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Sallmyr A, Bhandari SK, Naila T, Tomkinson AE. Mammalian DNA ligases; roles in maintaining genome integrity. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168276. [PMID: 37714297 PMCID: PMC10843057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The joining of breaks in the DNA phosphodiester backbone is essential for genome integrity. Breaks are generated during normal processes such as DNA replication, cytosine demethylation during differentiation, gene rearrangement in the immune system and germ cell development. In addition, they are generated either directly by a DNA damaging agent or indirectly due to damage excision during repair. Breaks are joined by a DNA ligase that catalyzes phosphodiester bond formation at DNA nicks with 3' hydroxyl and 5' phosphate termini. Three human genes encode ATP-dependent DNA ligases. These enzymes have a conserved catalytic core consisting of three subdomains that encircle nicked duplex DNA during ligation. The DNA ligases are targeted to different nuclear DNA transactions by specific protein-protein interactions. Both DNA ligase IIIα and DNA ligase IV form stable complexes with DNA repair proteins, XRCC1 and XRCC4, respectively. There is functional redundancy between DNA ligase I and DNA ligase IIIα in DNA replication, excision repair and single-strand break repair. Although DNA ligase IV is a core component of the major double-strand break repair pathway, non-homologous end joining, the other enzymes participate in minor, alternative double-strand break repair pathways. In contrast to the nucleus, only DNA ligase IIIα is present in mitochondria and is essential for maintaining the mitochondrial genome. Human immunodeficiency syndromes caused by mutations in either LIG1 or LIG4 have been described. Preclinical studies with DNA ligase inhibitors have identified potentially targetable abnormalities in cancer cells and evidence that DNA ligases are potential targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annahita Sallmyr
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, United States
| | - Seema Khattri Bhandari
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, United States
| | - Tasmin Naila
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, United States
| | - Alan E Tomkinson
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, United States.
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2
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Drzewiecka M, Jaśniak D, Barszczewska-Pietraszek G, Czarny P, Kobrzycka A, Wieczorek M, Radek M, Szemraj J, Skorski T, Śliwiński T. Class I HDAC Inhibition Leads to a Downregulation of FANCD2 and RAD51, and the Eradication of Glioblastoma Cells. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1315. [PMID: 37763083 PMCID: PMC10532614 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13091315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) hold great potential as anticancer therapies due to their ability to regulate the acetylation of both histone and non-histone proteins, which is frequently disrupted in cancer and contributes to the development and advancement of the disease. Additionally, HDACi have been shown to enhance the cytotoxic effects of DNA-damaging agents such as radiation and cisplatin. In this study, we found that histone deacetylase inhibits valproic acid (VPA), synergized with PARP1 inhibitor (PARPi), talazoparib (BMN-673), and alkylating agent, and temozolomide (TMZ) to induce DNA damage and reduce glioblastoma multiforme. At the molecular level, VPA leads to a downregulation of FANCD2 and RAD51, and the eradication of glioblastoma cells. The results of this study indicate that combining HDACi with PARPi could potentially enhance the treatment of glioblastoma, the most aggressive type of cancer that originates in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Drzewiecka
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland (G.B.-P.)
| | - Dominika Jaśniak
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland (G.B.-P.)
| | - Gabriela Barszczewska-Pietraszek
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland (G.B.-P.)
| | - Piotr Czarny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (P.C.)
| | - Anna Kobrzycka
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Radek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery of Spine and Peripheral Nerves, Medical University of Lodz, University Hospital WAM-CSW, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (P.C.)
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland (G.B.-P.)
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Different Approaches for the Profiling of Cancer Pathway-Related Genes in Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810883. [PMID: 36142793 PMCID: PMC9504477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of signalling pathways that regulate cell growth, survival, metabolism, and migration can frequently lead to the progression of cancer. Brain tumours are a large group of malignancies characterised by inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity, with glioblastoma (GBM) being the most aggressive and fatal. The present study aimed to characterise the expression of cancer pathway-related genes (n = 84) in glial tumour cell lines (A172, SW1088, and T98G). The transcriptomic data obtained by the qRT-PCR method were compared to different control groups, and the most appropriate control for subsequent interpretation of the obtained results was chosen. We analysed three widely used control groups (non-glioma cells) in glioblastoma research: Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDFa), Normal Human Astrocytes (NHA), and commercially available mRNAs extracted from healthy human brain tissues (hRNA). The gene expression profiles of individual glioblastoma cell lines may vary due to the selection of a different control group to correlate with. Moreover, we present the original multicriterial decision making (MCDM) for the possible characterization of gene expression profiles. We observed deregulation of 75 genes out of 78 tested in the A172 cell line, while T98G and SW1088 cells exhibited changes in 72 genes. By comparing the delta cycle threshold value of the tumour groups to the mean value of the three controls, only changes in the expression of 26 genes belonging to the following pathways were identified: angiogenesis FGF2; apoptosis APAF1, CFLAR, XIAP; cellular senescence BM1, ETS2, IGFBP5, IGFBP7, SOD1, TBX2; DNA damage and repair ERCC5, PPP1R15A; epithelial to mesenchymal transition SNAI3, SOX10; hypoxia ADM, ARNT, LDHA; metabolism ATP5A1, COX5A, CPT2, PFKL, UQCRFS1; telomeres and telomerase PINX1, TINF2, TNKS, and TNKS2. We identified a human astrocyte cell line and normal human brain tissue as the appropriate control group for an in vitro model, despite the small sample size. A different method of assessing gene expression levels produced the same disparities, highlighting the need for caution when interpreting the accuracy of tumorigenesis markers.
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Drzewiecka M, Barszczewska-Pietraszek G, Czarny P, Skorski T, Śliwiński T. Synthetic Lethality Targeting Polθ. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061101. [PMID: 35741863 PMCID: PMC9223150 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Research studies regarding synthetic lethality (SL) in human cells are primarily motivated by the potential of this phenomenon to be an effective, but at the same time, safe to the patient's anti-cancer chemotherapy. Among the factors that are targets for the induction of the synthetic lethality effect, those involved in DNA repair seem to be the most relevant. Specifically, when mutation in one of the canonical DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways occurs, which is a frequent event in cancer cells, the alternative pathways may be a promising target for the elimination of abnormal cells. Currently, inhibiting RAD52 and/or PARP1 in the tumor cells that are deficient in the canonical repair pathways has been the potential target for inducing the effect of synthetic lethality. Unfortunately, the development of resistance to commonly used PARP1 inhibitors (PARPi) represents the greatest obstacle to working out a successful treatment protocol. DNA polymerase theta (Polθ), encoded by the POLQ gene, plays a key role in an alternative DSB repair pathway-theta-mediated end joining (TMEJ). Thus, it is a promising target in the treatment of tumors harboring deficiencies in homologous recombination repair (HRR), where its inhibition can induce SL. In this review, the authors discuss the current state of knowledge on Polθ as a potential target for synthetic lethality-based anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Drzewiecka
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.D.); (G.B.-P.)
| | - Gabriela Barszczewska-Pietraszek
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.D.); (G.B.-P.)
| | - Piotr Czarny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Departament of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (T.Ś.); Tel.: +1-215-707-9157 (T.S.); +48-42-635-44-86 (T.Ś.)
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.D.); (G.B.-P.)
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (T.Ś.); Tel.: +1-215-707-9157 (T.S.); +48-42-635-44-86 (T.Ś.)
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Kowalczyk T, Sitarek P, Toma M, Rijo P, Domínguez-Martín E, Falcó I, Sánchez G, Śliwiński T. Enhanced Accumulation of Betulinic Acid in Transgenic Hairy Roots of Senna obtusifolia Growing in the Sprinkle Bioreactor and Evaluation of Their Biological Properties in Various Biological Models. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100455. [PMID: 34185351 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Betulinic acid, which is found in transgenic roots of Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, is a pentacyclic triterpene with distinctive pharmacological activities. In this study, we report the differences in the content of betulinic acid and selected anthraquinones in transgenic S. obtusifolia hairy roots with overexpression of the PgSS1 gene (SOPSS2 line) and in transformed hairy roots without this genetic construct (SOA41 line). Both hairy root lines grew in 10 L sprinkle bioreactor. Additionally, the extracts obtained from this plant material were used for biological tests. Our results demonstrated that the SOPSS2 hairy root cultures from the bioreactor showed an increase in the content of betulinic acid (38.125 mg/g DW), compared to the SOA41 hairy root line (4.213 mg/g DW). Biological studies have shown a cytotoxic and antiproliferative effect on U-87MG glioblastoma cells, and altering the level of apoptotic proteins (Bax, p53, Puma and Noxa). Antimicrobial properties were demonstrated for both tested extracts, with a stronger effect of SOPSS2 extract. Moreover, both extracts showed moderate antiviral properties on norovirus surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 Łódź, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Toma
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Patricia Rijo
- CBIOS - Research Center for Biosciences & Health technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal.,iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eva Domínguez-Martín
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Campus universitario. Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km. 33,600, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Irene Falcó
- Departament of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino, 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Departament of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino, 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Str, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
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Sarnik J, Gajek A, Toma M, Pawelczyk J, Rykowski S, Olejniczak A, Sliwinski T, Bielski R, Witczak ZJ, Poplawski T. (1-4)-Thiodisaccharides as anticancer agents. Part 5. Evaluation of anticancer activity and investigation of mechanism of action. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 30:126904. [PMID: 31882294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
(1-4)-Thiodisaccharides, thiosugars with the 1-4-thio bridge, were recently shown to induce oxidative stress, as well as, apoptosis in cancer cells in the low micromolar range; however, the detailed mechanism of their anticancer action still remains unknown. In order to clarify the mechanism of (1-4)- thiodisaccharides action, we performed a series of tests including cytotoxic, clonogenic and apoptosis assays using an in vitro glioma cancer model with one ATCC cell line U87 and two novel glioma cell lines derived from cancer patients - H6PX and H7PX. We also evaluated the ability of (1-4)-thiodisaccharides to interfere with protein folding and synthesis processes, as well as, the thioredoxin system. (1-4)-thiodisaccharides induced glioma cell death, which were found to be accompanied with endoplasmic reticulum stress, inhibition of global protein synthesis, reduced overall cellular thiol level and thioredoxin reductase activity. We also performed a RT-PCR and Elisa analysis of (1-4)-thiodisaccharides-treated glioma cells to identify any changes within the pathway affected by (1-4)-thiodisaccharides. We observed a significant increase of expression in key markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress and pro-apoptotic protein, FASLG. We proposed that (1-4)-thiodisaccharides react with cellular thiols and disturb any cellular thiol-depended processes like thioredoxin system or protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sarnik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-115 Lodz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Gajek
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Toma
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Pawelczyk
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sebastian Rykowski
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Sliwinski
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Roman Bielski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA
| | - Zbigniew J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Przybycinski J, Nalewajska M, Marchelek-Mysliwiec M, Dziedziejko V, Pawlik A. Poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) as a therapeutic target in the treatment of selected cancers. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:773-785. [PMID: 31394942 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1654458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The implementation of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for therapy has created potential treatments for a wide spectrum of malignancies involving DNA damage repair gene abnormalities. PARPs are a group of enzymes that are responsible for detecting and repairing DNA damage and therefore play a key role in maintaining cell function and integrity. PARP inhibitors are drugs that target DNA repair deficiencies. Inhibiting PARP activity in cancer cells causes cell death. Areas covered: This review summarizes the role of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of cancer. We performed a systematic literature search in February 2019 in the electronic databases PubMed and EMBASE. Our search terms were the following: PARP, PARP inhibitors, PARPi, Poly ADP ribose polymerase, cancer treatment. We discuss PARP inhibitors currently being investigated in cancer clinical trials, their safety profiles, clinical resistance, combined therapeutic approaches and future challenges. Expert Opinion: The future could bring novel PARP inhibitors with greater DNA trapping potential, better safety profiles and improved combined therapies involving hormonal, chemo-, radio- or immunotherapies. Progress may afford wider indications for PARP inhibitors in the treatment of cancer and the utilization for cancer prevention in high-risk mutation carriers. Research efforts should focus on identifying novel drugs that target DNA repair deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Przybycinski
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Magdalena Nalewajska
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
| | | | - Violetta Dziedziejko
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
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Çağlayan M. Interplay between DNA Polymerases and DNA Ligases: Influence on Substrate Channeling and the Fidelity of DNA Ligation. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2068-2081. [PMID: 31034893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA ligases are a highly conserved group of nucleic acid enzymes that play an essential role in DNA repair, replication, and recombination. This review focuses on functional interaction between DNA polymerases and DNA ligases in the repair of single- and double-strand DNA breaks, and discusses the notion that the substrate channeling during DNA polymerase-mediated nucleotide insertion coupled to DNA ligation could be a mechanism to minimize the release of potentially mutagenic repair intermediates. Evidence suggesting that DNA ligases are essential for cell viability includes the fact that defects or insufficiency in DNA ligase are casually linked to genome instability. In the future, it may be possible to develop small molecule inhibitors of mammalian DNA ligases and/or their functional protein partners that potentiate the effects of chemotherapeutic compounds and improve cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Çağlayan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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