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Kim G, Kim EY, Lee H, Shin SH, Lee SH, Sohn KY, Kim JW, Lee JS. 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol treatment inhibits abnormal tumor growth by regulating neutrophil infiltration in a non-small cell lung carcinoma mouse model. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117269. [PMID: 39137654 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive neutrophil infiltration into the tumor microenvironment (TME) is an important factor that contributes to tumor overgrowth and limited immunotherapy efficacy. Neutrophils activate various receptors involved in tumor progression, while suppressing the infiltration and activity of cytotoxic T cells and creating optimal conditions for tumor growth. Therefore, the appropriate control of neutrophil infiltration is an effective strategy for tumor treatment. In the present study, 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG) inhibited tumor overgrowth by suppressing excessive neutrophil infiltration, resulting in >74.97 % reduction in tumor size in a Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC-1) mouse model. All subjects in the positive control group died during the 90-day survival period, whereas only four subjects in the PLAG treatment group survived. PLAG had a significantly higher tumor growth inhibitory effect and survival rate than other neutrophil infiltration-targeting inhibitors (e.g., Navarixin, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D antibody [aLy6G]). The ability of PLAG to regulate neutrophil infiltration and inhibit tumor growth depends on thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP). In tumors lacking TXNIP expression, PLAG failed to control neutrophil infiltration and infiltration-related factor release, and the inhibitory effect of PLAG on tumor growth was reduced. PLAG-mediated inhibition of neutrophil infiltration enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), increasing the antitumor efficacy and survival rate by 30 %. In conclusion, PLAG could be a novel alternative to anti-tumor drugs that effectively targets excessive neutrophil infiltration into cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guentae Kim
- Enzychem Lifesciences, 14F aT Center 27 Gangnam-daero, Seoul, South Korea; Biotoxtech, 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Enzychem Lifesciences, 14F aT Center 27 Gangnam-daero, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Enzychem Lifesciences, 14F aT Center 27 Gangnam-daero, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Shin
- Enzychem Lifesciences, 14F aT Center 27 Gangnam-daero, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Hee Lee
- Enzychem Lifesciences, 14F aT Center 27 Gangnam-daero, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Young Sohn
- Enzychem Lifesciences, 14F aT Center 27 Gangnam-daero, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Wha Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Kwahak-ro, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae Sam Lee
- Enzychem Lifesciences, 14F aT Center 27 Gangnam-daero, Seoul, South Korea.
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Kayser A, Wolff A, Berlin P, Duehring L, Henze L, Mundkowski R, Bergmann W, Müller-Hilke B, Wagner C, Huehns M, Oehmcke-Hecht S, Maletzki C. Selective but not pan-CDK inhibition abrogates 5-FU-driven tissue factor upregulation in colon cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10582. [PMID: 38719932 PMCID: PMC11078971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Thromboembolic events are complications in cancer patients and hypercoagulability has been linked to the tissue factor (TF) pathway, making this an attractive target. Here, we investigated the effects of chemotherapeutics and CDK inhibitors (CDKI) abemaciclib/palbociclib (CDK4/6), THZ-1 (CDK7/12/13), and dinaciclib (CDK1/2/5/9) alone and in combination regimens on TF abundance and coagulation. The human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line HROC173 was treated with 5-FU or gemcitabine to stimulate TF expression. TF+ cells were sorted, recultured, and re-analyzed. The effect of treatment alone or in combination was assessed by functional assays. Low-dose chemotherapy induced a hypercoagulable state and significantly upregulated TF, even after reculture without treatment. Cells exhibited characteristics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, including high expression of vimentin and mucin. Dinaciclib and THZ-1 also upregulated TF, while abemaciclib and palbociclib downregulated it. Similar results were observed in coagulation assays. The same anticoagulant activity of abemaciclib was seen after incubation with peripheral immune cells from healthy donors and CRC patients. Abemaciclib reversed 5-FU-induced TF upregulation and prolonged clotting times in second-line treatment. Effects were independent of cytotoxicity, senescence, and p27kip1 induction. TF-antibody blocking experiments confirmed the importance of TF in plasma coagulation, with Factor XII playing a minor role. Short-term abemaciclib counteracts 5-FU-induced hypercoagulation and eventually even prevents thromboembolic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kayser
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Annabell Wolff
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peggy Berlin
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lara Duehring
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Larissa Henze
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Asklepios Hospital Harz, Goslar, Germany
| | - Ralf Mundkowski
- Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wendy Bergmann
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology, Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology, Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Charlotte Wagner
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maja Huehns
- Institute of Pathology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Claudia Maletzki
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
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Zhao X, Singhal A, Park S, Kong J, Bachelder R, Ideker T. Cancer Mutations Converge on a Collection of Protein Assemblies to Predict Resistance to Replication Stress. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:508-523. [PMID: 38236062 PMCID: PMC10905674 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Rapid proliferation is a hallmark of cancer associated with sensitivity to therapeutics that cause DNA replication stress (RS). Many tumors exhibit drug resistance, however, via molecular pathways that are incompletely understood. Here, we develop an ensemble of predictive models that elucidate how cancer mutations impact the response to common RS-inducing (RSi) agents. The models implement recent advances in deep learning to facilitate multidrug prediction and mechanistic interpretation. Initial studies in tumor cells identify 41 molecular assemblies that integrate alterations in hundreds of genes for accurate drug response prediction. These cover roles in transcription, repair, cell-cycle checkpoints, and growth signaling, of which 30 are shown by loss-of-function genetic screens to regulate drug sensitivity or replication restart. The model translates to cisplatin-treated cervical cancer patients, highlighting an RTK-JAK-STAT assembly governing resistance. This study defines a compendium of mechanisms by which mutations affect therapeutic responses, with implications for precision medicine. SIGNIFICANCE Zhao and colleagues use recent advances in machine learning to study the effects of tumor mutations on the response to common therapeutics that cause RS. The resulting predictive models integrate numerous genetic alterations distributed across a constellation of molecular assemblies, facilitating a quantitative and interpretable assessment of drug response. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 384.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- Division of Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Akshat Singhal
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sungjoon Park
- Division of Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - JungHo Kong
- Division of Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robin Bachelder
- Division of Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Trey Ideker
- Division of Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Martins-Cardoso K, Maçao A, Souza JL, Silva AG, König S, Martins-Gonçalves R, Hottz ED, Rondon AMR, Versteeg HH, Bozza PT, Almeida VH, Monteiro RQ. TF/PAR2 Signaling Axis Supports the Protumor Effect of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) on Human Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:5. [PMID: 38201433 PMCID: PMC10778307 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been implicated in several hallmarks of cancer. Among the protumor effects, NETs promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in different cancer models. EMT has been linked to an enhanced expression of the clotting-initiating protein, tissue factor (TF), thus favoring the metastatic potential. TF may also exert protumor effects by facilitating the activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). Herein, we evaluated whether NETs could induce TF expression in breast cancer cells and further promote procoagulant and intracellular signaling effects via the TF/PAR2 axis. T-47D and MCF7 cell lines were treated with isolated NETs, and samples were obtained for real-time PCR, flow cytometry, Western blotting, and plasma coagulation assays. In silico analyses were performed employing RNA-seq data from breast cancer patients deposited in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A positive correlation was observed between neutrophil/NETs gene signatures and TF gene expression. Neutrophils/NETs gene signatures and PAR2 gene expression also showed a significant positive correlation in the bioinformatics model. In vitro analysis showed that treatment with NETs upregulated TF gene and protein expression in breast cancer cell lines. The inhibition of ERK/JNK reduced the TF gene expression induced by NETs. Remarkably, the pharmacological or genetic inhibition of the TF/PAR2 signaling axis attenuated the NETs-induced expression of several protumor genes. Also, treatment of NETs with a neutrophil elastase inhibitor reduced the expression of metastasis-related genes. Our results suggest that the TF/PAR2 signaling axis contributes to the pro-cancer effects of NETs in human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Martins-Cardoso
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (K.M.-C.); (A.M.); (J.L.S.); (A.G.S.); (V.H.A.)
| | - Aquiles Maçao
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (K.M.-C.); (A.M.); (J.L.S.); (A.G.S.); (V.H.A.)
| | - Juliana L. Souza
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (K.M.-C.); (A.M.); (J.L.S.); (A.G.S.); (V.H.A.)
| | - Alexander G. Silva
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (K.M.-C.); (A.M.); (J.L.S.); (A.G.S.); (V.H.A.)
| | - Sandra König
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Remy Martins-Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.M.-G.); (P.T.B.)
| | - Eugenio D. Hottz
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Rio de Janeiro 23890-000, Brazil;
| | - Araci M. R. Rondon
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, 333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.M.R.R.); (H.H.V.)
| | - Henri H. Versteeg
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, 333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.M.R.R.); (H.H.V.)
| | - Patrícia T. Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.M.-G.); (P.T.B.)
| | - Vitor H. Almeida
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (K.M.-C.); (A.M.); (J.L.S.); (A.G.S.); (V.H.A.)
| | - Robson Q. Monteiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (K.M.-C.); (A.M.); (J.L.S.); (A.G.S.); (V.H.A.)
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Vemula S, Bonala S, Vadde NK, Natu JZ, Basha R, Vadde R, Ahmad S. Drug resistance and immunotherapy in gynecologic cancers. Life Sci 2023; 332:122104. [PMID: 37730109 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Gynecologic malignancies (GMs) are relatively less focused cancers by oncologists and researchers. The five-year survival rate of patients with GMs remained almost the same during the last decade. The development of drug resistance GMs makes it even more challenging to tackle due to tumor heterogeneity, genomic instability, viral/non-viral antigens, and etiological tumor origin. A precision medicine approach, including gene therapies, is under testing to restore tumor responsiveness to therapeutics and immunotherapy. With more data being uncovered, immunotherapy is emerging as a viable alternative for achieving promising results. This review highlights the drug resistance mechanisms and immunotherapeutic approaches to managing GMs better. The approval of immune therapeutic drugs in recent years shifted this notion. It provided hope for researchers, clinicians, and patients with GMs to experience the anti-cancer benefits of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jay Z Natu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Raasil Basha
- Department of Biology-Environmental Health, Missouri Southern State University, Joplin, MO, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Vadde
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Sarfraz Ahmad
- AdventHealth Cancer Institute, Gynecologic Oncology Program, Orlando, FL, USA.
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Sabanayagam R, Krishnamoorthy S, Gnanagurusamy J, Muruganatham B, Muthusami S. EGCG attenuate EGF triggered matrix abundance and migration in HPV positive and HPV negative cervical cancer cells. Med Oncol 2023; 40:261. [PMID: 37544940 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous laboratory findings suggested the beneficial effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) against cervical cancer (CC) cells survival. The present study is aimed at identifying the effects of EGCG in preventing the actions of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in human papilloma virus (HPV) 68 positive ME180 and HPV negative C33A CC cells. An elevated level of EGF in tumor micro-environment (TME) is linked to the metastasis of several cancers including CC. We hypothesized that EGCG has the ability to block the actions of EGF. To test this, survival assay was performed in cells treated with or without EGF and EGCG. The mitochondrial activity of cells was ascertained using MTT assay and mitored staining. Protein and non-protein components in the extracellular matrix such as collagen and sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were evaluated using sirius red and alcian blue staining, respectively. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) gene expression and enzymatic activity were assessed using real time-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and gelatin zymography. Wound healing assay was performed to assess the EGF induced migratory ability and its inhibition by EGCG pre-treatment. Clonogenic assay showed that EGCG pre-treatment blocked the EGF driven colony formation. In silico analysis performed identified the efficacy of EGCG in binding with different domains of EGF receptor (EGFR). EGCG pre-treatment prevented the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metabolic activity induced by EGF, this is associated with concomitant reduction in the gene expression and enzyme activity of MMP-2. Further, reduced migration and ability to form colonies were observed in EGCG pre-treated cells when stimulated with EGF. HPV positive ME180 cells showed increased migratory and clonogenic ability upon EGF stimulation, whose effects were not much significant in HPV negative C33A cells. EGCG effectively blocked the actions of EGF in both HPV positive and HPV negative conditions and can be advocated as supplementary therapy for the management of EGF driven CC. However, further studies using cell line-derived xenograft (CDX)/patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model system is warranted to validate the therapeutic utility of EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Sabanayagam
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
| | - Sneha Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
| | - Jayapradha Gnanagurusamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
| | - Bharathi Muruganatham
- Karpagam Cancer Research Centre, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
| | - Sridhar Muthusami
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India.
- Karpagam Cancer Research Centre, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India.
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Keshavarz F, Dorfaki M, Bardania H, Khosravani F, Nazari P, Ghalamfarsa G. Quercetin-loaded Liposomes Effectively Induced Apoptosis and Decreased the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression in Colorectal Cancer Cells: An In Vitro Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 48:321-328. [PMID: 37791331 PMCID: PMC10542927 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2022.95272.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Quercetin is a flavonoid having anti-cancer properties; however, it has low stability, insufficient bioavailability, and poor solubility. This study aimed to load quercetin on nanoliposomes to enhance its efficiency against SW48 colorectal cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of free-quercetin and quercetin-loaded nanoliposomes on the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGER) gene was investigated. Methods This present in vitro study was conducted at Yasuj University of Medical Sciences (Yasuj, Iran) in 2021. In this in vitro study, the lipid thin-film hydration method was used to synthesize quercetin-loaded liposomes. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations were used to characterize nanomaterials. Following that, MTT, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR were used to investigate the cytotoxicity of quercetin-loaded liposomes on the colorectal cancer cells SW48 cell line, the incidence of apoptosis, and the expression of the EGFR gene in these cells. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS (version 26.0), and the graphs were created with the GraphPad Prism version 8.4.3. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The nanoparticles were spherical, homogenous, and 150±10 nm in size. According to HPLC, Quercetin had a 98% loading capacity. Although both free quercetin and quercetin-loaded liposomes indicated significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells (P˂0.001), the combined form was significantly more active (P=0.008). 50 µg/mL of this compound reduced the viability of SW48 cells by more than 80% (IC50 10.65 µg/mL), while the viability of cells treated with free quercetin was only 66% (IC50 18.74 µg/mL). The apoptosis was nearly doubled in the cells treated with quercetin-loaded nanoliposomes compared to free quercetin (54.8% versus 27.6%). EGFR gene expression, on the other hand, was significantly lower in cells treated with quercetin-loaded liposomes than the quercetin alone (P=0.006). Conclusion When combined with nanoliposomes, quercetin had greater anti-proliferative, apoptotic, and anti-EGFR expression than free quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Keshavarz
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Dorfaki
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Bardania
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khosravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Paria Nazari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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8
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Elias MH, Das S, Abdul Hamid N. Candidate Genes and Pathways in Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review and Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030853. [PMID: 36765810 PMCID: PMC9913780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death among women in developing countries. However, no comprehensive molecular mechanism for cervical cancer has been established, as many studies were small-cohort studies conducted with small sample sizes. A thorough literature search was performed using the PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and Science Direct databases. Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms such as "Uterine Cervical Neoplasms" and "gene expression" were used as the keywords in all fields. A total of 4027 studies were retrieved, and only clinical studies, which used the microarray method to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the cervical tissue of cervical cancer patients, were selected. Following the screening, 6 studies were selected and 1128 DEGs were extracted from the data. Sixty-two differentially expressed genes from at least two studies were selected for further analysis by DAVID, STRING, and Cytoscape software. In cervical cancer pathogenesis, three significant clusters with high intermolecular interactions from the Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network complex revealed three major molecular mechanisms, including cell signaling, cell cycle, and cell differentiation. Subsequently, eight genes were chosen as the candidate genes based on their involvement in the relevant gene ontology (GO) and their interaction with other genes in the PPI network through undirected first neighbor nodes. The present systematic review improves our understanding of the molecular mechanism of cervical cancer and the proposed genes that can be used to expand the biomarker panel in the screening for cervical cancer. The targeted genes may be beneficial for the development of better treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjanu Hikmah Elias
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Human & Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Nazefah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Peach CJ, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Bunnett NW, Schmidt BL. Protease-activated receptors in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:717-785. [PMID: 35901239 PMCID: PMC9662810 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are signaling molecules that specifically control cellular functions by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs). The four known PARs are members of the large family of G protein-coupled receptors. These transmembrane receptors control most physiological and pathological processes and are the target of a large proportion of therapeutic drugs. Signaling proteases include enzymes from the circulation; from immune, inflammatory epithelial, and cancer cells; as well as from commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Advances in our understanding of the structure and function of PARs provide insights into how diverse proteases activate these receptors to regulate physiological and pathological processes in most tissues and organ systems. The realization that proteases and PARs are key mediators of disease, coupled with advances in understanding the atomic level structure of PARs and their mechanisms of signaling in subcellular microdomains, has spurred the development of antagonists, some of which have advanced to the clinic. Herein we review the discovery, structure, and function of this receptor system, highlight the contribution of PARs to homeostatic control, and discuss the potential of PAR antagonists for the treatment of major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Peach
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Laura E Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
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10
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Hu CY, Su BH, Lee YC, Wang CT, Yang ML, Shen WT, Fu JT, Chen SY, Huang WY, Ou CH, Tsai YS, Kuo FC, Shiau AL, Shieh GS, Wu CL. Interruption of the long non-coding RNA HOTAIR signaling axis ameliorates chemotherapy-induced cachexia in bladder cancer. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:104. [PMID: 36471329 PMCID: PMC9724340 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00887-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the first line of treatment for bladder cancer. However, cisplatin induces muscle wasting associated with NF-κB and cancer cachexia. HOTAIR, an oncogenic long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), promotes cancer progression in different cancers. Crosstalk between HOTAIR and NF-κB is documented. Prothymosin α (ProT) plays important roles in cancer progression and inflammation. However, the potential link between HOTAIR, ProT, and cisplatin-induced cancer cachexia remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the contribution of HOTAIR in cisplatin-induced cancer cachexia and dissected the potential signaling cascade involving the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), ProT, NF-κB, and HOTAIR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of ProT and HOTAIR transcripts and their correlations in tumor tissues of bladder cancer patients and bladder cancer cell lines were determined by RT-qPCR. Next, levels of phospho-EGFR, EGFR, phospho-NF-κB, and NF-κB were examined by immunoblot analysis in human bladder cancer cells treated with cisplatin. Expression of HOTAIR in cisplatin-treated cells was also assessed by RT-qPCR. Pharmacological inhibitors and overexpression and knockdown approaches were exploited to decipher the signaling pathway. The murine C2C12 myoblasts were used as an in vitro muscle atrophy model. The syngeneic murine MBT-2 bladder tumor was used to investigate the role of mouse Hotair in cisplatin-induced cancer cachexia. RESULTS Expression of ProT and HOTAIR was higher in bladder tumors than in normal adjacent tissues. There were positive correlations between ProT and HOTAIR expression in clinical bladder tumors and bladder cancer cell lines. Cisplatin treatment increased EGFR and NF-κB activation and upregulated ProT and HOTAIR expression in bladder cancer cells. ProT overexpression increased, whereas ProT knockdown decreased, HOTAIR expression. Notably, cisplatin-induced HOTAIR upregulation was abrogated by EGFR inhibitors or ProT knockdown. ProT-induced HOTAIR overexpression was diminished by NF-κB inhibitors. HOTAIR overexpression enhanced, whereas its knockdown reduced, cell proliferation, cachexia-associated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and muscle atrophy. Cachexia-associated symptoms were ameliorated in mice bearing Hotair-knockdown bladder tumors undergoing cisplatin treatment. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time a critical role for HOTAIR and identify the involvement of the EGFR-ProT-NF-κB-HOTAIR signaling axis in cisplatin-induced cachexia in bladder cancer and likely other cancers. Our findings also provide therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yuan Hu
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ,grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan, 704302 Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hua Su
- grid.412896.00000 0000 9337 0481School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Che Lee
- grid.413878.10000 0004 0572 9327Department of Urology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Teng Wang
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lin Yang
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan ,grid.413878.10000 0004 0572 9327Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Shen
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ting Fu
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yao Chen
- grid.411636.70000 0004 0634 2167Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yun Huang
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Ou
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan, 704302 Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shyan Tsai
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan, 704302 Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chih Kuo
- grid.260565.20000 0004 0634 0356Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Li Shiau
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan ,grid.413878.10000 0004 0572 9327Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Gia-Shing Shieh
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan, 704302 Taiwan ,grid.454740.6Department of Urology, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Liang Wu
- grid.413878.10000 0004 0572 9327Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan ,grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
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11
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PAR2 promotes tumor-associated angiogenesis in lung adenocarcinoma through activating EGFR pathway. Tissue Cell 2022; 79:101918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Bhattacharjee R, Dey T, Kumar L, Kar S, Sarkar R, Ghorai M, Malik S, Jha NK, Vellingiri B, Kesari KK, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Dey A. Cellular landscaping of cisplatin resistance in cervical cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113345. [PMID: 35810692 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the largest causes of malignancies in women worldwide. Cisplatin is one of the widely used drugs for the treatment of CC is rendered ineffective owing to drug resistance. This review highlights the cause of resistance and the mechanism of cisplatin resistance cells in CC to develop therapeutic ventures and strategies that could be utilized to overcome the aforementioned issue. These strategies would include the application of nanocarries, miRNA, CRIPSR/Cas system, and chemotherapeutics in synergy with cisplatin to not only overcome the issues of drug resistance but also enhance its anti-cancer efficiency. Moreover, we have also discussed the signaling network of cisplatin resistance cells in CC that would provide insights to develop therapeutic target sites and inhibitors. Furthermore, we have discussed the role of CC metabolism on cisplatin resistance cells and the physical and biological factors affecting the tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhattacharjee
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Tanima Dey
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Lamha Kumar
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Sulagna Kar
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Ritayan Sarkar
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Mimosa Ghorai
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand 834001, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India.
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641-046, India
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland; Department of Bio-products and Bio-systems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - José M Pérez de la Lastra
- Biotechnology of Macromolecules, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, IPNA (CSIC), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3, 38206 San Cristóbal de la Laguna (Santa Cruz de Tenerife), Spain.
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India.
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13
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Shoaib S, Islam N, Yusuf N. Phytocompounds from the medicinal and dietary plants: Multi-target agents for cancer prevention and therapy. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4481-4506. [PMID: 35232338 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220301114251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Due to cervical cancer's high incidence and mortality, there is an unmet demand for effective diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive agents. At present, the preferred treatment strategies for advanced metastatic cervical cancer include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, cervical cancer is gradually developing resistance to chemotherapy, thereby reducing its efficacy. Over the last several decades, phytochemicals, a general term for compounds produced from plants, have gained attention for their role in preventing cervical cancer. This role in cervical cancer prevention has garnered attention on the medicinal properties of fruits and vegetables. Phytochemicals are currently being evaluated for their ability to block proteins involved in carcinogenesis and chemoresistance against cervical cancer. Chemoresistance to cancer drugs like cisplatin, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil has become a significant limitation of drug-based chemotherapy. However, the combination of cisplatin with other phytochemicals has been identified as a promising alternative to subjugate cisplatin resistance. Phytochemicals are promising chemo-preventive and chemotherapeutic agents as they possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative potential against many cancers, including cervical cancer. Furthermore, the ability of the phytochemicals to modulate cellular signaling pathways through up and down regulation of various proteins has been claimed for their therapeutic potential. Phytochemicals also display a wide range of biological functions, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, inhibition of invasion, and migration in cervical cancer cells. Numerous studies have revealed the critical role of different signaling proteins and their signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Here, we review the ability of several dietary phytochemicals to alter carcinogenesis by modulating various molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Shoaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Najmul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States
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14
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Ma Y, He L, Zhao X, Li W, Lv X, Zhang X, Peng J, Yang L, Xu Q, Wang H. Protease activated receptor 2 signaling promotes self-renewal and metastasis in colorectal cancer through β-catenin and periostin. Cancer Lett 2021; 521:130-141. [PMID: 34461179 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance and expansion of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) is necessary for metastasis. Although protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is strongly associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, it is unclear how it regulates distal metastasis, and no studies have shown the involvement of CSCs. In this study, we demonstrated that high PAR2 protein expression was correlated with metastatic CRC and poor prognosis in patients with stage III-IV CRC. CSCs from cell lines and patients showed higher levels of PAR2 than that of corresponding non-CSCs, and PAR2 inhibition reduced the CSC properties of the cell lines. Mechanistically, PAR2 inhibition switched the division mode of CSCs from symmetrical to asymmetrical via the ERK/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway. We also identified periostin as a direct transcriptional target of β-catenin that mediates CSC self-renewal via PAR2 signaling. In a mouse xenograft model, PAR2 knockdown significantly attenuated liver metastasis. Finally, PAR2 expression was positively correlated with β-catenin and periostin in the primary sites of CRC with distant metastasis. Overall, our results indicate that PAR2 activation enhances CSC self-renewal and promotes metastasis through β-catenin and its target gene, periostin, in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Longmei He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xinhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xue Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, 300020, China; Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China; Department of Gastroenterology of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Quan Xu
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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15
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El-Ashmawy NE, El-Zamarany EA, Khedr NF, Selim HM, Khedr EG. Inhibition of PKC/MEK pathway suppresses β1-integrin and mitigates breast cancer cells proliferation. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1530-1537. [PMID: 34408972 PMCID: PMC8361284 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PGE2 enhanced β1- integrin expression via EP1 receptor, PKC, MEK and NfҡB. FOXC2, E2F1 and survivin play a role in PGE2 mediated effect in MCF7 cells. PGE2 enhances breast cancer cell cycle through E2F1, FOXC2, survivin and β integrin. Biochemical mediators of PKC/MEK pathway could be considered as targets for breast cancer treatment.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and β1-integrin have been correlated with breast cancer, where both could enhance progression and metastasis. Protein kinase C (PKC) and MEK have played a vital role in breast cancer development. Our study was conducted to elucidate the effect of inhibition of E-prostanoid receptor 1 (EP1)/ PKC/ MEK/ β1-integrin pathway in mitigating breast cancer progression and to evaluate the role of the intermediate signals FOXC2, E2F1, NF-ҡB and survivin. MCF7 cells were treated with 17 -PT-PGE2, an EP1 agonist, for 24 h, and β1-integrin was measured. To MCF7 cells treated with 17-PT-PGE2, inhibitors of either EP1, MEK, PKC or NF-ҡB were added followed by measurement of β1-integrin gene expression and cell proliferation in each case. Addition of 17- PT-PGE2 to MCF7 cells showed enhancement of both cell proliferation, and cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase. In addition, activation of EP1 receptor increased β1-integrin expression. On the contrary, inhibition of EP1 receptor showed a decrease in the cell proliferation, β1-integrin expression and cells transition to S phase, but increased cell count in apoptotic phase. Selective inhibition of each of MEK, PKC, and NF-ҡB suppressed 17 -PT-PGE2-mediated β1-integrin expression as well as cell proliferation. Furthermore, FOXC2, phosphorylated NF-ҡB, E2F1, and survivin levels were upregulated with 17- PT-PGE2 and suppressed by MEK, PKC and NF-ҡB inhibitors. Targeting the biochemical mediators of PKC/MEK pathway may be of value in developing new chemical entities for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enas A El-Zamarany
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Naglaa F Khedr
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Hend M Selim
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Eman G Khedr
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt
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16
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González-Titos A, Hernández-Camarero P, Barungi S, Marchal JA, Kenyon J, Perán M. Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen: potent anti-tumor agents. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1609-1621. [PMID: 33896307 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1922666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen have been used clinically in tissue repair due to their ability to resolve inflammatory symptoms. Recently, novel evidence has supported the anti-tumourigenic potential of a mixture of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen.Areas covered: First, we analyze the structure of these proteases and the effects of pancreatic proteinases on tissue repair, inflammation and the immune system. Second, we summarize studies that provided evidence of the effects of pancreatic (pro)enzymes on tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo and some successful clinical applications of pancreatic (pro)enzymes. Finally, we study pancreatic (pro)enzymes potential molecular targets, such as the proteinase-activated receptors (PARs).Expert opinion: This novel therapy has been shown to have effective antitumor effects. Treatment with these (pro) enzymes sensitizes Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) which may allow chemotherapy and radiotherapy to be more effective, which could positively affect the recovery of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shivan Barungi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (Ibs. GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (Mnat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Julian Kenyon
- The Dove Clinic for Integrated Medicine, Twyford, UK
| | - Macarena Perán
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (Mnat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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17
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Gomes FG, Almeida VH, Martins-Cardoso K, Martins-Dinis MMDC, Rondon AMR, Melo ACD, Tilli TM, Monteiro RQ. Epidermal growth factor receptor regulates fibrinolytic pathway elements in cervical cancer: functional and prognostic implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e10754. [PMID: 33886813 PMCID: PMC8055187 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x202010754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and components of the fibrinolytic system, including urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and thrombomodulin (TM), have been implicated in tumor progression. In the present study, we employed cBioPortal platform (http://www.cbioportal.org/), cancer cell lines, and an in vivo model of immunocompromised mice to evaluate a possible cooperation between EGFR signaling, uPA, and TM expression/function in the context of cervical cancer. cBioPortal analysis revealed that EGFR, uPA, and TM are positively correlated in tumor samples of cervical cancer patients, showing a negative prognostic impact. Aggressive human cervical cancer cells (CASKI) presented higher gene expression levels of EGFR, uPA, and TM compared to its less aggressive counterpart (C-33A cells). EGFR induces uPA expression in CASKI cells through both PI3K-Akt and MEK1/2-ERK1/2 downstream effectors, whereas TM expression induced by EGFR was dependent on PI3K/Akt signaling alone. uPA induced cell-morphology modifications and cell migration in an EGFR-dependent and -independent manner, respectively. Finally, treatment with cetuximab reduced in vivo CASKI xenografted-tumor growth in nude mice, and decreased intratumoral uPA expression, while TM expression was unaltered. In conclusion, we showed that EGFR signaling regulated expression of the fibrinolytic system component uPA in both in vitro and in vivo settings, while uPA also participated in cell-morphology modifications and migration in a human cervical cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Gomes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - V H Almeida
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - K Martins-Cardoso
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - M M D C Martins-Dinis
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - A M R Rondon
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - A C de Melo
- Clinical Research Division, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - T M Tilli
- Plataforma de Oncologia Translacional, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - R Q Monteiro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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18
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Immunogenomic Identification for Predicting the Prognosis of Cervical Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052442. [PMID: 33671013 PMCID: PMC7957482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is primarily caused by the infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV). Moreover, tumor immune microenvironment plays a significant role in the tumorigenesis of cervical cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively identify predictive biomarkers from immunogenomics associated with cervical cancer prognosis. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) public database has stored abundant sequencing or microarray data, and clinical data, offering a feasible and reliable approach for this study. In the present study, gene profile and clinical data were downloaded from TCGA, and the Immunology Database and Analysis Portal (ImmPort) database. Wilcoxon-test was used to compare the difference in gene expression. Univariate analysis was adopted to identify immune-related genes (IRGs) and transcription factors (TFs) correlated with survival. A prognostic prediction model was established by multivariate cox analysis. The regulatory network was constructed and visualized by correlation analysis and Cytoscape, respectively. Gene functional enrichment analysis was performed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). A total of 204 differentially expressed IRGs were identified, and 22 of them were significantly associated with the survival of cervical cancer. These 22 IRGs were actively involved in the JAK-STAT pathway. A prognostic model based on 10 IRGs (APOD, TFRC, GRN, CSK, HDAC1, NFATC4, BMP6, IL17RD, IL3RA, and LEPR) performed moderately and steadily in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients with FIGO stage I, regardless of the age and grade. Taken together, a risk score model consisting of 10 novel genes capable of predicting survival in SCC patients was identified. Moreover, the regulatory network of IRGs associated with survival (SIRGs) and their TFs provided potential molecular targets.
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19
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Jiang Y, Lim J, Wu KC, Xu W, Suen JY, Fairlie DP. PAR2 induces ovarian cancer cell motility by merging three signalling pathways to transactivate EGFR. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:913-932. [PMID: 33226635 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Specific cellular functions mediated by GPCRs are often associated with signalling through a particular G protein or β-arrestin. Here, we examine signalling through a GPCR, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), in a high-grade serous ovarian cancer cell line (OV90). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human ovarian cancer tissues (n = 1,200) and nine human ovarian cancer cell lines were assessed for PAR2 expression. PAR2 signalling mechanisms leading to cell migration and invasion were dissected using cellular assays, western blots, CRISPR-Cas9 gene knockouts, pharmacological inhibitors of PAR2 and downstream signalling proteins in OV90 cancer cells. KEY RESULTS PAR2 was significantly overexpressed in clinical ovarian cancer tissues and in OV90 ovarian cancer cells. PAR2 agonists, an endogenous protease (trypsin) and a synthetic peptide (2f-LIGRL-NH2 ), induced migration and invasion of OV90 ovarian cancer cells through activating a combination of Gαq/11 , Gα12/13 and β-arrestin1/2, but not Gαs or Gαi . This novel cooperative rather than parallel signalling resulted in downstream serial activation of Src kinases, then transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), followed by downstream MEK-ERK1/2-FOS/MYC/STAT3-COX2 signalling. Either a PAR2 antagonist (I-191), CRISPR-Cas9 gene knockouts (PAR2 or Gα proteins or β-arrestin1/2), or inhibitors of each downstream protein attenuated human ovarian cancer cell motility. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study highlights a novel shared signalling cascade, requiring each of Gαq/11 , Gα12/13 and β-arrestin1/2 for PAR2-induced ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion. This mechanism controlling a cellular function is unusual in not being linked to a specific individual G protein or β-arrestin-mediated signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kai-Chen Wu
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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20
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He S, Xu M, Xiong Z, Hu Y, Huo Q, Lu J, Lin Y, Yang L. Predictive value of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR 2 ) in cervical cancer metastasis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:1415-1424. [PMID: 33369107 PMCID: PMC7875903 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of an unfavourable prognosis in patients with malignant cancer. Over the last decade, the role of proteinases in the tumour microenvironment has attracted increasing attention. As a sensor of proteinases, proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2 ) plays crucial roles in the metastatic progression of cervical cancer. In the present study, the expression of PAR2 in multiple types of cancer was analysed by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Kaplan-Meier plotter was used to calculate the correlation between survival and the levels of PAR2 , Grb-associated binding protein 2(Gab2) and miR-125b. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to examine PAR2 expression in a tissue microarray (TMA) of CESCs. Empower Stats was used to assess the predictive value of PAR2 in the metastatic potential of CESC. We found that PAR2 up-regulation was observed in multiple types of cancer. Moreover, PAR2 expression was positively correlated with the clinicopathologic characteristics of CESC. miR-125b and its target Gab2, which are strongly associated with PAR2 -induced cell migration, are well-characterized as predictors of the prognostic value of CESC. Most importantly, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the PAR2 model was significantly greater than that of the traditional model (0.833 vs 0.790, P < .05), demonstrating the predictive value of PAR2 in CESC metastasis. Our results suggest that PAR2 may serve as a prognostic factor for metastasis in CESC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan He
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meiquan Xu
- Pathology Department of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Xiong
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Hu
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Graduate School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qin Huo
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingxiao Lu
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuntao Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Gastroenterology of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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21
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Souza JL, Martins-Cardoso K, Guimarães IS, de Melo AC, Lopes AH, Monteiro RQ, Almeida VH. Interplay Between EGFR and the Platelet-Activating Factor/PAF Receptor Signaling Axis Mediates Aggressive Behavior of Cervical Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:557280. [PMID: 33392068 PMCID: PMC7773908 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.557280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase widely expressed in cervical tumors, being correlated with adverse clinical outcomes. EGFR may be activated by a diversity of mechanisms, including transactivation by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Studies have also shown that platelet-activating factor (PAF), a pro-inflammatory phospholipid mediator, plays an important role in the cancer progression either by modulating the cancer cells or the tumor microenvironment. Most of the PAF effects seem to be mediated by the interaction with its receptor (PAFR), a member of the GPCRs family. PAFR- and EGFR-evoked signaling pathways contribute to tumor biology; however, the interplay between them remains uninvestigated in cervical cancer. In this study, we employed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and cancer cell lines to evaluate possible cooperation between EGFR, PAFR, and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferases (LPCATs), enzymes involved in the PAF biosynthesis, in the context of cervical cancer. It was observed a strong positive correlation between the expression of EGFR × PAFR and EGFR × LPCAT2 in 306 cervical cancer samples. The increased expression of LPCAT2 was significantly correlated with poor overall survival. Activation of EGFR upregulated the expression of PAFR and LPCAT2 in a MAPK-dependent fashion. At the same time, PAF showed the ability to transactivate EGFR leading to ERK/MAPK activation, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induction, and cell migration. The positive crosstalk between the PAF-PAFR axis and EGFR demonstrates a relevant linkage between inflammatory and growth factor signaling in cervical cancer cells. Finally, combined PAFR and EGFR targeting treatment impaired clonogenic capacity and viability of aggressive cervical cancer cells more strongly than each treatment separately. Collectively, we proposed that EGFR, LPCAT2, and PAFR emerge as novel targets for cervical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L. Souza
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karina Martins-Cardoso
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabella S. Guimarães
- Divisão de Pesquisa Clínica e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréia C. de Melo
- Divisão de Pesquisa Clínica e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angela H. Lopes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Q. Monteiro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitor H. Almeida
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Adiga D, Eswaran S, Pandey D, Sharan K, Kabekkodu SP. Molecular landscape of recurrent cervical cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 157:103178. [PMID: 33279812 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a major gynecological problem in developing and underdeveloped countries. Despite the significant advancement in early detection and treatment modalities, several patients recur. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms responsible for CC recurrence remains obscure. The patients with CC recurrence often show poor prognosis and significantly high mortality rates. The clinical management of recurrent CC depends on treatment history, site, and extent of the recurrence. Owing to poor prognosis and limited treatment options, recurrent CC often presents a challenge to the clinicians. Several in vitro, in vivo, and patient studies have led to the identification of the critical molecular changes responsible for CC recurrence. Both aberrant genetic and epigenetic modifications leading to altered cell signaling pathways have been reported to impact CC recurrence. Researchers are currently trying to dissect the molecular pathways in CC and translate these findings for better management of disease. This article attempts to review the existing knowledge of disease relapse, accompanying challenges, and associated molecular players in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Adiga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sangavi Eswaran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Deeksha Pandey
- Department of OBGYN, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Krishna Sharan
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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23
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Smith PG, Roque D, Ching MM, Fulton A, Rao G, Reader JC. The Role of Eicosanoids in Gynecological Malignancies. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1233. [PMID: 32982722 PMCID: PMC7479818 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids, bio-active lipid molecules, evoke a multitude of biological effects that directly affect cancer cells and indirectly affect tumor microenvironment. An emerging role has been shown for eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of gynecological malignancies which include cancers of the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterine, and ovary. Eicosanoid biosynthesis pathways start at the metabolism of phospholipids by phospholipase A2 then proceeding to one of three pathways: the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), or P450 epoxygenase pathways. The most studied eicosanoid pathways include COX and LOX; however, more evidence is appearing to support further study of the P450 epoxygenase pathway in gynecologic cancers. In this review, we present the current knowledge of the role of COX, LOX and P450 pathways in the pathogenesis of gynecologic malignancies. Vulvar and vaginal cancer, the rarest subtypes, there is association of COX-2 expression with poor disease specific survival in vulvar cancer and, in vaginal cancer, COX-2 expression has been found to play a role in mucosal inflammation leading to disease susceptibility and transmission. Cervical cancer is associated with COX-2 levels 7.4 times higher than in healthy tissues. Additionally, HPV elevates COX-2 levels through the EGFR pathway and HIV promotes elevated COX-2 levels in cervical tissue as well as increases PGE2 levels eliciting inflammation and progression of cancer. Evidence supports significant roles for both the LOX and COX pathways in uterine cancer. In endometrial cancer, there is increased expression of 5-LOX which is associated with adverse outcomes. Prostanoids in the COX pathway PGE2 and PGF2α have been shown to play a significant role in uterine cancer including alteration of proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and the inflammatory microenvironment. The most studied gynecological malignancy in regard to the potential role of eicosanoids in tumorigenesis is ovarian cancer in which all three pathways have shown to be associated or play a role in ovarian tumorigenesis directly on the tumor cell or through modulation of the tumor microenvironment. By identifying the gaps in knowledge, additional pathways and targets could be identified in order to obtain a better understanding of eicosanoid signaling in gynecological malignancies and identify potential new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige G. Smith
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dana Roque
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mc Millan Ching
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amy Fulton
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gautam Rao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jocelyn C. Reader
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
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24
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PLAG Exerts Anti-Metastatic Effects by Interfering with Neutrophil Elastase/PAR2/EGFR Signaling in A549 Lung Cancer Orthotopic Model. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030560. [PMID: 32121107 PMCID: PMC7139301 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiotherapy to treat lung cancer is limited because of highly metastatic nature. Novel strategies and drugs to attenuate metastatic activity are urgently required. In this study, red fluorescence proteins (RFP)-labeled A549 human lung cancer cells were orthotopically implantation, where they developed primary tumors. Metastasis in brain and intestines were reduced by up to 80% by treatment with 100 mpk 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG) compared with that in control mice. PLAG treatment also reduced the migration of the primary tumors. Interestingly, substantial neutrophil infiltration was observed in the tumors in control mice. The neutrophil contribution to A549 cell metastatic activity was examined in in vitro co-culture system. Metastatic activity could be achieved in the A549 cells through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation mediated by protease activating receptor 2 (PAR2) receptor. Neutrophil elastase secreted from tumor-infiltrating neutrophils stimulated PAR2 and induced EGFR transactivation. However, this transactivation was inhibited by inducing PAR2 degradation following PLAG treatment and metastatic activity was effectively inhibited. PLAG attenuated cancer metastatic activity via modulated PAR2/EGFR transactivation by accelerating PAR2 degradation. These results suggest PLAG as potential therapeutic agent to combat tumor metastasis via regulating the activation signal pathway of PAR2 by tumor infiltrate-neutrophils.
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25
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Huang J, Diao G, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Han J, Guo J. E6‑regulated overproduction of prostaglandin E2 may inhibit migration of dendritic cells in human papillomavirus 16‑positive cervical lesions. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:921-931. [PMID: 32319556 PMCID: PMC7050979 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a critical cause of cervical lesions; however, the specific mechanism is currently not clear. E6 is one of the most important oncoproteins associated with HPV, which regulates synthases in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Notably, PGE2 has been reported to be upregulated in cervical lesions. An insufficient number of mature dendritic cells (DCs), which is unable to cause an effective immune response, is an important cause of cervical lesions. Therefore, this study explored the possible causes of HPV16-positive cervical lesions by identifying the relationship between E6, PGE2 and DCs. Firstly, the distribution and status of DCs in clinical biopsy specimens and animal models were analyzed with immuno-histochemistry and flow cytometry, which demonstrated that the migratory ability of DCs was inhibited in HPV16-positive cervical lesions. Furthermore, using immunohistochemistry, western blotting and ELISA, it was revealed that as the degree of cervical lesions increased, the expression of PGE2 and its synthases increased. Subsequently, as determined using Transwell and 3D migration assays, it was revealed that a high concentration of PGE2 inhibited the migration of DCs, which may explain the phenomenon observed in cervical lesions. Notably, E6 was identified to regulate PGE2 expression. The in vivo experiments indicated that E6 may increase the expression levels of PGE2 in cervical lesions, which could eventually induce inhibition of the migration of DCs. In conclusion, the present study suggested that E6 regulated overproduction of PGE2, which may induce inhibition of DC migration in HPV16-positive cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Ge Diao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Yajie Chen
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Jian Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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26
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Xu X, Jiang X, Chen L, Zhao Y, Huang Z, Zhou H, Shi M. MiR-181a Promotes Apoptosis and Reduces Cisplatin Resistance by Inhibiting Osteopontin in Cervical Cancer Cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2019; 34:559-565. [PMID: 31436472 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2019.2858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In this study, the authors established a cervical cancer cisplatin (DDP) drug-resistant cell line to explore the role of miR-181a in the regulation of osteopontin (OPN) expression and the proliferation, apoptosis, as well as DDP resistance of cervical cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Dual luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to validate the targeted relationship between miR-181a and OPN. The DDP-resistant cell line CaSki/DDP was established to compare the expressions of miR-181a and OPN. The cell proliferation activity was detected by CCK-8 assay. CaSki/DDP cells were divided into miR-NC group and miR-181a mimic group followed by analysis of cell apoptosis by flow cytometry, and the cell proliferation by EdU staining. Results: There was a targeted relationship between miR-181a and OPN mRNA. MiR-181a expression was significantly lower, while OPN mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in CaSki/DDP cells than that in CaSki cells. Compared with the miR-NC group, OPN mRNA and protein were significantly decreased, cell apoptosis was significantly increased, and cell proliferation ability was significantly attenuated in miR-181a mimic transfection group. Conclusions: The decrease of miR-181a expression and the upregulation of OPN expression are related to the DDP resistance of cervical cancer cells. Overexpression of miR-181a can inhibit the expression of OPN, induce cell apoptosis cells, restrain cell proliferation, and reduce DDP resistance in cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofei Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, Xuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhihua Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huifang Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingqing Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
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27
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Novel Aspects of Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070716. [PMID: 31337034 PMCID: PMC6679024 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of prothrombotic states during cancer progression is well reported but the precise mechanisms underlying this process remain elusive. A number of studies have implicated the presence of the clotting initiator protein, tissue factor (TF), in circulating tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) with thrombotic manifestations in certain cancer types. Tumor cells, as well as tumor-derived EVs, may activate and promote platelet aggregation by TF-dependent and independent pathways. Cancer cells and their secreted EVs may also facilitate the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which may contribute to thrombus development. Alternatively, the presence of polyphosphate (polyP) in tumor-derived EVs may promote thrombosis through a TF-independent route. We conclude that the contribution of EVs to cancer coagulopathy is quite complex, in which one or more mechanisms may take place in a certain cancer type. In this context, strategies that could attenuate the crosstalk between the proposed pro-hemostatic routes could potentially reduce cancer-associated thrombosis.
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28
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Shanshan H, Lan X, Xia L, Huang W, Meifang Z, Ling Y. Inhibition of protease-activated receptor-2 induces apoptosis in cervical cancer by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 signaling. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:1330-1338. [PMID: 30700181 PMCID: PMC6421370 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518820440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study explored how the inhibition of protease-activated
receptor-2 (PAR-2) induced proliferation and apoptosis in
cervical cancer in vitro and in
vivo. Methods mRNA and protein expression of PAR2 and signal transducer and
activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) was determined by
quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. The
proliferation and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells were
assayed by the cell counting kit-8 kit, flow cytometry, and
western blotting. The effects of PAR2 inhibition on cervical
cancer were also examined in BALB/c nude mice in
vivo. Results SLIGRL-NH2 (SL), a selective PAR-2 agonist, promoted proliferation
and inhibited apoptosis of healthy cervical cancer cells and
HeLa cells, while the PAR-2 antagonist FSLLRY-NH2 (FS) inhibited
proliferation and led to apoptosis. SL also promoted the
activation of STAT-3, while FS inhibited it and inhibited cancer
growth in vivo. Conclusion FS inhibited cervical cancer by reducing proliferation and inducing
apoptosis by interfering with STAT-3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Shanshan
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Lan
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Li Xia
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Wang Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Zuo Meifang
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Yin Ling
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
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29
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Pawar NR, Buzza MS, Antalis TM. Membrane-Anchored Serine Proteases and Protease-Activated Receptor-2-Mediated Signaling: Co-Conspirators in Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2019; 79:301-310. [PMID: 30610085 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pericellular proteolysis provides a significant advantage to developing tumors through the ability to remodel the extracellular matrix, promote cell invasion and migration, and facilitate angiogenesis. Recent advances demonstrate that pericellular proteases can also communicate directly to cells by activation of a unique group of transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) known as protease-activated receptors (PAR). In this review, we discuss the specific roles of one of four mammalian PARs, namely PAR-2, which is overexpressed in advanced stage tumors and is activated by trypsin-like serine proteases that are highly expressed or otherwise dysregulated in many cancers. We highlight recent insights into the ability of different protease agonists to bias PAR-2 signaling and the newly emerging evidence for an interplay between PAR-2 and membrane-anchored serine proteases, which may co-conspire to promote tumor progression and metastasis. Interfering with these pathways might provide unique opportunities for the development of new mechanism-based strategies for the treatment of advanced and metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R Pawar
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marguerite S Buzza
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Toni M Antalis
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Its Ligands in Kidney Inflammation and Damage. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8739473. [PMID: 30670929 PMCID: PMC6323488 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8739473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by persistent inflammation and progressive fibrosis, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. Although many studies have investigated the factors involved in the progressive deterioration of renal function, current therapeutic strategies only delay disease progression, leaving an unmet need for effective therapeutic interventions that target the cause behind the inflammatory process and could slow down or reverse the development and progression of CKD. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (ERBB1), a membrane tyrosine kinase receptor expressed in the kidney, is activated after renal damage, and preclinical studies have evidenced its potential as a therapeutic target in CKD therapy. To date, seven official EGFR ligands have been described, including epidermal growth factor (EGF) (canonical ligand), transforming growth factor-α, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor, amphiregulin, betacellulin, epiregulin, and epigen. Recently, the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) has been described as a novel EGFR ligand. The direct activation of EGFR by its ligands can exert different cellular responses, depending on the specific ligand, tissue, and pathological condition. Among all EGFR ligands, CTGF/CCN2 is of special relevance in CKD. This growth factor, by binding to EGFR and downstream signaling pathway activation, regulates renal inflammation, cell growth, and fibrosis. EGFR can also be “transactivated” by extracellular stimuli, including several key factors involved in renal disease, such as angiotensin II, transforming growth factor beta (TGFB), and other cytokines, including members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, showing another important mechanism involved in renal pathology. The aim of this review is to summarize the contribution of EGFR pathway activation in experimental kidney damage, with special attention to the regulation of the inflammatory response and the role of some EGFR ligands in this process. Better insights in EGFR signaling in renal disease could improve our current knowledge of renal pathology contributing to therapeutic strategies for CKD development and progression.
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Carvalho É, Hugo de Almeida V, Rondon AMR, Possik PA, Viola JPB, Monteiro RQ. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) upregulates granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) expression in breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:270-276. [PMID: 30172372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G-protein coupled receptor which is activated upon cleavage of its N-terminal region. PAR2 has been associated with many aspects regarding tumor progression, such as the production of pro-tumoral cytokines. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine essential to neutrophil production and maturation, and it is often overexpressed in tumors. In this study, we evaluated the ability of PAR2 to modulate G-CSF expression. PAR2 and G-CSF were significantly more expressed in metastatic (4T1 and MDA-MB-231) as compared to non-metastatic (67NR and MCF7) breast cancer cell lines. In addition, PAR2 stimulation by a synthetic agonist peptide significantly increased G-CSF gene expression in the metastatic cell lines. Knockdown of PAR2 in 4T1 cells decreased G-CSF expression and secretion. In addition, treatment of 4T1 with the commercial PAR2 antagonist, ENMD-1068, significantly decreased G-CSF expression. cBioPortal analyses of the TCGA database showed a significant co-occurrence of G-CSF and PAR2 gene overexpression in breast cancer samples. In conclusion, our data suggest that PAR2 contributes to G-CSF expression in breast cancer cells, possibly favoring tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érika Carvalho
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vitor Hugo de Almeida
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Araci M R Rondon
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia A Possik
- Program of Cellular Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João P B Viola
- Program of Cellular Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robson Q Monteiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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