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Siciliano AC, Forciniti S, Onesto V, Iuele H, Cave DD, Carnevali F, Gigli G, Lonardo E, Del Mercato LL. A 3D Pancreatic Cancer Model with Integrated Optical Sensors for Noninvasive Metabolism Monitoring and Drug Screening. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401138. [PMID: 38978424 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
A distinct feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a prominent tumor microenvironment (TME) with remarkable cellular and spatial heterogeneity that meaningfully impacts disease biology and treatment resistance. The dynamic crosstalk between cancer cells and the dense stromal compartment leads to spatially and temporally heterogeneous metabolic alterations, such as acidic pH that contributes to drug resistance in PDAC. Thus, monitoring the extracellular pH metabolic fluctuations within the TME is crucial to predict and to quantify anticancer drug efficacy. Here, a simple and reliable alginate-based 3D PDAC model embedding ratiometric optical pH sensors and cocultures of tumor (AsPC-1) and stromal cells for simultaneously monitoring metabolic pH variations and quantify drug response is presented. By means of time-lapse confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) coupled with a fully automated computational analysis, the extracellular pH metabolic variations are monitored and quantified over time during drug testing with gemcitabine, folfirinox, and paclitaxel, commonly used in PDAC therapy. In particular, the extracellular acidification is more pronounced after drugs treatment, resulting in increased antitumor effect correlated with apoptotic cell death. These findings highlight the importance of studying the influence of cellular metabolic mechanisms on tumor response to therapy in 3D tumor models, this being crucial for the development of personalized medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiara Siciliano
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (Cnr-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento, c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Stefania Forciniti
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (Cnr-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Valentina Onesto
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (Cnr-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Helena Iuele
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (Cnr-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Donatella Delle Cave
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, National Research Council (Cnr-IGB), Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Federica Carnevali
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (Cnr-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento, c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (Cnr-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Enza Lonardo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, National Research Council (Cnr-IGB), Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Loretta L Del Mercato
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (Cnr-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
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2
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Gielecińska A, Kciuk M, Yahya EB, Ainane T, Mujwar S, Kontek R. Apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis as alternative cell death pathways induced by chemotherapeutic agents? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:189024. [PMID: 37980943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
For decades, common chemotherapeutic drugs have been established to trigger apoptosis, the preferred immunologically "silent" form of cell death. The primary objective of this review was to show that various FDA-approved chemotherapeutic drugs, including cisplatin, cyclosporine, doxorubicin, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, or vinblastine can trigger necroptosis and pyroptosis. We aimed to provide the advantages and disadvantages of the induction of the given type of cell death by chemotherapeutical agents. Moreover, we give a short overview of the molecular mechanism of each type of cell death and indicate the existing crosstalks between cell death types. Finally, we provide a comparison of cell death types to facilitate the exploration of cell death types induced by other chemotherapeutical agents. Understanding the cell death pathway induced by a drug can lessen side effects and assist the discovery of new combinations with synergistic effects and low systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gielecińska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Banacha St. 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; University of Lodz, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - M Kciuk
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Banacha St. 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - E-B Yahya
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - T Ainane
- Superior School of Technology of Khenifra, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, P.O. Box 170, Khenifra 54000, Morocco
| | - S Mujwar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
| | - R Kontek
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Banacha St. 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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3
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Zhou X, An J, Kurilov R, Brors B, Hu K, Peccerella T, Roessler S, Pfütze K, Schulz A, Wolf S, Hohmann N, Theile D, Sauter M, Burhenne J, Ei S, Heger U, Strobel O, Barry ST, Springfeld C, Tjaden C, Bergmann F, Büchler M, Hackert T, Fortunato F, Neoptolemos JP, Bailey P. Persister cell phenotypes contribute to poor patient outcomes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in PDAC. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:1362-1381. [PMID: 37679568 PMCID: PMC10518256 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can improve the survival of individuals with borderline and unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; however, heterogeneous responses to chemotherapy remain a significant clinical challenge. Here, we performed RNA sequencing (n = 97) and multiplexed immunofluorescence (n = 122) on chemo-naive and postchemotherapy (post-CTX) resected patient samples (chemoradiotherapy excluded) to define the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Transcriptome analysis combined with high-resolution mapping of whole-tissue sections identified GATA6 (classical), KRT17 (basal-like) and cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) coexpressing cells that were preferentially enriched in post-CTX resected samples. The persistence of GATA6hi and KRT17hi cells post-CTX was significantly associated with poor survival after mFOLFIRINOX (mFFX), but not gemcitabine (GEM), treatment. Analysis of organoid models derived from chemo-naive and post-CTX samples demonstrated that CYP3A expression is a predictor of chemotherapy response and that CYP3A-expressing drug detoxification pathways can metabolize the prodrug irinotecan, a constituent of mFFX. These findings identify CYP3A-expressing drug-tolerant cell phenotypes in residual disease that may ultimately inform adjuvant treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jingyu An
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roma Kurilov
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, The German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, The German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumour Disease (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Teresa Peccerella
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Roessler
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Pfütze
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, The German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- NGS Core Facility, The German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Wolf
- NGS Core Facility, The German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Hohmann
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Theile
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max Sauter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Burhenne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shigenori Ei
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ulrike Heger
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon T Barry
- Bioscience, Early Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christoph Springfeld
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Tjaden
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Büchler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Botton-Champalimaud Pancreatic Cancer Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Franco Fortunato
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - John P Neoptolemos
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Botton-Champalimaud Pancreatic Cancer Center, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Peter Bailey
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Botton-Champalimaud Pancreatic Cancer Center, Lisbon, Portugal.
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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4
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Xu Z, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Sun H, Hinz U, Heger U, Loos M, Gonzalez FJ, Hackert T, Bergmann F, Fortunato F. Farnesoid X receptor activation inhibits pancreatic carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166811. [PMID: 37515840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that controls bile acid (BA) homeostasis, has also been proposed as a tumor suppressor for breast and liver cancer. However, its role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumorigenesis remains controversial. We recently found that FXR attenuates acinar cell autophagy in chronic pancreatitis resulting in reduced autophagy and promotion of pancreatic carcinogenesis. Feeding Kras-p48-Cre (KC) mice with the BA chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), an FXR agonist, attenuated pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) progression, reduced cell proliferation, neoplastic cells and autophagic activity, and increased acinar cells, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, with a compensatory increase in the anti-inflammatory response. Surprisingly, FXR-deficient KC mice did not show any response to CDCA, suggesting that CDCA attenuates PanIN progression and decelerate tumorigenesis in KC mice through activating pancreatic FXR. FXR is activated in pancreatic cancer cell lines in response to CDCA in vitro. FXR levels were highly increased in adjuvant and neoadjuvant PDAC tissue compared to healthy pancreatic tissue, indicating that FXR is expressed and potentially activated in human PDAC. These results suggest that BA exposure activates inflammation and suppresses autophagy in KC mice, resulting in reduced PanIN lesion progression. These data suggest that activation of pancreatic FXR has a protective role by reducing the growth of pre-cancerous PDAC lesions in response to CDCA and possibly other FXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhenhua Huang
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulf Hinz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Heger
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Loos
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD, Bethesda, USA
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franco Fortunato
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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de Almeida DRQ, Dos Santos AF, Wailemann RAM, Terra LF, Gomes VM, Arini GS, Bertoldi ERM, Reis EM, Baptista MS, Labriola L. Necroptosis activation is associated with greater methylene blue-photodynamic therapy-induced cytotoxicity in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 22:729-744. [PMID: 36495407 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) are the fourth leading cause of death due to neoplasms. In view of the urgent need of effective treatments for PDAC, photodynamic therapy (PDT) appears as a promising alternative. However, its efficacy against PDAC and the mechanisms involved in cell death induction remain unclear. In this study, we set out to evaluate PDT's cytotoxicity using methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer (PS) (MB-PDT) and to evaluate the contribution of necroptosis in its effect in human PDAC cells. Our results demonstrated that MB-PDT induced significant death of different human PDAC models presenting two different susceptibility profiles. This effect was independent of MB uptake or its subcellular localization. We found that the ability of triggering necroptosis was determinant to increase the treatment efficiency. Analysis of single cell RNA-seq data from normal and neoplastic human pancreatic tissues showed that specific necroptosis proteins RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL presented significant higher expression levels in cells displaying a transformed phenotype providing further support to the use of approaches that activate necroptosis, like MB-PDT, as useful adjunct to surgery of PDAC to tackle the problem of microscopic residual disease as well as to minimize the chance of local and metastatic recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria R Q de Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Cidade Universitária, Block 09, Room 976, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ancély F Dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Cidade Universitária, Block 09, Room 976, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rosangela A M Wailemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Cidade Universitária, Block 09, Room 976, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Letícia F Terra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Cidade Universitária, Block 09, Room 976, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vinícius M Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Cidade Universitária, Block 09, Room 976, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S Arini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Cidade Universitária, Block 09, Room 976, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ester R M Bertoldi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Cidade Universitária, Block 09, Room 976, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Reis
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Cidade Universitária, Block 09, Room 976, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maurício S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Cidade Universitária, Block 09, Room 976, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Leticia Labriola
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Cidade Universitária, Block 09, Room 976, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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6
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Heger U, Martens A, Schillings L, Walter B, Hartmann D, Hinz U, Pausch T, Giese N, Michalski CW, Hackert T. Myofibroblastic CAF Density, Not Activated Stroma Index, Indicates Prognosis after Neoadjuvant Therapy of Pancreatic Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163881. [PMID: 36010874 PMCID: PMC9406210 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant therapy (NT) for advanced PDAC is an emerging concept, affecting both stroma and tumor. The Activated Stroma Index (ASI; ratio of activated cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) to collagen deposition) is a prognostic marker in upfront resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We assessed ASI and its prognostic relevance after NT. Tissue from resection specimens of n = 48 PDAC patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX (FOL; n = 31), gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel (GEM; 7) or combination treatment (COMB; 10) was compared with upfront resected matched controls (RES; 69). Activated CAFs were assessed by immunohistochemistry for α-SMA, and collagen was stained with aniline blue; the stained area was then determined by computational imaging analysis and ASI was calculated. In GEM, ASI was significantly higher and collagen deposition lower than in controls and FOL. The lowest quartile of ASI values had significantly longer overall survival (OS) in RES, whereas in FOL, the highest quartile had the best prognosis. After NT, OS was significantly improved in the α-SMA-high group; in RES, however, survival was independent of α-SMA. Reversed prognostic association of ASI thus points to the differing significance of stromal composition after FOL, while improved prognosis with high CAF abundance suggests a synergistic effect of myofibroblasts with chemotherapy. These divergences impede usability of ASI after NT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Heger
- Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Martens
- Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Schillings
- Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Walter
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Domenic Hartmann
- Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulf Hinz
- Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pausch
- Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalia Giese
- Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Immunogenic cell death and its therapeutic or prognostic potential in high-grade glioma. Genes Immun 2022; 23:1-11. [PMID: 35046546 PMCID: PMC8866117 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) has emerged as a key component of therapy-induced anti-tumor immunity. Over the past few years, ICD was found to play a pivotal role in a wide variety of novel and existing treatment modalities. The clinical application of these techniques in cancer treatment is still in its infancy. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor with a dismal prognosis despite maximal therapy. The development of new therapies in this aggressive type of tumors remains highly challenging partially due to the cold tumor immune environment. GBM could therefore benefit from ICD-based therapies stimulating the anti-tumor immune response. In what follows, we will describe the mechanisms behind ICD and the ICD-based (pre)clinical advances in anticancer therapies focusing on GBM.
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8
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Zarei M, Shrestha R, Johnson S, Yu Z, Karki K, Vaziri-Gohar A, Epps J, Du H, Suva L, Zarei M, Safe S. Nuclear Receptor 4A2 (NR4A2/NURR1) Regulates Autophagy and Chemoresistance in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:65-78. [PMID: 35582016 PMCID: PMC9109828 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive cancer with poor prognosis and chemotherapy with gemcitabine has limited effects and is associated with development of drug resistance. Treatment of Panc1 and MiaPaca2 pancreatic cancer cells with gemcitabine induced expression of the orphan nuclear receptor 4A2 (NURR1) and analysis of the cancer genome atlas indicated the NURR1 is overexpressed in pancreatic tumors and is a negative prognostic factor for patient survival. Results of NURR1 knockdown or treatment with the NURR1 antagonist 1,1-bis(3΄-indolyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)methane (C-DIM 12) demonstrated that NURR1 was pro-oncogenic in pancreatic cancer cells and regulated cancer cell and tumor growth and survival. NURR1 is induced by gemcitabine and serves as a key drug-resistance factor and is also required for gemcitabine-induced cytoprotective autophagy. NURR1 regulated genes were determined by RNA sequencing of mRNAs expressed in MiaPaCa2 cells expressing NURR1 and in CRISPR/Cas9 gene edited cells for NURR1 knockdown and KEGG enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed that autophagy was the major pathway regulated by NURR1. Moreover, NURR1 regulated expression of two major autophagic genes ATG7 and ATG12 which are also overexpressed in pancreatic tumors and like NURR1 are negative prognostic factors for patient survival. Thus, gemcitabine-induced cytoprotective autophagy is due to the NURR1 - ATG7/ATG12 axis and this can be targeted and disrupted by NURR1 antagonist C-DIM12 demonstrating the potential clinical applications for combination therapies with gemcitabine and NURR1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Zarei
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals; Case Western University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Rupesh Shrestha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Sneha Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Zuhua Yu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
- Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, China, P.R
| | - Keshav Karki
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Ali Vaziri-Gohar
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals; Case Western University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jessica Epps
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Larry Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Mahsa Zarei
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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9
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Yamauchi T, Fujishima F, Hashimoto M, Tsunokake J, Akaishi R, Gokon Y, Ueki S, Ozawa Y, Fukutomi T, Okamoto H, Sato C, Taniyama Y, Nakamura T, Nakaya N, Kamei T, Sasano H. Necroptosis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Independent Prognostic Factor and Its Correlation with Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174473. [PMID: 34503283 PMCID: PMC8430921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Necroptosis is a regulated form of necrotic cell death that plays pivotal roles in cancer biology, including tumorigenesis, metastasis, and cancer immunity. However, the significance of necroptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has remained largely unknown. In addition, its correlation with the tissue microenvironment has not yet been explored. In this study, we first investigated the diagnostic and prognostic significance of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) and phosphorylated MLKL (pMLKL), both of which are currently considered the most reliable markers for detecting necroptosis. We also investigated the correlations between the status of MLKL/pMLKL and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Abstract Necroptosis is a pivotal process in cancer biology; however, the clinical significance of necroptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has remained unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to verify the potential involvement of necroptosis in the clinical outcome, chemotherapeutic resistance, and tumor microenvironment of ESCC. Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) and phosphorylated MLKL (pMLKL) were immunohistochemically examined in 88 surgically resected specimens following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and 53 pre-therapeutic biopsy specimens, respectively. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were also evaluated by immunolocalizing CD3, CD8, and forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) in the residual tumors after NAC. High pMLKL status in the post-NAC resected specimens was significantly correlated with worse prognosis in ESCC patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that a high pMLKL status was an independent prognostic factor. In pre-NAC biopsy specimens, a high pMLKL status was significantly associated with a lower therapeutic efficacy. CD8+ TILs were significantly lower in the high-pMLKL group. FOXP3+ TILs were significantly higher in both high-MLKL and high-pMLKL groups. We first demonstrated pMLKL status as an independent prognostic factor in ESCC patients. Our study revealed the possible involvement of necroptosis in the immunosuppressive microenvironment, resulting in the attenuated therapeutic efficacy of NAC and eventual adverse clinical outcomes in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Yamauchi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (J.T.); (R.A.); (Y.G.); (S.U.); (Y.O.); (T.F.); (H.O.); (C.S.); (Y.T.); (T.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.H.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.Y.); (F.F.); Tel.: +81-22-717-7440 (F.F.)
| | - Fumiyoshi Fujishima
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.H.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.Y.); (F.F.); Tel.: +81-22-717-7440 (F.F.)
| | - Masatoshi Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.H.); (H.S.)
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Junichi Tsunokake
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (J.T.); (R.A.); (Y.G.); (S.U.); (Y.O.); (T.F.); (H.O.); (C.S.); (Y.T.); (T.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Ryujiro Akaishi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (J.T.); (R.A.); (Y.G.); (S.U.); (Y.O.); (T.F.); (H.O.); (C.S.); (Y.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Yusuke Gokon
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (J.T.); (R.A.); (Y.G.); (S.U.); (Y.O.); (T.F.); (H.O.); (C.S.); (Y.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Shunsuke Ueki
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (J.T.); (R.A.); (Y.G.); (S.U.); (Y.O.); (T.F.); (H.O.); (C.S.); (Y.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Yohei Ozawa
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (J.T.); (R.A.); (Y.G.); (S.U.); (Y.O.); (T.F.); (H.O.); (C.S.); (Y.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Toshiaki Fukutomi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (J.T.); (R.A.); (Y.G.); (S.U.); (Y.O.); (T.F.); (H.O.); (C.S.); (Y.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Okamoto
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (J.T.); (R.A.); (Y.G.); (S.U.); (Y.O.); (T.F.); (H.O.); (C.S.); (Y.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Chiaki Sato
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (J.T.); (R.A.); (Y.G.); (S.U.); (Y.O.); (T.F.); (H.O.); (C.S.); (Y.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Yusuke Taniyama
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (J.T.); (R.A.); (Y.G.); (S.U.); (Y.O.); (T.F.); (H.O.); (C.S.); (Y.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- Department of Health Record Informatics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan;
| | - Naoki Nakaya
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan;
| | - Takashi Kamei
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (J.T.); (R.A.); (Y.G.); (S.U.); (Y.O.); (T.F.); (H.O.); (C.S.); (Y.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.H.); (H.S.)
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Lomphithak T, Akara-Amornthum P, Murakami K, Hashimoto M, Usubuchi H, Iwabuchi E, Unno M, Cai Z, Sasano H, Jitkaew S. Tumor necroptosis is correlated with a favorable immune cell signature and programmed death-ligand 1 expression in cholangiocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11743. [PMID: 34083572 PMCID: PMC8175514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis, a regulated form of necrosis, has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy that could enhance cancer immunotherapy. However, its role in tumorigenesis is still debated because recent studies have reported both anti- and pro-tumoral effects. Here, we aimed to systematically evaluate the associations between tumor necroptosis (mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein, MLKL; phosphorylated MLKL, pMLKL; and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1-receptor-interacting protein kinase 3, RIPK1-RIPK3 interaction) and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (CD8+ and FOXp3+ T cells and CD163+ M2 macrophages) and tumor PD-L1 by immunohistochemistry in 88 cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients who had undergone surgical resection. Their associations with clinicopathological characteristics, survival data, and prognosis were evaluated. MLKL was found to be an unfavorable prognostic factor (p-value = 0.023, HR = 2.070) and was inversely correlated with a clinically favorable immune cell signature (high CD8+/high FOXp3+/low CD163+). Both pMLKL and RIPK1-RIPK3 interaction were detected in CCA primary tissues. In contrast to MLKL, pMLKL status was significantly positively correlated with a favorable immune signature (high CD8+/high FOXp3+/low CD163+) and PD-L1 expression. Patients with high pMLKL-positive staining were significantly associated with an increased abundance of CD8+ T cell intratumoral infiltration (p-value = 0.006). Patients with high pMLKL and PD-L1 expressions had a longer overall survival (OS). The results from in vitro experiments showed that necroptosis activation in an RMCCA-1 human CCA cell line selectively promoted proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression. Jurkat T cells stimulated with necroptotic RMCCA-1-derived conditioned medium promoted PD-L1 expression in RMCCA-1. Our findings demonstrated the differential associations of necroptosis activation (pMLKL) and MLKL with a clinically favorable immune signature and survival rates and highlighted a novel therapeutic possibility for combining a necroptosis-based therapeutic approach with immune checkpoint inhibitors for more efficient treatment of CCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanpisit Lomphithak
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Perawatt Akara-Amornthum
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Keigo Murakami
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hajime Usubuchi
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Erina Iwabuchi
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 98-8075, Japan
| | - Zhenyu Cai
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Siriporn Jitkaew
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Cocco S, Leone A, Piezzo M, Caputo R, Di Lauro V, Di Rella F, Fusco G, Capozzi M, Gioia GD, Budillon A, De Laurentiis M. Targeting Autophagy in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7836. [PMID: 33105796 PMCID: PMC7660056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of different biological subtypes, with differences in terms of incidence, response to diverse treatments, risk of disease progression, and sites of metastases. In the last years, several molecular targets have emerged and new drugs, targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR and cyclinD/CDK/pRb pathways and tumor microenvironment have been integrated into clinical practice. However, it is clear now that breast cancer is able to develop resistance to these drugs and the identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms is paramount to drive further drug development. Autophagy is a highly conserved homeostatic process that can be activated in response to antineoplastic agents as a cytoprotective mechanism. Inhibition of autophagy could enhance tumor cell death by diverse anti-cancer therapies, representing an attractive approach to control mechanisms of drug resistance. In this manuscript, we present a review of autophagy focusing on its interplay with targeted drugs used for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cocco
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Alessandra Leone
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (A.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Michela Piezzo
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Roberta Caputo
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Lauro
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Francesca Di Rella
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Giuseppina Fusco
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Monica Capozzi
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Germira di Gioia
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (A.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Michelino De Laurentiis
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
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Ding YG, Ren YL, Xu YS, Wei CS, Zhang YB, Zhang SK, Guo CA. Identification of key candidate genes and pathways in anaplastic thyroid cancer by bioinformatics analysis. Am J Otolaryngol 2020; 41:102434. [PMID: 32093976 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a refractory and poor prognosis tumor Present study aimed to investigate the underlying biological functions and pathways involved in the development of ATC and to identify potential hub genes and candidate biomarkers of ATC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ATC tissue samples and adjacent normal tissue samples. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of the DEGs were constructed using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes online tool and Cytoscape software and divided into sub-networks using the Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) plug-in. DEGs in each module was analyzed by enrichment analysis of the KEGG Orthology Based Annotation System (KOBAS) web software version 3.0. Eventually, the hub genes from bioinformatics analysis were verified by qRT-PCR assay in different ATC cell lines. RESULTS Thirty hub genes were selected and three modules were built by the Cytoscape software from the PPI network. Seven genes (CDK1, CCNB2, BUB1B, CDC20, RRM2, CHEK1 and CDC45) were screened from thirty hub genes. Enrichment analysis showed that these hub genes were primarily accumulated in 'cell cycle', 'p53 signaling pathway', 'viral carcinogenesis', 'pyrimidine metabolism' and 'ubiquitin mediated proteolysis'. The results of qRT-PCR indicated that seven hub genes were unregulated in three ATC cell lines compared with normal thyroid gland cell. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CDK1, CCNB2, BUB1B, CDC20, RRM2, CHEK1 and CDC45 may serve as novel diagnosis biomarkers and potential therapeutic target for ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Ding
- Emergency Department, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, PR China
| | - Yu-Lin Ren
- Department of Urology Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Northwest Minzu University, Second People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, PR China
| | - Yang-Shan Xu
- Department of Surgery, Liujiaxia Hospital of Fourth Engineering Bureau of China Water Resources and Hydropower, Linxia 731801, Gansu, PR China
| | - Chang-Sheng Wei
- Department of Thyroid Mammary Gland, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, PR China
| | - Yong-Bin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, PR China
| | - Shou-Kai Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, PR China.
| | - Chang-An Guo
- Emergency Department, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, PR China.
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