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Sribnick EA, Warner T, Hall MW. Granulocyte- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Reverses Immunosuppression Acutely Following a Traumatic Brain Injury and Hemorrhage Polytrauma in a Juvenile Male Rat Model. J Neurotrauma 2024. [PMID: 38623766 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in children. We have previously shown that TBI with a concurrent extracranial injury reliably leads to post-injury suppression of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In patients with post-injury immune suppression, if immune function could be preserved, this might represent a therapeutic opportunity. As such, we examined, in an animal injury model, whether systemic administration of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) could reverse post-injury immune suppression and whether treatment was associated with neuroinflammation or functional deficit. Prepubescent male rats were injured using a controlled cortical impact model and then subjected to removal of 25% blood volume (TBI/H). Sham animals underwent surgery without injury induction, and the treatment groups were sham and injured animals treated with either saline vehicle or 50 μg/kg GM-CSF. GM-CSF was administered following injury and then daily until sacrifice at post-injury day (PID) 7. Immune function was measured by assessing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in whole blood and spleen following ex vivo stimulation with pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Brain samples were assessed by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cytokine levels and by immunohistochemistry for microglia and astrocyte proliferation. Neuronal cell count was examined using cresyl violet staining. Motor coordination was evaluated using the Rotarod performance test. Treatment with GM-CSF was associated with a significantly increased response to PWM in both whole blood and spleen. GM-CSF in injured animals did not lead to increases in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain samples but was associated with significant increases in counted astrocytes. Finally, while injured animals treated with saline showed a significant impairment on behavioral testing, injured animals treated with GM-CSF performed similarly to uninjured animals. GM-CSF treatment in animals with combined injury led to increased systemic immune cell response in whole blood and spleen in the acute phase following injury. Improved immune response was not associated with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the brain or functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Sribnick
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translation Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy Warner
- Center for Clinical and Translation Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark W Hall
- Center for Clinical and Translation Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Macrophages as a Therapeutic Target in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Way to Overcome Immunotherapy Resistance? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020440. [PMID: 35053602 PMCID: PMC8773572 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common malignancy and the fifth cause of cancer death in men. The treatment for localized or locally advanced stages offers a high probability of cure. Even though the therapeutic landscape has significantly improved over the last decade, metastatic PC (mPC) still has a poor prognosis mainly due to the development of therapy resistance. In this context, the use of immunotherapy alone or in combination with other drugs has been explored in recent years. However, T-cell directed immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown limited activity with inconclusive results in mPC patients, most likely due to the highly immunosuppressive PC tumor microenvironment (TME). In this scenario, targeting macrophages, a highly abundant immunosuppressive cell type in the TME, could offer a new therapeutic strategy to improve immunotherapy efficacy. In this review, we summarize the growing field of macrophage-directed immunotherapies and discuss how these could be applied in the treatment of mPC, focusing on their combination with ICIs.
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Transient Activation of Hedgehog Signaling Inhibits Cellular Senescence and Inflammation in Radiated Swine Salivary Glands through Preserving Resident Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413493. [PMID: 34948290 PMCID: PMC8708934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland function is commonly and irreversibly damaged by radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. This damage greatly decreases the patient’s quality of life and is difficult to remedy. Previously, we found that the transient activation of Hedgehog signaling alleviated salivary hypofunction after radiation in both mouse and pig models through the inhibition of radiation-induced cellular senescence that is mediated by resident macrophages in mouse submandibular glands. Here we report that in swine parotid glands sharing many features with humans, the Hedgehog receptor PTCH1 is mainly expressed in macrophages, and levels of PTCH1 and multiple macrophage markers are significantly decreased by radiation but recovered by transient Hedgehog activation. These parotid macrophages mainly express the M2 macrophage marker ARG1, while radiation promotes expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine that is reversed by transient Hedgehog activation. Hedgehog activation likely preserves parotid macrophages after radiation through inhibition of P53 signaling and consequent cellular senescence. Consistently, VEGF, an essential anti-senescence cytokine downstream of Hedgehog signaling, is significantly decreased by radiation but recovered by transient Hedgehog activation. These findings indicate that in the clinically-relevant swine model, transient Hedgehog activation restores the function of irradiated salivary glands through the recovery of resident macrophages and the consequent inhibition of cellular senescence and inflammation.
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Alekseenko I, Kuzmich A, Kondratyeva L, Kondratieva S, Pleshkan V, Sverdlov E. Step-by-Step Immune Activation for Suicide Gene Therapy Reinforcement. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179376. [PMID: 34502287 PMCID: PMC8430744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-directed enzyme prodrug gene therapy (GDEPT) theoretically represents a useful method to carry out chemotherapy for cancer with minimal side effects through the formation of a chemotherapeutic agent inside cancer cells. However, despite great efforts, promising preliminary results, and a long period of time (over 25 years) since the first mention of this method, GDEPT has not yet reached the clinic. There is a growing consensus that optimal cancer therapies should generate robust tumor-specific immune responses. The advent of checkpoint immunotherapy has yielded new highly promising avenues of study in cancer therapy. For such therapy, it seems reasonable to use combinations of different immunomodulators alongside traditional methods, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as GDEPT. In this review, we focused on non-viral gene immunotherapy systems combining the intratumoral production of toxins diffused by GDEPT and immunomodulatory molecules. Special attention was paid to the applications and mechanisms of action of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM–CSF), a cytokine that is widely used but shows contradictory effects. Another method to enhance the formation of stable immune responses in a tumor, the use of danger signals, is also discussed. The process of dying from GDEPT cancer cells initiates danger signaling by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that exert immature dendritic cells by increasing antigen uptake, maturation, and antigen presentation to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. We hypothesized that the combined action of this danger signal and GM–CSF issued from the same dying cancer cell within a limited space would focus on a limited pool of immature dendritic cells, thus acting synergistically and enhancing their maturation and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte attraction potential. We also discuss the problem of enhancing the cancer specificity of the combined GDEPT–GM–CSF–danger signal system by means of artificial cancer specific promoters or a modified delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Alekseenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (V.P.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Oncogynecology and Mammology, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Alexey Kuzmich
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (V.P.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Liya Kondratyeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sofia Kondratieva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Victor Pleshkan
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (V.P.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Eugene Sverdlov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (E.S.)
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Zhao Q, Zhang L, Hai B, Wang J, Baetge CL, Deveau MA, Kapler GM, Feng JQ, Liu F. Transient Activation of the Hedgehog-Gli Pathway Rescues Radiotherapy-Induced Dry Mouth via Recovering Salivary Gland Resident Macrophages. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5531-5542. [PMID: 32998998 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Irreversible hypofunction of salivary glands is a common side effect of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer and is difficult to remedy. Recent studies indicate that transient activation of Hedgehog signaling rescues irradiation-impaired salivary function in animal models, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unclear. Here, we show in mice that activation of canonical Gli-dependent Hedgehog signaling by Gli1 gene transfer is sufficient to recover salivary function impaired by irradiation. Salivary gland cells responsive to Hedgehog/Gli signaling comprised small subsets of macrophages, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells, and their progeny remained relatively rare long after irradiation and transient Hedgehog activation. Quantities and activities of salivary gland resident macrophages were substantially and rapidly impaired by irradiation and restored by Hedgehog activation. Conversely, depletion of salivary gland macrophages by clodronate liposomes compromised the restoration of irradiation-impaired salivary function by transient Hedgehog activation. Single-cell RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR of sorted cells indicated that Hedgehog activation greatly enhances paracrine interactions between salivary gland resident macrophages, epithelial progenitors, and endothelial cells through Csf1, Hgf, and C1q signaling pathways. Consistently, expression of these paracrine factors and their receptors in salivary glands decreased following irradiation but were restored by transient Hedgehog activation. These findings reveal that resident macrophages and their prorepair paracrine factors are essential for the rescue of irradiation-impaired salivary function by transient Hedgehog activation and are promising therapeutic targets of radiotherapy-induced irreversible dry mouth. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings illuminate a novel direction for developing effective treatment of irreversible dry mouth, which is common after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer and for which no effective treatments are available. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/24/5531/F1.large.jpg.See related commentary by Coppes, p. 5462.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Zhao
- Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Linying Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Bo Hai
- Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Courtney L Baetge
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Michael A Deveau
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Geoffrey M Kapler
- Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Fei Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.
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Chulpanova DS, Kitaeva KV, Green AR, Rizvanov AA, Solovyeva VV. Molecular Aspects and Future Perspectives of Cytokine-Based Anti-cancer Immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:402. [PMID: 32582698 PMCID: PMC7283917 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-based immunotherapy is a promising field in the cancer treatment, since cytokines, as proteins of the immune system, are able to modulate the host immune response toward cancer cell, as well as directly induce tumor cell death. Since a low dose monotherapy with some cytokines has no significant therapeutic results and a high dose treatment leads to a number of side effects caused by the pleiotropic effect of cytokines, the problem of understanding the influence of cytokines on the immune cells involved in the pro- and anti-tumor immune response remains a pressing one. Immune system cells carry CD makers on their surface which can be used to identify various populations of cells of the immune system that play different roles in pro- and anti-tumor immune responses. This review discusses the functions and specific CD markers of various immune cell populations which are reported to participate in the regulation of the immune response against the tumor. The results of research studies and clinical trials investigating the effect of cytokine therapy on the regulation of immune cell populations and their surface markers are also discussed. Current trends in the development of cancer immunotherapy, as well as the role of cytokines in combination with other therapeutic agents, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria S Chulpanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Kristina V Kitaeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Andrew R Green
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Valeriya V Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Yu WL, Hua ZC. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR T) Therapy for Hematologic and Solid Malignancies: Efficacy and Safety-A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010047. [PMID: 30621018 PMCID: PMC6356949 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors T cells (CAR T) had been used for treating various tumor patients in clinic, and owned an incredible efficacy in part of malignancies. However, CAR T therapy remains controversial due to doubts about its efficacy and safety in the clinical treatment of various malignancies. A total of 997 tumor patients from 52 studies were included in this review. Eligible studies were searched and reviewed from the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Wanfang and Clinicaltrials.gov. Then meta-analysis and subgroup analysis were used to investigate the overall response rate (ORR), complete response rate (CRR), common side effect rate (CSER) and relapse rate (RR) of CAR T therapy for patients in clinical researches, respectively. The results further confirmed that CAR T therapy had a higher response rate for hematologic malignancies. More importantly, CAR T therapy had a higher CSER in patients with hematologic malignancies, and it had a similar RR in patients with different malignancies. Cell cultured without the addition of IL-2 and total administration less than 108 cells were recommended. This study offers a reference for future research regarding the application in solid and hematologic malignancies, side effects and relapse, and even the production processes of CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Liang Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao 999078, China.
- Jiangsu Target Pharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- Jiangsu Target Pharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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