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Belghasem M, Yin W, Lotfollahzadeh S, Yang X, Meyer RD, Napoleon MA, Sellinger IE, Vazirani A, Metrikova E, Jose A, Zhebrun A, Whelan SA, Lee N, Rahimi N, Chitalia VC. Tryptophan Metabolites Target Transmembrane and Immunoglobulin Domain-Containing 1 Signaling to Augment Renal Tubular Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1501-1516. [PMID: 37676196 PMCID: PMC10548275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the accumulation of uremic toxins and renal tubular damage. Tryptophan-derived uremic toxins [indoxyl sulfate (IS) and kynurenine (Kyn)] are well-characterized tubulotoxins. Emerging evidence suggests that transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain-containing 1 (TMIGD1) protects tubular cells and promotes survival. However, the direct molecular mechanism(s) underlying how these two opposing pathways crosstalk remains unknown. We posited that IS and Kyn mediate tubular toxicity through TMIGD1 and the loss of TMIGD1 augments tubular injury. Results from the current study showed that IS and Kyn suppressed TMIGD1 transcription in tubular cells in a dose-dependent manner. The wild-type CCAAT enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) enhanced, whereas a dominant-negative C/EBPβ suppressed, TMIGD1 promoter activity. IS down-regulated C/EBPβ in primary human renal tubular cells. The adenine-induced CKD, unilateral ureteric obstruction, and deoxycorticosterone acetate salt unilateral nephrectomy models showed reduced TMIGD1 expression in the renal tubules, which correlated with C/EBPβ expression. C/EBPβ levels negatively correlated with the IS and Kyn levels. Inactivation of TMIGD1 in mice significantly lowered acetylated tubulin, decreased tubular cell proliferation, caused severe tubular damage, and worsened renal function. Thus, the current results demonstrate that TMIGD1 protects renal tubular cells from renal injury in different models of CKD and uncovers a novel mechanism of tubulotoxicity of tryptophan-based uremic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Belghasem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wenqing Yin
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Saran Lotfollahzadeh
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rosana D Meyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc A Napoleon
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isaac E Sellinger
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aniket Vazirani
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elena Metrikova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Asha Jose
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Zhebrun
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen A Whelan
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Chemistry Instrumentation Core, School of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Norman Lee
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Chemistry Instrumentation Core, School of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nader Rahimi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vipul C Chitalia
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Center of Cross-Organ Vascular Pathology, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
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2
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Thüring EM, Hartmann C, Maddumage JC, Javorsky A, Michels BE, Gerke V, Banks L, Humbert PO, Kvansakul M, Ebnet K. Membrane recruitment of the polarity protein Scribble by the cell adhesion receptor TMIGD1. Commun Biol 2023; 6:702. [PMID: 37430142 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Scribble (Scrib) is a multidomain polarity protein and member of the leucine-rich repeat and PDZ domain (LAP) protein family. A loss of Scrib expression is associated with disturbed apical-basal polarity and tumor formation. The tumor-suppressive activity of Scrib correlates with its membrane localization. Despite the identification of numerous Scrib-interacting proteins, the mechanisms regulating its membrane recruitment are not fully understood. Here, we identify the cell adhesion receptor TMIGD1 as a membrane anchor of Scrib. TMIGD1 directly interacts with Scrib through a PDZ domain-mediated interaction and recruits Scrib to the lateral membrane domain in epithelial cells. We characterize the association of TMIGD1 with each Scrib PDZ domain and describe the crystal structure of the TMIGD1 C-terminal peptide complexed with PDZ domain 1 of Scrib. Our findings describe a mechanism of Scrib membrane localization and contribute to the understanding of the tumor-suppressive activity of Scrib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Thüring
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Hartmann
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Janesha C Maddumage
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Airah Javorsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Birgitta E Michels
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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3
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Thüring EM, Hartmann C, Schwietzer YA, Ebnet K. TMIGD1: Emerging functions of a tumor supressor and adhesion receptor. Oncogene 2023:10.1038/s41388-023-02696-5. [PMID: 37087524 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms depends on cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that connect cells to build tissues. The immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) constitutes one of the largest families of CAMs. Members of this family regulate such diverse processes like synapse formation, spermatogenesis, leukocyte-endothelial interactions, or epithelial cell-cell adhesion. Through their extracellular domains, they undergo homophilic and heterophilic interactions in cis and trans. Their cytoplasmic domains frequently bind scaffolding proteins to assemble signaling complexes. Transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein 1 (TMIGD1) is a IgSF member with two Ig-like domains and a short cytoplasmic tail that contains a PDZ domain-binding motif. Recent observations indicate that TMIGD1 has pleiotropic functions in epithelial cells and has a critical role in suppressing malignant cell behavior. Here, we review the molecular characteristics of TMIGD1, its interaction with cytoplasmic scaffolding proteins, the regulation of its expression, and its downregulation in colorectal and renal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Thüring
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Hartmann
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ysabel A Schwietzer
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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4
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Zhang T, Zhu T, Wen J, Chen Y, Wang L, Lv X, Yang W, Jia Y, Qu C, Li H, Wang H, Qu L, Ning Z. Gut microbiota and transcriptome analysis reveals a genetic component to dropping moisture in chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102242. [PMID: 36931071 PMCID: PMC10036737 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
High dropping moisture (DM) in poultry production has deleterious effects on the environment, feeding cost, and public health of people and animals. To explore the contributing genetic components, we classified DM of 67-wk-old Rhode Island Red (RIR) hens at 4 different levels and evaluated the underlying genetic heritability. We found the heritability of DM to be 0.219, indicating a moderately heritable trait. We then selected chickens with the highest and lowest DM levels. Using transcriptome, we only detected 12 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these 2 groups from the spleen, and 1,507 DEGs from intestinal tissues (jejunum and cecum). The low number of DEGs observed in the spleen suggests that differing moisture levels are not attributed to pathogenic infection. Fourteen of the intestinal high expressed genes are associated with water-salt metabolism (WSM). We also investigated the gut microbial composition by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Six different microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (Cetobacterium, Sterolibacterium, Elusimicrobium, Roseburia, Faecalicoccus, and Megamonas) between the 2 groups from jejunum and cecum are potentially biomarkers related to DM levels. Our results identify a genetic component to chicken DM, and can guide breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junhui Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Beijing Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Beijing, China
| | - Xueze Lv
- Beijing Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Beijing, China
| | - Weifang Yang
- Beijing Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxiong Jia
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Qu
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Anti-aging Chinese Herbal Medicine of Anhui Province, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Haiying Li
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Huie Wang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lujiang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhonghua Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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5
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Mu L, Wang Y, Hu Y, Shi C, Alman BA, Zhang C, She J. The Role of TMIGD1 as a Tumor Suppressor in Colorectal Cancer. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:174-183. [PMID: 35481970 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2021.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death, and up to 50% of individuals will suffer relapse. Although transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein 1 (TMIGD1) was found to be a protective factor in several renal and intestinal diseases, the specific role of TMIGD1 in CRC remains unclear. Objective: To determine the tumor suppressor TMIGD1 expression and its function in inhibiting CRC. Methods: We analyzed three Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets through the GEO2R online tool to obtain the set of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CRC and normal tissues, and further analyzed the TMIGD1 gene's expression in databases. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays were used to investigate expression of TMIGD1. Transwell and wound healing assays were performed to detect the migration and invasion ability. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays were used to evaluate cell proliferation. In vivo studies were conducted to illustrate the tumorigenicity. Results: We found that the TMIGD1 gene is one of the highly downregulated genes in CRC through bioinformatic analysis. We also showed that downregulation of TMIGD1 is associated with poor overall survival rate of CRC based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. In addition, we showed that overexpression of TMIGD1 protein significantly impaired the metastasis and proliferation ability of the CRC cells. Finally, TMIGD1 also repressed subcutaneous tumorigenesis of CRC cells in vivo. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that downregulation of TMIGD1 may promote CRC progression and invasion. Therefore, TMIGD1 may serve as a biomarker for CRC prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Mu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.,Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, and the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxin Shi
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Department of Talent Highland, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - JunJun She
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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6
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Luo D, Yang J, Liu J, Yong X, Wang Z. Identification of four novel hub genes as monitoring biomarkers for colorectal cancer. Hereditas 2022; 159:11. [PMID: 35093172 PMCID: PMC8801129 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-021-00216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It must be admitted that the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) was on the rise all over the world, but the related treatment had not caught up. Further research on the underlying pathogenesis of CRC was conducive to improving the survival status of current CRC patients. Methods Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) screening were conducted based on “limma” and “RobustRankAggreg” package of R software. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed in the integrated DEGs that from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and all samples of validation were from Gene Expression Omnlbus (GEO) dataset. Results The terms obtained in the functional annotation for primary DEGs indicated that they were associated with CRC. The MEyellow stand out whereby showed the significant correlation with clinical feature (disease), and 4 hub genes, including ABCC13, AMPD1, SCNN1B and TMIGD1, were identified in yellow module. Nine datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus database confirmed these four genes were significantly down-regulated and the survival estimates for the low-expression group of these genes were lower than for the high-expression group in Kaplan-Meier survival analysis section. MEXPRESS suggested that down-regulation of some top hub genes may be caused by hypermethylation. Receiver operating characteristic curves indicated that these genes had certain diagnostic efficacy. Moreover, tumor-infiltrating immune cells and gene set enrichment analysis for hub genes suggested that there were some associations between these genes and the pathogenesis of CRC. Conclusion This study identified modules that were significantly associated with CRC, four novel hub genes, and further analysis of these genes. This may provide a little new insights and directions into the potential pathogenesis of CRC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41065-021-00216-7.
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7
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Rahimi N, Ho RXY, Chandler KB, De La Cena KOC, Amraei R, Mitchel AJ, Engblom N, Costello CE. The cell adhesion molecule TMIGD1 binds to moesin and regulates tubulin acetylation and cell migration. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:61. [PMID: 34503512 PMCID: PMC8427838 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cell adhesion molecule transmembrane and immunoglobulin (Ig) domain containing1 (TMIGD1) is a novel tumor suppressor that plays important roles in regulating cell–cell adhesion, cell proliferation and cell cycle. However, the mechanisms of TMIGD1 signaling are not yet fully elucidated. Results TMIGD1 binds to the ERM family proteins moesin and ezrin, and an evolutionarily conserved RRKK motif on the carboxyl terminus of TMIGD1 mediates the interaction of TMIGD1 with the N-terminal ERM domains of moesin and ezrin. TMIGD1 governs the apical localization of moesin and ezrin, as the loss of TMIGD1 in mice altered apical localization of moesin and ezrin in epithelial cells. In cell culture, TMIGD1 inhibited moesin-induced filopodia-like protrusions and cell migration. More importantly, TMIGD1 stimulated the Lysine (K40) acetylation of α-tubulin and promoted mitotic spindle organization and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of moesin impaired the TMIGD1-mediated acetylation of α-tubulin and filamentous (F)-actin organization. Conclusions TMIGD1 binds to moesin and ezrin, and regulates their cellular localization. Moesin plays critical roles in TMIGD1-dependent acetylation of α-tubulin, mitotic spindle organization and cell migration. Our findings offer a molecular framework for understanding the complex functional interplay between TMIGD1 and the ERM family proteins in the regulation of cell adhesion and mitotic spindle assembly, and have wide-ranging implications in physiological and pathological processes such as cancer progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-021-00757-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Rahimi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Rachel X Y Ho
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Kevin Brown Chandler
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | - Razie Amraei
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Ashley J Mitchel
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Nels Engblom
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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8
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TMIGD1 Inhibited Abdominal Adhesion Formation by Alleviating Oxidative Stress in the Mitochondria of Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9993704. [PMID: 34426761 PMCID: PMC8380160 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9993704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Postoperative abdominal adhesion remains one of the frequent complications after abdominal surgery and lacks effective intervention. Peritoneal mesothelial cell injury and healing play crucial roles in the process of adhesion formation, and identifying this mechanism might provide new insight into possible new therapeutic strategies for this disease. Transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain-containing 1 (TMIGD1) has been proven to protect renal epithelial cells from injury induced by oxidative stress and has also been identified as a novel adhesion molecule. Here, we investigated the role of TMIGD1 and its possible mechanism in adhesion formation. Materials and Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC), qPCR, and immunofluorescence (IHF) were used to detect the expression of TMIGD1. The grade and tenacity score of adhesion were used to evaluate the adhesion formation conditions. A TMIGD1-overexpressing HMrSV5 cell line was established. MTT assay, Western blotting, Annexin V apoptosis analysis, and CK19 staining were used to measure mesothelial cell viability, apoptosis, and completeness. ROS and MDA detection were used to measure mesothelial cell oxidative stress levels. JC-1 staining, IHF, and transmission electron microscopy were performed to assess mitochondrial function. Scratch-wound and adhesion assays were used to evaluate the adhesion ability of mesothelial cells. Results First, we showed that TMIGD1 was decreased in mouse abdominal adhesion tissue and peritoneal mesothelial cells. Second, TMIGD1 overexpression inhibited adhesion formation. Third, TMIGD1 overexpression protected mesothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide- (H2O2-) induced oxidative stress injury. Fourth, TMIGD1 overexpression alleviated oxidative stress by protecting the mitochondrial function of mesothelial cells. In addition, TMIGD1 overexpression enhanced mesothelial cell adhesion. Conclusion Our findings suggest that TMIGD1 protects mesothelial cells from oxidative stress injury by protecting their mitochondrial function, which is decreased in regular abdominal adhesion tissue. In addition, TMIGD1 enhances peritoneal mesothelial cell adhesion to promote healing.
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9
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Wen L, Han Z, Du Y. Identification of gene biomarkers and immune cell infiltration characteristics in rectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:964-980. [PMID: 34295549 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compared with colon cancer, the increase of morbidity is more significant for rectal cancer. The current study set out to identify novel and critical biomarkers or features that may be used as promising targets for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of rectal cancer. Methods Microarray datasets of rectal cancer with a minimum sample size of 30 and RNA-sequencing datasets of rectal adenocarcinoma (READ) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The method of robust rank aggregation was utilized to integrate differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the DEGs was structured using the STRING platform, and hub genes were identified using the Cytoscape plugin cytoHubba and an UpSet diagram. R software was employed to perform functional enrichment analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves based on the GEO data and Kaplan-Meier curves based on the TCGA data were drawn to assess the diagnostic and prognostic values of the hub genes. Immune cell infiltration analysis was conducted with CIBERSORT, and the diagnostic value and correlations between prognostic genes and infiltrated immune cells were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), ROC curves, and correlation scatter plots. Results A total of 137 robust DEGs were obtained by integrating datasets in GEO. Twenty-four hub genes, including CHGA, TTR, SAA1, SPP1, MMP1, TGFBI, COL1A1, and PCK1, were identified as a diagnostic gene biomarker group for rectal cancer, and SAA1, SPP1, and SI were identified as potential novel prognostic biomarkers. Functionally, the hub genes were mainly involved in the rectal cancer related interleukin (IL)-17 and proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation pathways. Twelve sensitive infiltrated immune cells were identified, and were correlated with prognostic genes. Conclusions The integrated gene biomarker group combined with immune cell infiltration can effectively indicate rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, Beijing, China
| | - Zongqiang Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlin Du
- Department of Oncology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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De La Cena KOC, Ho RXY, Amraei R, Woolf N, Tashjian JY, Zhao Q, Richards S, Walker J, Huang J, Chitalia VC, Rahimi N. Transmembrane and Immunoglobulin Domain Containing 1, a Putative Tumor Suppressor, Induces G2/M Cell Cycle Checkpoint Arrest in Colon Cancer Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:157-167. [PMID: 33129760 PMCID: PMC7788663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading nonfamilial cause of cancer mortality among men and women. Although various genetic and epigenetic mechanisms have been identified, the full molecular mechanisms deriving CRC tumorigenesis are not fully understood. This study demonstrates that cell adhesion molecule transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain containing 1 (TMIGD1) are highly expressed in mouse and human normal intestinal epithelial cells. TMIGD1 knockout mice were developed, and the loss of TMIGD1 in mice was shown to result in the development of adenomas in small intestine and colon. In addition, the loss of TMIGD1 significantly impaired intestinal epithelium brush border membrane, junctional polarity, and maturation. Mechanistically, TMIGD1 inhibits tumor cell proliferation and cell migration, arrests cell cycle at the G2/M phase, and induces expression of p21CIP1 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1), and p27KIP1 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B) expression, key cell cycle inhibitor proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. Moreover, TMIGD1 is shown to be progressively down-regulated in sporadic human CRC, and its downregulation correlates with poor overall survival. The findings herein identify TMIGD1 as a novel tumor suppressor gene and provide new insights into the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and a novel potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle O C De La Cena
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel X-Y Ho
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Razie Amraei
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nick Woolf
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Y Tashjian
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sean Richards
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Josh Walker
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juanni Huang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vipul C Chitalia
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nader Rahimi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Zabana Y, Lorén V, Domènech E, Aterido A, Garcia-Jaraquemada A, Julià A, Vicario M, Pedrosa E, Ferreiro M, Troya J, Lozano JJ, Sarrias MR, Cabré E, Mañosa M, Manyé J. Transcriptomic identification of TMIGD1 and its relationship with the ileal epithelial cell differentiation in Crohn's disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G109-G120. [PMID: 32508154 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00027.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a complex and multifactorial illness. There are still considerable gaps in our knowledge regarding its pathophysiology. A transcriptomic approach could shed some light on little-known biological alterations of the disease. We therefore aimed to explore the ileal transcriptome to gain knowledge about CD. We performed whole transcriptome gene expression analysis on ileocecal resections from CD patients and inflammatory bowel disease-free controls, as well as on a CD-independent cohort to replicate selected results. Normalized data were hierarchically clustered, and gene ontology and the molecular network were studied. Cell cultures and molecular methods were used for further evaluations. Genome-wide expression data analysis identified a robust transmembrane immunoglobulin domain-containing 1 (TMIGD1) gene underexpression in CD tissue, which was even more marked in inflamed ileum, and which was replicated in the validation cohort. Immunofluorescence showed TMIGD1 to be located in the apical microvilli of well-differentiated enterocytes but not in intestinal crypt. This apical TMIGD1 was lower in the noninflamed tissue and almost disappeared in the inflamed mucosa of surgical resections. In vitro studies showed hypoxic-dependent TMIGD1 decreased its expression in enterocyte-like cells. The gene enrichment analysis linked TMIGD1 with cell recovery and tissue remodeling in CD settings, involving guanylate cyclase activities. Transcriptomics may be useful for finding new targets that facilitate studies of the CD pathology. This is how TMIGD1 was identified in CD patients, which was related to multiciliate ileal epithelial cell differentiation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is a single-center translational research study that aimed to look for key targets involved in Crohn's disease and define molecular pathways through different functional analysis strategies. With this approach, we have identified and described a novel target, the almost unknown TMIGD1 gene, which may be key in the recovery of injured mucosa involving intestinal epithelial cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamile Zabana
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Violeta Lorén
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugeni Domènech
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain.,Gastroenterology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Adrià Aterido
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Arce Garcia-Jaraquemada
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antonio Julià
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Vicario
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Translational Mucosal Immunology & Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research University Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elisabet Pedrosa
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miriam Ferreiro
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Troya
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, General and Digestive Surgery Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Juan J Lozano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria R Sarrias
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain.,Innate Immunity Group, IGTP (AGAUR 2017-SGR-490 group), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduard Cabré
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain.,Gastroenterology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miriam Mañosa
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain.,Gastroenterology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Manyé
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Hartmann C, Schwietzer YA, Kummer D, Kirschnick N, Hoppe E, Thüring EM, Glaesner-Ebnet M, Brinkmann F, Gerke V, Reuter S, Nakayama M, Ebnet K. The mitochondrial outer membrane protein SYNJ2BP interacts with the cell adhesion molecule TMIGD1 and can recruit it to mitochondria. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:30. [PMID: 32303178 PMCID: PMC7164261 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein 1 (TMIGD1) is a recently identified cell adhesion molecule which is predominantly expressed by epithelial cells of the intestine and the kidney. Its expression is downregulated in both colon and renal cancer suggesting a tumor suppressive activity. The function of TMIGD1 at the cellular level is largely unclear. Published work suggests a protective role of TMIGD1 during oxidative stress in kidney epithelial cells, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. RESULTS In this study, we address the subcellular localization of TMIGD1 in renal epithelial cells and identify a cytoplasmic scaffold protein as interaction partner of TMIGD1. We find that TMIGD1 localizes to different compartments in renal epithelial cells and that this localization is regulated by cell confluency. Whereas it localizes to mitochondria in subconfluent cells it is localized at cell-cell contacts in confluent cells. We find that cell-cell contact localization is regulated by N-glycosylation and that both the extracellular and the cytoplasmic domain contribute to this localization. We identify Synaptojanin 2-binding protein (SYNJ2BP), a PDZ domain-containing cytoplasmic protein, which localizes to both mitochondria and the plasma membrane, as interaction partner of TMIGD1. The interaction of TMIGD1 and SYNJ2BP is mediated by the PDZ domain of SYNJ2BP and the C-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif of TMIGD1. We also find that SYNJ2BP can actively recruit TMIGD1 to mitochondria providing a potential mechanism for the localization of TMIGD1 at mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS This study describes TMIGD1 as an adhesion receptor that can localize to both mitochondria and cell-cell junctions in renal epithelial cells. It identifies SYNJ2BP as an interaction partner of TMIGD1 providing a potential mechanism underlying the localization of TMIGD1 at mitochondria. The study thus lays the basis for a better understanding of the molecular function of TMIGD1 during oxidative stress regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hartmann
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ysabel Alessa Schwietzer
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Kummer
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Kirschnick
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Esther Hoppe
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Thüring
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mark Glaesner-Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frauke Brinkmann
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Reuter
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Masanori Nakayama
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany. .,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany. .,Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany. .,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, 48419, Münster, Germany.
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13
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Mai Y, Peng S, Li H, Lai Z. Histological, biochemical and transcriptomic analyses reveal liver damage in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to phenanthrene. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 225:108582. [PMID: 31374294 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenanthrene (PHE) is a common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in aquatic environments, and this contaminant can cause adverse effects on teleostean performance. In this study, we exposed the model freshwater fish (zebrafish; Danio rerio) to 300 μg/L PHE for 15 days. Histological analysis demonstrated that liver morphology deteriorated in PHE-exposed zebrafish, and cellular damage in the liver increased. Biological analysis revealed that exposure to PHE elicited significant changes in glutathione S-transferases (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. 476 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in liver between control and PHE treated groups through the transcriptomic analysis. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis (GO) suggested that PHE exposure induced changes in the expression of genes associated with "lipid transporter activity", "catalytic activity", "metal ion binding", "lipid transport" and "transmembrane transport". Furthermore, the "vitamin digestion and absorption" and "fat digestion and absorption" pathways enriched in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis (KEGG). Additionally, five candidate biomarkers associated with the PHE response in zebrafish were identified. In conclusion, our results elucidate the physiological and molecular responses to PHE exposure in the liver of zebrafish, and provide a framework for further studies of the mechanisms underlying the toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhan Mai
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Songyao Peng
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Zini Lai
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China.
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Berral-Gonzalez A, Riffo-Campos AL, Ayala G. OMICfpp: a fuzzy approach for paired RNA-Seq counts. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:259. [PMID: 30940089 PMCID: PMC6444640 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA sequencing is a widely used technology for differential expression analysis. However, the RNA-Seq do not provide accurate absolute measurements and the results can be different for each pipeline used. The major problem in statistical analysis of RNA-Seq and in the omics data in general, is the small sample size with respect to the large number of variables. In addition, experimental design must be taken into account and few tools consider it. RESULTS We propose OMICfpp, a method for the statistical analysis of RNA-Seq paired design data. First, we obtain a p-value for each case-control pair using a binomial test. These p-values are aggregated using an ordered weighted average (OWA) with a given orness previously chosen. The aggregated p-value from the original data is compared with the aggregated p-value obtained using the same method applied to random pairs. These new pairs are generated using between-pairs and complete randomization distributions. This randomization p-value is used as a raw p-value to test the differential expression of each gene. The OMICfpp method is evaluated using public data sets of 68 sample pairs from patients with colorectal cancer. We validate our results through bibliographic search of the reported genes and using simulated data set. Furthermore, we compared our results with those obtained by the methods edgeR and DESeq2 for paired samples. Finally, we propose new target genes to validate these as gene expression signatures in colorectal cancer. OMICfpp is available at http://www.uv.es/ayala/software/OMICfpp_0.2.tar.gz . CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that OMICfpp is an accurate method for differential expression analysis in RNA-Seq data with paired design. In addition, we propose the use of randomized p-values pattern graphic as a powerful and robust method to select the target genes for experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Berral-Gonzalez
- Grupo de Investigación Bioinformática y Genómica Funcional. Laboratorio 19. Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CiC-IBMCC, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Campus Universitario Miguel de Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, 37007 Spain
| | - Angela L. Riffo-Campos
- Universidad de La Frontera. Centro De Excelencia de Modelación y Computación Científica, C/ Montevideo 740, Temuco, Chile
| | - Guillermo Ayala
- Universidad de Valencia. Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, 1, Burjasot, 46100 Spain
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