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Moore C, Naraine I, Zhang T. Complete remission following pembrolizumab in a man with mCRPC with both microsatellite instability and BRCA2 mutation. Oncologist 2024; 29:716-720. [PMID: 38920278 PMCID: PMC11299937 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyae156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies in men. In the United States, 1 in 8 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime. Specifically, studies have delved into male subgroups that present a heightened risk for prostate cancer. Despite such high prevalence, prostate cancer can be heterogeneous and carry complexities that manifest differently between individuals. Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) often has an abbreviated, aggressive disease course, and can have varying presentations with different molecular profiles that determine response/resistance to the approved treatments targeting the androgen-receptor pathway (eg, enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide, and abiraterone acetate). We present a case of mHSPC quickly progressing to mCRPC, found to have microsatellite instability in mCRPC and excellent response to pembrolizumab, which raises the critical issues of early molecular testing and treatments personalized for the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Moore
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8852, United States
| | - Isabel Naraine
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8852, United States
| | - Tian Zhang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8852, United States
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2
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Geboers B, Scheltema MJ, Jung J, Bakker J, Timmer FEF, Cerutti X, Katelaris A, Doan P, Gondoputro W, Blazevski A, Agrawal S, Matthews J, Haynes AM, Robertson T, Thompson JE, Meijerink MR, Clark SJ, de Gruijl TD, Stricker PD. Irreversible electroporation of localised prostate cancer downregulates immune suppression and induces systemic anti-tumour T-cell activation - IRE-IMMUNO study. BJU Int 2024. [PMID: 39101639 DOI: 10.1111/bju.16496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To prospectively compare systemic anti-tumour immune responses induced by irreversible electroporation (IRE) and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in patients with localised intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa). PATIENTS AND METHODS Between February 2021 and June 2022, before and after treatment (at 5, 14 and 30 days) peripheral blood samples of 30 patients with localised PCa were prospectively collected. Patient inclusion criteria were: International Society of Urological Pathologists Grade 2-3, clinical cancer stage ≤T2c, prostate-specific antigen level <20 ng/mL). Patients were treated with IRE (n = 20) or RARP (n = 10). Frequency and activation status of lymphocytic and myeloid immune cell subsets were determined using flow cytometry. PCa-specific T-cell responses to prostatic acid phosphatase (PSAP) and cancer testis antigen (New York oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 [NY-ESO-1]) were determined by interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot). Repeated-measures analysis of variance and two-sided Student's t-tests were used to compare immune responses over time and between treatment cohorts. RESULTS Patient and tumour characteristics were similar between the cohorts except for age (median 68 years [IRE] and 62 years [RARP], P = 0.01). IRE induced depletion of systemic regulatory T cells (P = 0.0001) and a simultaneous increase in activated cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4)+ cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ (P < 0.001) and CD8+ (P = 0.032) T cells, consistent with reduction of systemic immune suppression allowing for effector T-cell activation, peaking 14 days after IRE. Effects were positively correlated with tumour volume/ablation size. Accordingly, IRE induced expansion of PSAP and/or NY-ESO-1 specific T-cell responses in four of the eight immune competent patients. Temporarily increased activated myeloid derived suppressor cell frequencies (P = 0.047) were consistent with transient immunosuppression after RARP. CONCLUSIONS Irreversible electroporation induces a PCa-specific systemic immune response in patients with localised PCa, aiding conversion of the tumour microenvironment into a more immune permissive state. Therapeutic efficacy might be further enhanced by combination with CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibition, potentially opening up a new synergistic treatment paradigm for high-risk localised or (oligo)metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Geboers
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's Private Clinic, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs J Scheltema
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Urology, St. Antonius Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Jung
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joyce Bakker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florentine E F Timmer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xanthe Cerutti
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Athos Katelaris
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Doan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William Gondoputro
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexandar Blazevski
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shikha Agrawal
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jayne Matthews
- St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's Private Clinic, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Haynes
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tim Robertson
- Department of Anesthesiology, St. Vincent's Private Clinic, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James E Thompson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martijn R Meijerink
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan J Clark
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Phillip D Stricker
- St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's Private Clinic, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Slootbeek PHJ, Tolmeijer SH, Mehra N, Schalken JA. Therapeutic biomarkers in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: does the state matter? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024; 61:178-204. [PMID: 37882463 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2023.2266482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has been fundamentally transformed by our greater understanding of its complex biological mechanisms and its entrance into the era of precision oncology. A broad aim is to use the extreme heterogeneity of mCRPC by matching already approved or new targeted therapies to the correct tumor genotype. To achieve this, tumor DNA must be obtained, sequenced, and correctly interpreted, with individual aberrations explored for their druggability, taking into account the hierarchy of driving molecular pathways. Although tumor tissue sequencing is the gold standard, tumor tissue can be challenging to obtain, and a biopsy from one metastatic site or primary tumor may not provide an accurate representation of the current genetic underpinning. Sequencing of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) might catalyze precision oncology in mCRPC, as it enables real-time observation of genomic changes in tumors and allows for monitoring of treatment response and identification of resistance mechanisms. Moreover, ctDNA can be used to identify mutations that may not be detected in solitary metastatic lesions and can provide a more in-depth understanding of inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity. Finally, ctDNA abundance can serve as a prognostic biomarker in patients with mCRPC.The androgen receptor (AR)-axis is a well-established therapeutical target for prostate cancer, and through ctDNA sequencing, insights have been obtained in (temporal) resistance mechanisms that develop through castration resistance. New third-generation AR-axis inhibitors are being developed to overcome some of these resistance mechanisms. The druggability of defects in the DNA damage repair machinery has impacted the treatment landscape of mCRPC in recent years. For patients with deleterious gene aberrations in genes linked to homologous recombination, particularly BRCA1 or BRCA2, PARP inhibitors have shown efficacy compared to the standard of care armamentarium, but platinum-based chemotherapy may be equally effective. A hierarchy exists in genes associated with homologous recombination, where, besides the canonical genes in this pathway, not every other gene aberration predicts the same likelihood of response. Moreover, evidence is emerging on cross-resistance between therapies such as PARP inhibitors, platinum-based chemotherapy and even radioligand therapy that target this genotype. Mismatch repair-deficient patients can experience a beneficial response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Activation of other cellular signaling pathways such as PI3K, cell cycle, and MAPK have shown limited success with monotherapy, but there is potential in co-targeting these pathways with combination therapy, either already witnessed or anticipated. This review outlines precision medicine in mCRPC, zooming in on the role of ctDNA, to identify genomic biomarkers that may be used to tailor molecularly targeted therapies. The most common druggable pathways and outcomes of therapies matched to these pathways are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H J Slootbeek
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherland
| | - Sofie H Tolmeijer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherland
| | - Niven Mehra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherland
| | - Jack A Schalken
- Department of Experimental Urology, Research Institute of Medical Innovation, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Cheng L, Chen L, Shi Y, Gu W, Ding W, Zheng X, Liu Y, Jiang J, Zheng Z. Efficacy and safety of bispecific antibodies vs. immune checkpoint blockade combination therapy in cancer: a real-world comparison. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:77. [PMID: 38627681 PMCID: PMC11020943 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging tumor immunotherapy methods encompass bispecific antibodies (BSABs), immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and adoptive cell immunotherapy. BSABs belong to the antibody family that can specifically recognize two different antigens or epitopes on the same antigen. These antibodies demonstrate superior clinical efficacy than monoclonal antibodies, indicating their role as a promising tumor immunotherapy option. Immune checkpoints are also important in tumor immunotherapy. Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) is a widely acknowledged immune checkpoint target with effective anti-tumor activity. PD-1 inhibitors have demonstrated notable therapeutic efficacy in treating hematological and solid tumors; however, more than 50% of patients undergoing this treatment exhibit a poor response. However, ICI-based combination therapies (ICI combination therapies) have been demonstrated to synergistically increase anti-tumor effects and immune response rates. In this review, we compare the clinical efficacy and side effects of BSABs and ICI combination therapies in real-world tumor immunotherapy, aiming to provide evidence-based approaches for clinical research and personalized tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lujun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China
- Institute for Cell Therapy of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Laboratory of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Weiying Gu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weidong Ding
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China.
- Institute for Cell Therapy of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China.
- Institute for Cell Therapy of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Zhuojun Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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5
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Di Giacomo AM, Lahn M, Eggermont AM, Fox B, Ibrahim R, Sharma P, Allison JP, Maio M. The future of targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4: Is there a role? Eur J Cancer 2024; 198:113501. [PMID: 38169219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.113501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The 2022 yearly Think Tank Meeting in Siena, Tuscany (Italy), organized by the Italian Network for Tumor Biotherapy (NIBIT) Foundation, the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the World Immunotherapy Council, included a focus on the future of integrating and expanding the use of targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). The conference members exchanged their views on the lessons from targeting CTLA-4 and compared the effect to the impact of blocking Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) or its ligand (PDL1). The increasing experience with both therapeutic approaches and their combination suggests that targeting CTLA-4 may lead to more durable responses for a sizeable proportion of patients, though the specific mechanism is not entirely understood. Overcoming toxicity of blocking CTLA-4 is currently being addressed with different doses and dose regimens, especially when combined with PD1/PDL1 blocking antibodies. Novel therapeutics targeting CTLA-4 hold the promise to reduce toxicities and thus allow different combination strategies in the future. On the whole, the consent was that targeting CTLA-4 remains an important strategy to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Di Giacomo
- University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Center for Immuno-Oncology. University Hospital of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, Siena, Italy; NIBIT Foundation Onlus, Italy
| | - Michael Lahn
- IOnctura SA, Avenue Secheron 15, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mm Eggermont
- Princess Máxima Center and the University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich of the Technical University Munich and the Ludwig Maximiliaan University, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernard Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at the Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Suite 2N35 Portland, OR 97213, USA
| | - Ramy Ibrahim
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, 1 Letterman Drive, D3500, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Padmanee Sharma
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - James P Allison
- James P Allison Institute, MD Anderson, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Michele Maio
- University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Center for Immuno-Oncology. University Hospital of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, Siena, Italy; NIBIT Foundation Onlus, Italy.
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6
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Daniels VA, Luo J, Paller CJ, Kanayama M. Therapeutic Approaches to Targeting Androgen Receptor Splice Variants. Cells 2024; 13:104. [PMID: 38201308 PMCID: PMC10778271 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for advanced prostate cancer have vastly expanded over the last decade and will continue to expand in the future. Drugs targeting the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway, i.e., androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTAs), remain the mainstream treatments that are increasingly transforming the disease into one that can be controlled for an extended period of time. Prostate cancer is inherently addicted to AR. Under the treatment pressure of ARTA, molecular alterations occur, leading to the clonal expansion of resistant cells in a disease state broadly categorized as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). One castration resistance mechanism involves AR splice variants (AR-Vs) lacking the ligand-binding domain. Some AR-Vs have been identified as constitutively active, capable of activating AR signaling pathways without androgenic ligands. Among these variants, AR-V7 is the most extensively studied and may be measured non-invasively using validated circulating tumor cell (CTC) tests. In the context of the evolving prostate cancer treatment landscape, novel agents are developed and evaluated for their efficacy in targeting AR-V7. In patients with metastatic CRPC (mCRPC), the availability of the AR-V7 tests will make it possible to determine whether the treatments are effective for CTC AR-V7-positive disease, even though the treatments may not be specifically designed to target AR-V7. In this review, we will first outline the current prostate cancer treatment landscape, followed by an in-depth review of relatively newer prostate cancer therapeutics, focusing on AR-targeting agents under clinical development. These drugs are categorized from the standpoint of their activities against AR-V7 through direct or indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet A. Daniels
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (V.A.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (V.A.D.); (J.L.)
- Departments of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Channing J. Paller
- Departments of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mayuko Kanayama
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (V.A.D.); (J.L.)
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Hong X, Zhang Y, Chi Z, Xu Q, Lin W, Huang Y, Lin T, Zhang Y. Efficacy and Safety of Programmed Death-1 (PD-1)/Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients With Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2024; 36:e20-e30. [PMID: 37993317 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2023.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint inhibitors in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library until 1 July 2022 for mCRPC trials testing PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors. We measured the efficacy and safety using overall survival, progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rates (ORR), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate or treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs). When possible, data were meta-analysed. RESULTS Thirteen studies involving 2533 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled hazard ratio for overall survival was 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.42-1.20, I2 = 80.3%, PHeterogeneity<0.001) and for PFS was 0.65 (95% confidence interval 0.38-0.92, I2 = 72.2%, PHeterogeneity = 0.013). Furthermore, better ORR (relative risk = 2.77, 95% confidence interval 1.25-6.13, I2 = 0%, PHeterogeneity = 0.699) was found in PD-L1-expressing tumours. However, no statistical trends between PD-L1 status on PSA response rate (relative risk = 0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.5-1.25, I2 = 0%, PHeterogeneity = 0.953) and tumour mutational burden on ORR (relative risk = 2.53, 95% confidence interval 0.49-13.12, I2 = 74.5%, PHeterogeneity = 0.02) were observed. The pooled proportions of TRAEs and ≥ grade 3 TRAEs were 85.1% (95% confidence interval = 71.7-98.5%) and 31.6% (95% confidence interval = 18.9-44.4%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis showed that among selected populations of men with mCRPC, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 combination treatment may significantly increase the PFS benefits. However, overall survival in mCRPC warrants further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hong
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Urology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, PR China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, PR China
| | - Z Chi
- Department of Urology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, PR China
| | - Q Xu
- Department of Urology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, PR China
| | - W Lin
- Department of Urology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, PR China
| | - Y Huang
- Department of Urology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, PR China
| | - T Lin
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, PR China.
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8
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Gupta S, Fernandez L, Bourdon D, Hamid AA, Pasam A, Lam E, Wenstrup R, Sandhu S. Detection of PSMA expression on circulating tumor cells by blood-based liquid biopsy in prostate cancer. J Circ Biomark 2024; 13:1-6. [PMID: 38415240 PMCID: PMC10895373 DOI: 10.33393/jcb.2024.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background For patients with mCRPC, PSMA-targeted radioligand treatment has significantly improved the clinical outcome. A blood-based liquid biopsy assay for recognizing PSMA protein expression on circulating tumor cells may be beneficial for better informing therapeutic decision-making and identifying the patients most likely to benefit from PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy. Methods Using high-throughput imaging and digital AI pathology algorithms, a four-color immunofluorescence assay has been developed to find PSMA protein expression on CTCs on a glass slide. Cell line cells (LNCaP/PC3s/22Rv1) spiked into healthy donor blood were used to study the precision, specificity, sensitivity, limit of detection, and overall accuracy of the assay. Clinical validation and low-pass whole-genome sequencing were performed in PSMA-PET-positive patients with high-risk mCRPC (N = 24) utilizing 3 mL of blood. Results The PSMA CTC IF assay achieved analytical specificity, sensitivity, and overall accuracy above 99% with high precision. In the clinical validation, 76% (16/21) of the cases were PSMA positive with CTC heterogeneity, and 88% (21/24) of the patients contained at least one conventional CTC per milliliter of blood. Thirty-six low-pass-sequenced CTCs from 11 individuals with mCRPC frequently exhibited copy number increases in AR and MYC and losses in RB1, PTEN, TP53, and BRCA2 locus. Conclusions The analytical validation utilizing Epic Sciences' liquid biopsy CTC platform demonstrated the potential to detect PSMA protein expression in CTCs from patients with mCRPC. This assay is positioned as an effective research tool to evaluate PSMA expression, heterogeneity, and therapeutic response in many ongoing clinical studies to target tumors that express PSMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Gupta
- Translational Research and Assay Development, Epic Sciences, San Diego, California - USA
| | - Luisa Fernandez
- Translational Research and Assay Development, Epic Sciences, San Diego, California - USA
| | - David Bourdon
- Translational Research and Assay Development, Epic Sciences, San Diego, California - USA
| | - Anis A Hamid
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria - Australia
| | - Anupama Pasam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria - Australia
| | - Ernest Lam
- Translational Research and Assay Development, Epic Sciences, San Diego, California - USA
| | - Richard Wenstrup
- Translational Research and Assay Development, Epic Sciences, San Diego, California - USA
| | - Shahneen Sandhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria - Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria - Australia
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9
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Gostomczyk K, Marsool MDM, Tayyab H, Pandey A, Borowczak J, Macome F, Chacon J, Dave T, Maniewski M, Szylberg Ł. Targeting circulating tumor cells to prevent metastases. Hum Cell 2024; 37:101-120. [PMID: 37874534 PMCID: PMC10764589 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells that detach from the primary tumor, enter the bloodstream or body fluids, and spread to other body parts, leading to metastasis. Their presence and characteristics have been linked to cancer progression and poor prognosis in different types of cancer. Analyzing CTCs can offer valuable information about tumors' genetic and molecular diversity, which is crucial for personalized therapy. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the reverse process, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), play a significant role in generating and disseminating CTCs. Certain proteins, such as EpCAM, vimentin, CD44, and TGM2, are vital in regulating EMT and MET and could be potential targets for therapies to prevent metastasis and serve as detection markers. Several devices, methods, and protocols have been developed for detecting CTCs with various applications. CTCs interact with different components of the tumor microenvironment. The interactions between CTCs and tumor-associated macrophages promote local inflammation and allow the cancer cells to evade the immune system, facilitating their attachment and invasion of distant metastatic sites. Consequently, targeting and eliminating CTCs hold promise in preventing metastasis and improving patient outcomes. Various approaches are being explored to reduce the volume of CTCs. By investigating and discussing targeted therapies, new insights can be gained into their potential effectiveness in inhibiting the spread of CTCs and thereby reducing metastasis. The development of such treatments offers great potential for enhancing patient outcomes and halting disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Gostomczyk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.
- University Hospital No. 2 Im. Dr Jan Biziel, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | | | | | | | - Jędrzej Borowczak
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Facundo Macome
- Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino, San Miquel de Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Jose Chacon
- American University of Integrative Sciences, Cole Bay, Saint Martin, Barbados
| | - Tirth Dave
- Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Mateusz Maniewski
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szylberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre, Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Chair of Pathology, Dr Jan Biziel Memorial University Hospital No. 2, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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10
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Tsai AK, Kagalwalla S, Langer J, Le-Kumar T, Le-Kumar V, Antonarakis ES. Pembrolizumab for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: trials and tribulations. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2024; 24:51-62. [PMID: 38284349 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2024.2311750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapies have revolutionized the management of various malignancies but have only recently been evaluated systematically in prostate cancer. Pembrolizumab, a programmed-death 1 (PD-1) blocking antibody, has been utilized in a small subset of prostate cancer patients with mismatch repair deficiency/microsatellite instability, but has now been assessed in broader populations of metastatic prostate cancer patients. AREAS COVERED The results of four pembrolizumab-based phase III clinical trials for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) patients, including KEYNOTE-641, KEYNOTE-921, KEYNOTE-991, and KEYLYNK-010 are summarized. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, the efficacy of pembrolizumab in prostate cancer patients with certain molecular defects, and emerging pembrolizumab-based therapeutic combinations are also reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Pembrolizumab has not benefitted unselected metastatic prostate cancer patients when combined with chemotherapy, next-generation hormonal agents (NHA), or poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). PD-L1 positivity does not predict the response to pembrolizumab in this disease. A small number of responding patients can likely be explained by rare genetic and molecular defects, and more innovative combination strategies are needed to improve outcomes in prostate cancer patients who are not sensitive to pembrolizumab. Emphasis should be placed on developing additional or alternative immuno-oncology approaches beyond classical immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Tsai
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sana Kagalwalla
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jenna Langer
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thuy Le-Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vikas Le-Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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11
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Noori M, Azizi S, Mahjoubfar A, Abbasi Varaki F, Fayyaz F, Mousavian AH, Bashash D, Kardoust Parizi M, Kasaeian A. Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors for patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181051. [PMID: 38022569 PMCID: PMC10644317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment paradigm of many cancers, however, its effectiveness in prostate cancer patients is still under question. In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we sought for assessing the efficacy and safety of Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with prostate cancer. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were searched on Aguste 19, 2022. Thirty five studies met the eligibility criteria. The median overall survival (mOS) of all treatments was 14.1 months, with the longest and shortest mOS was seen among patients who received anti-CTLA-4 monotherapy and anti-PD-1/PD-L1+anti-CTLA-4 regimen at 24.9 and 9.2 months, respectively. Noteworthy, all types of adverse events had the lowest incidence in the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy group. Considering the ICI monotherapy regimens, we found that fatigue, diarrhea, and infusion reaction had the highest incidence rates. Future studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of novel combination therapies with ICIs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Noori
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Azizi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Mahjoubfar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhan Abbasi Varaki
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farimah Fayyaz
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hossein Mousavian
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kardoust Parizi
- Department of Urology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Sridaran D, Bradshaw E, DeSelm C, Pachynski R, Mahajan K, Mahajan NP. Prostate cancer immunotherapy: Improving clinical outcomes with a multi-pronged approach. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101199. [PMID: 37738978 PMCID: PMC10591038 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has gained traction in recent years owing to remarkable tumor clearance in some patients. Despite the notable success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in multiple malignancies, engagement of the immune system for targeted prostate cancer (PCa) therapy is still in its infancy. Multiple factors contribute to limited response, including the heterogeneity of PCa, the cold tumor microenvironment, and a low number of neoantigens. Significant effort is being invested in improving immune-based PCa therapies. This review is a summary of the status of immunotherapy in treating PCa, with a discussion of multiple immune modalities, including vaccines, adoptively transferred T cells, and bispecific T cell engagers, some of which are undergoing clinical trials. In addition, this review also focuses on emerging mechanism-based small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors with immune modulatory properties that, either as single agents or in combination with other immunotherapies, have the potential to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Sridaran
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elliot Bradshaw
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carl DeSelm
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs (CHiiPs), Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Russell Pachynski
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs (CHiiPs), Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kiran Mahajan
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nupam P Mahajan
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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13
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Sooi K, Walsh R, Kumarakulasinghe N, Wong A, Ngoi N. A review of strategies to overcome immune resistance in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2023; 6:656-673. [PMID: 37842236 PMCID: PMC10571060 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become integral in cancer therapeutics over the past two decades and is now part of standard-of-care treatment in multiple cancer types. While various biomarkers and pathway alterations such as dMMR, CDK12, and AR-V7 have been identified in advanced prostate cancer to predict immunotherapy responsiveness, the vast majority of prostate cancer remain intrinsically immune-resistant, as evidenced by low response rates to anti-PD(L)1 monotherapy. Since regulatory approval of the vaccine therapy sipuleucel-T in the biomarker-unselected population, there has not been much success with immunotherapy treatment in advanced prostate cancer. Researchers have looked at various strategies to overcome immune resistance, including the identification of more biomarkers and the combination of immunotherapy with existing effective prostate cancer treatments. On the horizon, novel drugs using bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) and chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) technology are being explored and have shown promising early efficacy in this disease. Here we discuss the features of the tumour microenvironment that predispose to immune resistance and rational strategies to enhance antitumour responsiveness in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Natalie Ngoi
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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14
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Bugoye FC, Torrorey-Sawe R, Biegon R, Dharsee N, Mafumiko FMS, Patel K, Mining SK. Mutational spectrum of DNA damage and mismatch repair genes in prostate cancer. Front Genet 2023; 14:1231536. [PMID: 37732318 PMCID: PMC10507418 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1231536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, a number of studies have revealed that a significant number of men with prostate cancer had genetic defects in the DNA damage repair gene response and mismatch repair genes. Certain of these modifications, notably gene alterations known as homologous recombination (HRR) genes; PALB2, CHEK2 BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, and genes for DNA mismatch repair (MMR); MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 are connected to a higher risk of prostate cancer and more severe types of the disease. The DNA damage repair (DDR) is essential for constructing and diversifying the antigen receptor genes required for T and B cell development. But this DDR imbalance results in stress on DNA replication and transcription, accumulation of mutations, and even cell death, which compromises tissue homeostasis. Due to these impacts of DDR anomalies, tumor immunity may be impacted, which may encourage the growth of tumors, the release of inflammatory cytokines, and aberrant immune reactions. In a similar vein, people who have altered MMR gene may benefit greatly from immunotherapy. Therefore, for these treatments, mutational genetic testing is indicated. Mismatch repair gene (MMR) defects are also more prevalent than previously thought, especially in patients with metastatic disease, high Gleason scores, and diverse histologies. This review summarizes the current information on the mutation spectrum and clinical significance of DDR mechanisms, such as HRR and MMR abnormalities in prostate cancer, and explains how patient management is evolving as a result of this understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidelis Charles Bugoye
- Government Chemist Laboratory Authority, Directorate of Forensic Science and DNA Services, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Pathology, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Rispah Torrorey-Sawe
- Department of Pathology, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Richard Biegon
- Department of Pathology, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Fidelice M. S. Mafumiko
- Government Chemist Laboratory Authority, Directorate of Forensic Science and DNA Services, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kirtika Patel
- Department of Pathology, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Simeon K. Mining
- Department of Pathology, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
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15
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Jin J, Li J, Peng C, Chen J, Xu G, Pan S. Case report: durable complete response to pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib in a metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma patient with high tumor mutational burden and an immune-active tumor microenvironment. Anticancer Drugs 2023; 34:797-802. [PMID: 36729952 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved as an emerging first-line treatment option for advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma whose tumors express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). However, the efficacy of immunotherapy in PD-L1-negative urothelial carcinoma patients remains unclear, and biomarkers beyond PD-L1 expression to predict response to immunotherapy need investigation. Here, we report a metastatic renal pelvis urothelial carcinoma patient with PD-L1 negative expression that responded dramatically to first-line pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib. By the recent follow-up in March 2022, the patient had a complete radiological response for 3.4 years, with no recurrence even during the 23-month drug-withdrawal period. The results of the next-generation sequencing using the tumor sample revealed a high tumor mutational burden (TMB), which may be independently driven by the pathogenic mutation in TP53 , TERT , NCOR1 , and TSC2 genes. Besides, the tumor microenvironment exhibited an immune-active signature with relatively abundant CD8+ cells and M1 tumor-associated macrophages but scarce regulatory T cells may also explain the great benefit of the combination therapy. Our case provides a direction for identifying biomarkers beyond PD-L1 expression to screen urothelial carcinoma patients who benefit from ICI as well as ICI-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Urology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, China
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16
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Strati A, Economopoulou P, Lianidou E, Psyrri A. Clinical Significance of PD-L1 Status in Circulating Tumor Cells for Cancer Management during Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1768. [PMID: 37371863 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The approval of monoclonal antibodies against programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death protein (PD1) has changed the landscape of cancer treatment. To date, many immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic cancer as well as locally recurrent advanced cancer. However, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) of ICIs highlight the need for biomarker analysis with strong predictive value. Liquid biopsy is an important tool for clinical oncologists to monitor cancer patients and administer or change appropriate therapy. CTCs frequently express PD-L1, and this constitutes a clinically useful and non-invasive method to assess PD-L1 status in real-time. This review summarizes all the latest findings about the clinical significance of CTC for the management of cancer patients during the administration of immunotherapy and mainly focuses on the assessment of PD-L1 expression in CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areti Strati
- Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Economopoulou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Evi Lianidou
- Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Amanda Psyrri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
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17
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Lim EA, Schweizer MT, Chi KN, Aggarwal R, Agarwal N, Gulley J, Attiyeh E, Greger J, Wu S, Jaiprasart P, Loffredo J, Bandyopadhyay N, Xie H, Hansen AR. Phase 1 Study of Safety and Preliminary Clinical Activity of JNJ-63898081, a PSMA and CD3 Bispecific Antibody, for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2023; 21:366-375. [PMID: 36948922 PMCID: PMC10219845 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer immunotherapies have limited efficacy in prostate cancer due to the immunosuppressive prostate microenvironment. Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression is prevalent in prostate cancer, preserved during malignant transformation, and increases in response to anti-androgen therapies, making it a commonly targeted tumor associated antigen for prostate cancer. JNJ-63898081 (JNJ-081) is a bispecific antibody targeting PSMA-expressing tumor cells and CD3-expressing T cells, aiming to overcome immunosuppression and promoting antitumor activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a phase 1 dose escalation study of JNJ-081 in patients with metastatic castration-resistance prostate cancer (mCRPC). Eligible patients included those receiving ≥1 prior line treatment with either novel androgen receptor targeted therapy or taxane for mCRPC. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of JNJ-081, and preliminary antitumor response to treatment were evaluated. JNJ-081 was administered initially by intravenous (IV) then by subcutaneous (SC) route. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients in 10 dosing cohorts received JNJ-081 ranging from 0.3 µg/kg to 3.0 µg/kg IV and 3.0 µg/kg to 60 µg/kg SC (with step-up priming used at higher SC doses). All 39 patients experienced ≥1 treatment-emergent AE, and no treatment-related deaths were reported. Dose-limiting toxicities were observed in 4 patients. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) was observed at higher doses with JNJ-081 IV or SC; however, CRS and infusion-related reaction (IRR) were reduced with SC dosing and step-up priming at higher doses. Treatment doses >30 µg/kg SC led to transient PSA decreases. No radiographic responses were observed. Anti-drug antibody responses were observed in 19 patients receiving JNJ-081 IV or SC. CONCLUSION JNJ-081 dosing led to transient declines in PSA in patients with mCRPC. CRS and IRR could be partially mitigated by SC dosing, step-up priming, and a combination of both strategies. T cell redirection for prostate cancer is feasible and PSMA is a potential therapeutic target for T cell redirection in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim N Chi
- BC Cancer- Vancouver Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - James Gulley
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - James Greger
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Shujian Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, Horsham, PA
| | | | | | | | - Hong Xie
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA
| | - Aaron R Hansen
- Princess Alexandria Hospital, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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18
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Nourmohammadi Abadchi S, Sena LA, Antonarakis ES, Pritchard CC, Eshleman JR, Konnick EQ, Salipante SJ, Shenderov E, Lotan TL. MLH1 Loss in Primary Prostate Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2023; 7:e2200611. [PMID: 37196219 PMCID: PMC10309570 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Among mismatch repair-deficient (MMRd) prostate cancers, loss of MLH1 is relatively uncommon and few cases have been reported in detail. METHODS Here, we describe the molecular features of two cases of primary prostate cancer with MLH1 loss detected by immunohistochemistry, and in one case, confirmed via transcriptomic profiling. RESULTS Both cases were microsatellite stable on standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based microsatellite instability (MSI) testing, but showed evidence of MSI on a newer PCR-based long mononucleotide repeat (LMR) assay and by next-generation sequencing. Germline testing was negative for Lynch syndrome-associated mutations in both cases. Targeted or whole-exome tumor sequencing using multiple commercial/academic platforms (Foundation, Tempus, JHU, and UW-OncoPlex) showed modestly elevated, though variable, tumor mutation burden estimates (2.3-10 mutations/Mb) consistent with MMRd, but without identifiable pathogenic single-nucleotide or indel mutations in MLH1. Copy-number analysis confirmed biallelic MLH1 loss in one case and monoallelic MLH1 loss in the second case, without evidence of MLH1 promoter hypermethylation in either. The second patient was treated with single-agent pembrolizumab and demonstrated a short-lived prostate-specific antigen response. CONCLUSION These cases highlight the challenges in identifying MLH1-deficient prostate cancers using standard MSI testing and commercial sequencing panels, and support the utility of immunohistochemical assays and LMR- or sequencing-based MSI testing for detection of MMRd prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura A. Sena
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Colin C. Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - James R. Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric Q. Konnick
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephen J. Salipante
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Eugene Shenderov
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tamara L. Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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19
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Sosa-Fajardo P, Blanco-Suarez JM, Pineda-Munguía Á, Rubí-Olea L, Peleteiro-Higuero P, Gajate P, Zafra-Martín J, Siva S, Bossi A, López-Campos F, Couñago F. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for kidney cancer. Where do we stand? Int J Urol 2023; 30:437-445. [PMID: 36746747 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At present, surgery is still the gold standard for the local treatment of renal cancer. Nonetheless, in several clinical scenarios, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) also known as stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) is emerging as a highly effective ablative technique in fragile patients and those with significant comorbidities, as well as in cases where percutaneous therapy (cryoablation or radiofrequency) is not viable. However, considering the intrinsic radioresistance of renal tumors, the optimal treatment schemes have not been established. In oligometastatic patients, it has been reported that the control of the oligometastases can be a potentially curable approach. Being a technique than can be administered exclusively or in combination with systemic therapy, treatment individualization based on patient characteristics is key. Another scenario under investigation is oligoprogression, where SBRT offers the possibility of delaying further lines of systemic therapy by eliminating subclones of resistant tumor with ablative doses, with the additional opportunity of stimulating the immune system (immunomodulatory role). In this review, we have conducted an analysis of recently published studies that test the role of this technique in different clinical scenarios of this disease. We have found promising results that make SBRT a potent therapeutic approach with low toxicity. We also comment on ongoing studies that will generate the necessary evidence needed for the implementation of this technique in our daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Sosa-Fajardo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC/CIBERONC), University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús M Blanco-Suarez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC/CIBERONC), University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Luz Rubí-Olea
- Radiation Oncology Department, University Regional Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Paula Peleteiro-Higuero
- Radiation Oncology Department, University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Gajate
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramon y Cajal Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Zafra-Martín
- Group of Translational Research in Cancer Immunotherapy, Health and Medical Research Centre (CIMES), Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), University of Malaga (UMA), Malaga, Spain.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Malaga, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga (UMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - Shankar Siva
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alberto Bossi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Felipe Couñago
- Radiation Oncology Department, GenesisCare Madrid Clinical Director, San Francisco de Asis and La Milagrosa Hospitals, National Chair of Research and Clinical Trials, GenesisCare, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Spindler NJ, Persson GF, Theile S, Nielsen DL, Høgdall EV, Al-Farra G, Hendel HW, Lorentzen T, Svane IM, Lindberg H, Eefsen RL. Randomised phase II trial of stereotactic body radiotherapy in combination with checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CheckPRO): a study protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e063500. [PMID: 36717150 PMCID: PMC9887717 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) has revolutionised cancer treatment but has no convincing effect in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). It has been suggested that a combination of CPI and hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) may work synergistically, and recent trials have supported this. We hypothesise that adding SBRT to CPI treatment can improve response rates in patients with mCRPC. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The CheckPRO trial is an open-label, randomised, two-stage, phase II trial. We aim to enrol and randomise 80 evaluable patients with mCRPC who progressed following ≥2 lines of treatment. Enrolment started in November 2019 with 38 months expected enrolment period. The participants receive treatment for 52 weeks including four cycles of ipilimumab and nivolumab with or without concomitant SBRT (24 Gray in three fractions) to a single soft tissue or bone metastasis, followed by 10 cycles of nivolumab. Participants are followed until progression, death, or for 12 months after the end of treatment.Co-primary endpoints are the objective response rate and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate. Secondary endpoints include safety, radiographic progression-free survival, clinical benefit rate, duration of response, PSA-progression-free survival beyond 12 weeks, quality of life and overall survival. Exploratory endpoints include translational analyses of tumour biopsies and consecutive blood samples. Biopsies from metastatic sites are collected at baseline, before the third treatment and at the end of treatment. Blood sampling for immune monitoring and circulating tumour DNA is performed consecutively at baseline and every radiographic assessment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study follows the Helsinki Declaration and is approved by the Danish Ethics Committee System (journal no. H-19016100). All participants must receive written and oral information and provide a signed informed consent document prior to inclusion. The study results will be published in an international peer-review journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER EudraCT number: 2018-003461-34. CLINICALTRIALS gov ID NCT05655715.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Juel Spindler
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Gitte Fredberg Persson
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susann Theile
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Dorte Lisbeth Nielsen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Estrid V Høgdall
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Gina Al-Farra
- Department of Radiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Helle Westergren Hendel
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Torben Lorentzen
- Department of Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Henriette Lindberg
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Rikke Løvendahl Eefsen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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21
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Tumor immunology. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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Wang XH, Wang ZQ, Mu ZY, Zhu LP, Zhong CF, Guo S. The efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29715. [PMID: 35945714 PMCID: PMC9351907 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aim to assess the efficacy and safety profiles of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer using a meta-analysis. METHODS We extracted and examined data from phase I, II and III clinical trials from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, which included patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who were treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate several indexes of efficacy and safety, including the objective response rate, 1-year overall survival (OS) rate, prostate-specific antigen response rate, and adverse event rate of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The material data were calculated and pooled using The R Project for Statistical Computing and STATA 12.0 software. RESULTS We identified 12 clinical trials in our study. We assessed the pooled frequencies of all-grade AEs and grade ≥ 3 AEs first and showed 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74-0.91, I2 = 94%, P < .01) and 0.42 (95% CI: 0.33-0.54, I2 = 96%, P < .01), respectively. The objective response rate was 0.10 (95% CI: 0.04-0.19, I2 = 70%, P < .01), and the 1-year OS and prostate-specific antigen response rate were 0.55 (95% CI: 0.45-0.67, I2 = 93%, P < .01) and 0.18 (95% CI: 0.16-0.20, I2 = 43%, P = .03), respectively. CONCLUSION The immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy was well tolerated and showed potential to improve tumor responses in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology, People’s hospital of Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Mu
- Department of Neurology, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Chong-Fu Zhong
- Department of Andrology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shanchun Guo
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA
- *Correspondence: Shanchun Guo, PhD, RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Dr, New Orleans, LA 70125 (e-mail: )
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23
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Fizazi K, Retz M, Petrylak DP, Goh JC, Perez-Gracia J, Lacombe L, Zschäbitz S, Burotto M, Mahammedi H, Gravis G, Bastos DA, McCune SL, Vázquez Limón JC, Kwan EM, Castellano D, Fléchon A, Saad F, Grimm MO, Shaffer DR, Armstrong AJ, Bhagavatheeswaran P, Amin NP, Ünsal-Kaçmaz K, Wang X, Li J, Loehr A, Pachynski RK. Nivolumab plus rucaparib for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: results from the phase 2 CheckMate 9KD trial. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004761. [PMID: 35977756 PMCID: PMC9389086 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CheckMate 9KD (NCT03338790) is a non-randomized, multicohort, phase 2 trial of nivolumab plus other anticancer treatments for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We report results from cohorts A1 and A2 of CheckMate 9KD, specifically evaluating nivolumab plus rucaparib. METHODS CheckMate 9KD enrolled adult patients with histologically confirmed mCRPC, ongoing androgen deprivation therapy, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1. Cohort A1 included patients with postchemotherapy mCRPC (1-2 prior taxane-based regimens) and ≤2 prior novel hormonal therapies (eg, abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide); cohort A2 included patients with chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC and prior novel hormonal therapy. Patients received nivolumab 480 mg every 4 weeks plus rucaparib 600 mg two times per day (nivolumab dosing ≤2 years). Coprimary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR) per Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 3 and prostate-specific antigen response rate (PSA50-RR; ≥50% PSA reduction) in all-treated patients and patients with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD)-positive tumors, determined before enrollment. Secondary endpoints included radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS Outcomes (95% CI) among all-treated, HRD-positive, and BRCA1/2-positive populations for cohort A1 were confirmed ORR: 10.3% (3.9-21.2) (n=58), 17.2% (5.8-35.8) (n=29), and 33.3% (7.5-70.1) (n=9); confirmed PSA50-RR: 11.9% (5.9-20.8) (n=84), 18.2% (8.2-32.7) (n=44), and 41.7% (15.2-72.3) (n=12); median rPFS: 4.9 (3.7-5.7) (n=88), 5.8 (3.7-8.4) (n=45), and 5.6 (2.8-15.7) (n=12) months; and median OS: 13.9 (10.4-15.8) (n=88), 15.4 (11.4-18.2) (n=45), and 15.2 (3.0-not estimable) (n=12) months. For cohort A2 they were confirmed ORR: 15.4% (5.9-30.5) (n=39), 25.0% (8.7-49.1) (n=20), and 33.3% (7.5-70.1) (n=9); confirmed PSA50-RR: 27.3% (17.0-39.6) (n=66), 41.9 (24.5-60.9) (n=31), and 84.6% (54.6-98.1) (n=13); median rPFS: 8.1 (5.6-10.9) (n=71), 10.9 (6.7-12.0) (n=34), and 10.9 (5.6-12.0) (n=15) months; and median OS: 20.2 (14.1-22.8) (n=71), 22.7 (14.1-not estimable) (n=34), and 20.2 (11.1-not estimable) (n=15) months. In cohorts A1 and A2, respectively, the most common any-grade and grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were nausea (40.9% and 40.8%) and anemia (20.5% and 14.1%). Discontinuation rates due to TRAEs were 27.3% and 23.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Nivolumab plus rucaparib is active in patients with HRD-positive postchemotherapy or chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC, particularly those harboring BRCA1/2 mutations. Safety was as expected, with no new signals identified. Whether the addition of nivolumab incrementally improves outcomes versus rucaparib alone cannot be determined from this trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03338790.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Fizazi
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Margitta Retz
- Department of Urology, Rechts der Isar Medical Center, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel P Petrylak
- Smilow Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Goh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- ICON Research, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jose Perez-Gracia
- Oncology Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Louis Lacombe
- Department of Surgery, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stefanie Zschäbitz
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Disease (NCT), University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mauricio Burotto
- Department of Oncology, Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hakim Mahammedi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gwenaelle Gravis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Juan Carlos Vázquez Limón
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Jalisciense de Cancerología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Edmond M Kwan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Castellano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aude Fléchon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Fred Saad
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal/CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - David R Shaffer
- Department of Medical Oncology, New York Oncology Hematology, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Neha P Amin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Keziban Ünsal-Kaçmaz
- Department of Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xuya Wang
- Department of Informatics and Predictive Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Informatics and Predictive Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrea Loehr
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clovis Oncology, Inc, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Russell K Pachynski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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24
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van Wilpe S, Simnica D, Slootbeek P, van Ee T, Pamidimarri Naga S, Gorris MAJ, van der Woude LL, Sultan S, Koornstra RHT, van Oort IM, Gerritsen WR, Kroeze LI, Simons M, van Leenders GJLH, Binder M, de Vries IJM, Mehra N. Homologous recombination repair deficient prostate cancer represents an immunologically distinct subtype. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2094133. [PMID: 35800157 PMCID: PMC9255222 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2094133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD) is observed in 10% of patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer (PCa). Preliminary data suggest that HRD-PCa might be more responsive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In this study, we compare the tumor immune landscape and peripheral T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of patients with and without HRD-PCa to gain further insight into the immunogenicity of HRD-PCa. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tumor tissue of 81 patients, including 15 patients with HRD-PCa. Peripheral TCR sequencing was performed in a partially overlapping cohort of 48 patients, including 16 patients with HRD-PCa. HRD patients more frequently had intratumoral CD3+, CD3+CD8−FoxP3− or Foxp3+ TILs above median compared to patients without DNA damage repair alterations (DDRwt; CD3+ and Foxp3+: 77% vs 35%, p = .013; CD3+CD8−FoxP3−: 80% vs 44%, p = .031). No significant difference in CD8+ TILs or PD-L1 expression was observed. In peripheral blood, HRD patients displayed a more diverse TCR repertoire compared to DDRwt patients (p = .014). Additionally, HRD patients shared TCR clusters with low generation probability, suggesting patient-overlapping T cell responses. A pooled analysis of clinical data from 227 patients with molecularly characterized PCa suggested increased efficacy of ICIs in HRD-PCa. In conclusion, patients with HRD-PCa display increased TIL density and an altered peripheral TCR repertoire. Further research into the efficacy of ICIs and the presence of shared neoantigens in HRD-PCa is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra van Wilpe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Donjetë Simnica
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Haematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Peter Slootbeek
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas van Ee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Mark A. J. Gorris
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke L. van der Woude
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shabaz Sultan
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Inge M. van Oort
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Winald R. Gerritsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leonie I. Kroeze
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Simons
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Mascha Binder
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Haematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - I. Jolanda M. de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Niven Mehra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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25
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Zhang J, Ding X, Peng K, Jia Z, Yang J. Identification of biomarkers for immunotherapy response in prostate cancer and potential drugs to alleviate immunosuppression. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:4839-4857. [PMID: 35680563 PMCID: PMC9217695 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Immunotherapy has a significant effect on the treatment of many tumor types. However, prostate cancers generally fail to show significant responses to immunotherapy owing to their immunosuppressive microenvironments. To sustain progress towards more effective immunotherapy for prostate cancer, comprehensive analyses of the genetic characteristics of the immune microenvironment and novel therapeutic strategies are required. Methods: The transcriptome profiles of patients with prostate cancer were obtained from GEO and processed with the TIDE algorithm to predict their responses to immunotherapy. Next, the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the responder and non-responder groups were identified and used to compute the co-expression modules by WGCNA. Then, co-expression networks were constructed and survival analysis was applied to hub genes. Finally, drug candidates to alleviate immunosuppression were filtered in prostate cancer using GSEA based on hub genes. Results: In total, we identified 2758 significant DEGs and constructed 16 co-expression modules, seven of which were significantly correlated with the immune response score. In total, 133 hub genes were identified, of which 13 were significantly associated with prostate cancer prognosis. Co-expression networks of hub genes were constructed with KMT2B at the center. Finally, six candidate drugs for prostate cancer immunotherapy were identified in PC3 and LNCaP cell lines. Conclusions: We obtained datasets from multiple platforms, performed integrated bioinformatic analysis to identify 133 hub genes and 13 biomarkers of an immunotherapy response, and six candidate drugs were filtered to inhibit the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, to ultimately improve patient responses to immunotherapy in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Institute of Urology, Tumor Molecular Biology Key Laboratory of Zhengzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Department of Urology, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohui Ding
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Institute of Urology, Tumor Molecular Biology Key Laboratory of Zhengzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kun Peng
- Department of Urology, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhankui Jia
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Institute of Urology, Tumor Molecular Biology Key Laboratory of Zhengzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jinjian Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Institute of Urology, Tumor Molecular Biology Key Laboratory of Zhengzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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26
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Yuen KC, Tran B, Anton A, Hamidi H, Costello AJ, Corcoran NM, Lawrentschuk N, Rainey N, Semira MCG, Gibbs P, Mariathasan S, Sandhu S, Kadel EE. Molecular classification of hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer, using nonnegative matrix factorization molecular subtyping of primary and metastatic specimens. Prostate 2022; 82:993-1002. [PMID: 35435276 PMCID: PMC9321082 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape, immunotherapy has demonstrated limited activity in prostate cancer. A greater understanding of the molecular landscape, particularly the expression of immune-related pathways, will inform future immunotherapeutic strategies. Consensus nonnegative matrix factorization (cNMF) is a novel model of molecular classification analyzing gene expression data, focusing on biological interpretation of metagenes and selecting meaningful clusters. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify molecular subtypes of prostate cancer using cNMF and correlate these with existing biomarkers to inform future immunotherapeutic strategies. METHODS A cohort of archival tumor specimens from hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant disease was studied. Whole transcriptomic profiles were generated using TruSeq RNA Access technology and subjected to cNMF. Comprehensive genomic profiling was performed with the FoundationOne assay. NMF subtypes were characterized by gene expression pathways, genomic alterations and correlated with clinical data, then applied to The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. RESULTS We studied 164 specimens, including 52 castration-resistant and 13 paired primary/metastatic specimens. cNMF identified four distinct subtypes. NMF1 (19%) is enriched for immune-related and stromal-related pathways with transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signature. NMF2 (36%) is associated with FOXO-mediated transcription signature and AKT signaling, NMF3 (26%) is enriched for ribosomal RNA processing, while NMF4 (19%) is enriched for cell cycle and DNA-repair pathways. The most common gene alterations included TMPRSS22 (42%), TP53 (23%), and DNA-repair genes (19%), occurring across all subtypes. NMF4 is significantly enriched for MYC and Wnt-signaling gene alterations. TMB, CD8 density, and PD-L1 expression were low overall. NMF1 and NMF4 were NMF2 was associated with superior overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Using cNMF, we identified four molecularly distinct subtypes which may inform treatment selection. NMF1 demonstrates the most inflammatory signature with asuppressive TGFβ signature, suggesting potential benefit with immunotherapy combination strategies targeting TGFβ and PD-(L)1. Prospective studies are required to evaluate the use of this novel model to molecularly stratify patients for optimal treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobe C. Yuen
- Department of Oncology Biomarker DevelopmentGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ben Tran
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Angelyn Anton
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Eastern HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Habib Hamidi
- Department of Oncology Biomarker DevelopmentGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anthony J. Costello
- Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of SurgeryThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Australian Prostate CentreNorth MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Niall M. Corcoran
- Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of SurgeryThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Nathan Lawrentschuk
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of SurgeryThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Natalie Rainey
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Marie C. G. Semira
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Peter Gibbs
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sanjeev Mariathasan
- Department of Oncology Biomarker DevelopmentGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shahneen Sandhu
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Edward E. Kadel
- Department of Oncology Biomarker DevelopmentGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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27
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Wyvekens N, Tsai HK, Sholl LM, Tucci J, Giannico GA, Gordetsky JB, Hirsch MS, Barletta JA, Acosta AM. Histopathologic and Genetic Features of Mismatch Repair-Deficient High-Grade Prostate Cancer. Histopathology 2022; 80:1050-1060. [PMID: 35395112 DOI: 10.1111/his.14645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is commonly caused by functional inactivation of MLH1, PMS2, MSH2 or MSH6. The morphologic and molecular correlates of MMR deficiency have been extensively characterized in certain tumor types such as colorectal and endometrial adenocarcinoma. In contrast, the histologic and molecular features of MMR-deficient prostate cancer remain incompletely described. In this study, we evaluated 19 MMR-deficient prostate cancers, including 11 cases without prior systemic treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS All treatment-naïve cases (11/11, 100%) were Grade Group 4-5 and had predominant cribriform and/or solid growth patterns. Solid components (any amount) and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were seen in 7/11 (64%) of these cases each. In 68 MMR-proficient Grade Group 5 prostate cancers, predominant cribriform or solid growth patterns, solid components (any amount) and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were seen at significantly lower frequencies (31/68, 46%; 9/68, 13% and 6/62, 9%, respectively; p<0.001 for all comparisons). Molecular evaluation of 19 cases demonstrated that MMR-deficiency was secondary to functional loss of MSH2/MSH6 and MLH1/PMS2 in 15 cases (79%) and 4 cases (21%), respectively. Definite or likely germline mutations were present in 4 cases (4/19, 21%). TMPRSS2::ERG rearrangements were identified in 2 cases (2/19, 11%). Recurrent cancer-relevant somatic mutations included (but were not limited to) ATM, TP53, FOXA1, RB1, BRCA2 and PTEN. CONCLUSIONS MMR deficiency was most commonly secondary to inactivation of MSH2/MSH6 in this study. Importantly, MMR-deficient high-grade prostatic adenocarcinomas had morphologic features that might be useful to identify selected cases for MMR IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Wyvekens
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harrison K Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynette M Sholl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Tucci
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Giovanna A Giannico
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer B Gordetsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michelle S Hirsch
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justine A Barletta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andres M Acosta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kaur HB, Vidotto T, Mendes AA, Salles DC, Isaacs WB, Antonarakis ES, Lotan TL. Association between pathogenic germline mutations in BRCA2 and ATM and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in primary prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:943-951. [PMID: 34533610 PMCID: PMC9254167 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair genes may be associated with increased tumor mutational burden and numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Though HR-deficient prostate tumors have been anecdotally associated with improved responses to immunotherapy, it is unclear whether HR mutations or HR deficiency (HRD) scores predict for increased T-cell densities in this cancer. We evaluated 17 primary prostate tumors from patients with pathogenic germline BRCA2 mutations (gBRCA2) and 21 primary prostate tumors from patients with pathogenic germline ATM (gATM) mutations, which were compared to 19 control tumors lacking HR gene mutations, as well as the TCGA prostate cancer cohort. HRD score was estimated by targeted sequencing (gBRCA2 and gATM) or by SNP microarray (TCGA). Tumor-associated T-cell densities were assessed using validated automated digital image analysis of CD8 and FOXP3 immunostaining (gBRCA2 or gATM) or by methylCIBERSORT (TCGA). CD8 + and FOXP3 + T-cell densities were significantly correlated with each other in gBRCA2 and gATM cases. There was no significant difference between CD8 + or FOXP3 + TIL densities in gBRCA2 or gATM cases compared to controls. In the TCGA cohort, HRD score was associated with predicted CD8 + and FOXP3 + TILs. Associations were also seen for HRD score and TIL density among the germline-mutated cases. In contrast to mismatch repair-deficient primary prostate tumors, cancers from germline BRCA2 or ATM mutation carriers do not appear to be associated with elevated TIL density. However, measures of genomic scarring, such as HRD score, may be associated with increased tumor-infiltrating T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsimar B Kaur
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thiago Vidotto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adrianna A Mendes
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniela C Salles
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William B Isaacs
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CRB2, Room 316, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CRB2, Room 316, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Fatima S, Ma Y, Safrachi A, Haider S, Spring KJ, Vafaee F, Scott KF, Roberts TL, Becker TM, de Souza P. Harnessing Liquid Biopsies to Guide Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1669. [PMID: 35406441 PMCID: PMC8997025 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy (IO), involving the use of immune checkpoint inhibition, achieves improved response-rates and significant disease-free survival for some cancer patients. Despite these beneficial effects, there is poor predictability of response and substantial rates of innate or acquired resistance, resulting in heterogeneous responses among patients. In addition, patients can develop life-threatening adverse events, and while these generally occur in patients that also show a tumor response, these outcomes are not always congruent. Therefore, predicting a response to IO is of paramount importance. Traditionally, tumor tissue analysis has been used for this purpose. However, minimally invasive liquid biopsies that monitor changes in blood or other bodily fluid markers are emerging as a promising cost-effective alternative. Traditional biomarkers have limitations mainly due to difficulty in repeatedly obtaining tumor tissue confounded also by the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of tumours. Liquid biopsy has the potential to circumvent tumor heterogeneity and to help identifying patients who may respond to IO, to monitor the treatment dynamically, as well as to unravel the mechanisms of relapse. We present here a review of the current status of molecular markers for the prediction and monitoring of IO response, focusing on the detection of these markers in liquid biopsies. With the emerging improvements in the field of liquid biopsy, this approach has the capacity to identify IO-eligible patients and provide clinically relevant information to assist with their ongoing disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadma Fatima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (A.S.); (F.V.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Yafeng Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Centre for Circulating Tumor Cell Diagnosis and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Azadeh Safrachi
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (A.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Sana Haider
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Spring
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Vafaee
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (A.S.); (F.V.)
- UNSW Data Science Hub, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Kieran F. Scott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Tara L. Roberts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Therese M. Becker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Centre for Circulating Tumor Cell Diagnosis and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Paul de Souza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
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Wang K, Yang C, Li H, Liu X, Zheng M, Xuan Z, Mei Z, Wang H. Role of the Epigenetic Modifier JMJD6 in Tumor Development and Regulation of Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859893. [PMID: 35359945 PMCID: PMC8963961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
JMJD6 is a member of the Jumonji (JMJC) domain family of histone demethylases that contributes to catalyzing the demethylation of H3R2me2 and/or H4R3me2 and regulating the expression of specific genes. JMJD6-mediated demethylation modifications are involved in the regulation of transcription, chromatin structure, epigenetics, and genome integrity. The abnormal expression of JMJD6 is associated with the occurrence and development of a variety of tumors, including breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma, glioma, prostate carcinoma, melanoma, liver carcinoma, etc. Besides, JMJD6 regulates the innate immune response and affects many biological functions, as well as may play key roles in the regulation of immune response in tumors. Given the importance of epigenetic function in tumors, targeting JMJD6 gene by modulating the role of immune components in tumorigenesis and its development will contribute to the development of a promising strategy for cancer therapy. In this article, we introduce the structure and biological activities of JMJD6, followed by summarizing its roles in tumorigenesis and tumor development. Importantly, we highlight the potential functions of JMJD6 in the regulation of tumor immune response, as well as the development of JMJD6 targeted small-molecule inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Innovation and Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, 908th Hospital of Chinese PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Yingtan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Meiling Zheng
- Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zixue Xuan
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zixue Xuan, ; Zhiqiang Mei, ; Haiyong Wang,
| | - Zhiqiang Mei
- Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zixue Xuan, ; Zhiqiang Mei, ; Haiyong Wang,
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Zixue Xuan, ; Zhiqiang Mei, ; Haiyong Wang,
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McNeel DG, Eickhoff JC, Wargowski E, Johnson LE, Kyriakopoulos CE, Emamekhoo H, Lang JM, Brennan MJ, Liu G. Phase 2 trial of T-cell activation using MVI-816 and pembrolizumab in patients with metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004198. [PMID: 35277461 PMCID: PMC8919462 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported a trial using a DNA vaccine encoding prostatic acid phosphatase (MVI-816, pTVG-HP), given over 12 weeks concurrently or sequentially with pembrolizumab, in patients with mCRPC. We report the final analysis of this trial following two additional treatment arms in which patients with mCRPC continued concurrent treatment until progression. Materials and methods Patients with mCRPC were treated with MVI-816 and pembrolizumab every 3 weeks (arm 3, n=20) or MVI-816 every 2 weeks and pembrolizumab every 4 weeks (arm 4, n=20). The primary objectives were safety, 6-month progression-free survival (PFS), median time to radiographic progression, and objective response rates. Secondary objectives included immunological evaluations. Results In 25 patients with measurable disease, there were no complete response and one confirmed partial response in a patient who subsequently found to have an MSIhi tumor. 4/40 patients (10%) had a prostate-specific antigen decline >50%. The estimated overall radiographic PFS rate at 6 months was 47.2% (44.4% arm 3, 61.5% arm 4). Accounting for all off-study events, overall median time on treatment was 5.6 months (95% CI: 5.4 to 10.8 months), 5.6 months for arm 3 and 8.1 months for arm 4 (p=0.64). Thirty-two per cent of patients remained on trial beyond 6 months without progression. Median overall survival was 22.9 (95% CI: 16.2 to 25.6) months. One grade 4 event (hyperglycemia) was observed. Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) >grade 1 were observed in 42% of patients overall. Interferon-γ and/or granzyme B immune response to prostatic acid phosphatase was detected in 2/20 patients in arm 3 and 6/20 patients in arm 4. Plasma cytokines associated with immune activation and CD8+ T-cell recruitment were augmented at weeks 6 and 12. The development of irAE was significantly associated with a prolonged time on treatment (HR=0.42, p=0.003). Baseline DNA homologous recombination repair mutations were not associated with longer time to progression. Conclusions Findings here demonstrate that combining programmed cell death 1 blockade with MVI-816 is safe, can augment tumor-specific T cells, and can result in a favorable 6-month disease control rate. Correlative studies suggest T-cell activation by vaccination is critical to the mechanism of action of this combination. Future randomized clinical trials are needed to validate these findings. Trial registration number NCT02499835.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G McNeel
- Department of Medicine, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jens C Eickhoff
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ellen Wargowski
- Department of Medicine, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Laura E Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christos E Kyriakopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hamid Emamekhoo
- Department of Medicine, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua M Lang
- Department of Medicine, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mary Jane Brennan
- Department of Medicine, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Glenn Liu
- Department of Medicine, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Tarrar TA, Anwar MY, Ali MA, Saeed M, Rehman S, Bajwa SF, Ayub T, Javid H, Ali R, Irshad A, Aiman W. Current Status of Monoclonal Antibodies-Based Therapies in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Cureus 2022; 14:e22942. [PMID: 35411277 PMCID: PMC8989703 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple patients with prostate cancer become resistant to castration therapies, which is termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Purpose The purpose of this review is to assess the status of efficacy (≥50% decline in prostate-specific antigen (PSA), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS)) and safety (grade 3-4 adverse effects) of monoclonal antibodies in CRPC. Data source We searched databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Results Hazard ratios of PFS and OS were 0.77 (95% CI = 0.69-0.87, I2 = 53%) and 0.98 (95% CI = 0.86-1.11, I2 = 40%), respectively, in the favor of monoclonal antibodies as compared to placebo. Risk ratio (RR) of >50% decline in PSA was 1.99 (95% CI = 0.97-4.08, I2 = 53%) in favor of monoclonal antibodies. Pooled incidence of >50% decline in PSA levels was 15% (95% CI = 0.1-0.23, I2 = 83%), 29% (95% CI = 0.14-0.51, I2 = 93%), 63% (95% CI = 0.49-0.76, I2 = 77%), and 88% (95% CI = 0.81-0.93, I2 = 0%) in single, two, three, and four-drug regimens, respectively. Conclusion Monoclonal antibodies are well tolerated and showed better PFS as compared to placebo. However, OS was only improved with ipilimumab. Denosumab delayed skeletal-related adverse events as compared to zoledronic acid. More multicenter double-blind clinical trials may be needed to confirm these results.
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Immunotherapy in Advanced Prostate Cancer-Light at the End of the Tunnel? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052569. [PMID: 35269712 PMCID: PMC8910587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic treatment approaches are now an integral part of the treatment of many solid tumors. However, attempts to integrate immunotherapy into the treatment of prostate cancer have been disappointing so far. This is due to a highly immunosuppressive, “cold” tumor microenvironment, which is characterized, for example, by the absence of cytotoxic T cells, an increased number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells or regulatory T cells, a decreased number of tumor antigens, or a defect in antigen presentation. The consequence is a reduced efficacy of many established immunotherapeutic treatments such as checkpoint inhibitors. However, a growing understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tumor–immune system interactions raises hopes that immunotherapeutic strategies can be optimized in the future. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current status and future directions of immunotherapy development in prostate cancer. Background information on immune response and tumor microenvironment will help to better understand current therapeutic strategies under preclinical and clinical development.
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López-Campos F, Gajate P, Romero-Laorden N, Zafra-Martín J, Juan M, Hernando Polo S, Conde Moreno A, Couñago F. Immunotherapy in Advanced Prostate Cancer: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Biomedicines 2022; 10:537. [PMID: 35327339 PMCID: PMC8945350 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. Unfortunately, this has not been the case for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), likely due to the heterogeneous and immune-suppressive microenvironment present in prostate cancer. The identification of molecular biomarkers that could predict response to immunotherapy represents one of the current challenges in this clinical scenario. The management of advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer is rapidly evolving and immunotherapy treatments, mostly consisting of immune checkpoint inhibitors combinations, BiTE® (bispecific T-cell engager) immune therapies, and chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are in development with promising results. This review analyses the current evidence of immunotherapy treatments for mCRPC, evaluating past failures and promising approaches and discussing the directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando López-Campos
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28024 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gajate
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28024 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Nuria Romero-Laorden
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Zafra-Martín
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain;
| | - Manel Juan
- Servei d’Immunologia, CDB-Hospital Clínic, Plataforma de Inmunoterapia HSJD-Clínic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Susana Hernando Polo
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain;
| | - Antonio Conde Moreno
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Felipe Couñago
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital La Luz, 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
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An Immunological Perspective of Circulating Tumor Cells as Diagnostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020323. [PMID: 35207611 PMCID: PMC8878951 DOI: 10.3390/life12020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune modulation is a hallmark of cancer. Cancer–immune interaction shapes the course of disease progression at every step of tumorigenesis, including metastasis, of which circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are regarded as an indicator. These CTCs are a heterogeneous population of tumor cells that have disseminated from the tumor into circulation. They have been increasingly studied in recent years due to their importance in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of treatment response. Ample evidence demonstrates that CTCs interact with immune cells in circulation, where they must evade immune surveillance or modulate immune response. The interaction between CTCs and the immune system is emerging as a critical point by which CTCs facilitate metastatic progression. Understanding the complex crosstalk between the two may provide a basis for devising new diagnostic and treatment strategies. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of CTCs and the complex immune-CTC interactions. We also present novel options in clinical interventions, targeting the immune-CTC interfaces, and provide some suggestions on future research directions.
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Nivolumab plus docetaxel in patients with chemotherapy-naïve metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: results from the phase II CheckMate 9KD trial. Eur J Cancer 2022; 160:61-71. [PMID: 34802864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docetaxel has immunostimulatory effects that may promote an immunoresponsive prostate tumour microenvironment, providing a rationale for combination with nivolumab (programmed death-1 inhibitor) for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). METHODS In the non-randomised, multicohort, global phase II CheckMate 9KD trial, 84 patients with chemotherapy-naive mCRPC, ongoing androgen deprivation therapy and ≤2 prior novel hormonal therapies (NHTs) received nivolumab 360 mg and docetaxel 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks with prednisone 5 mg twice daily (≤10 cycles) and then nivolumab 480 mg every 4 weeks (≤2 years). The co-primary end-points were objective response rate (ORR) and prostate-specific antigen response rate (PSA50-RR; ≥50% decrease from baseline). RESULTS The confirmed ORR (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 40.0% (25.7-55.7), and the confirmed PSA50-RR (95% CI) was 46.9% (35.7-58.3). The median (95% CI) radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) and overall survival (OS) were 9.0 (8.0-11.6) and 18.2 (14.6-20.7) months, respectively. In subpopulations with versus without prior NHT, the ORR was 38.7% versus 42.9%, the PSA50-RR was 39.6% versus 60.7%, the median rPFS was 8.5 versus 12.0 months and the median OS was 16.2 months versus not reached. Homologous recombination deficiency status or tumour mutational burden did not appear to impact efficacy. The most common any-grade and grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events were fatigue (39.3%) and neutropenia (16.7%), respectively. Three treatment-related deaths occurred (1 pneumonitis related to nivolumab; 2 pneumonias related to docetaxel). CONCLUSIONS Nivolumab plus docetaxel has clinical activity in patients with chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC. Safety was consistent with the individual components. These results support further investigation in the ongoing phase III CheckMate 7DX trial. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV REGISTRATION NCT03338790.
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Fahmy O, Alhakamy NA, Khairul-Asri MG, Ahmed OAA, Fahmy UA, Fresta CG, Caruso G. Oncological Response and Predictive Biomarkers for the Checkpoint Inhibitors in Castration-Resistant Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pers Med 2021; 12:jpm12010008. [PMID: 35055323 PMCID: PMC8778903 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, checkpoint inhibitors have been investigated in metastatic prostate cancer, however their overall effect is unclear and needs to be further investigated. Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the oncological response of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Methods: Based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement, a systematic review of the literature was conducted through online electronic databases and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Meeting Library. Eligible publications were selected after a staged screening and selection process. RevMan 5.4 software was employed to run the quantitative analysis and forest plots. Risk of bias assessment was conducted using the Cochrane tool and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for the randomized and non-randomized trials, respectively. Results: From the 831 results retrieved, 8 studies including 2768 patients were included. There was no significant effect on overall survival (OS) (overall response (OR) = 0.98; Z = 0.42; p = 0.67). Meanwhile, progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly better with immune checkpoint inhibitors administration (OR = 0.85; Z = 3.9; p < 0.0001). The subgroup analysis for oncological outcomes based on programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) positivity status displayed no significant effect, except on prostate-specific antigen response rate (PSA RR) (OR = 3.25; Z = 2.29; p = 0.02). Based on DNA damage repair (DDR), positive patients had a significantly better PFS and a trend towards better OS and overall response rate (ORR); the ORR was 40% in positive patients compared to 20% in the negative patients (OR = 2.46; Z = 1.3; p = 0.19), while PSA RR was 23.5% compared to 14.3% (OR = 1.88; Z = 0.88; p = 0.38). Better PFS was clearly associated with DDR positivity (OR = 0.70; Z = 2.48; p = 0.01) with a trend towards better OS in DDR positive patients (OR = 0.71; Z = 1.38; p = 0.17). Based on tumor mutation burden (TMB), ORR was 46.7% with high TMB versus 8.8% in patients with low TMB (OR = 11.88; Z = 3.0; p = 0.003). Conclusions: Checkpoint inhibitors provide modest oncological advantages in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. There are currently no good predictive indicators that indicate a greater response in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Fahmy
- Department of Urology, University Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (O.F.); (M.G.K.-A.)
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (U.A.F.)
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd G. Khairul-Asri
- Department of Urology, University Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (O.F.); (M.G.K.-A.)
| | - Osama A. A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (U.A.F.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama A. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (U.A.F.)
| | - Claudia G. Fresta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Mollica V, Marchetti A, Rosellini M, Nuvola G, Rizzo A, Santoni M, Cimadamore A, Montironi R, Massari F. An Insight on Novel Molecular Pathways in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Focus on DDR, MSI and AKT. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413519. [PMID: 34948314 PMCID: PMC8708596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is still one of the main causes of cancer-related death in the male population, regardless of the advancements in the treatment scenario. The genetic knowledge on prostate cancer is widely increasing, allowing researchers to identify novel promising molecular targets and treatment approaches. Genomic profiling has evidenced that DNA damage repair genes’ alterations are quite frequent in metastatic, castration resistant prostate cancer and specific therapies can interfere with this pathway, showing promising activity in this setting. Microsatellite instability is gaining attention as it seems to represent a predictive factor of the response to immunotherapy. Furthermore, the PTEN-PI3K-AKT pathway is another possible treatment target being investigated. In this review, we explore the current knowledge on these frequent genomic alterations of metastatic prostate cancer, their possible therapeutic repercussions and the promising future treatments under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mollica
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni-15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (G.N.); (A.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Andrea Marchetti
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni-15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (G.N.); (A.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Matteo Rosellini
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni-15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (G.N.); (A.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Giacomo Nuvola
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni-15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (G.N.); (A.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Alessandro Rizzo
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni-15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (G.N.); (A.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, 62100 Macerata, Italy;
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Molecular Medicine and Cell Therapy Foundation, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60100 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Francesco Massari
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni-15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (G.N.); (A.R.); (F.M.)
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Jian D, Qian C, Wang D, Ma Q, Wang L, Li C, Xu M, Dai N, Chen Q, He J, Zhang H, Yuan M, Chen R, Chao R, Feng Y. Conversion therapy with tislelizumab for high microsatellite instability, unresectable stage III gastric cancer: a case report. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1489. [PMID: 34734041 PMCID: PMC8506721 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth-highest ranked cancer for incidence and second for mortality from cancer worldwide. Conversion therapy has recently emerged as an alternative therapy for advanced/metastatic GC patients who are unable to undergo surgical resection at the time of diagnosis. Herein, we present the case of a patient with unresectable stage III GC of high microsatellite instability (MSI), high tumor mutation burden (TMB), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive. The patient received conversion therapy involving a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens. After 3 courses of chemotherapy combined with tislelizumab, the patient underwent laparoscopic radical total gastrectomy. The pathological examination demonstrated that there was no cancerous tissue at the proximal or distal end of the tumor and no lymph node metastases in the lesser or greater curvature, indicating a pathologic complete response. Thereafter, the patient continued tislelizumab treatment to prevent postoperative carcinoma recurrence and metastasis, and to improve prognosis. In conclusion, our study confirmed that chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy is a promising conversion therapy for GC patients with locally unresectable lesions or distant lymph node metastasis, and these findings warrant large-scale clinical studies. This report highlights the clinical importance of next-generation sequencing technology in investigating therapeutic strategy to provide the maximal clinical benefit for patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jian
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengyuan Qian
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Gastric & Colorectal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunxue Li
- Department of Gastric & Colorectal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingfang Xu
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Dai
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan He
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | | - Rui Chao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, The Fourth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Subudhi SK, Siddiqui BA, Aparicio AM, Yadav SS, Basu S, Chen H, Jindal S, Tidwell RSS, Varma A, Logothetis CJ, Allison JP, Corn PG, Sharma P. Combined CTLA-4 and PD-L1 blockade in patients with chemotherapy-naïve metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is associated with increased myeloid and neutrophil immune subsets in the bone microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002919. [PMID: 34663638 PMCID: PMC8524287 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has low response rates in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), in part due to few T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) promotes intratumoral T cell infiltration but induces upregulation of PD-1 and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) within the prostate TME. Combined anti-CTLA-4 plus anti-PD-1 can partly overcome this adaptive resistance and was recently shown to augment responses in patients with mCRPC with measurable disease. Although bone is the most common site of metastasis in prostate cancer, patients with bone-predominant disease are frequently excluded from trials because they lack measurable disease, which limits assessment of disease progression and tissue sampling. We therefore designed this study to investigate combined ICT in mCRPC to bone. HYPOTHESIS Combined anti-CTLA-4 (tremelimumab) plus anti-PD-L1 (durvalumab) is safe and well tolerated in patients with chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC to bone. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this single-arm pilot study, men with chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC to bone received tremelimumab (75 mg intravenous) plus durvalumab (1500 mg intravenous) every 4 weeks (up to four doses), followed by durvalumab (1500 mg intravenous) maintenance every 4 weeks (up to nine doses). The primary endpoint was incidence of adverse events. Secondary endpoints included serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), progression-free survival (PFS), radiographic PFS (rPFS), and maximal PSA decline. RESULTS Twenty-six patients were treated between August 8, 2017 and March 28, 2019. Grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) occurred in 11 patients (42%), with no grade 4 or 5 events. TRAEs leading to discontinuation occurred in three patients (12%). PSA decline ≥50% occurred in three patients (12%). Six patients (24%) achieved stable disease for >6 months. At a median follow-up of 43.6 months, median rPFS was 3.7 months (95% CI: 1.9 to 5.7), and median overall survival was 28.1 months (95% CI: 14.5 to 37.3). Post-treatment evaluation of the bone microenvironment revealed transcriptional upregulation in myeloid and neutrophil immune subset signatures and increased expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints. CONCLUSIONS Tremelimumab plus durvalumab was safe and well tolerated in patients with chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC to bone, with potential activity in a small number of patients as measured by rPFS. Combination of CTLA-4 and PD-L1 blockade with therapies targeting the myeloid compartment or other inhibitory immune receptors may be necessary to overcome mechanisms of resistance within prostate bone microenvironment. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03204812.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Subudhi
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bilal A Siddiqui
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ana M Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shalini S Yadav
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sreyashi Basu
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sonali Jindal
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca S S Tidwell
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ashwin Varma
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James P Allison
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul G Corn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Padmanee Sharma
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Sena LA, Denmeade SR, Antonarakis ES. Targeting the spectrum of immune checkpoints in prostate cancer. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:1253-1266. [PMID: 34263692 PMCID: PMC8484035 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1949287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The proven efficacy of the cellular vaccine sipuleucel-T in 2010 led to optimism about immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of prostate cancer. Some surmised that prostate cancer might be an ideal target for immune-mediated killing given that the prostate is not an essential organ and expresses unique proteins including prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific membrane antigen, and prostatic acid phosphatase that could be targeted without side effects. Subsequently, antibodies that inhibit the T cell checkpoints PD1 and CTLA4 were shown to stimulate antitumor immune responses, leading to tumor regression in several cancer types. These therapies have since been tested in several studies as treatments for prostate cancer, but appear to have limited efficacy in molecularly unselected patients.Areas covered: In this review, we discuss these studies and evaluate features of prostate cancer and its host environment that may render it generally resistant to CTLA4 and PD1 blockade. We provide an overview of alternate immune checkpoints that may hold greater significance in this disease.Expert opinion: Combination therapies to target multiple layers of alternate immune checkpoints may be required for an effective immune response to prostate cancer. We discuss combination therapies currently being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Sena
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel R. Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Mayer K, Briese W, Blieninger J, Brossart P, Bisht S, Feldmann G. Development of Skin Rash Predicts Outcome of Anti-PD-1- and Anti-CTLA4-Based Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer or Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: A Single-Center Analysis. Oncol Res Treat 2021; 44:538-546. [PMID: 34515189 DOI: 10.1159/000518449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report the spectrum of immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) and outcome observed in a single-center cohort of 100 patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in a routine clinical setting. METHODS Tumor entities included non-small cell lung cancer (n = 28), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (n = 28), urothelial carcinoma (n = 7), and others (n = 37). RESULTS irAEs were documented in 49% of cases analyzed, and the most frequent manifestation consisted of immune-mediated skin rash (28%), colitis (9%), pneumonitis (8%), hypothyroidism (7%), or hepatitis (6%). Skin rash correlated with improved progression-free survival. CONCLUSION Development of immune-related skin rash was found to correlate with favorable outcome, suggesting its practical feasibility as a potential predictive surrogate marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wibke Briese
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Blieninger
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Brossart
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Savita Bisht
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Feldmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Stultz J, Fong L. How to turn up the heat on the cold immune microenvironment of metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:697-717. [PMID: 33820953 PMCID: PMC8384622 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced prostate cancer remains one of the most common and deadly cancers, despite advances in treatment options. Immunotherapy has provided little benefit to a majority of patients, largely due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that gives rise to inherently "cold tumors". In this review, we discuss the immunopathology of the prostate tumor microenvironment, strategies for treating prostate cancer with immunotherapies, and a perspective on potential approaches to enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapies. METHODS Databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane, were searched for articles relevant to the immunology of prostate cancer. We discuss the impact of different types of treatments on the immune system, and potential mechanisms through which prostate cancer evades the immune system. RESULTS The tumor microenvironment associated with prostate cancer is highly immunosuppressive due to (1) the function of regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), (2) the cytokine milieu secreted by tumor stromal cells and fibroblasts, and (3) the production of adenosine via prostatic acid phosphatase. Both adenosine and tumor growth factor beta (TGF-beta) serve as potent immunosuppressive molecules that could also represent potential therapeutic targets. While there have been many immunotherapy trials in prostate cancer, the majority of these trials have targeted a single immunosuppressive mechanism resulting in limited clinical efficacy. Future approaches will require the integration of improved patient selection as well as use of combination therapies to address multiple mechanisms of resistance. CONCLUSION Prostate cancer inherently gives rise to multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms that have been difficult to overcome with any one immunotherapeutic approach. Enhancing the clinical activity of immunotherapies will require strategic combinations of multiple therapies to address the emerging mechanisms of tumor immune resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Stultz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Kinget L, Bechter O, Punie K, Debruyne PR, Brems H, Clement P, Roussel E, Van Herck Y, Albersen M, Baldewijns M, Schöffski P, Beuselinck B. Multitumor Case Series of Germline BRCA1, BRCA2 and CHEK2-Mutated Patients Responding Favorably on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:3227-3239. [PMID: 34449592 PMCID: PMC8395488 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28050280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPI) have become widely used for multiple solid malignancies. Reliable predictive biomarkers for selection of patients who would benefit most are lacking. Several tumor types with somatic or germline alterations in genes involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway harbor a higher tumor mutational burden, possibly associated with an increased tumoral neoantigen load. These neoantigens are thought to lead to stronger immune activation and enhanced response to ICPIs. We present a series of seven patients with different malignancies with germline disease-associated variants in DDR genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2) responding favorably to ICPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kinget
- Department of General Medical Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.K.); (O.B.); (K.P.); (P.C.); (Y.V.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Oliver Bechter
- Department of General Medical Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.K.); (O.B.); (K.P.); (P.C.); (Y.V.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Kevin Punie
- Department of General Medical Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.K.); (O.B.); (K.P.); (P.C.); (Y.V.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Philip R. Debruyne
- Department of General Medical Oncology, AZ Groeninge, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium;
- Medical Technology Research Centre (MTRC), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Hilde Brems
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Paul Clement
- Department of General Medical Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.K.); (O.B.); (K.P.); (P.C.); (Y.V.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Eduard Roussel
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Yannick Van Herck
- Department of General Medical Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.K.); (O.B.); (K.P.); (P.C.); (Y.V.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Maarten Albersen
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.R.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Patrick Schöffski
- Department of General Medical Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.K.); (O.B.); (K.P.); (P.C.); (Y.V.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Benoit Beuselinck
- Department of General Medical Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.K.); (O.B.); (K.P.); (P.C.); (Y.V.H.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-1634-6900
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Rzhevskiy A, Kapitannikova A, Malinina P, Volovetsky A, Aboulkheyr Es H, Kulasinghe A, Thiery JP, Maslennikova A, Zvyagin AV, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. Emerging role of circulating tumor cells in immunotherapy. Theranostics 2021; 11:8057-8075. [PMID: 34335980 PMCID: PMC8315079 DOI: 10.7150/thno.59677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, immunotherapy, in particular, immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, has revolutionized the treatment of several types of cancer. At the same time, the uptake in clinical oncology has been slow owing to the high cost of treatment, associated toxicity profiles and variability of the response to treatment between patients. In response, personalized approaches based on predictive biomarkers have emerged as new tools for patient stratification to achieve effective immunotherapy. Recently, the enumeration and molecular analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been highlighted as prognostic biomarkers for the management of cancer patients during chemotherapy and for targeted therapy in a personalized manner. The expression of immune checkpoints on CTCs has been reported in a number of solid tumor types and has provided new insight into cancer immunotherapy management. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the identification of immune checkpoints using CTCs and shed light on the potential applications of CTCs towards the identification of predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Rzhevskiy
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alina Kapitannikova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Malinina
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1, Minini Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia
| | - Arthur Volovetsky
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | | | - Arutha Kulasinghe
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Anna Maslennikova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- The Chair of Cancer, Radiotherapy and Radiologic Diagnostics, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhniy Novgorod. Russia 603005
| | - Andrei V. Zvyagin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- IBCh - Shemyakin Ovchinnikov Institute of BioOrganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho Maklai Street, 16, Moscow, Russia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 2007 Sydney, Australia
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Kanayama M, Lu C, Luo J, Antonarakis ES. AR Splicing Variants and Resistance to AR Targeting Agents. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2563. [PMID: 34071114 PMCID: PMC8197115 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, advances in prostate cancer research have led to discovery and development of novel biomarkers and effective treatments. As treatment options diversify, it is critical to further develop and use optimal biomarkers for the purpose of maximizing treatment benefit and minimizing unwanted adverse effects. Because most treatments for prostate cancer target androgen receptor (AR) signaling, aberrations affecting this drug target are likely to emerge following the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and it is conceivable that such aberrations may play a role in drug resistance. Among the many AR aberrations, we and others have been studying androgen receptor splice variants (AR-Vs), especially AR-V7, and have conducted preclinical and clinical studies to develop and validate the clinical utility of AR-V7 as a prognostic and potential predictive biomarker. In this review, we first describe mechanisms of AR-V generation, regulation and their functions from a molecular perspective. We then discuss AR-Vs from a clinical perspective, focusing on the significance of AR-Vs detected in different types of human specimens and AR-Vs as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kanayama
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.K.); (C.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Changxue Lu
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.K.); (C.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.K.); (C.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.K.); (C.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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47
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van Wilpe S, Tolmeijer SH, Koornstra RHT, de Vries IJM, Gerritsen WR, Ligtenberg M, Mehra N. Homologous Recombination Repair Deficiency and Implications for Tumor Immunogenicity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092249. [PMID: 34067105 PMCID: PMC8124836 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD) can be observed in virtually all cancer types. Although HRD sensitizes tumors to DNA-damaging chemotherapy and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, all patients ultimately develop resistance to these therapies. Therefore, it is necessary to identify therapeutic regimens with a more durable efficacy. HRD tumors have been suggested to be more immunogenic and, therefore, more susceptible to treatment with checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we describe how HRD might mechanistically affect antitumor immunity and summarize the available translational evidence for an association between HRD and antitumor immunity across multiple tumor types. In addition, we give an overview of all available clinical data on the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors in HRD tumors and describe the evidence for using treatment strategies that combine checkpoint inhibitors with PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra van Wilpe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.v.W.); (S.H.T.); (W.R.G.)
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Sofie H. Tolmeijer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.v.W.); (S.H.T.); (W.R.G.)
| | | | - I. Jolanda M. de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Winald R. Gerritsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.v.W.); (S.H.T.); (W.R.G.)
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Marjolijn Ligtenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niven Mehra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.v.W.); (S.H.T.); (W.R.G.)
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
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Venkatachalam S, McFarland TR, Agarwal N, Swami U. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092187. [PMID: 34063238 PMCID: PMC8125096 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastatic prostate cancer is an incurable disease with limited treatment options. Immunotherapy has demonstrated significant success in multiple cancer types but efforts to harness its benefit in prostate cancer have so far largely been unsuccessful. In this review, we analyze the preclinical rationale for the use of immunotherapy and underlying barriers preventing responses to it. We summarize clinical studies evaluating checkpoint inhibitors in prostate cancer. In the end, we review ongoing trials exploring combination immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with other agents with the intent to modulate the immune system to improve treatment outcomes. Abstract Metastatic prostate cancer is a lethal disease with limited treatment options. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have dramatically changed the treatment landscape of multiple cancer types but have met with limited success in prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the preclinical studies providing the rationale for the use of immunotherapy in prostate cancer and underlying biological barriers inhibiting their activity. We discuss the predictors of response to immunotherapy in prostate cancer. We summarize studies evaluating immune checkpoint inhibitors either as a single agent or in combination with other checkpoint inhibitors or with other agents such as inhibitors of androgen axis, poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), radium-223, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, tumor vaccines, chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. We thereafter review future directions including the combination of immune checkpoint blockade with inhibitors of adenosine axis, bispecific T cell engagers, PSMA directed therapies, adoptive T-cell therapy, and multiple other miscellaneous agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobi Venkatachalam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nazareth Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19152, USA;
| | - Taylor R. McFarland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (T.R.M.); (N.A.)
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (T.R.M.); (N.A.)
| | - Umang Swami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (T.R.M.); (N.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-801-213-8439
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Shenderov E, Boudadi K, Fu W, Wang H, Sullivan R, Jordan A, Dowling D, Harb R, Schonhoft J, Jendrisak A, Carducci MA, Eisenberger MA, Eshleman JR, Luo J, Drake CG, Pardoll DM, Antonarakis ES. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab, with or without enzalutamide, in AR-V7-expressing metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A phase-2 nonrandomized clinical trial. Prostate 2021; 81:326-338. [PMID: 33636027 PMCID: PMC8018565 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AR-V7-positive metastatic prostate cancer is a lethal phenotype with few treatment options and poor survival. METHODS The two-cohort nonrandomized Phase 2 study of combined immune checkpoint blockade for AR-V7-expressing metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (STARVE-PC) evaluated nivolumab (3 mg/kg) plus ipilimumab (1 mg/kg), without (Cohort 1) or with (Cohort 2) the anti-androgen enzalutamide. Co-primary endpoints were safety and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate. Secondary endpoints included time-to-PSA-progression-free survival (PSA-PFS), time-to-clinical/radiographic-PFS, objective response rate (ORR), PFS lasting greater than 24 weeks, and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Thirty patients were treated with ipilimumab plus nivolumab (N = 15, Cohort 1, previously reported), or ipilimumab plus nivolumab and enzalutamide (N = 15, Cohort 2) in patients previously progressing on enzalutamide monotherapy. PSA response rate was 2/15 (13%) in cohort 1 and 0/15 in cohort 2, ORR was 2/8 (25%) in Cohort 1 and 0/9 in Cohort 2 in those with measureable disease, median PSA-PFS was 3.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1-NR) in cohort 1 and 2.7 (95% CI: 2.1-5.9) months in cohort 2, and median PFS was 3.7 (95% CI: 2.8-7.5) in cohort 1 and 2.9 (95% CI: 1.3-5.8) months in cohort 2. Three of 15 patients in cohort 1 (20%, 95% CI: 7.1%-45.2%) and 4/15 patients (26.7%, 95% CI: 10.5%-52.4%) in cohort 2 achieved a durable PFS lasting greater than 24 weeks. Median OS was 8.2 (95% CI: 5.5-10.4) in cohort 1 and 14.2 (95% CI: 8.5-NA) months in cohort 2. Efficacy results were not statistically different between cohorts. Grade-3/4 adverse events occurred in 7/15 cohort 1 patients (46%) and 8/15 cohort 2 patients (53%). Combined cohort (N = 30) baseline alkaline phosphatase and cytokine analysis suggested improved OS for patients with lower alkaline phosphatase (hazards ratio [HR], 0.30; 95% CI: 0.11-0.82), lower circulating interleukin-7 (IL-7) (HR, 0.24; 95% Cl: 0.06-0.93) and IL-6 (HR, 0.13; 95% Cl: 0.03-0.52) levels, and higher circulating IL-17 (HR, 4.53; 95% CI: 1.47-13.93) levels. There was a trend towards improved outcomes in men with low sPD-L1 serum levels. CONCLUSION Nivolumab plus ipilimumab demonstrated only modest activity in patients with AR-V7-expressing prostate cancer, and was not sufficient to justify further exploration in unselected patients. Stratification by baseline alkaline phosphatase and cytokines (IL-6, -7, and -17) may be prognostic for outcomes to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Shenderov
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Karim Boudadi
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Oncology Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Rana Sullivan
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alice Jordan
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donna Dowling
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rana Harb
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Michael A. Carducci
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mario A. Eisenberger
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James R. Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles G. Drake
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Drew M. Pardoll
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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50
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Ruiz de Porras V, Pardo JC, Notario L, Etxaniz O, Font A. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Promising Treatment Option for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094712. [PMID: 33946818 PMCID: PMC8124759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2010, several treatment options have been available for men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), including immunotherapeutic agents, although the clinical benefit of these agents remains inconclusive in unselected mCRPC patients. In recent years, however, immunotherapy has re-emerged as a promising therapeutic option to stimulate antitumor immunity, particularly with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors. There is increasing evidence that ICIs may be especially beneficial in specific subgroups of patients with high PD-L1 tumor expression, high tumor mutational burden, or tumors with high microsatellite instability/mismatch repair deficiency. If we are to improve the efficacy of ICIs, it is crucial to have a better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to ICIs and to identify predictive biomarkers to determine which patients are most likely to benefit. This review focuses on the current status of ICIs for the treatment of mCRPC (either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs), mechanisms of resistance, potential predictive biomarkers, and future challenges in the management of mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicenç Ruiz de Porras
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.C.P.); (L.N.); (O.E.)
- Correspondence: (V.R.d.P.); (A.F.); Tel.: +34-93-554-6301 (V.R.d.P.); +34-93-497-8925 (A.F.); Fax: +34-93-497-8950 (A.F.)
| | - Juan Carlos Pardo
- Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.C.P.); (L.N.); (O.E.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Lucia Notario
- Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.C.P.); (L.N.); (O.E.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Olatz Etxaniz
- Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.C.P.); (L.N.); (O.E.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Albert Font
- Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.C.P.); (L.N.); (O.E.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.R.d.P.); (A.F.); Tel.: +34-93-554-6301 (V.R.d.P.); +34-93-497-8925 (A.F.); Fax: +34-93-497-8950 (A.F.)
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