1
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Hu B, Liu G, Zhao K, Zhang G. Diversity of extracellular HSP70 in cancer: advancing from a molecular biomarker to a novel therapeutic target. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1388999. [PMID: 38646439 PMCID: PMC11026673 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1388999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is a highly conserved protein functioning as a "molecular chaperone", which is integral to protein folding and maturation. In addition to its high expression within cells upon stressful challenges, HSP70 can be translocated to the cell membrane or released from cells in free form or within extracellular vesicles (EVs). Such trafficking of HSP70 is also present in cancer cells, as HSP70 is overexpressed in various types of patient samples across a range of common malignancies, signifying that extracellular HSP70 (eHSP70) can serve as a tumor biomarker. eHSP70 is involved in a broad range of cancer-related events, including cell proliferation and apoptosis, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and immune response. eHSP70 can also induce cancer cell resistance to various treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) immunotherapy. Though the role of eHSP70 in tumors is contradictory, characterized by both pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects, eHSP70 serves as a promising target in cancer treatment. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the current knowledge about the role of eHSP70 in cancer progression and treatment resistance and discussed the feasibility of eHSP70 as a cancer biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guihong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kejia Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gao Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Mouawad N, Capasso G, Ruggeri E, Martinello L, Severin F, Visentin A, Facco M, Trentin L, Frezzato F. Is It Still Possible to Think about HSP70 as a Therapeutic Target in Onco-Hematological Diseases? Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040604. [PMID: 37189352 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for molecules to be targeted that are involved in apoptosis resistance/increased survival and pathogenesis of onco-hematological malignancies is ongoing since these diseases are still not completely understood. Over the years, a good candidate has been identified in the Heat Shock Protein of 70kDa (HSP70), a molecule defined as “the most cytoprotective protein ever been described”. HSP70 is induced in response to a wide variety of physiological and environmental insults, allowing cells to survive lethal conditions. This molecular chaperone has been detected and studied in almost all the onco-hematological diseases and is also correlated to poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. In this review, we give an overview of the discoveries that have led us to consider HSP70 as a therapeutic target for mono- or combination-therapies in acute and chronic leukemias, multiple myeloma and different types of lymphomas. In this excursus, we will also consider HSP70 partners, such as its transcription factor HSF1 or its co-chaperones whose druggability could indirectly affect HSP70. Finally, we will try to answer the question asked in the title of this review considering that, despite the effort made by research in this field, HSP70 inhibitors never reached the clinic.
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3
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Zhao K, Zhou G, Liu Y, Zhang J, Chen Y, Liu L, Zhang G. HSP70 Family in Cancer: Signaling Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advances. Biomolecules 2023; 13:601. [PMID: 37189349 PMCID: PMC10136146 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The 70 kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70s) are a group of highly conserved and inducible heat shock proteins. One of the main functions of HSP70s is to act as molecular chaperones that are involved in a large variety of cellular protein folding and remodeling processes. HSP70s are found to be over-expressed and may serve as prognostic markers in many types of cancers. HSP70s are also involved in most of the molecular processes of cancer hallmarks as well as the growth and survival of cancer cells. In fact, many effects of HSP70s on cancer cells are not only related to their chaperone activities but rather to their roles in regulating cancer cell signaling. Therefore, a number of drugs directly or indirectly targeting HSP70s, and their co-chaperones have been developed aiming to treat cancer. In this review, we summarized HSP70-related cancer signaling pathways and corresponding key proteins regulated by the family of HSP70s. In addition, we also summarized various treatment approaches and progress of anti-tumor therapy based on targeting HSP70 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guanyu Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaohui Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lunxu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gao Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China
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4
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Martínez-Puente DH, Pérez-Trujillo JJ, Zavala-Flores LM, García-García A, Villanueva-Olivo A, Rodríguez-Rocha H, Valdés J, Saucedo-Cárdenas O, Montes de Oca-Luna R, Loera-Arias MDJ. Plasmid DNA for Therapeutic Applications in Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091861. [PMID: 36145609 PMCID: PMC9503848 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the interest in using nucleic acids for therapeutic applications has been increasing. DNA molecules can be manipulated to express a gene of interest for gene therapy applications or vaccine development. Plasmid DNA can be developed to treat different diseases, such as infections and cancer. In most cancers, the immune system is limited or suppressed, allowing cancer cells to grow. DNA vaccination has demonstrated its capacity to stimulate the immune system to fight against cancer cells. Furthermore, plasmids for cancer gene therapy can direct the expression of proteins with different functions, such as enzymes, toxins, and cytotoxic or proapoptotic proteins, to directly kill cancer cells. The progress and promising results reported in animal models in recent years have led to interesting clinical results. These DNA strategies are expected to be approved for cancer treatment in the near future. This review discusses the main strategies, challenges, and future perspectives of using plasmid DNA for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Juan Pérez-Trujillo
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Laura Mireya Zavala-Flores
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Northeast Biomedical Research Center (CIBIN) of IMSS, Nuevo Leon Delegation, Monterrey 64720, Mexico
| | - Aracely García-García
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Arnulfo Villanueva-Olivo
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Humberto Rodríguez-Rocha
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Jesús Valdés
- Departamento de Bioquímica, CINVESTAV-México, Av. IPN 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cárdenas
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montes de Oca-Luna
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.M.d.O.-L.); (M.d.J.L.-A.); Tel.: +52-81-8329-4195 (R.M.d.O.-L. & M.d.J.L.-A.)
| | - María de Jesús Loera-Arias
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.M.d.O.-L.); (M.d.J.L.-A.); Tel.: +52-81-8329-4195 (R.M.d.O.-L. & M.d.J.L.-A.)
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5
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Jiang H, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Chu HY, Yu S, Yao S, Zhang G, Zhang BT. Drug Discovery of DKK1 Inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:847387. [PMID: 35355709 PMCID: PMC8959454 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.847387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is a well-characterized Wnt inhibitor and component of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, whose dysregulation is associated with multiple abnormal pathologies including osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and various cancers. The Wnt signaling pathway has fundamental roles in cell fate determination, cell proliferation, and survival; thus, its mis-regulation can lead to disease. Although DKK1 is involved in other signaling pathways, including the β-catenin-independent Wnt pathway and the DKK1/CKAP4 pathway, the inhibition of DKK1 to propagate Wnt/β-catenin signals has been validated as an effective way to treat related diseases. In fact, strategies for developing DKK1 inhibitors have produced encouraging clinical results in different pathological models, and many publications provide detailed information about these inhibitors, which include small molecules, antibodies, and nucleic acids, and may function at the protein or mRNA level. However, no systematic review has yet provided an overview of the various aspects of their development and prospects. Therefore, we review the DKK1 inhibitors currently available or under study and provide an outlook on future studies involving DKK1 and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewen Jiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zongkang Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China.,Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hang Yin Chu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sifan Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China.,Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shanshan Yao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China.,Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bao-Ting Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Mitkin NA, Ustiugova AS, Uvarova AN, Rumyantsev KA, Korneev KV, Pavshintsev VV. Serum of Mice Immunized with MT1-MMP Metalloproteinase Reduces Migration Potential of Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321050095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Dickkopf Proteins and Their Role in Cancer: A Family of Wnt Antagonists with a Dual Role. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080810. [PMID: 34451907 PMCID: PMC8400703 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway regulates crucial aspects such as cell fate determination, cell polarity and organogenesis during embryonic development. Wnt pathway deregulation is a hallmark of several cancers such as lung, gastric and liver cancer, and has been reported to be altered in others. Despite the general agreement reached by the scientific community on the oncogenic potential of the central components of the pathway, the role of the antagonist proteins remains less clear. Deregulation of the pathway may be caused by overexpression or downregulation of a wide range of antagonist proteins. Although there is growing information related to function and regulation of Dickkopf (DKK) proteins, their pharmacological potential as cancer therapeutics still has not been fully developed. This review provides an update on the role of DKK proteins in cancer and possible potential as therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer; available compounds in pre-clinical or clinical trials are also reviewed.
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8
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Chu HY, Chen Z, Wang L, Zhang ZK, Tan X, Liu S, Zhang BT, Lu A, Yu Y, Zhang G. Dickkopf-1: A Promising Target for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658097. [PMID: 34093545 PMCID: PMC8174842 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies in a range of cancers have detected elevated levels of the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) in the serum or tumors of patients, and this was frequently associated with a poor prognosis. Our analysis of DKK1 gene profile using data from TCGA also proves the high expression of DKK1 in 14 types of cancers. Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated the cancer-promoting effects of DKK1 in both in vitro cell models and in vivo animal models. Furthermore, DKK1 showed the ability to modulate immune cell activities as well as the immunosuppressive cancer microenvironment. Expression level of DKK1 is positively correlated with infiltrating levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in 20 types of cancers, while negatively associated with CD8+ T cells in 4 of these 20 cancer types. Emerging experimental evidence indicates that DKK1 has been involved in T cell differentiation and induction of cancer evasion of immune surveillance by accumulating MDSCs. Consequently, DKK1 has become a promising target for cancer immunotherapy, and the mechanisms of DKK1 affecting cancers and immune cells have received great attention. This review introduces the rapidly growing body of literature revealing the cancer-promoting and immune regulatory activities of DKK1. In addition, this review also predicts that by understanding the interaction between different domains of DKK1 through computational modeling and functional studies, the underlying functional mechanism of DKK1 could be further elucidated, thus facilitating the development of anti-DKK1 drugs with more promising efficacy in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin Chu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zihao Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zong-Kang Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinhuan Tan
- Department of Microsurgery (II), Wendeng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Orthopedics and Traumatology of Shandong Province, Wendeng, China
| | - Shuangshuang Liu
- Department of Microsurgery (II), Wendeng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Orthopedics and Traumatology of Shandong Province, Wendeng, China
| | - Bao-Ting Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Shen J, Sun C, Wang Z, Chu Z, Liu C, Xu X, Xia M, Zhao M, Wang C. Sequential receptor-mediated mixed-charge nanomedicine to target pancreatic cancer, inducing immunogenic cell death and reshaping the tumor microenvironment. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120553. [PMID: 33794325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive form of cancer with dense stroma and immune-suppressive microenvironment, which are the major barriers for treatment. To address such barriers, this study aimed to develop a sequential receptor-mediated mixed-charge targeted delivery system for PC based on 2-(3-((S)-5-amino-1-carboxypentyl)-ureido) pentanedioate (ACUPA-) and triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) modified nanomicelles containing ingenol-3-mebutate (I3A), which was named ACUPA-/TPP+-I3A or ACUPA/TPP-I3A. ACUPA/TPP-I3A induced immunogenic cell death (ICD), which significantly increased the number of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes, activated adaptive immunity, and achieved superior survival time. I3A, a novel anticancer drug, could induce PC cell necrosis to release damage-associated molecular patterns, thereby activating adaptive immunity. With certain ratios of negatively (ACUPA-) and positively (TPP+) charged ligands, ACUPA/TPP-I3A acquired a negative charge in plasma (pH 7.4, to inhibit aggregation and uptake in the circulation) and was neutral in the acidic tumor microenvironment (pH 5.0-6.0, to overcome electrostatic hindrances and facilitate transcytosis). Furthermore, neovascular endothelium-specific ACUPA enabled rapid transcytosis of ACUPA/TPP-I3A across tumor vessel walls, entering into endosome/lysosomes (pH 4.5-5.0, its charge became positive and exhibited lysosome escape). Then, ACUPA/TPP-I3A selectively targeted mitochondria, which correlated with TPP-mediated effect. Finally, I3A was released to induce ICD that activated adaptive immunity and achieved superior survival time. Therefore, reshaping of the tumor microenvironment and potentiating antitumor immunity using ACUPA-/TPP+-I3A constituted a novel strategy to prolong the survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhijie Chu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, 250021 Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xuelian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, 250021 Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Miaoqing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, 250021 Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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10
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Wang H, Huang W, Gao H, Liu TT. NY-ESO-1 Protein Vaccine Combining Alum, CpG ODN, and HH2 Complex Adjuvant Induces Protective and Therapeutic Anti-Tumor Responses in Murine Multiple Myeloma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:8069-8077. [PMID: 32884292 PMCID: PMC7431605 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s255713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NY-ESO-1 is an ideal target for multiple myeloma immunotherapy. Alum, CpG ODN and HH2 complex is a safe and effective adjuvant for cancer vaccine. Methods We constructed NY-ESO-1 protein vaccine combined with alum, CpG ODN, and HH2 complex adjuvant to immunize the BALB/c mice inoculated with NS-1 murine multiple myeloma cells. Then, we determined the immunogenicity and anti-tumor effects in prophylactic and therapeutic models by analyzing the NY-ESO-1 antibody titer, evaluating IL4/INF-γ expression, and assessing cytotoxic T lymphocytes activities. The side-effects of vaccines were also evaluated. Results The group of NY-ESO-1 protein vaccine combining alum, CpG ODN, and HH2 complex adjuvant is more capable of stimulating both humoral and cellular tumor-specific immune responses to prolong the survival of the mice and inhibit tumor growth in prophylactic and therapeutic immunotherapy. The marked side-effects were not detected in immunized mice. Discussion The results suggest that alum, CpG ODN, and HH2 complex as a novel immune adjuvant combined cancer vaccine could improve the immunity efficiency in a murine multiple myeloma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Hematology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Ting Liu
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, West China Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
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11
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Li J, Gao Y, Yue W. The Clinical Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Dickkopf-1 in Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:4253-4260. [PMID: 32606922 PMCID: PMC7292247 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s254596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway extensively participates in diverse processes such as embryonic development, maintenance of homeostasis and tumor pathogenesis. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), a Wnt inhibitor, plays a vital role for over the past decades regarding its role in the regulation of several types of cancers. However, studies have shown that DKK1 is expressed differently in cancer and plays a role as a cancer-promoting factor or a tumor suppressor, which is worthy of further exploration. We herein study whether DKK1 is highly expressed in all cancers and plays a crucial role in promoting cancer. Furthermore, we discussed as to which stages of cancer development it plays in. Finally, the present detection methods were introduced and indicated the clinical application of DKK1 in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Gao
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Yue
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of China
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12
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Manni S, Fregnani A, Barilà G, Zambello R, Semenzato G, Piazza F. Actionable Strategies to Target Multiple Myeloma Plasma Cell Resistance/Resilience to Stress: Insights From "Omics" Research. Front Oncol 2020; 10:802. [PMID: 32500036 PMCID: PMC7243738 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the modern therapeutic armamentarium to treat multiple myeloma (MM) patients allows a longer control of the disease, this second-most-frequent hematologic cancer is still uncurable in the vast majority of cases. Since MM plasma cells are subjected to various types of chronic cellular stress and the integrity of specific stress-coping pathways is essential to ensure MM cell survival, not surprisingly the most efficacious anti-MM therapy are those that make use of proteasome inhibitors and/or immunomodulatory drugs, which target the biochemical mechanisms of stress management. Based on this notion, the recently realized discoveries on MM pathobiology through high-throughput techniques (genomic, transcriptomic, and other "omics"), in order for them to be clinically useful, should be elaborated to identify novel vulnerabilities in this disease. This groundwork of information will likely allow the design of novel therapies against targetable molecules/pathways, in an unprecedented opportunity to change the management of MM according to the principle of "precision medicine." In this review, we will discuss some examples of therapeutically actionable molecules and pathways related to the regulation of cellular fitness and stress resistance in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Manni
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research – Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (FABR-VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Fregnani
- Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research – Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (FABR-VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gregorio Barilà
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research – Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (FABR-VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Renato Zambello
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research – Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (FABR-VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research – Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (FABR-VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Piazza
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research – Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (FABR-VIMM), Padova, Italy
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13
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Guo S, Xiao P, Li B, Wang W, Wang S, Lv T, Xu X, Chen C, Huang L, Li Z, Tang L, Peng L, Wang H. Co-immunizing with PD-L1 induces CD8 + DCs-mediated anti-tumor immunity in multiple myeloma. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106516. [PMID: 32334387 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor therapeutic vaccines have faced a challenge for effective protection against malignant tumors by inducing tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Here, we designed a DNA vaccine containing a tumor-specific antigen of Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) and an immune checkpoint of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) delivered by PLGA/PEI nanoparticle-mediated delivery system for multiple myeloma therapy. Murine subcutaneous tumor model established with human DKK1 (hDKK-1)-SP2/0 cells were intramuscularly immunized with PLGA/PEI-pPD-L1/pDDK-1 vaccine and equal amount of control 3 times at 10 day-intervals. Compared with PLGA/PEI-pDKK1 immunization group, PLGA/PEI-pPD-L1/pDKK-1 co-immunization enhanced the induction and mature of CD11c+ DCs and CD8+CD11c+ DCs, and promoted antigen-specific Th1 responses and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. The reduced tumor volume and weight as well as increased tumor inhibition rate were observed in PLGA/PEI-pPD-L1/pDKK-1 vaccine co-immunization group, indicated that the vaccine could effectively inhibit the tumor growth of multiple myeloma. The anti-tumor activity of PLGA/PEI-pPD-L1/pDKK-1 vaccine was abrogated by CD8 cell depletion accompanied with the reduced percentages of CD8+CD11c+ DCs and CD8+ T cells in the spleen and TILs. These results indicated that the anti-tumor efficacy of PLGA/PEI-pPD-L1/pDKK-1 vaccine was required for CD8+CD11c+ DCs-mediated CD8+ T cell immunity responses. This vaccine strategy may represent a potential and promising approach for hematological malignancy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Guo
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, PR China
| | - Pengli Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, PR China
| | - Wanli Wang
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, PR China
| | - Songyun Wang
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, PR China
| | - Tao Lv
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, PR China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, PR China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, PR China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, PR China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, PR China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, PR China
| | - Huirui Wang
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, PR China.
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14
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Zhao K, Rong G, Teng Q, Li X, Lan H, Yu L, Yu S, Jin Z, Chen G, Li Z. Dendrigraft poly-L-lysines delivery of DNA vaccine effectively enhances the immunogenic responses against H9N2 avian influenza virus infection in chickens. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 27:102209. [PMID: 32305593 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable nanomaterials can protect antigens from degradation, promote cellular absorption, and enhance immune responses. We constructed a eukaryotic plasmid [pCAGGS-opti441-hemagglutinin (HA)] by inserting the optimized HA gene fragment of H9N2 AIV into the pCAGGS vector. The pCAGGS-opti441-HA/DGL was developed through packaging the pCAGGS-opti441-HA with dendrigraft poly-l-lysines (DGLs). DGL not only protected the pCAGGS-opti441-HA from degradation, but also exhibited high transfection efficiency. Strong cellular immune responses were induced in chickens immunized with the pCAGGS-opti441-HA/DGL. The levels of IFN-γ and IL-2, and lymphocyte transformation rate of the vaccinated chickens increased at the third week post the immunization. For the vaccinated chickens, T lymphocytes were activated and proliferated, the numbers of CD3+CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ increased, and the chickens were protected completely against H9N2 AIV challenge. This study provides a method for the development of novel AIV vaccines, and a theoretical basis for the development of safe and efficient gene delivery carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guangyu Rong
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China; Department of Avian Infectious Disease, and Innovation Team for Pathogenic Ecology Research on Animal Influenza, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Department of Avian Infectious Disease, and Innovation Team for Pathogenic Ecology Research on Animal Influenza, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Avian Infectious Disease, and Innovation Team for Pathogenic Ecology Research on Animal Influenza, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailing Lan
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China; Department of Avian Infectious Disease, and Innovation Team for Pathogenic Ecology Research on Animal Influenza, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangping Chen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Zejun Li
- Department of Avian Infectious Disease, and Innovation Team for Pathogenic Ecology Research on Animal Influenza, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Milani A, Basirnejad M, Bolhassani A. Heat-shock proteins in diagnosis and treatment: an overview of different biochemical and immunological functions. Immunotherapy 2020; 11:215-239. [PMID: 30730280 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) have been involved in different functions including chaperone activity, protein folding, apoptosis, autophagy and immunity. The HSP families have powerful effects on the stimulation of innate immune responses through Toll-like receptors and scavenger receptors. Moreover, HSP-mediated phagocytosis directly enhances the processing and presentation of internalized antigens via the endocytic pathway in adaptive immune system. These properties of HSPs have been used for development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against infectious and noninfectious diseases. Several studies also demonstrated the relationship between HSPs and drug resistance as well as their use as a novel biomarker for detecting tumors in patients. The present review describes different roles of HSPs in biology and medicine especially biochemical and immunological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Milani
- Department of Hepatitis & AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis & AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Shrestha AC, Wijesundara DK, Masavuli MG, Mekonnen ZA, Gowans EJ, Grubor-Bauk B. Cytolytic Perforin as an Adjuvant to Enhance the Immunogenicity of DNA Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020038. [PMID: 31052178 PMCID: PMC6630607 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines present one of the most cost-effective platforms to develop global vaccines, which have been tested for nearly three decades in preclinical and clinical settings with some success in the clinic. However, one of the major challenges for the development of DNA vaccines is their poor immunogenicity in humans, which has led to refinements in DNA delivery, dosage in prime/boost regimens and the inclusion of adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. In this review, we focus on adjuvants that can enhance the immunogenicity of DNA encoded antigens and highlight the development of a novel cytolytic DNA platform encoding a truncated mouse perforin. The application of this innovative DNA technology has considerable potential in the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish C Shrestha
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Danushka K Wijesundara
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Makutiro G Masavuli
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Zelalem A Mekonnen
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Eric J Gowans
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
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17
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Serrano-Del Valle A, Anel A, Naval J, Marzo I. Immunogenic Cell Death and Immunotherapy of Multiple Myeloma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:50. [PMID: 31041312 PMCID: PMC6476910 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, immunotherapy has demonstrated a prominent clinical efficacy in a wide variety of human tumors. For many years, apoptosis has been considered a non-immunogenic or tolerogenic process whereas necrosis or necroptosis has long been acknowledged to play a key role in inflammation and immune-related processes. However, the new concept of “immunogenic cell death” (ICD) has challenged this traditional view and has granted apoptosis with immunogenic abilities. This paradigm shift offers clear implications in designing novel anti-cancer therapeutic approaches. To date, several screening studies have been carried out to discover bona fide ICD inducers and reveal the inherent capacity of a wide variety of drugs to induce cell death-associated exposure of danger signals and to bring about in vivo anti-cancer immune responses. Recent shreds of evidence place ER stress at the core of all the scenarios where ICD occur. Furthermore, ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have emerged as important targets in different human cancers. Notably, in multiple myeloma (MM), a lethal plasma cell disorder, the elevated production of immunoglobulins leaves these cells heavily reliant on the survival arm of the UPR. For that reason, drugs that disrupt ER homeostasis and engage ER stress-associated cell death, such as proteasome inhibitors, which are currently used for the treatment of MM, as well as novel ER stressors are intended to be promising therapeutic agents in MM. This not only holds true for their capacity to induce cell death, but also to their potential ability to activate the immunogenic arm of the ER stress response, with the ensuing exposure of danger signals. We provide here an overview of the up-to-date knowledge regarding the cell death mechanisms involved in situations of ER stress with a special focus on the connections with the drug-induced ER stress pathways that evoke ICD. We will also discuss how this could assist in optimizing and developing better immunotherapeutic approaches, especially in MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Anel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Naval
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabel Marzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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18
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Li L, Wang L. Multiple Myeloma: What Do We Do About Immunodeficiency? J Cancer 2019; 10:1675-1684. [PMID: 31205523 PMCID: PMC6548011 DOI: 10.7150/jca.29993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological malignancy. Immunodeficiency results in the incapability of immunity to eradicate both tumor cells and pathogens. Immunotherapies along with antibiotics and other anti-infectious agents are applied as substitutes for immunity in MM. Immunotherapies including monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoints inhibitors, affinity- enhanced T cells, chimeric antigen receptor T cells and dendritic cell vaccines are revolutionizing MM treatment. By suppressing the pro-inflammatory milieu and pathogens, prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotics represent anti-tumor and anti-infection properties. It is expected that deeper understanding of infection, immunity and tumor physio-pathologies in MM will accelerate the optimization of combined therapies, thus improving prognosis in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linrong Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Hematology, ZhuJiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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