1
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Liu Q, Huang J, Yan W, Liu Z, Liu S, Fang W. FGFR families: biological functions and therapeutic interventions in tumors. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e367. [PMID: 37750089 PMCID: PMC10518040 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There are five fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), namely, FGFR1-FGFR5. When FGFR binds to its ligand, namely, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), it dimerizes and autophosphorylates, thereby activating several key downstream pathways that play an important role in normal physiology, such as the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, phospholipase C gamma/diacylglycerol/protein kinase c, and signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways. Furthermore, as an oncogene, FGFR genetic alterations were found in 7.1% of tumors, and these alterations include gene amplification, gene mutations, gene fusions or rearrangements. Therefore, FGFR amplification, mutations, rearrangements, or fusions are considered as potential biomarkers of FGFR therapeutic response for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, it is worth noting that with increased use, resistance to TKIs inevitably develops, such as the well-known gatekeeper mutations. Thus, overcoming the development of drug resistance becomes a serious problem. This review mainly outlines the FGFR family functions, related pathways, and therapeutic agents in tumors with the aim of obtaining better outcomes for cancer patients with FGFR changes. The information provided in this review may provide additional therapeutic ideas for tumor patients with FGFR abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jiyu Huang
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Weiwei Yan
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhen Liu
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and DegradationBasic School of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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2
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Copy Number Variations as Determinants of Colorectal Tumor Progression in Liquid Biopsies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021738. [PMID: 36675253 PMCID: PMC9866722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, increasing evidence has shown that copy number variations (CNVs) play an important role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Colorectal adenomas are highly prevalent lesions, but only 5% of these adenomas ever progress to carcinoma. This review summarizes the different CNVs associated with adenoma-carcinoma CRC progression and with CRC staging. Characterization of CNVs in circulating free-RNA and in blood-derived exosomes augers well with the potential of using such assays for patient management and early detection of metastasis. To overcome the limitations related to tissue biopsies and tumor heterogeneity, using CNVs to characterize tumor-derived materials in biofluids provides less invasive sampling methods and a sample that collectively represents multiple tumor sites in heterogeneous samples. Liquid biopsies provide a source of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), tumor-derived exosomes (TDE), circulating free RNA, and non-coding RNA. This review provides an overview of the current diagnostic and predictive models from liquid biopsies.
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3
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Yamada T, Nakanishi Y, Hayashi H, Tanishima S, Mori R, Fujii K, Okamura K, Tsuchikawa T, Nakamura T, Noji T, Asano T, Matsui A, Tanaka K, Watanabe Y, Kurashima Y, Ebihara Y, Murakami S, Shichinohe T, Mitsuhashi T, Hirano S. Targeted amplicon sequencing for primary tumors and matched lymph node metastases in patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. HPB (Oxford) 2022; 24:1035-1043. [PMID: 34903468 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is one of the most adverse prognostic factors in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC) cases. As next-generation sequencing technology has become more widely available, the genomic profile of biliary tract carcinoma has been clarified. However, whether LNMs have additional genomic alterations in patients with EHCC has not been investigated. Here, we aimed to compare the genomic alterations between primary tumors and matched LNMs in patients with EHCC. METHODS Sixteen patients with node-positive EHCCs were included. Genomic DNA was extracted from tissue samples of primary tumors and matched LNMs. Targeted amplicon sequencing of 160 cancer-related genes was performed. RESULTS Among the 32 tumor samples from 16 patients, 91 genomic mutations were identified. Genomic mutations were noted in 31 genes, including TP53, MAP3K1, SMAD4, APC, and ARID1A. TP53 mutations were most frequently observed (12/32; 37.5%). Genomic mutation profiles were highly concordant between primary tumors and matched LNMs (13/16; 81.3%), and an additional genomic mutation of CDK12 was observed in only one patient. CONCLUSION Genomic mutations were highly concordant between primary tumors and matched LNMs, suggesting that genotyping of archived primary tumor samples may help predict genomic mutations of metastatic tumors in patients with EHCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Nakanishi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Hayashi
- Division of Clinical Cancer Genomics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Genomics Unit, Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Mori
- Mitsubishi Space Software, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fujii
- Division of Clinical Cancer Genomics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsuchikawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toru Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takehiro Noji
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Asano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Aya Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yo Kurashima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuma Ebihara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Soichi Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shichinohe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Mitsuhashi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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4
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Jones W, Tait D, Livasy C, Ganapathi M, Ganapathi R. PLK3 amplification and tumor immune microenvironment of metastatic tumors are linked to adjuvant treatment outcomes in uterine serous cancer. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac026. [PMID: 36177381 PMCID: PMC9513840 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine serous carcinoma (USC), an aggressive variant of endometrial cancer representing approximately 10% of endometrial cancer diagnoses, accounts for ∼39% of endometrial cancer-related deaths. We examined the role of genomic alterations in advanced-stage USC associated with outcome using paired primary-metastatic tumors (n = 29) treated with adjuvant platinum and taxane chemotherapy. Comparative genomic analysis of paired primary-metastatic patient tumors included whole exome sequencing and targeted gene expression. Both PLK3 amplification and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in metastatic tumors were linked to time-to-recurrence (TTR) risk without any such association observed with primary tumors. TP53 loss was significantly more frequent in metastatic tumors of platinum-resistant versus platinum-sensitive patients and was also associated with increased recurrence and mortality risk. Increased levels of chr1 breakpoints in USC metastatic versus primary tumors co-occur with PLK3 amplification. PLK3 and the TIME are potential targets for improving outcomes in USC adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell Jones
- Bioinformatics, Q2 Solutions Genomics , Durham , NC, USA
| | - David Tait
- Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health , Charlotte , NC, USA
| | - Chad Livasy
- Carolinas Pathology Group , Charlotte , NC, USA
| | | | - Ram Ganapathi
- Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health , Charlotte , NC, USA
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5
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Tan ES, Knepper TC, Wang X, Permuth JB, Wang L, Fleming JB, Xie H. Copy Number Alterations as Novel Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2223. [PMID: 35565354 PMCID: PMC9101426 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In colorectal cancer, somatic mutations have played an important role as prognostic and predictive biomarkers, with some also functioning as therapeutic targets. Another genetic aberration that has shown significance in colorectal cancer is copy number alterations (CNAs). CNAs occur when a change to the DNA structure propagates gain/amplification or loss/deletion in sections of DNA, which can often lead to changes in protein expression. Multiple techniques have been developed to detect CNAs, including comparative genomic hybridization with microarray, low pass whole genome sequencing, and digital droplet PCR. In this review, we summarize key findings in the literature regarding the role of CNAs in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, from adenoma to carcinoma to distant metastasis, and discuss the roles of CNAs as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine S. Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive Tampa, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (E.S.T.); (J.B.P.); (J.B.F.)
| | - Todd C. Knepper
- Department of Individualized Cancer Management, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive Tampa, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive Tampa, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Jennifer B. Permuth
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive Tampa, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (E.S.T.); (J.B.P.); (J.B.F.)
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12901 USF Magnolia Drive Tampa, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Jason B. Fleming
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive Tampa, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (E.S.T.); (J.B.P.); (J.B.F.)
| | - Hao Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive Tampa, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (E.S.T.); (J.B.P.); (J.B.F.)
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6
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Liu G, Chen T, Ding Z, Wang Y, Wei Y, Wei X. Inhibition of FGF-FGFR and VEGF-VEGFR signalling in cancer treatment. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13009. [PMID: 33655556 PMCID: PMC8016646 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The sites of targeted therapy are limited and need to be expanded. The FGF‐FGFR signalling plays pivotal roles in the oncogenic process, and FGF/FGFR inhibitors are a promising method to treat FGFR‐altered tumours. The VEGF‐VEGFR signalling is the most crucial pathway to induce angiogenesis, and inhibiting this cascade has already got success in treating tumours. While both their efficacy and antitumour spectrum are limited, combining FGF/FGFR inhibitors with VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors are an excellent way to optimize the curative effect and expand the antitumour range because their combination can target both tumour cells and the tumour microenvironment. In addition, biomarkers need to be developed to predict the efficacy, and combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors is a promising direction in the future. The article will discuss the FGF‐FGFR signalling pathway, the VEGF‐VEGFR signalling pathway, the rationale of combining these two signalling pathways and recent small‐molecule FGFR/VEGFR inhibitors based on clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Liu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Cardiology Department, Chengdu NO.7 People's Hospital, Chengdu Tumor Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenyu Ding
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Kwon YM, Gori K, Park N, Potts N, Swift K, Wang J, Stammnitz MR, Cannell N, Baez-Ortega A, Comte S, Fox S, Harmsen C, Huxtable S, Jones M, Kreiss A, Lawrence C, Lazenby B, Peck S, Pye R, Woods G, Zimmermann M, Wedge DC, Pemberton D, Stratton MR, Hamede R, Murchison EP. Evolution and lineage dynamics of a transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000926. [PMID: 33232318 PMCID: PMC7685465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Devil facial tumour 1 (DFT1) is a transmissible cancer clone endangering the Tasmanian devil. The expansion of DFT1 across Tasmania has been documented, but little is known of its evolutionary history. We analysed genomes of 648 DFT1 tumours collected throughout the disease range between 2003 and 2018. DFT1 diverged early into five clades, three spreading widely and two failing to persist. One clade has replaced others at several sites, and rates of DFT1 coinfection are high. DFT1 gradually accumulates copy number variants (CNVs), and its telomere lengths are short but constant. Recurrent CNVs reveal genes under positive selection, sites of genome instability, and repeated loss of a small derived chromosome. Cultured DFT1 cell lines have increased CNV frequency and undergo highly reproducible convergent evolution. Overall, DFT1 is a remarkably stable lineage whose genome illustrates how cancer cells adapt to diverse environments and persist in a parasitic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mi Kwon
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Gori
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Park
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Potts
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Swift
- Mount Pleasant Laboratories, Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Prospect, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian R. Stammnitz
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Cannell
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Baez-Ortega
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Comte
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha Fox
- Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Toledo Zoo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Colette Harmsen
- Mount Pleasant Laboratories, Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Prospect, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Stewart Huxtable
- Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Menna Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alexandre Kreiss
- Menzies Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Clare Lawrence
- Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Billie Lazenby
- Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sarah Peck
- Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ruth Pye
- Menzies Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory Woods
- Menzies Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mona Zimmermann
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Wedge
- Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Pemberton
- Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Rodrigo Hamede
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- CANECEV, Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Elizabeth P. Murchison
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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8
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Genetic Alterations of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100414. [PMID: 33066148 PMCID: PMC7601984 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing studies have characterized the genetic alterations of different tumor types, highlighting the diversity of the molecular processes driving tumor development. Comprehensive sequencing studies have defined molecular subtypes of colorectal cancers (CRCs) through the identification of genetic events associated with microsatellite stability (MSS), microsatellite-instability-high (MSI-H), and hypermutation. Most of these studies characterized primary tumors. Only recent studies have addressed the characterization of the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of metastatic CRC. Metastatic CRC genomes were found to be not fundamentally different from primary CRCs in terms of the mutational landscape or of genes that drive tumorigenesis, and a genomic heterogeneity associated with tumor location of primary tumors helps to define different clinical behaviors of metastatic CRCs. Although CRC metastatic spreading was traditionally seen as a late-occurring event, growing evidence suggests that this process can begin early during tumor development and the clonal architecture of these tumors is consistently influenced by cancer treatment. Although the survival rate of patients with metastatic CRC patients improved in the last years, the response to current treatments and prognosis of many of these patients remain still poor, indicating the need to discover new improvements for therapeutic vulnerabilities and to formulate a rational prospective of personalized therapies.
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9
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Schlicker A, Ellappalayam A, Beumer IJ, Snel MHJ, Mittempergher L, Diosdado B, Dreezen C, Tian S, Salazar R, Loupakis F, Pietrantonio F, Santos Vivas C, Martinez-Villacampa MM, Villanueva A, Sanjuán X, Schirripa M, Fassan M, Martinetti A, Fucà G, Lonardi S, Keilholz U, Glas AM, Bernards R, Vecchione L. Investigating the concordance in molecular subtypes of primary colorectal tumors and their matched synchronous liver metastasis. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2303-2315. [PMID: 32270478 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To date, no systematic analyses are available assessing concordance of molecular classifications between primary tumors (PT) and matched liver metastases (LM) of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). We investigated concordance between PT and LM for four clinically relevant CRC gene signatures. Twenty-seven fresh and 55 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pairs of PT and synchronous LM of untreated mCRC patients were retrospectively collected and classified according to the MSI-like, BRAF-like, TGFB activated-like and the Consensus Molecular Subtypes (CMS) classification. We investigated classification concordance between PT and LM and association of TGFBa-like and CMS classification with overall survival. Fifty-one successfully profiled matched pairs were used for analyses. PT and matched LM were highly concordant in terms of BRAF-like and MSI-like signatures, (90.2% and 98% concordance, respectively). In contrast, 40% to 70% of PT that were classified as mesenchymal-like, based on the CMS and the TGFBa-like signature, respectively, lost this phenotype in their matched LM (60.8% and 76.5% concordance, respectively). This molecular switch was independent of the microenvironment composition. In addition, the significant change in subtypes was observed also by using methods developed to detect cancer cell-intrinsic subtypes. More importantly, the molecular switch did not influence the survival. PT classified as mesenchymal had worse survival as compared to nonmesenchymal PT (CMS4 vs CMS2, hazard ratio [HR] = 5.2, 95% CI = 1.5-18.5, P = .0048; TGFBa-like vs TGFBi-like, HR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.1-5.6, P = .028). The same was not true for LM. Our study highlights that the origin of the tissue may have major consequences for precision medicine in mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Begona Diosdado
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sun Tian
- Agendia, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Salazar
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ONCOBELL - lDIBELL, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fotios Loupakis
- Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Filippo Pietrantonio
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Santos Vivas
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ONCOBELL - lDIBELL, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Mercedes Martinez-Villacampa
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ONCOBELL - lDIBELL, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alberto Villanueva
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Sanjuán
- Department of Pathology, Bellvitge Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schirripa
- Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonia Martinetti
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fucà
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Lonardi
- Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - René Bernards
- Agendia, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loredana Vecchione
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology (CCM) Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Nikbakht H, Jessa S, Sukhai MA, Arseneault M, Zhang T, Letourneau L, Thomas M, Bourgey M, Roehrl MHA, Eveleigh R, Chen EX, Krzyzanowska M, Moore MJ, Giesler A, Yu C, Bedard PL, Kamel-Reid S, Majewski J, Siu LL, Riazalhosseini Y, Graham DM. Latency and interval therapy affect the evolution in metastatic colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:581. [PMID: 31953485 PMCID: PMC6969060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57476-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While comparison of primary tumor and metastases has highlighted genomic heterogeneity in colorectal cancer (CRC), previous studies have focused on a single metastatic site or limited genomic testing. Combining data from whole exome and ultra-deep targeted sequencing, we explored possible evolutionary trajectories beyond the status of these mutations, particularly among patient-matched metastatic tumors. Our findings confirm the persistence of known clinically-relevant mutations (e.g., those of RAS family of oncogenes) in CRC primary and metastases, yet reveal that latency and interval systemic therapy affect the course of evolutionary events within metastatic lesions. Specifically, our analysis of patient-matched primary and multiple metastatic lesions, developed over time, showed a similar genetic composition for liver metastatic tumors, which were 21-months apart. This genetic makeup was different from those identified in lung metastases developed before manifestation of the second liver metastasis. These results underscore the role of latency in the evolutionary path of metastatic CRC and may have implications for future treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Nikbakht
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Selin Jessa
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Madeleine Arseneault
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tong Zhang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louis Letourneau
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mariam Thomas
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bourgey
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael H A Roehrl
- UHN Program in BioSpecimen Sciences, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Eveleigh
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric X Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Amanda Giesler
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celeste Yu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Jacek Majewski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lillian L Siu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yasser Riazalhosseini
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada. .,McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Donna M Graham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Birkbak NJ, McGranahan N. Cancer Genome Evolutionary Trajectories in Metastasis. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:8-19. [PMID: 31935374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is a major cause of death and remains largely incurable. A better understanding of metastasis is therefore desperately needed to improve prognosis for late-stage disease. Here we survey the landscape of studies exploring the genomics of metastatic cancer. We consider evidence for genomic drivers of metastasis and explore studies investigating modes of metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai J Birkbak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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12
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Baldacchino S, Grech G. Somatic copy number aberrations in metastatic patients: The promise of liquid biopsies. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:302-310. [PMID: 31891778 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The metastatic process involves measurable cellular changes that confer migratory potential, proliferative advantage and the ability to colonise a distinct microenvironment. Accumulation of aberrations and clonal evolution add complexity to patient management and the assessment of the therapeutic sensitivity profile of malignancies. Liquid biopsy presents a repeatable and minimally invasive assessment tool to detect early metastasis, characterise tumour phenotype and detect minimal residual disease. The promise of liquid biopsies is to inform patient management and therapeutic decisions in a timely manner. Clinical translation requires robust methodologies with high sensitivity and tumour specificity. This can be achieved through technological advances but also through novel biologically informed approaches that harness existing knowledge on tumorigenesis. Here we present a review of copy number variations as potential biomarkers for early detection of metastatic potential and outline a biomarker validation process in the context of liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Baldacchino
- Applied Biotech Ltd, Cambridge, UK; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Malta, Malta.
| | - Godfrey Grech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Malta, Malta
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13
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Katoh M. Fibroblast growth factor receptors as treatment targets in clinical oncology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2018; 16:105-122. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Liang J, Chen M, Hughes D, Chumanevich AA, Altilia S, Kaza V, Lim CU, Kiaris H, Mythreye K, Pena MM, Broude EV, Roninson IB. CDK8 Selectively Promotes the Growth of Colon Cancer Metastases in the Liver by Regulating Gene Expression of TIMP3 and Matrix Metalloproteinases. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6594-6606. [PMID: 30185549 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
: Unresectable hepatic metastases of colon cancer respond poorly to existing therapies and are a major cause of colon cancer lethality. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic viability of targeting the mediator kinase CDK8, an early clinical stage drug target, as a means to suppress metastasis of colon cancer. CDK8 was amplified or overexpressed in many colon cancers and CDK8 expression correlated with shorter patient survival. Knockdown or inhibition of CDK8 had little effect on colon cancer cell growth but suppressed metastatic growth of mouse and human colon cancer cells in the liver. This effect was due in part to inhibition of already established hepatic metastases, indicating therapeutic potential of CDK8 inhibitors in the metastatic setting. In contrast, knockdown or inhibition of CDK8 had no significant effect on the growth of tumors implanted subcutaneously, intrasplenically, or orthotopically in the cecum. CDK8 mediated colon cancer growth in the liver through downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor TIMP3 via TGFβ/SMAD-driven expression of a TIMP3-targeting microRNA, miR-181b, along with induction of Mmp3 in murine or MMP9 in human colon cancer cells via Wnt/β-catenin-driven transcription. These findings reveal a new mechanism for negative regulation of gene expression by CDK8 and a site-specific role for CDK8 in colon cancer hepatic metastasis. Our results indicate the utility of CDK8 inhibitors for the treatment of colon cancer metastases in the liver and suggest that CDK8 inhibitors may be considered in other therapeutic settings involving TGFβ/SMAD or Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that inhibition of the transcription-regulating kinase CDK8 exerts a site-specific tumor-suppressive effect on colon cancer growth in the liver, representing a unique therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of advanced colon cancer.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/23/6594/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Mengqian Chen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Daniel Hughes
- Department of Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Alexander A Chumanevich
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Serena Altilia
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Vimala Kaza
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Chang-Uk Lim
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Hippokratis Kiaris
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | | | - Eugenia V Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Igor B Roninson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.
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