous compounds in a biological system. As such, metabolic analysis can help identify important biochemical pathways which could be the targets for new therapeutic approaches. This review examines the new directions of personalized therapies for gliomas and how metabolomic and lipidomic analysis assists in developing these strategies and monitoring their effectiveness. The discussion of new strategies is preceded by a brief overview of the current “gold standard” treatment for gliomas and the obstacles that new treatment approaches must overcome. Abstract In addition to being the most common primary brain tumor, gliomas are also among the most difficult to diagnose and treat. At present, the “gold standard” in glioma treatment entails the surgical resection of the largest possible portion of the tumor, followed by temozolomide therapy and radiation. However, this approach does not always yield the desired results. Additionally, the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier remains a major challenge for new potential drugs. Thus, researchers continue to search for targeted therapies that can be individualized based on the specific characteristics of each case. Metabolic and lipidomic research may represent two of the best ways to achieve this goal, as they enable detailed insights into the changes in the profile of small molecules in a biological system/specimen. This article reviews the new approaches to glioma therapy based on the analysis of alterations to biochemical pathways, and it provides an overview of the clinical results that may support personalized therapies in the future.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen H, Li C, Hu H, Zhang B. Activated TRPA1 plays a therapeutic role in TMZ resistance in glioblastoma by altering mitochondrial dynamics. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:38. [PMID: 35982414 PMCID: PMC9389719 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-022-00438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents nearly one-half of primary brain tumors, and the median survival of patients with GBM is only 14.6 months. Surgery followed by radiation with concomitant temozolomide (TMZ) therapy is currently the standard of care. However, an increasing body of evidence suggests that GBM acquires resistance to TMZ, compromising the effect of the drug. Thus, further exploration into the mechanism underlying this resistance is urgently needed. Studies have demonstrated that TMZ resistance is associated with DNA damage, followed by altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mitochondria. Studies have also showed that Ca2+-related transient receptor potential (TRP) channels participate in GBM cell proliferation and metastasis, but the detailed mechanism of their involvement remain to be studied. The present study demonstrates the role played by TRPA1 in TMZ resistance in GBM and elucidates the mechanism of resistance.
Methods
U251 and SHG-44 cells were analyzed in vitro. A CCK-8 assay was performed to verify the effect of TMZ toxicity on GBM cells. Intracellular ROS levels were detected by DCFH-DA assay. A MitoSOX Red assay was performed to determine the mitochondrial ROS levels. Intracellular Ca2+ levels in the cells were determined with a Fluo-4 AM calcium assay kit. Intracellular GSH levels were determined with GSH and GSSG Assay Kit. MGMT protein, Mitochondrial fission- and fusion-, apoptosis- and motility-related protein expression was detected by western blot assay. A recombinant lentiviral vector was used to infect human U251 cells to overexpress shRNA and generate TRPA1+/+ and negative control cells. All experiments were repeated.
Results
In the U251 and SHG-44 cells, TMZ induced a small increase in the apoptosis rate and intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels. The expression of antioxidant genes and antioxidants in these cells was also increased by TMZ. However, pretreatment with a TRPA1 agonist significantly decreased the level of antioxidant gene and antioxidants expression and enhanced intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels. Also TMZ induced the level of MGMT protein increased, and pretreatment with a TRPA1 agonist decreased the MGMT expression. Moreover, Ca2+ influx, mitochondrial damage and cell apoptosis were promoted, and the balance between mitochondrial fission and fusion protein expression was disrupted in these GBM cells. Pretreatment with a TRPA1 inhibitor slightly enhanced the level of antioxidant gene expression and reduced the apoptosis rate. TRPA1 gene overexpression in the U251 cells was similar to that after inhibitor intervention, confirming the aforementioned experimental results.
Conclusion
The present study proved that activating TRPA1 in glioma cells, which leads to mitochondrial damage and dysfunction and ultimately to apoptosis, may decrease the TMZ resistance of GBM cells.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kram H, Prokop G, Haller B, Gempt J, Wu Y, Schmidt-Graf F, Schlegel J, Conrad M, Liesche-Starnecker F. Glioblastoma Relapses Show Increased Markers of Vulnerability to Ferroptosis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:841418. [PMID: 35530303 PMCID: PMC9071304 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.841418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the availability of various therapy options and being a widely focused research area, the prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) still remains very poor due to therapy resistance, genetic heterogeneity and a diffuse infiltration pattern. The recently described non-apoptotic form of cell death ferroptosis may, however, offer novel opportunities for targeted therapies. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of ferroptosis in GBM, including the impact of treatment on the expression of the two ferroptosis-associated players glutathione-peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and acyl-CoA-synthetase long-chain family number 4 (ACSL4). Furthermore, the change in expression of the recently identified ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 1A3 was investigated. Methods Immunohistochemistry was performed on sample pairs of primary and relapse GBM of 24 patients who had received standard adjuvant treatment with radiochemotherapy. To identify cell types generally prone to undergo ferroptosis, co-stainings of ferroptosis susceptibility genes in combination with cell-type specific markers including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for tumor cells and astrocytes, as well as the ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) for microglial cells were performed, supplemented by double stains combining GPX4 and ACSL4. Results While the expression of GPX4 decreased significantly during tumor relapse, ACSL4 showed a significant increase. These results were confirmed by analyses of data sets of the Cancer Genome Atlas. These profound changes indicate an increased susceptibility of relapsed tumors towards oxidative stress and associated ferroptosis, a cell death modality characterized by unrestrained lipid peroxidation. Moreover, ALDH1A3 and FSP1 expression also increased in the relapses with significant results for ALDH1A3, whereas for FSP1, statistical significance was not reached. Results obtained from double staining imply that ferroptosis occurs more likely in GBM tumor cells than in microglial cells. Conclusion Our study implies that ferroptosis takes place in GBM tumor cells. Moreover, we show that recurrent tumors have a higher vulnerability to ferroptosis. These results affirm that utilizing ferroptosis processes might be a possible novel therapy option, especially in the situation of recurrent GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kram
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Prokop
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institute of AI and Informatics in Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Gempt
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Schmidt-Graf
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schlegel
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Friederike Liesche-Starnecker
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Effects of Metformin as Add-On Therapy against Glioblastoma: An Old Medicine for Novel Oncology Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061412. [PMID: 35326565 PMCID: PMC8946812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor, with a median survival of around 14 months. The aggressiveness of glioblastoma is due to intense cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasiveness, genetic instability, resistance to therapies and high frequency of relapses. These features render glioblastoma almost incurable, considered an extreme therapeutic challenge. In the last few decades, it has been observed a reduced cancer incidence in diabetic patients treated with metformin, an oral hypoglycemic drug. The reported ability of metformin to arrest cancer cell growth in in vitro and in vivo experimental tumor models, have suggested the possibility to reconsider metformin as an anti-cancer add-on therapy, but further investigations about molecular mechanisms and optimal therapeutic regimens are needed. Here, we tested the efficacy of metformin against primary glioblastoma endothelial cells, responsible for tumor angiogenesis, invasiveness and resistance to therapy, reporting promising results and advancing a novel target of metformin, the “sphingolipid rheostat”. Abstract Background: Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary brain malignancy in adults, with a poor prognosis of about 14 months. Recent evidence ascribed to metformin (MET), an antihyperglycemic drug, the potential to reduce cancer incidence and progression, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects need to be better investigated. Methods: Here, we tested the efficacy of MET on n = 10 primary glioblastoma endothelial cells (GECs), by viability and proliferation tests, as MTT and Live/Dead assays, apoptosis tests, as annexin V assay and caspase 3/7 activity, functional tests as tube-like structure formation and migration assay and by mRNA and protein expression performed by quantitative real-time PCR analysis (qRT-PCR) and Western Blot, respectively. Results: Data resulting revealed a time- and μ-dependent ability of MET to decrease cell viability and proliferation, increasing pro-apoptotic mechanisms mediated by caspases 3/7. Also, MET impacted GEC functionality with a significant decrease of angiogenesis and invasiveness potential. Mechanistically, MET was able to interfere with sphingolipid metabolism, weakening the oncopromoter signaling promoted by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and shifting the balance toward the production of the pro-apoptotic ceramide. Conclusions: These observations ascribed to MET the potential to serve as add-on therapy against glioblastoma, suggesting a repurposing of an old, totally safe and tolerable drug for novel oncology therapeutics.
Collapse
|
17
|
Berg AL, Rowson-Hodel A, Hu M, Keeling M, Wu H, VanderVorst K, Chen JJ, Hatakeyama J, Jilek J, Dreyer CA, Wheeler MR, Yu AM, Li Y, Carraway KL. The Cationic Amphiphilic Drug Hexamethylene Amiloride Eradicates Bulk Breast Cancer Cells and Therapy-Resistant Subpopulations with Similar Efficiencies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040949. [PMID: 35205696 PMCID: PMC8869814 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance of cancer cell subpopulations, including cancer stem cell (CSC) populations, to apoptosis-inducing chemotherapeutic agents is a key barrier to improved outcomes for cancer patients. The cationic amphiphilic drug hexamethylene amiloride (HMA) has been previously demonstrated to efficiently kill bulk breast cancer cells independent of tumor subtype or species but acts poorly toward non-transformed cells derived from multiple tissues. Here, we demonstrate that HMA is similarly cytotoxic toward breast CSC-related subpopulations that are resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic agents, but poorly cytotoxic toward normal mammary stem cells. HMA inhibits the sphere-forming capacity of FACS-sorted human and mouse mammary CSC-related cells in vitro, specifically kills tumor but not normal mammary organoids ex vivo, and inhibits metastatic outgrowth in vivo, consistent with CSC suppression. Moreover, HMA inhibits viability and sphere formation by lung, colon, pancreatic, brain, liver, prostate, and bladder tumor cell lines, suggesting that its effects may be applicable to multiple malignancies. Our observations expose a key vulnerability intrinsic to cancer stem cells and point to novel strategies for the exploitation of cationic amphiphilic drugs in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia L. Berg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (A.R.-H.); (M.H.); (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.V.); (J.J.C.); (J.H.); (J.J.); (C.A.D.); (M.R.W.); (A.-M.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ashley Rowson-Hodel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (A.R.-H.); (M.H.); (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.V.); (J.J.C.); (J.H.); (J.J.); (C.A.D.); (M.R.W.); (A.-M.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Michelle Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (A.R.-H.); (M.H.); (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.V.); (J.J.C.); (J.H.); (J.J.); (C.A.D.); (M.R.W.); (A.-M.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Michael Keeling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (A.R.-H.); (M.H.); (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.V.); (J.J.C.); (J.H.); (J.J.); (C.A.D.); (M.R.W.); (A.-M.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (A.R.-H.); (M.H.); (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.V.); (J.J.C.); (J.H.); (J.J.); (C.A.D.); (M.R.W.); (A.-M.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Kacey VanderVorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (A.R.-H.); (M.H.); (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.V.); (J.J.C.); (J.H.); (J.J.); (C.A.D.); (M.R.W.); (A.-M.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jenny J. Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (A.R.-H.); (M.H.); (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.V.); (J.J.C.); (J.H.); (J.J.); (C.A.D.); (M.R.W.); (A.-M.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jason Hatakeyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (A.R.-H.); (M.H.); (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.V.); (J.J.C.); (J.H.); (J.J.); (C.A.D.); (M.R.W.); (A.-M.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Joseph Jilek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (A.R.-H.); (M.H.); (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.V.); (J.J.C.); (J.H.); (J.J.); (C.A.D.); (M.R.W.); (A.-M.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Courtney A. Dreyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (A.R.-H.); (M.H.); (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.V.); (J.J.C.); (J.H.); (J.J.); (C.A.D.); (M.R.W.); (A.-M.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Madelyn R. Wheeler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (A.R.-H.); (M.H.); (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.V.); (J.J.C.); (J.H.); (J.J.); (C.A.D.); (M.R.W.); (A.-M.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (A.R.-H.); (M.H.); (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.V.); (J.J.C.); (J.H.); (J.J.); (C.A.D.); (M.R.W.); (A.-M.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Yuanpei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (A.R.-H.); (M.H.); (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.V.); (J.J.C.); (J.H.); (J.J.); (C.A.D.); (M.R.W.); (A.-M.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Kermit L. Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (A.R.-H.); (M.H.); (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.V.); (J.J.C.); (J.H.); (J.J.); (C.A.D.); (M.R.W.); (A.-M.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Up-Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Expression by Temozolomide (TMZ) in Human Glioblastoma (GBM) Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031545. [PMID: 35163465 PMCID: PMC8835858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TMZ-resistance remains a main limitation in glioblastoma (GBM) treatment. TMZ is an alkylating agent whose cytotoxicity is modulated by O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), whose expression is determined by MGMT gene promoter methylation status. The inflammatory marker COX-2 has been implicated in GBM tumorigenesis, progression, and stemness. COX-2 inhibitors are considered a GBM add-on treatment due to their ability to increase TMZ-sensitivity. We investigated the effect of TMZ on COX-2 expression in GBM cell lines showing different COX-2 levels and TMZ sensitivity (T98G and U251MG). β-catenin, MGMT, and SOX-2 expression was analyzed. The effects of NS398, COX-2 inhibitor, alone or TMZ-combined, were studied evaluating cell proliferation by the IncuCyte® system, cell cycle/apoptosis, and clonogenic potential. COX-2, β-catenin, MGMT, and SOX-2 expression was evaluated by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence and PGE2 by ELISA. Our findings, sustaining the role of COX-2/PGE2 system in TMZ-resistance of GBM, show, for the first time, a relevant, dose-dependent up-regulation of COX-2 expression and activity in TMZ-treated T98G that, in turn, correlated with chemoresistance. Similarly, all the COX-2-dependent signaling pathways involved in TMZ-resistance also resulted in being up-modulated after treatment with TMZ. NS398+TMZ was able to reduce cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, NS398+TMZ counteracted the resistance in T98G preventing the TMZ-induced COX-2, β-catenin, MGMT, and SOX-2 up-regulation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Roh TH, Lee JH, Kim SJ, Shim JK, Park J, Yoon SJ, Teo WY, Kim SH, Chang JH, Kang SG. A novel biguanide (IM1761065) inhibits bioenergetics of glioblastoma tumorspheres. J Neurooncol 2021; 156:139-151. [PMID: 34811601 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) is a rapidly growing tumor in the central nervous system with altered metabolism. Depleting the bioenergetics of tumors with biguanides have been suggested as an effective therapeutic approach for treating GBMs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of IM1761065, a novel biguanide with improved pharmacokinetics, on GBM-tumorspheres (TSs). METHODS The biological activities of IM1761065 on GBM-TSs, including their effects on viability, ATP levels, cell cycle, stemness, invasive properties, and transcriptomes were examined. The in vivo efficacy of IM1761065 was tested in a mouse orthotopic xenograft model. RESULTS IM1761065 decreased the viability and ATP levels of GBM-TSs in a dose-dependent manner, and reduced basal and spare respiratory capacity in patient-derived GBM-TS, as measured by the oxygen consumption rate. Sphere formation, expression of stemness-related proteins, and invasive capacity of GBM-TSs were also significantly suppressed by IM1761065. A gene-ontology comparison of IM1761065-treated groups showed that the expression levels of stemness-related, epithelial mesenchymal transition-related, and mitochondrial complex I genes were also significantly downregulated by IM1761065. An orthotopic xenograft mouse model showed decreased bioluminescence in IM1761065-treated cell-injected mice at 5 weeks. IM1761065-treated group showed longer survival than the control group (P = 0.0289, log-rank test). CONCLUSION IM1761065 is a potent inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. The inhibitory effect of IM1761065 on the bioenergetics of GBM-TS suggests that this novel compound could be used as a new drug for the treatment of GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Roh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Jin Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoung Shim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Precision Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Jin Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Yee Teo
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Gu Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fontana F, Limonta P. The multifaceted roles of mitochondria at the crossroads of cell life and death in cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:203-221. [PMID: 34597798 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the cytoplasmic organelles mostly known as the "electric engine" of the cells; however, they also play pivotal roles in different biological processes, such as cell growth/apoptosis, Ca2+ and redox homeostasis, and cell stemness. In cancer cells, mitochondria undergo peculiar functional and structural dynamics involved in the survival/death fate of the cell. Cancer cells use glycolysis to support macromolecular biosynthesis and energy production ("Warburg effect"); however, mitochondrial OXPHOS has been shown to be still active during carcinogenesis and even exacerbated in drug-resistant and stem cancer cells. This metabolic rewiring is associated with mutations in genes encoding mitochondrial metabolic enzymes ("oncometabolites"), alterations of ROS production and redox biology, and a fine-tuned balance between anti-/proapoptotic proteins. In cancer cells, mitochondria also experience dynamic alterations from the structural point of view undergoing coordinated cycles of biogenesis, fusion/fission and mitophagy, and physically communicating with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), through the Ca2+ flux, at the MAM (mitochondria-associated membranes) levels. This review addresses the peculiar mitochondrial metabolic and structural dynamics occurring in cancer cells and their role in coordinating the balance between cell survival and death. The role of mitochondrial dynamics as effective biomarkers of tumor progression and promising targets for anticancer strategies is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zampieri LX, Sboarina M, Cacace A, Grasso D, Thabault L, Hamelin L, Vazeille T, Dumon E, Rossignol R, Frédérick R, Sonveaux E, Lefranc F, Sonveaux P. Olaparib Is a Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibitor That Kills Temozolomide-Resistant Human Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111938. [PMID: 34769368 PMCID: PMC8584761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma represents the highest grade of brain tumors. Despite maximal resection surgery associated with radiotherapy and concomitant followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), patients have a very poor prognosis due to the rapid recurrence and the acquisition of resistance to TMZ. Here, initially considering that TMZ is a prodrug whose activation is pH-dependent, we explored the contribution of glioblastoma cell metabolism to TMZ resistance. Using isogenic TMZ-sensitive and TMZ-resistant human glioblastoma cells, we report that the expression of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which is known to repair TMZ-induced DNA methylation, does not primarily account for TMZ resistance. Rather, fitter mitochondria in TMZ-resistant glioblastoma cells are a direct cause of chemoresistance that can be targeted by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and/or autophagy/mitophagy. Unexpectedly, we found that PARP inhibitor olaparib, but not talazoparib, is also a mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor. Hence, we propose that the anticancer activities of olaparib in glioblastoma and other cancer types combine DNA repair inhibition and impairment of cancer cell respiration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca X. Zampieri
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Martina Sboarina
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Andrea Cacace
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Debora Grasso
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Léopold Thabault
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (R.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Loïc Hamelin
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Thibaut Vazeille
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Elodie Dumon
- INSERM U1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism and Genetics (MRGM), Ecole des Sages Femmes, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (E.D.); (R.R.)
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- INSERM U1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism and Genetics (MRGM), Ecole des Sages Femmes, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (E.D.); (R.R.)
| | - Raphaël Frédérick
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (R.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Etienne Sonveaux
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (R.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Florence Lefranc
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Panwalkar P, Tamrazi B, Dang D, Chung C, Sweha S, Natarajan SK, Pun M, Bayliss J, Ogrodzinski MP, Pratt D, Mullan B, Hawes D, Yang F, Lu C, Sabari BR, Achreja A, Heon J, Animasahun O, Cieslik M, Dunham C, Yip S, Hukin J, Phillips JJ, Bornhorst M, Griesinger AM, Donson AM, Foreman NK, Garton HJ, Heth J, Muraszko K, Nazarian J, Koschmann C, Jiang L, Filbin MG, Nagrath D, Kool M, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Gilbertson RJ, Allis CD, Chinnaiyan A, Lunt SY, Blüml S, Judkins AR, Venneti S. Targeting integrated epigenetic and metabolic pathways in lethal childhood PFA ependymomas. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabc0497. [PMID: 34613815 PMCID: PMC8762577 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Childhood posterior fossa group A ependymomas (PFAs) have limited treatment options and bear dismal prognoses compared to group B ependymomas (PFBs). PFAs overexpress the oncohistone-like protein EZHIP (enhancer of Zeste homologs inhibitory protein), causing global reduction of repressive histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), similar to the oncohistone H3K27M. Integrated metabolic analyses in patient-derived cells and tumors, single-cell RNA sequencing of tumors, and noninvasive metabolic imaging in patients demonstrated enhanced glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolism in PFAs. Furthermore, high glycolytic gene expression in PFAs was associated with a poor outcome. PFAs demonstrated high EZHIP expression associated with poor prognosis and elevated activating mark histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac). Genomic H3K27ac was enriched in PFAs at key glycolytic and TCA cycle–related genes including hexokinase-2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase. Similarly, mouse neuronal stem cells (NSCs) expressing wild-type EZHIP (EZHIP-WT) versus catalytically attenuated EZHIP-M406K demonstrated H3K27ac enrichment at hexokinase-2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase, accompanied by enhanced glycolysis and TCA cycle metabolism. AMPKα-2, a key component of the metabolic regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), also showed H3K27ac enrichment in PFAs and EZHIP-WT NSCs. The AMPK activator metformin lowered EZHIP protein concentrations, increased H3K27me3, suppressed TCA cycle metabolism, and showed therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo in patient-derived PFA xenografts in mice. Our data indicate that PFAs and EZHIP-WT–expressing NSCs are characterized by enhanced glycolysis and TCA cycle metabolism. Repurposing the antidiabetic drug metformin lowered pathogenic EZHIP, increased H3K27me3, and suppressed tumor growth, suggesting that targeting integrated metabolic/epigenetic pathways is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating childhood ependymomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Panwalkar
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Benita Tamrazi
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Derek Dang
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Chan Chung
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Current address- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Stefan Sweha
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Siva Kumar Natarajan
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Matthew Pun
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jill Bayliss
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Martin P. Ogrodzinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Drew Pratt
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brendan Mullan
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Debra Hawes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Fusheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Genetics and Development and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Sabari
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Abhinav Achreja
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jin Heon
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Olamide Animasahun
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Marcin Cieslik
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Christopher Dunham
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3N1, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Juliette Hukin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children's and Women's Health Centre of B.C, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Joanna J. Phillips
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. 94132
| | - Miriam Bornhorst
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington DC, 20012, USA
- Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20012, USA
| | - Andrea M Griesinger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, Colorado
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, 80045, Colorado
| | - Andrew M Donson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, Colorado
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, 80045, Colorado
| | - Nicholas K Foreman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, Colorado
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, 80045, Colorado
| | - Hugh J.L. Garton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jason Heth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Karin Muraszko
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington DC, 20012, USA
- Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20012, USA
- DMG Research Center Department of Oncology University Children's Hospital, CH-8032 Zürich
| | - Carl Koschmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mariella G. Filbin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Deepak Nagrath
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Department of Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), University Hospital Heidelberg and CCU Neuropathology, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Stefan M. Pfister
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | | | - C. David Allis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Arul Chinnaiyan
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sophia Y. Lunt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Stefan Blüml
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Alexander R. Judkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Haddad AF, Young JS, Amara D, Berger MS, Raleigh DR, Aghi MK, Butowski NA. Mouse models of glioblastoma for the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab100. [PMID: 34466804 PMCID: PMC8403483 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable brain tumor with a median survival of approximately 15 months despite an aggressive standard of care that includes surgery, chemotherapy, and ionizing radiation. Mouse models have advanced our understanding of GBM biology and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for GBM patients. However, model selection is crucial when testing developmental therapeutics, and each mouse model of GBM has unique advantages and disadvantages that can influence the validity and translatability of experimental results. To shed light on this process, we discuss the strengths and limitations of 3 types of mouse GBM models in this review: syngeneic models, genetically engineered mouse models, and xenograft models, including traditional xenograft cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Haddad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacob S Young
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dominic Amara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas A Butowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Corresponding Author: Nicholas A. Butowski, MD, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Ave Eighth Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA ()
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tomar MS, Kumar A, Srivastava C, Shrivastava A. Elucidating the mechanisms of Temozolomide resistance in gliomas and the strategies to overcome the resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188616. [PMID: 34419533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is a first-choice alkylating agent inducted as a gold standard therapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and astrocytoma. A majority of patients do not respond to TMZ during the course of their treatment. Activation of DNA repair pathways is the principal mechanism for this phenomenon that detaches TMZ-induced O-6-methylguanine adducts and restores genomic integrity. Current understanding in the domain of oncology adds several other novel mechanisms of resistance such as the involvement of miRNAs, drug efflux transporters, gap junction's activity, the advent of glioma stem cells as well as upregulation of cell survival autophagy. This review describes a multifaceted account of different mechanisms responsible for the intrinsic and acquired TMZ-resistance. Here, we summarize different strategies that intensify the TMZ effect such as MGMT inhibition, development of novel imidazotetrazine analog, and combination therapy; with an aim to incorporate a successful treatment and increased overall survival in GBM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manendra Singh Tomar
- Center for Advance Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Chhitij Srivastava
- Department of Neurosurgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Shrivastava
- Center for Advance Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kong S, Ge X, Li X, Liu Z, Zhang R, Yang M, Wang Z, Li Z. SD-36 promotes growth inhibition and induces apoptosis via suppression of Mcl-1 in glioma. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8261-8270. [PMID: 34291563 PMCID: PMC8419162 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most commonly observed tumours, representing approximately 75% of brain tumours in the adult population. Generally, glioma therapy includes surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The transcription factor STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) is a promising target for the treatment of cancer and several other diseases. At nanomolar concentrations, SD‐36 induces rapid cellular degradation of STAT3 but cannot degrade other STAT proteins. The current study demonstrates the therapeutic efficacies of the STAT3 degraders SD‐36 against glioma, as well as understanding the elucidating mechanisms and identifying molecular markers that determine cell sensitivity to STAT3 degraders. Glioma cell lines possessed similar response patterns to SD‐36 but different responses to the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic. SD‐36 potently induced apoptosis in glioma cells along with a reduction in Mcl‐1 levels, which are critical for mediating the induction of apoptosis and enhancing TMZ‐induced apoptosis. Accordingly, SD‐36 sensitizes the antitumour effect of TMZ in patient‐derived xenograft. In addition, the downregulation of Mcl‐1 expression‐mediated antitumour effect of SD‐36 was analysed in cell‐derived xenograft. These observations need to be validated clinically to confirm the efficacy of STAT3 degraders in glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xinbo Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenbo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhenhai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhenzhong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Batara DCR, Choi MC, Shin HU, Kim H, Kim SH. Friend or Foe: Paradoxical Roles of Autophagy in Gliomagenesis. Cells 2021; 10:1411. [PMID: 34204169 PMCID: PMC8227518 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor in adults, with a poor median survival of approximately 15 months after diagnosis. Despite several decades of intensive research on its cancer biology, treatment for GBM remains a challenge. Autophagy, a fundamental homeostatic mechanism, is responsible for degrading and recycling damaged or defective cellular components. It plays a paradoxical role in GBM by either promoting or suppressing tumor growth depending on the cellular context. A thorough understanding of autophagy's pleiotropic roles is needed to develop potential therapeutic strategies for GBM. In this paper, we discussed molecular mechanisms and biphasic functions of autophagy in gliomagenesis. We also provided a summary of treatments for GBM, emphasizing the importance of autophagy as a promising molecular target for treating GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Don Carlo Ramos Batara
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (D.C.R.B.); (H.-U.S.)
| | - Moon-Chang Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Hyeon-Uk Shin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (D.C.R.B.); (H.-U.S.)
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Sung-Hak Kim
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (D.C.R.B.); (H.-U.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
From Laboratory Studies to Clinical Trials: Temozolomide Use in IDH-Mutant Gliomas. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051225. [PMID: 34067729 PMCID: PMC8157002 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the use of the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) in the treatment of IDH-mutant gliomas. We describe the challenges associated with TMZ in clinical (drug resistance and tumor recurrence) and preclinical settings (variabilities associated with in vitro models) in treating IDH-mutant glioma. Lastly, we summarize the emerging therapeutic targets that can potentially be used in combination with TMZ.
Collapse
|
28
|
Valtorta S, Lo Dico A, Raccagni I, Martelli C, Pieri V, Rainone P, Todde S, Zinnhardt B, De Bernardi E, Coliva A, Politi LS, Viel T, Jacobs AH, Galli R, Ottobrini L, Vaira V, Moresco RM. Imaging Metformin Efficacy as Add-On Therapy in Cells and Mouse Models of Human EGFR Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:664149. [PMID: 34012924 PMCID: PMC8126706 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.664149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive tumor of the brain. Despite the efforts, response to current therapies is poor and 2-years survival rate ranging from 6-12%. Here, we evaluated the preclinical efficacy of Metformin (MET) as add-on therapy to Temozolomide (TMZ) and the ability of [18F]FLT (activity of thymidine kinase 1 related to cell proliferation) and [18F]VC701 (translocator protein, TSPO) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radiotracers to predict tumor response to therapy. Indeed, TSPO is expressed on the outer mitochondrial membrane of activated microglia/macrophages, tumor cells, astrocytes and endothelial cells. TMZ-sensitive (Gli36ΔEGFR-1 and L0627) or -resistant (Gli36ΔEGFR-2) GBM cell lines representative of classical molecular subtype were tested in vitro and in vivo in orthotopic mouse models. Our results indicate that in vitro, MET increased the efficacy of TMZ on TMZ-sensitive and on TMZ-resistant cells by deregulating the balance between pro-survival (bcl2) and pro-apoptotic (bax/bad) Bcl-family members and promoting early apoptosis in both Gli36ΔEGFR-1 and Gli36ΔEGFR-2 cells. In vivo, MET add-on significantly extended the median survival of tumor-bearing mice compared to TMZ-treated ones and reduced the rate of recurrence in the TMZ-sensitive models. PET studies with the cell proliferation radiopharmaceutical [18F]FLT performed at early time during treatment were able to distinguish responder from non-responder to TMZ but not to predict the duration of the effect. On the contrary, [18F]VC701 uptake was reduced only in mice treated with MET plus TMZ and levels of uptake negatively correlated with animals’ survival. Overall, our data showed that MET addition improved TMZ efficacy in GBM preclinical models representative of classical molecular subtype increasing survival time and reducing tumor relapsing rate. Finally, results from PET imaging suggest that the reduction of cell proliferation represents a common mechanism of TMZ and combined treatment, whereas only the last was able to reduce TSPO. This reduction was associated with the duration of treatment response. TSPO-ligand may be used as a complementary molecular imaging marker to predict tumor microenvironment related treatment effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Valtorta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Segrate, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Lo Dico
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Raccagni
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Segrate, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE.ITALY, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Martelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Pieri
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Rainone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Todde
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Bastian Zinnhardt
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Elisabetta De Bernardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Angela Coliva
- Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Letterio S Politi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Neuroradiology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Thomas Viel
- PARCC, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rossella Galli
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ottobrini
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Segrate, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Vaira
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Segrate, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Goenka A, Tiek D, Song X, Huang T, Hu B, Cheng SY. The Many Facets of Therapy Resistance and Tumor Recurrence in Glioblastoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030484. [PMID: 33668200 PMCID: PMC7995978 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal type of primary brain cancer. Standard care using chemo- and radio-therapy modestly increases the overall survival of patients; however, recurrence is inevitable, due to treatment resistance and lack of response to targeted therapies. GBM therapy resistance has been attributed to several extrinsic and intrinsic factors which affect the dynamics of tumor evolution and physiology thus creating clinical challenges. Tumor-intrinsic factors such as tumor heterogeneity, hypermutation, altered metabolomics and oncologically activated alternative splicing pathways change the tumor landscape to facilitate therapy failure and tumor progression. Moreover, tumor-extrinsic factors such as hypoxia and an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) are the chief causes of immunotherapy failure in GBM. Amid the success of immunotherapy in other cancers, GBM has occurred as a model of resistance, thus focusing current efforts on not only alleviating the immunotolerance but also evading the escape mechanisms of tumor cells to therapy, caused by inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Here we review the various mechanisms of therapy resistance in GBM, caused by the continuously evolving tumor dynamics as well as the complex TME, which cumulatively contribute to GBM malignancy and therapy failure; in an attempt to understand and identify effective therapies for recurrent GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-312-503-3043; Fax: +1-312-503-5603
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Datta S, Sears T, Cortopassi G, Woolard K, Angelastro JM. Repurposing FDA approved drugs inhibiting mitochondrial function for targeting glioma-stem like cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111058. [PMID: 33378970 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) tumors contain a small population of glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) among the various differentiated GBM cells (d-GCs). GSCs drive tumor recurrence, and resistance to Temozolomide (TMZ), the standard of care (SoC) for GBM chemotherapy. In order to investigate a potential link between GSC specific mitochondria function and SoC resistance, two patient-derived GSC lines were evaluated for differences in their mitochondrial metabolism. In both the lines, GSCs had significantly lower mitochondrial -content, and -function compared to d-GCs. In vitro, the standard mitochondrial-specific inhibitors oligomycin A, antimycin A, and rotenone selectively inhibited GSC proliferation to a greater extent than d-GCs and human primary astrocytes. These findings indicate that mitochondrial inhibition can be a potential GSC-targeted therapeutic strategy in GBM with minimal off-target toxicity. Mechanistically the standard mitochondrial inhibitors elicit their GSC-selective cytotoxic effects through the induction of apoptosis or autophagy pathways. We tested for GSC proliferation in the presence of 3 safe FDA-approved drugs--trifluoperazine, mitoxantrone, and pyrvinium pamoate, all of which are also known mitochondrial-targeting agents. The SoC GBM therapeutic TMZ did not trigger cytotoxicity in glioma stem cells, even at 100 μM concentration. By contrast, trifluoperazine, mitoxantrone, and pyrvinium pamoate exerted antiproliferative effects in GSCs about 30-50 fold more effectively than temozolomide. Thus, we hereby demonstrate that FDA-approved mitochondrial inhibitors induce GSC-selective cytotoxicity, and targeting mitochondrial function could present a potential therapeutic option for GBM treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Datta
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Sears
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James M Angelastro
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Griffin M, Khan R, Basu S, Smith S. Ion Channels as Therapeutic Targets in High Grade Gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103068. [PMID: 33096667 PMCID: PMC7589494 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme is an aggressive grade IV lethal brain tumour with a median survival of 14 months. Despite surgery to remove the tumour, and subsequent concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy, there is little in terms of effective treatment options. Because of this, exploring new treatment avenues is vital. Brain tumours are intrinsically electrically active; expressing unique patterns of ion channels, and this is a characteristic we can exploit. Ion channels are specialised proteins in the cell’s membrane that allow for the passage of positive and negatively charged ions in and out of the cell, controlling membrane potential. Membrane potential is a crucial biophysical signal in normal and cancerous cells. Research has identified that specific classes of ion channels not only move the cell through its cell cycle, thus encouraging growth and proliferation, but may also be essential in the development of brain tumours. Inhibition of sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride channels has been shown to reduce the capacity of glioblastoma cells to grow and invade. Therefore, we propose that targeting ion channels and repurposing commercially available ion channel inhibitors may hold the key to new therapeutic avenues in high grade gliomas. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a lethal brain cancer with an average survival of 14–15 months even with exhaustive treatment. High grade gliomas (HGG) represent the leading cause of CNS cancer-related death in children and adults due to the aggressive nature of the tumour and limited treatment options. The scarcity of treatment available for GBM has opened the field to new modalities such as electrotherapy. Previous studies have identified the clinical benefit of electrotherapy in combination with chemotherapeutics, however the mechanistic action is unclear. Increasing evidence indicates that not only are ion channels key in regulating electrical signaling and membrane potential of excitable cells, they perform a crucial role in the development and neoplastic progression of brain tumours. Unlike other tissue types, neural tissue is intrinsically electrically active and reliant on ion channels and their function. Ion channels are essential in cell cycle control, invasion and migration of cancer cells and therefore present as valuable therapeutic targets. This review aims to discuss the role that ion channels hold in gliomagenesis and whether we can target and exploit these channels to provide new therapeutic targets and whether ion channels hold the mechanistic key to the newfound success of electrotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Griffin
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Raheela Khan
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Surajit Basu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Stuart Smith
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Calvo Tardón M, Marinari E, Migliorini D, Bes V, Tankov S, Charrier E, McKee TA, Dutoit V, Dietrich PY, Cosset E, Walker PR. An Experimentally Defined Hypoxia Gene Signature in Glioblastoma and Its Modulation by Metformin. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090264. [PMID: 32887267 PMCID: PMC7563149 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by a high degree of intertumoral heterogeneity. However, a common feature of the GBM microenvironment is hypoxia, which can promote radio- and chemotherapy resistance, immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and stemness. We experimentally defined common GBM adaptations to physiologically relevant oxygen gradients, and we assessed their modulation by the metabolic drug metformin. We directly exposed human GBM cell lines to hypoxia (1% O2) and to physioxia (5% O2). We then performed transcriptional profiling and compared our in vitro findings to predicted hypoxic areas in vivo using in silico analyses. We observed a heterogenous hypoxia response, but also a common gene signature that was induced by a physiologically relevant change in oxygenation from 5% O2 to 1% O2. In silico analyses showed that this hypoxia signature was highly correlated with a perinecrotic localization in GBM tumors, expression of certain glycolytic and immune-related genes, and poor prognosis of GBM patients. Metformin treatment of GBM cell lines under hypoxia and physioxia reduced viable cell number, oxygen consumption rate, and partially reversed the hypoxia gene signature, supporting further exploration of targeting tumor metabolism as a treatment component for hypoxic GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calvo Tardón
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.C.T.); (E.M.); (V.B.); (S.T.); (E.C.); (V.D.); (P.-Y.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Eliana Marinari
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.C.T.); (E.M.); (V.B.); (S.T.); (E.C.); (V.D.); (P.-Y.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Denis Migliorini
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Research Unit, Dubois Ferrière Dinu Lipatti Research Foundation, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Viviane Bes
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.C.T.); (E.M.); (V.B.); (S.T.); (E.C.); (V.D.); (P.-Y.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Stoyan Tankov
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.C.T.); (E.M.); (V.B.); (S.T.); (E.C.); (V.D.); (P.-Y.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Emily Charrier
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.C.T.); (E.M.); (V.B.); (S.T.); (E.C.); (V.D.); (P.-Y.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Thomas A McKee
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Valérie Dutoit
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.C.T.); (E.M.); (V.B.); (S.T.); (E.C.); (V.D.); (P.-Y.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Pierre-Yves Dietrich
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.C.T.); (E.M.); (V.B.); (S.T.); (E.C.); (V.D.); (P.-Y.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Erika Cosset
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.C.T.); (E.M.); (V.B.); (S.T.); (E.C.); (V.D.); (P.-Y.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Paul R Walker
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.C.T.); (E.M.); (V.B.); (S.T.); (E.C.); (V.D.); (P.-Y.D.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-223795079
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Valtorta S, Salvatore D, Rainone P, Belloli S, Bertoli G, Moresco RM. Molecular and Cellular Complexity of Glioma. Focus on Tumour Microenvironment and the Use of Molecular and Imaging Biomarkers to Overcome Treatment Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5631. [PMID: 32781585 PMCID: PMC7460665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the importance and the complexity of tumour biology and microenvironment in the progression and therapy resistance of glioma. Specific gene mutations, the possible functions of several non-coding microRNAs and the intra-tumour and inter-tumour heterogeneity of cell types contribute to limit the efficacy of the actual therapeutic options. In this scenario, identification of molecular biomarkers of response and the use of multimodal in vivo imaging and in particular the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) based molecular approach, can help identifying glioma features and the modifications occurring during therapy at a regional level. Indeed, a better understanding of tumor heterogeneity and the development of diagnostic procedures can favor the identification of a cluster of patients for personalized medicine in order to improve the survival and their quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Valtorta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.V.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Daniela Salvatore
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.V.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Paolo Rainone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.V.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sara Belloli
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Gloria Bertoli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.V.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lyakhova I, Piatkova M, Khotimchenko Y, Zhidkov M, Kantemirov A, Khotimchenko R, Bryukhovetskiy A, Sharma A, Sharma HS, Bryukhovetskiy I. 3-Bromofascaplysin is a prospective chemical compound for developing new chemotherapy agents in glioblastoma treatment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 151:325-343. [PMID: 32448614 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is one of the most aggressive human brain tumors. The prognosis is unfavorable, its treatment is relatively ineffective, and the median survival is about 15months. Medication development with new chemical compounds is one of the ways to solve the problem of current treatment inefficiency. This study is focused on the group of chemical substances, based on pentacyclic system of 12H-pyrido[1,2-a:3,4-b]diindole, and the most well-known part of this group is fascaplysin, first extracted from the sponge Fascaplysinopsis spp. We have synthesized a series of the following fascaplysin derivatives: 7-phenylfascaplysin, 3-chlorofascaplysin, 3-bromofascaplysin, 9-bromofascaplysin. The paper is aimed at analyzing the cytotoxic effect of these compounds on GB cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study used rat glioma C6 cell line (ATCC®; cat no CCL-107), U-87MG cell line (ATCC; cat no. HTB-14™) and human glioblastoma T98-G cells (ATCC® CRL-1690™). Cell culture method, experimental pharmacological trials and γ-radiation in vitro, as well as flow cytofluorometry were used in the study. RESULTS Cytotoxic effect of the tested compounds is stronger than the effect of unsubstituted fascaplysin, and appears to be dose-dependent and time-dependent. 3-bromofascaplysin is more efficient for cancer cells elimination, and by the end of the experiment the amount of living cancer cells in G0 phase remained at its lowest. Cytotoxic effect of 3-bromofascaplysin on glioblastoma T98-G cells is inferior to that of TMZ, and in case of preliminary radiation treatment of cancer cells with 48Gy the effect of the compound matches the TMZ treatment results. CONCLUSION 3-Bromofascaplysin is a prospective chemical compound for development of new anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Lyakhova
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Mariia Piatkova
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yuri Khotimchenko
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Maxim Zhidkov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexey Kantemirov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Rodion Khotimchenko
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Andrey Bryukhovetskiy
- NeuroVita Clinic of Interventional and Restorative Neurology and Therapy, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala University, S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala University, S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Igor Bryukhovetskiy
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen G, Chen Z, Zhao H. MicroRNA-155-3p promotes glioma progression and temozolomide resistance by targeting Six1. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5363-5374. [PMID: 32220051 PMCID: PMC7205810 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of glioma is generally poor and is the cause of primary malignancy in the brain. The role of microRNAs has been implicated in tumour inhibition or activation. In several cancers, the Six1 signalling pathway has been found to be aberrant and also relates to the formation of tumours. We analysed the database for expression profiles and clinical specimens of various grades of glioma to assess microRNA-155-3p (miR-155-3p) expression. The role of miR-155-3p in glioblastoma, cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis and resistance to temozolomide was assessed in vitro through flow cytometry and cell proliferation assays. Bioinformatics analyses, and assays using luciferase reporter, and immunoblotting revealed that miR-155-3p targets Six1 and that the relationship between glioma and healthy brain tissues was significantly inverse. In rescue experiments, overexpressed Six1 revoked the changes in cell cycle distribution, proliferation and resistance to temozolomide estimated by apoptosis induced by overexpressed miR-155-3p. MiR-155-3p inhibition reduced glioma cell growth and proliferation in the brain of a mouse model and increased the survival of mice with gliomas. Thus, miR-155-3p modulates Six1 expression and facilitates the progression of glioblastoma and resistance to temozolomide and may act as a novel diagnostic biomarker and a target for glioma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Chen
- Neurosurgery Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Neurosurgery Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Neurosurgery Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kong S, Cao Y, Li X, Li Z, Xin Y, Meng Y. MiR-3116 sensitizes glioma cells to temozolomide by targeting FGFR1 and regulating the FGFR1/PI3K/AKT pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4677-4686. [PMID: 32181582 PMCID: PMC7176860 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a brain tumour that is often diagnosed, and temozolomide (TMZ) is a common chemotherapeutic drug used in glioma. Yet, resistance to TMZ is a chief hurdle towards curing the malignancy. The current work explores the pathways and involvement of miR‐3116 in the TMZ resistance. miR‐3116 and FGFR1 mRNA were quantified by real‐time PCR in malignant samples and cell lines. Appropriate assays were designed for apoptosis, viability, the ability to form colonies and reporter assays to study the effects of the miR‐3116 or FGFR1. The involvement of PI3K/AKT signalling was assessed using Western blotting. Tumorigenesis was evaluated in an appropriate xenograft mouse model in vivo. This work revealed that the levels of miR‐3116 dipped in samples resistant to TMZ, while increased miR‐3116 caused an inhibition of the tumour features mentioned above to hence augment TMZ sensitivity. miR‐3116 was found to target FGFR1. When FGFR1 was overexpressed, resistance to TMZ was augmented and reversed the sensitivity caused by miR‐3116. Our findings further confirmed PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is involved in this action. In conclusion, miR‐3116 sensitizes glioma cells to TMZ through FGFR1 downregulation and the PI3K/AKT pathway inactivation. Our results provide a strategy to overcome TMZ resistance in glioma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Yingxiao Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenzhong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Yuling Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Operating Room, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mazurek M, Litak J, Kamieniak P, Kulesza B, Jonak K, Baj J, Grochowski C. Metformin as Potential Therapy for High-Grade Glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010210. [PMID: 31952173 PMCID: PMC7016983 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MET), 1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride, is a biguanide drug used as the first-line medication in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The recent years have brought many observations showing metformin in its new role. The drug, commonly used in the therapy of diabetes, may also find application in the therapy of a vast variety of tumors. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in colon, breast, prostate, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, melanoma, lung and endometrial carcinoma, as well as in gliomas. This is especially important in light of the poor options offered to patients in the case of high-grade gliomas, which include glioblastoma (GBM). A thorough understanding of the mechanism of action of metformin can make it possible to discover new drugs that could be used in neoplasm therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Mazurek
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Jakub Litak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Bartłomiej Kulesza
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Department of Foregin Languages, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Cezary Grochowski
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vengoji R, Ponnusamy MP, Rachagani S, Mahapatra S, Batra SK, Shonka N, Macha MA. Novel therapies hijack the blood-brain barrier to eradicate glioblastoma cancer stem cells. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:2-14. [PMID: 30475990 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is amongst the most aggressive brain tumors with a dismal prognosis. Despite significant advances in the current multimodality therapy including surgery, postoperative radiotherapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ)-based concomitant and adjuvant chemotherapy (CT), tumor recurrence is nearly universal with poor patient outcomes. These limitations are in part due to poor drug penetration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and resistance to CT and RT by a small population of cancer cells recognized as tumor-initiating cells or cancer stem cells (CSCs). Though CT and RT kill the bulk of the tumor cells, they fail to affect CSCs, resulting in their enrichment and their development into more refractory tumors. Therefore, identifying the mechanisms of resistance and developing therapies that specifically target CSCs can improve response, prevent the development of refractory tumors and increase overall survival of GBM patients. Small molecule inhibitors that can breach the BBB and selectively target CSCs are emerging. In this review, we have summarized the recent advancements in understanding the GBM CSC-specific signaling pathways, the CSC-tumor microenvironment niche that contributes to CT and RT resistance and the use of novel combination therapies of small molecule inhibitors that may be used in conjunction with TMZ-based chemoradiation for effective management of GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghupathy Vengoji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sidharth Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nicole Shonka
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lo Dico A, Salvatore D, Martelli C, Ronchi D, Diceglie C, Lucignani G, Ottobrini L. Intracellular Redox-Balance Involvement in Temozolomide Resistance-Related Molecular Mechanisms in Glioblastoma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111315. [PMID: 31653091 PMCID: PMC6912456 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common astrocytic-derived brain tumor in adults, characterized by a poor prognosis mainly due to the resistance to the available therapy. The study of mitochondria-derived oxidative stress, and of the biological events that orbit around it, might help in the comprehension of the molecular mechanisms at the base of GBM responsiveness to Temozolomide (TMZ). Sensitive and resistant GBM cells were used to test the role of mitochondrial ROS release in TMZ-resistance. Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy (CMA) activation in relation to reactive oxygen species (ROS) release has been measured by monitoring the expression of specific genes. Treatments with H2O2 were used to test their potential in reverting resistance. Fluctuations of cytoplasmic ROS levels were accountable for CMA induction and cytotoxic effects observed in TMZ sensitive cells after treatment. On the other hand, in resistant cells, TMZ failed in producing an increase in cytoplasmic ROS levels and CMA activation, preventing GBM cell toxicity. By increasing oxidative stress, CMA activation was recovered, as also cell cytotoxicity, especially in combination with TMZ treatment. Herein, for the first time, it is shown the relation between mitochondrial ROS release, CMA activation and TMZ-responsiveness in GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Lo Dico
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy.
| | - Daniela Salvatore
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy.
- Doctorate School of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristina Martelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy.
| | - Dario Ronchi
- Neurology Unit, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Centre, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Diceglie
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy.
| | | | - Luisa Ottobrini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy.
- Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Allen SA, Datta S, Sandoval J, Tomilov A, Sears T, Woolard K, Angelastro JM, Cortopassi GA. Cetylpyridinium chloride is a potent AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) inducer and has therapeutic potential in cancer. Mitochondrion 2019; 50:19-24. [PMID: 31654752 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a eukaryotic energy sensor and protector from mitochondrial/energetic stress that is also a therapeutic target for cancer and metabolic disease. Metformin is an AMPK inducer that has been used in cancer therapeutic trials. Through screening we isolated cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a drug known to dose-dependently inhibit mitochondrial complex 1, as a potent and dose-dependent AMPK stimulator. Mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetics changes have also been implicated in glioblastoma, which is the most aggressive form of brain tumors. Cetylpyridinium chloride has been administered in humans as a safe drug-disinfectant for several decades, and we report here that under in vitro conditions, cetylpyridinium chloride kills glioblastoma cells in a dose dependent manner at a higher efficacy compared to current standard of care drug, temozolomide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A Allen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Sandipan Datta
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Jose Sandoval
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Alexey Tomilov
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Thomas Sears
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, 4206 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3A, UC Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Kevin Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, 4206 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3A, UC Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - James M Angelastro
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Gino A Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lo Dico A, Valtorta S, Ottobrini L, Moresco RM. Role of Metformin and AKT Axis Modulation in the Reversion of Hypoxia Induced TMZ-Resistance in Glioma Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:463. [PMID: 31214505 PMCID: PMC6554426 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a key driver of tumor adaptation promoting tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Hypoxia related pathways might represent attractive targets for the treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), that up to date is characterized by a poor prognosis. Primary aim of this study was to investigate the role of hypoxia and hypoxia-related modifications in the effect of temozolomide (TMZ) given alone or in association with the antidiabetic agent Metformin (MET) or the PI3K/mTOR blocker, BEZ235. The study was conducted in the TMZ responsive U251 and resistant T98 GBM cells. Our results showed that during hypoxia, TMZ plus MET reduced viability of U251 cells affecting also CD133 and CD90 expressing cells. This effect was associated with a reduction of HIF-1α activity, VEGF release and AKT activation. In T98 TMZ-resistant cells, TMZ plus MET exerted similar effects on HIF-1α. However, in this cell line, TMZ plus MET failed to reduce CD133 positive cells and AKT phosphorylation. Nevertheless, the administration of the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 potentiated the effect of TMZ plus MET on cell viability, inducing a pro-apoptotic phenotype during hypoxic condition also in T98 cells, suggesting the block of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway as a complementary target to further overcome GBM resistance during hypoxia. In conclusion, we proposed TMZ plus MET as suitable treatment to revert TMZ-resistance also during hypoxia, an effect potentiated by the inhibition of PI3K/mTOR axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Lo Dico
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Silvia Valtorta
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, Italy.,Tecnomed Foundation, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano- Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ottobrini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, Italy.,Tecnomed Foundation, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano- Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Barbieri F, Verduci I, Carlini V, Zona G, Pagano A, Mazzanti M, Florio T. Repurposed Biguanide Drugs in Glioblastoma Exert Antiproliferative Effects via the Inhibition of Intracellular Chloride Channel 1 Activity. Front Oncol 2019; 9:135. [PMID: 30918838 PMCID: PMC6424887 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of in-depth knowledge about the molecular determinants of glioblastoma (GBM) occurrence and progression, combined with few effective and BBB crossing-targeted compounds represents a major challenge for the discovery of novel and efficacious drugs for GBM. Among relevant molecular factors controlling the aggressive behavior of GBM, chloride intracellular channel 1 (CLIC1) represents an emerging prognostic and predictive biomarker, as well as a promising therapeutic target. CLIC1 is a metamorphic protein, co-existing as both soluble cytoplasmic and membrane-associated conformers, with the latter acting as chloride selective ion channel. CLIC1 is involved in several physiological cell functions and its abnormal expression triggers tumor development, favoring tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. CLIC1 overexpression is associated with aggressive features of various human solid tumors, including GBM, in which its expression level is correlated with poor prognosis. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that modification of microglia ion channel activity, and CLIC1 in particular, contributes to the development of different neuropathological states and brain tumors. Intriguingly, CLIC1 is constitutively active within cancer stem cells (CSCs), while it seems less relevant for the survival of non-CSC GBM subpopulations and for normal cells. CSCs represent GBM development and progression driving force, being endowed with stem cell-like properties (self-renewal and differentiation), ability to survive therapies, to expand and differentiate, causing tumor recurrence. Downregulation of CLIC1 results in drastic inhibition of GBM CSC proliferation in vitro and in vivo, making the control of the activity this of channel a possible innovative pharmacological target. Recently, drugs belonging to the biguanide class (including metformin) were reported to selectively inhibit CLIC1 activity in CSCs, impairing their viability and invasiveness, but sparing normal stem cells, thus representing potential novel antitumor drugs with a safe toxicological profile. On these premises, we review the most recent insights into the biological role of CLIC1 as a potential selective pharmacological target in GBM. Moreover, we examine old and new drugs able to functionally target CLIC1 activity, discussing the challenges and potential development of CLIC1-targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barbieri
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ivan Verduci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Carlini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zona
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili, Università di Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aldo Pagano
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Mazzanti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cohen A, Troib S, Dotan S, Najmuldeen H, Yesilkaya H, Kushnir T, Shagan M, Portnoi M, Nachmani H, Benisty R, Tal M, Ellis R, Chalifa-Caspi V, Dagan R, Nebenzahl YM. Streptococcus pneumoniae Cell Wall-Localized Trigger Factor Elicits a Protective Immune Response and Contributes to Bacterial Adhesion to the Host. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4295. [PMID: 30862841 PMCID: PMC6414539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trigger factor (TF) has a known cytoplasmic function as a chaperone. In a previous study we showed that pneumococcal TF is also cell-wall localized and this finding combined with the immunogenic characteristic of TF, has led us to determine the vaccine potential of TF and decipher its involvement in pneumococcal pathogenesis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that TF is conserved among pneumococci and has no human homologue. Immunization of mice with recombinant (r)TF elicited a protective immune response against a pneumococcal challenge, suggesting that TF contributes to pneumococcal pathogenesis. Indeed, rTF and an anti-rTF antiserum inhibited bacterial adhesion to human lung derived epithelial cells, indicating that TF contributes to the bacterial adhesion to the host. Moreover, bacteria lacking TF demonstrated reduced adhesion, in vitro, to lung-derived epithelial cells, neural cells and glial cells. The reduced adhesion could be restored by chromosomal complementation. Furthermore, bacteria lacking TF demonstrated significantly reduced virulence in a mouse model. Taken together, the ability of rTF to elicit a protective immune response, involvement of TF in bacterial adhesion, conservation of the protein among pneumococcal strains and the lack of human homologue, all suggest that rTF can be considered as a future candidate vaccine with a much broader coverage as compared to the currently available pneumococcal vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aviad Cohen
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shani Troib
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Hastyar Najmuldeen
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation to Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Hasan Yesilkaya
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation to Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Tatyana Kushnir
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Marilou Shagan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Maxim Portnoi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hannie Nachmani
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rachel Benisty
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | - Vered Chalifa-Caspi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ron Dagan
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yaffa Mizrachi Nebenzahl
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bertolini I, Terrasi A, Martelli C, Gaudioso G, Di Cristofori A, Storaci AM, Formica M, Braidotti P, Todoerti K, Ferrero S, Caroli M, Ottobrini L, Vaccari T, Vaira V. A GBM-like V-ATPase signature directs cell-cell tumor signaling and reprogramming via large oncosomes. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:225-235. [PMID: 30737083 PMCID: PMC6441844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The V-ATPase proton pump controls acidification of intra and extra-cellular milieu in both physiological and pathological conditions. We previously showed that some V-ATPase subunits are enriched in glioma stem cells and in patients with poor survival. In this study, we investigated how expression of a GBM-like V-ATPase pump influences the non-neoplastic brain microenvironment. Methods Large oncosome (LO) vesicles were isolated from primary glioblastoma (GBM) neurospheres, or from patient sera, and co-cultured with primary neoplastic or non-neoplastic brain cells. LO transcript and protein contents were analyzed by qPCR, immunoblotting and immunogold staining. Activation of pathways in recipient cells was determined at gene and protein expression levels. V-ATPase activity was impaired by Bafilomycin A1 or gene silencing. Findings GBM neurospheres influence their non-neoplastic microenvironment by delivering the V-ATPase subunit V1G1 and the homeobox genes HOXA7, HOXA10, and POU3F2 to recipient cells via LO. LOs reprogram recipient cells to proliferate, grow as spheres and to migrate. Moreover, LOs are particularly abundant in the circulation of GBM patients with short survival time. Finally, impairment of V-ATPase reduces LOs activity. Interpretation We identified a novel mechanism adopted by glioma stem cells to promote disease progression via LO-mediated reprogramming of their microenvironment. Our data provide preliminary evidence for future development of LO-based liquid biopsies and suggest a novel potential strategy to contrast glioma progression. Fund This work was supported by Fondazione Cariplo (2014-1148 to VV) and by the Italian Minister of Health-Ricerca Corrente program 2017 (to SF).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bertolini
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Terrasi
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Martelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gaudioso
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Cristofori
- Division of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maria Storaci
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Miriam Formica
- Department of Biosciences, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Katia Todoerti
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Hematology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferrero
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Caroli
- Division of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ottobrini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Vaira
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
BET inhibitor I-BET151 sensitizes GBM cells to temozolomide via PUMA induction. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 27:226-234. [PMID: 30518782 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A significant roadblock in treatment of GBM multiforme (GBM) is resistance to temozolomide (TMZ). In this study, we investigated whether I-BET151, a specific BET inhibitor, could sensitize GBM cells to TMZ. Our findings showed that the action of I-BET151 could augment the effect of TMZ on cancer cells U251 and U87 cells. In U251 cells, administration of I-BET151 increased the TMZ-induced apoptosis GBM cells. I-BET151 remarkably enhanced the activities of caspase-3. In addition, I-BET151 promoted TMZ-induced migration and invasion in GBM cells. Moreover, I-BET151 increased the amount of reactive oxygen species as well as superoxide anions with a decrease of activity of SOD and the anti-oxidative properties of GBM cells. I-BET151 also induced increased PUMA expression, which is required for the functions of I-BET151 and regulates the synergistic cytotoxic effects of i-BET151 and TMZ in GBM cells. I-BET151 with TMZ also showed synergistic cytotoxic effects in vivo. These point out to an approach to tackle GBM using TMZ along with BET inhibitors.
Collapse
|
46
|
Su BC, Pan CY, Chen JY. Antimicrobial Peptide TP4 Induces ROS-Mediated Necrosis by Triggering Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Wild-Type and Mutant p53 Glioblastoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020171. [PMID: 30717309 PMCID: PMC6406555 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide tilapia piscidin 4 (TP4) from Oreochromis niloticus exhibits potent bactericidal and anti-tumorigenic effects. In a variety of cancers, the mutation status of p53 is a decisive factor for therapeutic sensitivity. Therefore, we investigated the impact of p53 status on TP4-induced cytotoxicity in glioblastoma cell lines and the molecular mechanisms that govern cytotoxic effects. Both U87MG (wild-type/WT p53) and U251 (mutant p53) glioblastoma cell lines were sensitive to TP4-induced cytotoxicity. The necrosis inhibitors Necrostatin-1 and GSK’872 attenuated TP4-induced cytotoxicity, and TP4 treatment induced the release of cyclophilin A, a biomarker of necrosis. Moreover, TP4 induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization and dysfunction, which preceded the elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and necrotic cell death in both U87MG and U251 glioblastoma cells. p38 was also activated by TP4, but did not contribute to cytotoxicity. SB202190, a specific p38 inhibitor, enhanced TP4-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cytotoxicity, suggesting a protective role of p38. Furthermore, TP4-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, phosphorylation of p38, and DNA damage were all attenuated by the mitochondrial-targeted reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger MitoTEMPO, or the reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Based on these data, we conclude that TP4 induces necrosis in both WT and mutant p53 glioblastoma cells through a mitochondrial ROS-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Chyuan Su
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan.
| | - Chieh-Yu Pan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang PG, Li YT, Pan Y, Gao ZZ, Guan XW, Jia L, Liu FT. Lower expression of Bax predicts poor clinical outcome in patients with glioma after curative resection and radiotherapy/chemotherapy. J Neurooncol 2019; 141:71-81. [PMID: 30446901 PMCID: PMC6341054 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-03031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis in patients with gliomas after surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy is still very poor. The pro-apoptotic protein Bax, a short-lived protein in cancers, plays important roles in the sensitivity of glioma cells to spontaneous and therapy-induced apoptosis but and its prognostic value in gliomas is unknown. METHODS By an immunohistochemical method, we determined Bax protein expression from 96 patients with gliomas after curative resection. Two statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the prognostic significance of Bax protein: an independent continuous and a multivariate categorical analysis, with test/validation set-defined cut points, and Kaplan-Meier estimated outcome measures of overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). RESULTS Bax protein levels in glioblastoma were significantly decreased compared with grade II gliomas. Lower levels of Bax expression confer worse OS (continuous P = 0.025; categorical P = 0.003) and RFS (continuous P = 0.014; categorical P < 0.0001) and negatively correlate with the grades of gliomas. Patients underwent radiotherapy followed by surgical resection showed significantly increased OS (median = 45 vs. 17 months) and RFS (median = 39 vs. 16 months). Patients with higher levels of Bax and radiotherapy showed greatly increased survival rates (median OS = 66 months and median RFS = 105 months). Lower expression of Bax also confers inferior clinical outcome for gliomas patients after chemotherapy with temozolomide (OS and RFS P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Decreased expression of Bax correlates with poor clinical outcome in patients with gliomas. We propose that Bax protein levels can be used as a reliable prognostic marker for risk-stratify patients with gliomas after curative resection and radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Guo Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yu-Ting Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Zhen-Zhu Gao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xu-Wen Guan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Li Jia
- Department of Radiotherapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Feng-Ting Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Inhibiting Arginine Methylation as a Tool to Investigate Cross-Talk with Methylation and Acetylation Post-Translational Modifications in a Glioblastoma Cell Line. Proteomes 2018; 6:proteomes6040044. [PMID: 30347783 PMCID: PMC6313862 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most common grade 4 brain tumours; patients have very poor prognosis with an average survival of 15 months after diagnosis. Novel research lines have begun to explore aberrant protein arginine methylation (ArgMe) as a possible therapeutic target in GBM and ArgMe inhibitors are currently in clinical trials. Enzymes known as protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMT1-9) can lead to mono- or di-ArgMe, and in the latter case symmetric or asymmetric dimethylation (SDMA and ADMA, respectively). Using the most common GBM cell line, we have profiled the expression of PRMTs, used ArgMe inhibitors as tools to investigate post-translational modifications cross-talk and measured the effect of ArgMe inhibitors on cell viability. We have identified novel SDMA events upon inhibition of ADMA in GBM cells and spheroids. We have observed cross-talk between ADMA and lysine acetylation in GBM cells and platelets. Treatment of GBM cells with furamidine, a PRMT1 inhibitor, reduces cell viability in 2D and 3D models. These data provide new molecular understanding of a disease with unmet clinical needs.
Collapse
|
49
|
JIAPAER S, FURUTA T, TANAKA S, KITABAYASHI T, NAKADA M. Potential Strategies Overcoming the Temozolomide Resistance for Glioblastoma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2018; 58:405-421. [PMID: 30249919 PMCID: PMC6186761 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2018-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant type of primary brain tumor with a high mortality rate. Although the current standard therapy consists of surgery followed by radiation and temozolomide (TMZ), chemotherapy can extend patient's post-operative survival but most cases eventually demonstrate resistance to TMZ. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) repairs the main cytotoxic lesion, as O6-methylguanine, generated by TMZ, can be the main mechanism of the drug resistance. In addition, mismatch repair and BER also contribute to TMZ resistance. TMZ treatment can induce self-protective autophagy, a mechanism by which tumor cells resist TMZ treatment. Emerging evidence also demonstrated that a small population of cells expressing stem cell markers, also identified as GBM stem cells (GSCs), contributes to drug resistance and tumor recurrence owing to their ability for self-renewal and invasion into neighboring tissue. Some molecules maintain stem cell properties. Other molecules or signaling pathways regulate stemness and influence MGMT activity, making these GCSs attractive therapeutic targets. Treatments targeting these molecules and pathways result in suppression of GSCs stemness and, in highly resistant cases, a decrease in MGMT activity. Recently, some novel therapeutic strategies, targeted molecules, immunotherapies, and microRNAs have provided new potential treatments for highly resistant GBM cases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of different resistance mechanisms, novel strategies for enhancing the effect of TMZ, and emerging therapeutic approaches to eliminate GSCs, all with the aim to produce a successful GBM treatment and discuss future directions for basic and clinical research to achieve this end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuya FURUTA
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo TANAKA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Mitsutoshi NAKADA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Schulten HJ. Pleiotropic Effects of Metformin on Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2850. [PMID: 30241339 PMCID: PMC6213406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MTF) is a natural compound derived from the legume Galega officinalis. It is the first line antidiabetic drug for type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment. One of its main antidiabetic effects results from the reduction of hepatic glucose release. First scientific evidence for the anticancer effects of MTF was found in animal research, published in 2001, and some years later a retrospective observational study provided evidence that linked MTF to reduced cancer risk in T2D patients. Its pleiotropic anticancer effects were studied in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies at the molecular and cellular level. Although the majority of these studies demonstrated that MTF is associated with certain anticancer properties, clinical studies and trials provided a mixed view on its beneficial anticancer effects. This review emphasizes the pleiotropic effects of MTF and recent progress made in MTF applications in basic, preclinical, and clinical cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Juergen Schulten
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|