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Ogilvie LM, Delfinis LJ, Coyle-Asbil B, Vudatha V, Alshamali R, Garlisi B, Pereira M, Matuszewska K, Garibotti MC, Gandhi S, Brunt KR, Wood GA, Trevino JG, Perry CGR, Petrik J, Simpson JA. Cardiac Atrophy, Dysfunction, and Metabolic Impairments: A Cancer-Induced Cardiomyopathy Phenotype. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:1823-1843. [PMID: 39032600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Muscle atrophy and weakness are prevalent features of cancer. Although extensive research has characterized skeletal muscle wasting in cancer cachexia, limited studies have investigated how cardiac structure and function are affected by therapy-naive cancer. Herein, orthotopic, syngeneic models of epithelial ovarian cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and a patient-derived pancreatic xenograft model, were used to define the impact of malignancy on cardiac structure, function, and metabolism. Tumor-bearing mice developed cardiac atrophy and intrinsic systolic and diastolic dysfunction, with arterial hypotension and exercise intolerance. In hearts of ovarian tumor-bearing mice, fatty acid-supported mitochondrial respiration decreased, and carbohydrate-supported respiration increased-showcasing a substrate shift in cardiac metabolism that is characteristic of heart failure. Epithelial ovarian cancer decreased cytoskeletal and cardioprotective gene expression, which was paralleled by down-regulation of transcription factors that regulate cardiomyocyte size and function. Patient-derived pancreatic xenograft tumor-bearing mice show altered myosin heavy chain isoform expression-also a molecular phenotype of heart failure. Markers of autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome system were upregulated by cancer, providing evidence of catabolic signaling that promotes cardiac wasting. Together, two cancer types were used to cross-validate evidence of the structural, functional, and metabolic cancer-induced cardiomyopathy, thus providing translational evidence that could impact future medical management strategies for improved cancer recovery in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Ogilvie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luca J Delfinis
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bridget Coyle-Asbil
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vignesh Vudatha
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Razan Alshamali
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bianca Garlisi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madison Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathy Matuszewska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madison C Garibotti
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shivam Gandhi
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith R Brunt
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada; IMPART Investigator Team, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jose G Trevino
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Christopher G R Perry
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Simpson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; IMPART Investigator Team, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.
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2
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Delfinis LJ, Ogilvie LM, Khajehzadehshoushtar S, Gandhi S, Garibotti MC, Thuhan AK, Matuszewska K, Pereira M, Jones RG, Cheng AJ, Hawke TJ, Greene NP, Murach KA, Simpson JA, Petrik J, Perry CGR. Muscle weakness and mitochondrial stress occur before severe metastasis in a novel mouse model of ovarian cancer cachexia. Mol Metab 2024; 86:101976. [PMID: 38925248 PMCID: PMC11278933 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A high proportion of women with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) experience weakness and cachexia. This relationship is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. EOC is the most lethal gynecological cancer, yet no preclinical cachexia model has demonstrated the combined hallmark features of metastasis, ascites development, muscle loss and weakness in adult immunocompetent mice. METHODS Here, we evaluated a new model of ovarian cancer-induced cachexia with the advantages of inducing cancer in adult immunocompetent C57BL/6J mice through orthotopic injections of EOC cells in the ovarian bursa. We characterized the development of metastasis, ascites, muscle atrophy, muscle weakness, markers of inflammation, and mitochondrial stress in the tibialis anterior (TA) and diaphragm ∼45, ∼75 and ∼90 days after EOC injection. RESULTS Primary ovarian tumour sizes were progressively larger at each time point while severe metastasis, ascites development, and reductions in body, fat and muscle weights occurred by 90 Days. There were no changes in certain inflammatory (TNFα), atrogene (MURF1 and Atrogin) or GDF15 markers within both muscles whereas IL-6 was increased at 45 and 90 Day groups in the diaphragm. TA weakness in 45 Day preceded atrophy and metastasis that were observed later (75 and 90 Day, respectively). The diaphragm demonstrated both weakness and atrophy in 45 Day. In both muscles, this pre-severe-metastatic muscle weakness corresponded with considerable reprogramming of gene pathways related to mitochondrial bioenergetics as well as reduced functional measures of mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation and creatine-dependent ADP/ATP cycling as well as increased reactive oxygen species emission (hydrogen peroxide). Remarkably, muscle force per unit mass at 90 days was partially restored in the TA despite the presence of atrophy and severe metastasis. In contrast, the diaphragm demonstrated progressive weakness. At this advanced stage, mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation in both muscles exceeded control mice suggesting an apparent metabolic super-compensation corresponding with restored indices of creatine-dependent adenylate cycling. CONCLUSIONS This mouse model demonstrates the concurrent development of cachexia and metastasis that occurs in women with EOC. The model provides physiologically relevant advantages of inducing tumour development within the ovarian bursa in immunocompetent adult mice. Moreover, the model reveals that muscle weakness in both TA and diaphragm precedes severe metastasis while weakness also precedes atrophy in the TA. An underlying mitochondrial bioenergetic stress corresponded with this early weakness. Collectively, these discoveries can direct new research towards the development of therapies that target pre-atrophy and pre-severe-metastatic weakness during EOC in addition to therapies targeting cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca J Delfinis
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Leslie M Ogilvie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Shivam Gandhi
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Madison C Garibotti
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Arshdeep K Thuhan
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Kathy Matuszewska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Madison Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Ronald G Jones
- Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Arthur J Cheng
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Thomas J Hawke
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Jeremy A Simpson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Jim Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Christopher G R Perry
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Ogilvie LM, Coyle-Asbil B, Brunt KR, Petrik J, Simpson JA. Therapy-naïve malignancy causes cardiovascular disease: a state-of-the-art cardio-oncology perspective. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H1515-H1537. [PMID: 38639740 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00795.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Although generally thought of as distinct diseases, the intersectional overlap between CVD and cancer is increasingly evident in both causal and mechanistic relationships. The field of cardio-oncology is largely focused on the cardiotoxic effects of cancer therapies (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation). Furthermore, the cumulative effects of cardiotoxic therapy exposure and the prevalence of CVD risk factors in patients with cancer lead to long-term morbidity and poor quality of life in this patient population, even when patients are cancer-free. Evidence from patients with cancer and animal models demonstrates that the presence of malignancy itself, independent of cardiotoxic therapy exposure or CVD risk factors, negatively impacts cardiac structure and function. As such, the primary focus of this review is the cardiac pathophysiological and molecular features of therapy-naïve cancer. We also summarize the strengths and limitations of preclinical cancer models for cardio-oncology research and discuss therapeutic strategies that have been tested experimentally for the treatment of cancer-induced cardiac atrophy and dysfunction. Finally, we explore an adjacent area of interest, called "reverse cardio-oncology," where the sequelae of heart failure augment cancer progression. Here, we emphasize the cross-disease communication between malignancy and the injured heart and discuss the importance of chronic low-grade inflammation and endocrine factors in the progression of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Ogilvie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bridget Coyle-Asbil
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith R Brunt
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
- IMPART Investigator Team Canada, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jim Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Simpson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- IMPART Investigator Team Canada, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
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Shorter E, Engman V, Lanner JT. Cancer-associated muscle weakness - From triggers to molecular mechanisms. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 97:101260. [PMID: 38457901 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle weakness is a debilitating consequence of many malignancies. Muscle weakness has a negative impact on both patient wellbeing and outcome in a range of cancer types and can be the result of loss of muscle mass (i.e. muscle atrophy, cachexia) and occur independently of muscle atrophy or cachexia. There are multiple cancer specific triggers that can initiate the progression of muscle weakness, including the malignancy itself and the tumour environment, as well as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and malnutrition. This can induce weakness via different routes: 1) impaired intrinsic capacity (i.e., contractile dysfunction and intramuscular impairments in excitation-contraction coupling or crossbridge cycling), 2) neuromuscular disconnection and/or 3) muscle atrophy. The mechanisms that underlie these pathways are a complex interplay of inflammation, autophagy, disrupted protein synthesis/degradation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The current lack of therapies to treat cancer-associated muscle weakness highlight the critical need for novel interventions (both pharmacological and non-pharmacological) and mechanistic insight. Moreover, most research in the field has placed emphasis on directly improving muscle mass to improve muscle strength. However, accumulating evidence suggests that loss of muscle function precedes atrophy. This review primarily focuses on cancer-associated muscle weakness, independent of cachexia, and provides a solid background on the underlying mechanisms, methodology, current interventions, gaps in knowledge, and limitations of research in the field. Moreover, we have performed a mini-systematic review of recent research into the mechanisms behind muscle weakness in specific cancer types, along with the main pathways implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Shorter
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Viktor Engman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna T Lanner
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Roberts BM, Geddis AV, Ciuciu A, Reynoso M, Mehta N, Varanoske AN, Kelley AM, Walker RJ, Munoz R, Kolb AL, Staab JS, Naimo MA, Tomlinson RE. Acetaminophen influences musculoskeletal signaling but not adaptations to endurance exercise training. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23586. [PMID: 38568858 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302642r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (ACE) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug with various applications, from pain relief to fever reduction. Recent studies have reported equivocal effects of habitual ACE intake on exercise performance, muscle growth, and risks to bone health. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impact of a 6-week, low-dose ACE regimen on muscle and bone adaptations in exercising and non-exercising rats. Nine-week-old Wistar rats (n = 40) were randomized to an exercise or control (no exercise) condition with ACE or without (placebo). For the exercise condition, rats ran 5 days per week for 6 weeks at a 5% incline for 2 min at 15 cm/s, 2 min at 20 cm/s, and 26 min at 25 cm/s. A human equivalent dose of ACE was administered (379 mg/kg body weight) in drinking water and adjusted each week based on body weight. Food, water intake, and body weight were measured daily. At the beginning of week 6, animals in the exercise group completed a maximal treadmill test. At the end of week 6, rats were euthanized, and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), fiber type, and signaling pathways were measured. Additionally, three-point bending and microcomputer tomography were measured in the femur. Follow-up experiments in human primary muscle cells were used to explore supra-physiological effects of ACE. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA for treatment (ACE or placebo) and condition (exercise or non-exercise) for all animal outcomes. Data for cell culture experiments were analyzed via ANOVA. If omnibus significance was found in either ANOVA, a post hoc analysis was completed, and a Tukey's adjustment was used. ACE did not alter body weight, water intake, food intake, or treadmill performance (p > .05). There was a treatment-by-condition effect for Young's Modulus where placebo exercise was significantly lower than placebo control (p < .05). There was no treatment by condition effects for microCT measures, muscle CSA, fiber type, or mRNA expression. Phosphorylated-AMPK was significantly increased with exercise (p < .05) and this was attenuated with ACE treatment. Furthermore, phospho-4EBP1 was depressed in the exercise group compared to the control (p < .05) and increased in the ACE control and ACE exercise group compared to placebo exercise (p < .05). A low dose of ACE did not influence chronic musculoskeletal adaptations in exercising rodents but acutely attenuated AMPK phosphorylation and 4EBP1 dephosphorylation post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Roberts
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alyssa V Geddis
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra Ciuciu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marinaliz Reynoso
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nikhil Mehta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, Maryland, USA
| | - Alyssa M Kelley
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raymond J Walker
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rigoberto Munoz
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander L Kolb
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffery S Staab
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marshall A Naimo
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan E Tomlinson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Delfinis LJ, Ogilvie LM, Khajehzadehshoushtar S, Gandhi S, Garibotti MC, Thuhan AK, Matuszewska K, Pereira M, Jones RG, Cheng AJ, Hawke TJ, Greene NP, Murach KA, Simpson JA, Petrik J, Perry CG. Muscle weakness and mitochondrial stress occur before metastasis in a novel mouse model of ovarian cancer cachexia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.08.588639. [PMID: 38645227 PMCID: PMC11030380 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.08.588639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Objectives A high proportion of women with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) experience weakness and cachexia. This relationship is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. EOC is the most lethal gynecological cancer, yet no preclinical cachexia model has demonstrated the combined hallmark features of metastasis, ascites development, muscle loss and weakness in adult immunocompetent mice. Methods Here, we evaluated a new model of ovarian cancer-induced cachexia with the advantages of inducing cancer in adult immunocompetent C57BL/6J mice through orthotopic injections of EOC cells in the ovarian bursa. We characterized the development of metastasis, ascites, muscle atrophy, muscle weakness, markers of inflammation, and mitochondrial stress in the tibialis anterior (TA) and diaphragm ~45, ~75 and ~90 days after EOC injection. Results Primary ovarian tumour sizes were progressively larger at each time point while robust metastasis, ascites development, and reductions in body, fat and muscle weights occurred by 90 Days. There were no changes in certain inflammatory (TNFα), atrogene (MURF1 and Atrogin) or GDF15 markers within both muscles whereas IL-6 was increased at 45 and 90 Day groups in the diaphragm. TA weakness in 45 Day preceded atrophy and metastasis that were observed later (75 and 90 Day, respectively). The diaphragm demonstrated both weakness and atrophy in 45 Day. In both muscles, this pre-metastatic muscle weakness corresponded with considerable reprogramming of gene pathways related to mitochondrial bioenergetics as well as reduced functional measures of mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation and creatine-dependent ADP/ATP cycling as well as increased reactive oxygen species emission (hydrogen peroxide). Remarkably, muscle force per unit mass at 90 days was partially restored in the TA despite the presence of atrophy and metastasis. In contrast, the diaphragm demonstrated progressive weakness. At this advanced stage, mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation in both muscles exceeded control mice suggesting an apparent metabolic super-compensation corresponding with restored indices of creatine-dependent adenylate cycling. Conclusion This mouse model demonstrates the concurrent development of cachexia and metastasis that occurs in women with EOC. The model provides physiologically relevant advantages of inducing tumour development within the ovarian bursa in immunocompetent adult mice. Moreover, the model reveals that muscle weakness in both TA and diaphragm precedes metastasis while weakness also precedes atrophy in the TA. An underlying mitochondrial bioenergetic stress corresponded with this early weakness. Collectively, these discoveries can direct new research towards the development of therapies that target pre-atrophy and pre-metastatic weakness during EOC in addition to therapies targeting cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca J. Delfinis
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leslie M. Ogilvie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Shivam Gandhi
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Madison C. Garibotti
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arshdeep K. Thuhan
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathy Matuszewska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Madison Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ronald G. Jones
- Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Arthur J. Cheng
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas J. Hawke
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas P. Greene
- Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Kevin A. Murach
- Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jeremy A. Simpson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher G.R. Perry
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Du X, Zeng Q, Luo Y, He L, Zhao Y, Li N, Han C, Zhang G, Liu W. Application research of novel peptide mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant SS-31 in mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrion 2024; 75:101846. [PMID: 38237649 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Due to the pivotal role of mitochondria in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the regulation of cellular homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction may exert a profound impact on various physiological systems, potentially precipitating a spectrum of distinct diseases. Consequently, research pertaining to mitochondrial therapeutics has assumed increasing significance, warranting heightened scrutiny. In recent years, the field of mitochondrial therapy has witnessed noteworthy advancements, with active exploration into diverse pharmacological agents aimed at ameliorating mitochondrial function. Elamipretide (SS-31), a novel synthetic mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, has emerged as a promising candidate with extensive therapeutic potential. Its notable attributes encompass the mitigation of oxidative stress, the suppression of inflammatory processes, the maintenance of mitochondrial dynamics, and the prevention of cellular apoptosis. As such, SS-31 may emerge as a viable choice for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction-related ailments in the foreseeable future. This article extensively expounds upon the superiority of SS-31 over natural antioxidants and traditional mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, delves into its mechanisms of modulating mitochondrial function, and comprehensively summarizes its applications in alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction-associated disorders. Furthermore, we offer a comprehensive outlook on the expansive prospects of SS-31's future development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Du
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610045, China.
| | - Qin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610045, China; Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, SCU-CUHK, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yunchang Luo
- Biology Major, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Libing He
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610045, China.
| | - Yuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610045, China; School of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610083, China.
| | - Ninjing Li
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610045, China.
| | - Changli Han
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610045, China.
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610045, China.
| | - Weixin Liu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610045, China.
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8
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DeRuisseau LR, Receno CN, Cunningham C, Bates ML, Goodell M, Liang C, Eassa B, Pascolla J, DeRuisseau KC. Breathing and Oxygen Carrying Capacity in Ts65Dn and Down Syndrome. FUNCTION 2023; 4:zqad058. [PMID: 37954975 PMCID: PMC10634617 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (Ds) are at increased risk of respiratory infection, aspiration pneumonia, and apnea. The Ts65Dn mouse is a commonly used model of Ds, but there have been no formal investigations of awake breathing and respiratory muscle function in these mice. We hypothesized that breathing would be impaired in Ts65Dn vs. wild-type (WT), and would be mediated by both neural and muscular inputs. Baseline minute ventilation was not different at 3, 6, or 12 mo of age. However, VT/Ti, a marker of the neural drive to breathe, was lower in Ts65Dn vs. WT and central apneas were more prevalent. The response to breathing hypoxia was not different, but the response to hypercapnia was attenuated, revealing a difference in carbon dioxide sensing, and/or motor output in Ts65Dn. Oxygen desaturations were present in room air, demonstrating that ventilation may not be sufficient to maintain adequate oxygen saturation in Ts65Dn. We observed no differences in arterial PO2 or PCO2, but Ts65Dn had lower hemoglobin and hematocrit. A retrospective medical record review of 52,346 Ds and 52,346 controls confirmed an elevated relative risk of anemia in Ds. We also performed eupneic in-vivo electromyography and in-vitro muscle function and histological fiber typing of the diaphragm, and found no difference between strains. Overall, conscious respiration is impaired in Ts65Dn, is mediated by neural mechanisms, and results in reduced hemoglobin saturation. Oxygen carrying capacity is reduced in Ts65Dn vs. WT, and we demonstrate that individuals with Ds are also at increased risk of anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara R DeRuisseau
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Candace N Receno
- Department of Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Caitlin Cunningham
- Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | - Melissa L Bates
- Departments of Health and Human Physiology, Internal Medicine, and the Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Morgan Goodell
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Elmira, NY 14901, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,USA
| | - Brianna Eassa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | - Jessica Pascolla
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Keith C DeRuisseau
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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9
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Tichy L, Parry TL. The pathophysiology of cancer-mediated cardiac cachexia and novel treatment strategies: A narrative review. Cancer Med 2023; 12:17706-17717. [PMID: 37654192 PMCID: PMC10524052 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Two of the leading causes of death worldwide are cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Most cancer patients suffer from a metabolic wasting syndrome known as cancer-induced cardiac cachexia, resulting in death in up to 30% of cancer patients. Main symptoms of this disease are severe cardiac muscle wasting, cardiac remodeling, and cardiac dysfunction. Metabolic alterations, increased inflammation, and imbalance of protein homeostasis contribute to the progression of this multifactorial syndrome, ultimately resulting in heart failure and death. Cancer-induced cardiac cachexia is associated with decreased quality of life, increased fatiguability, and decreased tolerance to therapeutic interventions. RECENT ADVANCES While molecular mechanisms of this disease are not fully understood, researchers have identified different stages of progression of this disease, as well as potential biomarkers to detect and monitor the development. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown positive results when implementing certain pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy interventions. CRITICAL ISSUES There are still no clear diagnostic criteria for cancer-mediated cardiac cachexia and the condition remains untreated, leaving cancer patients with irreversible effects of this syndrome. While traditional cardiovascular therapy interventions, such as beta-blockers, have shown some positive results in preclinical and clinical research studies, recent preclinical studies have shown more successful results with certain non-traditional treatment options that have not been further evaluated yet. There is still no clinical standard of care or approved FDA drug to aid in the prevention or treatment of cancer-induced cardiac cachexia. This review aims to revisit the still not fully understood pathophysiological mechanisms of cancer-induced cardiac cachexia and explore recent studies using novel treatment strategies. FUTURE DIRECTIONS While research has progressed, further investigations might provide novel diagnostic techniques, potential biomarkers to monitor the progression of the disease, as well as viable pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options to increase quality of life and reduce cancer-induced cardiac cachexia-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Tichy
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of North Carolina GreensboroGreensboroNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Traci L. Parry
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of North Carolina GreensboroGreensboroNorth CarolinaUSA
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10
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Delfinis LJ, Bellissimo CA, Gandhi S, DiBenedetto SN, Garibotti MC, Thuhan AK, Tsitkanou S, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Rahman FA, Cheng AJ, Wiggs MP, Schlattner U, Quadrilatero J, Greene NP, Perry CG. Muscle weakness precedes atrophy during cancer cachexia and is linked to muscle-specific mitochondrial stress. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155147. [PMID: 36346680 PMCID: PMC9869968 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle weakness and wasting are defining features of cancer-induced cachexia. Mitochondrial stress occurs before atrophy in certain muscles, but the possibility of heterogeneous responses between muscles and across time remains unclear. Using mice inoculated with Colon-26 cancer, we demonstrate that specific force production was reduced in quadriceps and diaphragm at 2 weeks in the absence of atrophy. At this time, pyruvate-supported mitochondrial respiration was lower in quadriceps while mitochondrial H2O2 emission was elevated in diaphragm. By 4 weeks, atrophy occurred in both muscles, but specific force production increased to control levels in quadriceps such that reductions in absolute force were due entirely to atrophy. Specific force production remained reduced in diaphragm. Mitochondrial respiration increased and H2O2 emission was unchanged in both muscles versus control while mitochondrial creatine sensitivity was reduced in quadriceps. These findings indicate muscle weakness precedes atrophy and is linked to heterogeneous mitochondrial alterations that could involve adaptive responses to metabolic stress. Eventual muscle-specific restorations in specific force and bioenergetics highlight how the effects of cancer on one muscle do not predict the response in another muscle. Exploring heterogeneous responses of muscle to cancer may reveal new mechanisms underlying distinct sensitivities, or resistance, to cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca J. Delfinis
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine A. Bellissimo
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shivam Gandhi
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara N. DiBenedetto
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madison C. Garibotti
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arshdeep K. Thuhan
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stavroula Tsitkanou
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, College of Education and Health Professions, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Megan E. Rosa-Caldwell
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, College of Education and Health Professions, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Fasih A. Rahman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arthur J. Cheng
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael P. Wiggs
- Mooney Lab for Exercise, Nutrition, and Biochemistry, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Uwe Schlattner
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics, University Grenoble Alpes and INSERM U1055, Grenoble, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas P. Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, College of Education and Health Professions, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Christopher G.R. Perry
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Murphy BT, Mackrill JJ, O'Halloran KD. Impact of cancer cachexia on respiratory muscle function and the therapeutic potential of exercise. J Physiol 2022; 600:4979-5004. [PMID: 36251564 PMCID: PMC10091733 DOI: 10.1113/jp283569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is defined as a multi-factorial syndrome characterised by an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass and progressive functional impairment, estimated to affect 50-80% of patients and responsible for 20% of cancer deaths. Elevations in the morbidity and mortality rates of cachectic cancer patients has been linked to respiratory failure due to atrophy and dysfunction of the ventilatory muscles. Despite this, there is a distinct scarcity of research investigating the structural and functional condition of the respiratory musculature in cancer, with the majority of studies exclusively focusing on limb muscle. Treatment strategies are largely ineffective in mitigating the cachectic state. It is now widely accepted that an efficacious intervention will likely combine elements of pharmacology, nutrition and exercise. However, of these approaches, exercise has received comparatively little attention. Therefore, it is unlikely to be implemented optimally, whether in isolation or combination. In consideration of these limitations, the current review describes the mechanistic basis of cancer cachexia and subsequently explores the available respiratory- and exercise-focused literature within this context. The molecular basis of cachexia is thoroughly reviewed. The pivotal role of inflammatory mediators is described. Unravelling the mechanisms of exercise-induced support of muscle via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in addition to promoting efficient energy metabolism via increased mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial function and muscle glucose uptake provide avenues for interventional studies. Currently available pre-clinical mouse models including novel transgenic animals provide a platform for the development of multi-modal therapeutic strategies to protect respiratory muscles in people with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben T. Murphy
- Department of PhysiologySchool of MedicineCollege of Medicine and HealthUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - John J. Mackrill
- Department of PhysiologySchool of MedicineCollege of Medicine and HealthUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Ken D. O'Halloran
- Department of PhysiologySchool of MedicineCollege of Medicine and HealthUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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12
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van de Haterd B, Verboven K, Vandenabeele F, Agten A. The Role of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in Colorectal Cancer Related Cachexia: Friends or Foes? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14833. [PMID: 36499157 PMCID: PMC9737299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 60% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients develop cachexia. The presence of CRC related cachexia is associated with more adverse events during systemic therapy, leading to a high mortality rate. The main manifestation in CRC related cachexia is the loss of skeletal muscle mass, resulting from an imbalance between skeletal muscle protein synthesis and protein degradation. In CRC related cachexia, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and proteolytic systems lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in an imbalanced skeletal muscle metabolism. Mitochondria fulfill an important function in muscle maintenance. Thus, preservation of the skeletal muscle mitochondrial homeostasis may contribute to prevent the loss of muscle mass. However, it remains elusive whether mitochondria play a benign or malignant role in the development of cancer cachexia. This review summarizes current (mostly preclinical) evidence about the role of skeletal muscle mitochondria in the development of CRC related cachexia. Future human research is necessary to determine the physiological role of skeletal muscle mitochondria in the development of human CRC related cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt van de Haterd
- REVAL—Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Verboven
- REVAL—Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- BIOMED—Biomedical Research Center, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Frank Vandenabeele
- REVAL—Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Anouk Agten
- REVAL—Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- U-RISE—Uhasselt Research Group on Innovative and Society-Engaged Education, School for Educational Studies, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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13
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Wiggs MP, Beaudry AG, Law ML. Cardiac Remodeling in Cancer-Induced Cachexia: Functional, Structural, and Metabolic Contributors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121931. [PMID: 35741060 PMCID: PMC9221803 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a syndrome of progressive weight loss and muscle wasting occurring in many advanced cancer patients. Cachexia significantly impairs quality of life and increases mortality. Cardiac atrophy and dysfunction have been observed in patients with cachexia, which may contribute to cachexia pathophysiology. However, relative to skeletal muscle, little research has been carried out to understand the mechanisms of cardiomyopathy in cachexia. Here, we review what is known clinically about the cardiac changes occurring in cachexia, followed by further discussion of underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms contributing to cachexia-induced cardiomyopathy. Impaired cardiac contractility and relaxation may be explained by a complex interplay of significant heart muscle atrophy and metabolic remodeling, including mitochondrial dysfunction. Because cardiac muscle has fundamental differences compared to skeletal muscle, understanding cardiac-specific effects of cachexia may bring light to unique therapeutic targets and ultimately improve clinical management for patients with cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Wiggs
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (M.P.W.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Anna G. Beaudry
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (M.P.W.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Michelle L. Law
- Department of Human Sciences and Design, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(254)-710-6003
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14
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Dolly A, Lecomte T, Tabchouri N, Caulet M, Michot N, Anon B, Chautard R, Desvignes Y, Ouaissi M, Fromont-Hankard G, Dumas JF, Servais S. Pectoralis major muscle atrophy is associated with mitochondrial energy wasting in cachectic patients with gastrointestinal cancer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1837-1849. [PMID: 35316572 PMCID: PMC9178397 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by involuntary and pathological weight loss, mainly due to skeletal muscle wasting, resulting in a decrease in patients' quality of life, response to cancer treatments, and survival. Our objective was to investigate skeletal muscle alterations in cachectic cancer patients. METHODS This is a prospective study of patients managed for pancreatic or colorectal cancer with an indication for systemic chemotherapy (METERMUCADIG - NCT02573974). One lumbar CT image was used to determine body composition. Patients were divided into three groups [8 noncachectic (NC), 18 with mild cachexia (MC), and 19 with severe cachexia (SC)] based on the severity of weight loss and muscle mass. For each patient, a pectoralis major muscle biopsy was collected at the time of implantable chamber placement. We used high-resolution oxygraphy to measure mitochondrial muscle oxygen consumption on permeabilized muscle fibres. We also performed optical and electron microscopy analyses, as well as gene and protein expression analyses. RESULTS Forty-five patients were included. Patients were 67% male, aged 67 years (interquartile range, 59-77). Twenty-three (51%) and 22 (49%) patients were managed for pancreatic and colorectal cancer, respectively. Our results show a positive correlation between median myofibres area and skeletal muscle index (P = 0.0007). Cancer cachexia was associated with a decrease in MAFbx protein expression (P < 0.01), a marker of proteolysis through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption related to energy wasting was significantly increased (SC vs. NC, P = 0.028) and mitochondrial area tended to increase (SC vs. MC, P = 0.056) in SC patients. On the contrary, mitochondria content and networks remain unaltered in cachectic cancer patients. Finally, our results show no dysfunction in lipid storage and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS This clinical protocol brings unique data that provide new insight to mechanisms underlying muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. We report for the first time an increase in mitochondrial energy wasting in the skeletal muscle of severe cachectic cancer patients. Additional clinical studies are essential to further the exploring and understanding of these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Dolly
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
| | - Thierry Lecomte
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France.,Department of hepatogastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Tabchouri
- Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Morgane Caulet
- Department of hepatogastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Michot
- Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Benjamin Anon
- Department of hepatogastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Romain Chautard
- Department of hepatogastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Yoann Desvignes
- Delegation for Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mehdi Ouaissi
- Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Gaëlle Fromont-Hankard
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-François Dumas
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
| | - Stéphane Servais
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
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15
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Review of Mechanisms and Treatment of Cancer-Induced Cardiac Cachexia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061040. [PMID: 35326491 PMCID: PMC8947347 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial, paraneoplastic syndrome that impacts roughly half of all cancer patients. It can negatively impact patient quality of life and prognosis by causing physical impairment, reducing chemotherapy tolerance, and precluding them as surgical candidates. While there is substantial research on cancer-induced skeletal muscle cachexia, there are comparatively fewer studies and therapies regarding cardiac cachexia in the setting of malignancy. A literature review was performed using the PubMed database to identify original articles pertaining to cancer-induced cardiac cachexia, including its mechanisms and potential therapeutic modalities. Seventy studies were identified by two independent reviewers based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. While there are multiple studies addressing the pathophysiology of cardiac-induced cancer cachexia, there are no studies evaluating therapeutic options in the clinical setting. Many treatment modalities including nutrition, heart failure medication, cancer drugs, exercise, and gene therapy have been explored in in vitro and mice models with varying degrees of success. While these may be beneficial in cancer patients, further prospective studies specifically focusing on the assessment and treatment of the cardiac component of cachexia are needed.
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16
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Cardiac myocyte intrinsic contractility and calcium handling deficits underlie heart organ dysfunction in murine cancer cachexia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23627. [PMID: 34880268 PMCID: PMC8655071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a muscle wasting syndrome occurring in many advanced cancer patients. Cachexia significantly increases cancer morbidity and mortality. Cardiac atrophy and contractility deficits have been observed in patients and in animal models with cancer cachexia, which may contribute to cachexia pathophysiology. However, underlying contributors to decreased in vivo cardiac contractility are not well understood. In this study, we sought to distinguish heart-intrinsic changes from systemic factors contributing to cachexia-associated cardiac dysfunction. We hypothesized that isolated heart and cardiac myocyte functional deficits underlie in vivo contractile dysfunction. To test this hypothesis, isolated heart and cardiac myocyte function was measured in the colon-26 adenocarcinoma murine model of cachexia. Ex vivo perfused hearts from cachectic animals exhibited marked contraction and relaxation deficits during basal and pacing conditions. Isolated myocytes displayed significantly decreased peak contraction and relaxation rates, which was accompanied by decreased peak calcium and decay rates. This study uncovers significant organ and cellular-level functional deficits in cachectic hearts outside of the catabolic in vivo environment, which is explained in part by impaired calcium cycling. These data provide insight into physiological mechanisms of cardiomyopathy in cachexia, which is critical for the ultimate development of effective treatments for patients.
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17
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Kitaoka Y, Miyazaki M, Kikuchi S. Voluntary exercise prevents abnormal muscle mitochondrial morphology in cancer cachexia mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15016. [PMID: 34427401 PMCID: PMC8383714 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of voluntary wheel running on cancer cachexia-induced mitochondrial alterations in mouse skeletal muscle. Mice bearing colon 26 adenocarcinoma (C26) were used as a model of cancer cachexia. C26 mice showed a lower gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle weight, but 4 weeks of voluntary exercise rescued these changes. Further, voluntary exercise attenuated observed declines in the levels of oxidative phosphorylation proteins and activities of citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase in the skeletal muscle of C26 mice. Among mitochondrial morphology regulatory proteins, mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) were decreased in the skeletal muscle of C26 mice, but exercise resulted in similar improvements as seen in markers of mitochondrial content. In isolated mitochondria, 4-hydroxynonenal and protein carbonyls were elevated in C26 mice, but exercise blunted the increases in these markers of oxidative stress. In addition, electron microscopy revealed that exercise alleviated the observed increase in the percentage of damaged mitochondria in C26 mice. These results suggest that voluntary exercise effectively counteracts mitochondrial dysfunction to mitigate muscle loss in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityYokohamaJapan
| | - Mitsunori Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyGraduate School of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
- Department of Physical TherapySchool of Rehabilitation SciencesHealth Sciences University of HokkaidoIshikari‐TobetsuJapan
| | - Shin Kikuchi
- Department of Anatomy 1Sapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
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18
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Jackson KM, Cole CL, Dunne RF. From bench to bedside: updates in basic science, translational and clinical research on muscle fatigue in cancer cachexia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2021; 24:216-222. [PMID: 33560743 PMCID: PMC8018541 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cancer cachexia is a syndrome of loss of weight and muscle mass that leads to reduced strength, poor physical performance and functional impairment. Muscular fatigue is a distressing syndrome that patients with cachexia suffer from and can impair quality of life. Here, we review recent updates in muscular fatigue in cancer cachexia research with a focus on mechanisms, biomarkers and potential therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Both in mice and humans, research has shown that muscle fatigue can be independent of muscular atrophy and can happen early in cancer development or in precachexia. Inflammatory pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction and gut microbiota have recently been studied to play an important role in muscle fatigue in preclinical models. Exercise can target these pathways and has been studied as a therapeutic intervention to improve muscle fatigue. SUMMARY Heightened inflammation within muscle, altered muscle function and muscle fatigue can begin prior to clinical evidence of cachexia, making early recognition and intervention challenging. The emergence of cachexia mouse models and translational and clinical research studying muscle fatigue will hopefully lead to new therapies targeting the underlying mechanisms of cancer cachexia. Exercise will need to be tested in larger randomized studies before entering into daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Calvin L. Cole
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Richard F. Dunne
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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19
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Hyatt HW, Powers SK. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is a Common Denominator Linking Skeletal Muscle Wasting Due to Disease, Aging, and Prolonged Inactivity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040588. [PMID: 33920468 PMCID: PMC8070615 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the body and is required for numerous vital functions, including breathing and locomotion. Notably, deterioration of skeletal muscle mass is also highly correlated to mortality in patients suffering from chronic diseases (e.g., cancer). Numerous conditions can promote skeletal muscle wasting, including several chronic diseases, cancer chemotherapy, aging, and prolonged inactivity. Although the mechanisms responsible for this loss of muscle mass is multifactorial, mitochondrial dysfunction is predicted to be a major contributor to muscle wasting in various conditions. This systematic review will highlight the biochemical pathways that have been shown to link mitochondrial dysfunction to skeletal muscle wasting. Importantly, we will discuss the experimental evidence that connects mitochondrial dysfunction to muscle wasting in specific diseases (i.e., cancer and sepsis), aging, cancer chemotherapy, and prolonged muscle inactivity (e.g., limb immobilization). Finally, in hopes of stimulating future research, we conclude with a discussion of important future directions for research in the field of muscle wasting.
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20
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Targeting Mitochondria by SS-31 Ameliorates the Whole Body Energy Status in Cancer- and Chemotherapy-Induced Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040850. [PMID: 33670497 PMCID: PMC7923037 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer cachexia is a debilitating syndrome, caused by both tumor growth and chemotherapy. The skeletal muscle is one of the main tissues affected during cachexia, presenting with altered metabolism and function, leading to progressive tissue wasting. In the current study we aimed at counteracting cachexia by pharmacologically improving metabolic function with the mitochondria-targeted compound SS-31. Experimental cancer cachexia was obtained using C26-bearing mice either receiving chemotherapy (oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil) or not. SS-31 proved effective in rescuing some of the metabolic impairments imposed by both tumor and chemotherapy in the skeletal muscle and the liver, improving systemic energy control. Unfortunately, such effects were no longer present at late disease stages when refractory cachexia ensued. Overall, we provide evidence of potential new treatments targeting mitochondrial function in order to counteract or delay cancer cachexia. Abstract Objective: Cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome frequently occurring in cancer patients and exacerbated by chemotherapy. In skeletal muscle of cancer hosts, reduced oxidative capacity and low intracellular ATP resulting from abnormal mitochondrial function were described. Methods: The present study aimed at evaluating the ability of the mitochondria-targeted compound SS-31 to counteract muscle wasting and altered metabolism in C26-bearing (C26) mice either receiving chemotherapy (OXFU: oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil) or not. Results: Mitochondrial dysfunction in C26-bearing (C26) mice associated with alterations of cardiolipin fatty acid chains. Selectively targeting cardiolipin with SS-31 partially counteracted body wasting and prevented the reduction of glycolytic myofiber area. SS-31 prompted muscle mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and rescued intracellular ATP levels, although it was unable to counteract mitochondrial protein loss. Progressively increased dosing of SS-31 to C26 OXFU mice showed transient (21 days) beneficial effects on body and muscle weight loss before the onset of a refractory end-stage condition (28 days). At day 21, SS-31 prevented mitochondrial loss and abnormal autophagy/mitophagy. Skeletal muscle, liver and plasma metabolomes were analyzed, showing marked energy and protein metabolism alterations in tumor hosts. SS-31 partially modulated skeletal muscle and liver metabolome, likely reflecting an improved systemic energy homeostasis. Conclusions: The results suggest that targeting mitochondrial function may be as important as targeting protein anabolism/catabolism for the prevention of cancer cachexia. With this in mind, prospective multi-modal therapies including SS-31 are warranted.
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