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Ermini E, Brai A, Cini E, Finetti F, Giannini G, Padula D, Paradisi L, Poggialini F, Trabalzini L, Tolu P, Taddei M. A novel bioresponsive self-immolative spacer based on aza-quinone methide reactivity for the controlled release of thiols, phenols, amines, sulfonamides or amides. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6168-6177. [PMID: 38665538 PMCID: PMC11041255 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01576b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A stimuli-sensitive linker is one of the indispensable components of prodrugs for cancer therapy as it covalently binds the drug and releases it upon external stimulation at the tumour site. Quinone methide elimination has been widely used as the key transformation to release drugs based on their nucleofugacity. The usual approach is to bind the drug to the linker as a carbamate and release it as a free amine after a self-immolative 1,6-elimination. Although this approach is very efficient, it is limited to amines (as carbamates), alcohols or phenols (as carbonates) or other acidic functional groups. We report here a self-immolative spacer capable of directly linking and releasing amines, phenols, thiols, sulfonamides and carboxyamides after a reductive stimulus. The spacer is based on the structure of (5-nitro-2-pyrrolyl)methanol (NPYM-OH), which was used for the direct alkylation of the functional groups mentioned above. The spacer is metabolically stable and has three indispensable sites for bioconjugation: the bioresponsive trigger, the conjugated 1,6 self-immolative system and a third arm suitable for conjugation with a carrier or other modifiers. Release was achieved by selective reduction of the nitro group over Fe/Pd nanoparticles (NPs) in a micellar aqueous environment (H2O/TPGS-750-M), or by NADH mediated nitroreductase activation. A DFT study demonstrates that, during the 1,6 elimination, the transition state formed from 5-aminopyrrole has a lower activation energy compared to other 5-membered heterocycles or p-aminobenzyl derivatives. The NPYM scaffold was validated by late-stage functionalisation of approved drugs such as celecoxib, colchicine, vorinostat or ciprofloxacin. A hypoxia-activated NPYM-based prodrug (HAP) derived from HDAC inhibitor ST7612AA1 was also produced, which was active in cancer cells under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ermini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Annalaura Brai
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Elena Cini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Federica Finetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology Corporate R&D - Alfasigma SpA Via Pontina, km 30400 00071 Pomezia (Roma) Italy
| | - Daniele Padula
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Lucrezia Paradisi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Federica Poggialini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Lorenza Trabalzini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Paola Tolu
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Maurizio Taddei
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
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2
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Hobson AD. Antibody drug conjugates beyond cytotoxic payloads. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2023; 62:1-59. [PMID: 37981349 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
For many years, antibody drug conjugates (ADC) have teased with the promise of targeted payload delivery to diseased cells, embracing the targeting of the antibody to which a cytotoxic payload is conjugated. During the past decade this promise has started to be realised with the approval of more than a dozen ADCs for the treatment of various cancers. Of these ADCs, brentuximab vedotin really laid the foundations of a template for a successful ADC with lysosomal payload release from a cleavable dipeptide linker, measured DAR by conjugation to the Cys-Cys interchain bonds of the antibody and a cytotoxic payload. Using this ADC design model oncology has now expanded their repertoire of payloads to include non-cytotoxic compounds. These new payload classes have their origins in prior medicinal chemistry programmes aiming to design selective oral small molecule drugs. While this may not have been achieved, the resulting compounds provide excellent starting points for ADC programmes with some compounds amenable to immediate linker attachment while for others extensive SAR and structural information offer invaluable design insights. Many of these new oncology payload classes are of interest to other therapeutic areas facilitating rapid access to drug-linkers for exploration as non-oncology ADCs. Other therapeutic areas have also pursued unique payload classes with glucocorticoid receptor modulators (GRM) being the most clinically advanced in immunology. Here, ADC payloads come full circle, as oncology is now investigating GRM payloads for the treatment of cancer. This chapter aims to cover all these new ADC approaches while describing the medicinal chemistry origins of the new non-cytotoxic payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian D Hobson
- Small Molecule Therapeutics & Platform Technologies, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States.
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3
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Histone deacetylase inhibitor based prodrugs. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112628. [PMID: 32679451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a family of enzymes which play important roles in the development and progression of cancers. Inhibition of HDACs has been widely studied as a therapeutic strategy in the discovery of anticancer drugs. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) have exhibited potency against a variety of cancer types, and four of them have been approved by the US FDA for cancer treatment. However, the clinical benefits of current HDACIs is limited by the insufficient physicochemical property, selectivity and potency. To improve the clinical potential of HDACIs, the prodrug strategy had been utilized to improve the in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic performances of HDACIs. Enhancements in the stability, water solubility, lipophilicity, oral bioavailability and tumor cell selectivity were reported by various studies. Herein, the development of different kinds of HDACI-based prodrug is summarized for the further structural modification of HDACIs with high potential to be drug candidates.
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4
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Milazzo FM, Vesci L, Anastasi AM, Chiapparino C, Rosi A, Giannini G, Taddei M, Cini E, Faltoni V, Petricci E, Battistuzzi G, Salvini L, Carollo V, De Santis R. ErbB2 Targeted Epigenetic Modulation: Anti-tumor Efficacy of the ADC Trastuzumab-HDACi ST8176AA1. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1534. [PMID: 32039017 PMCID: PMC6989603 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy using monoclonal antibodies conjugated to toxins is gaining space in the treatment of cancer. Here, we report the anti-tumor effect of a new antibody drug conjugate (ADC) delivering a HDAC inhibitor to ErbB2+ solid tumors. Trastuzumab was partially reduced with tris [2-carboxyethyl] phosphine (TCEP) and conjugated to ST7464AA1, the active form of the prodrug HDAC inhibitor ST7612AA1, through a maleimide-thiol linker to obtain the Antibody Drug Conjugate (ADC) ST8176AA1. The average drug/antibody ratio (DAR) was 4.5 as measured by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). Binding of ST8176AA1 to ErbB2 receptor and internalization in tumor cells were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), cytofluorimetry, and High Content Screening (HCS) Imaging. The biological activity of the ADC was evaluated in vitro and in vivo by measuring cell proliferation/cell cycle, apoptosis/DNA damage, tubulin, and histone acetylation and modulation of Epithelial/Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) markers. Receptor binding and internalization of ST8176AA1 were confirmed to be similar to trastuzumab. Higher anti-tumor activity of ST8176AA1 compared to trastuzumab was observed in vitro in tumor cell lines. Such higher activity correlated with increased acetylation of histones and alfa-tubulin as a consequence of HDAC inhibitor-mediated epigenetic modulation that also induced increased expression of ErbB2 and estrogen receptor in triple negative breast cancer cells. Consistently with in vitro data, ST8176AA1 exhibited higher tumor growth inhibition than trastuzumab in xenograft models of ovary and colon carcinoma and in two patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of pancreatic carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry analysis of tumor masses showed lower expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 and higher expression of cleaved caspase-3 in mice treated with the ADC compared to those treated with trastuzumab and results correlated with increased acetylation of both histones and tubulin. Collectively, present data indicate that ADC ST8176AA1 can target epigenetic modulation to ErbB2+ tumors. Interestingly, the amount of HDACi estimated to be delivered at the ST8176AA1 effective dose would correspond to ~1/1,000 of ST7612AA1 effective dose. Therefore, ST8176AA1 is an attractive new therapeutic candidate because it exhibits increased anti-tumor potency compared to trastuzumab by exerting epigenetic modulation at a much safer dose compared to standard HDACi-based therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maurizio Taddei
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologia, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Cini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologia, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Elena Petricci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologia, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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5
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Li Y, Wang F, Chen X, Wang J, Zhao Y, Li Y, He B. Zinc-dependent Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors with Different Zinc Binding Groups. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:223-241. [PMID: 30674261 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190122144949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The state of histone acetylation plays a very crucial role in carcinogenesis and its development by chromatin remodeling and thus altering transcription of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Such epigenetic regulation was controlled by zinc-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs), one of the major regulators. Due to the therapeutic potential of HDACs as one of the promising drug targets in cancer, HDAC inhibitors have been intensively investigated over the last few decades. Notably, there are five HDAC inhibitors already approved to the market. Vorinostat (SAHA), Belinostat (PXD-101) and Romidepsin (FK228) have been approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in USA for treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) or peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) while Panbinostat (LBH-589) has also been approved by the FDA for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Recently, Chidamide was approved by China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) for the treatment of PTCL. The structural feature of almost all HDAC inhibitors consists of Cap group, linker, and zinc-binding group (ZBG). The binding of ZBG groups to zinc ion plays a decisive role in the inhibition of HDAC. Therefore, we will summarize the developed HDAC inhibitors according to different ZBG groups and discuss their binding mode with zinc ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Xiaoxue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Yonglong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
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6
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Jiang Q, Zhang L, Song W. Zinc binding groups for histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:714-721. [PMID: 29616828 PMCID: PMC6009916 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1417274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc binding groups (ZBGs) play a crucial role in targeting histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) to the active site of histone deacetylases (HDACs), thus determining the potency of HDACIs. Due to the high affinity to the zinc ion, hydroxamic acid is the most commonly used ZBG in the structure of HDACs. An alternative ZBG is benzamide group, which features excellent inhibitory selectivity for class I HDACs. Various ZBGs have been designed and tested to improve the activity and selectivity of HDACIs, and to overcome the pharmacokinetic limitations of current HDACIs. Herein, different kinds of ZBGs are reviewed and their features have been discussed for further design of HDACIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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7
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Cini E, Faltoni V, Petricci E, Taddei M, Salvini L, Giannini G, Vesci L, Milazzo FM, Anastasi AM, Battistuzzi G, De Santis R. Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) charged with HDAC inhibitor for targeted epigenetic modulation. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6490-6496. [PMID: 30288233 PMCID: PMC6144071 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05266a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here two novel antibody-drug conjugates loaded with the HDAC inhibitor ST7612AA1 (IC50 equal to 0.07 μM on NCI-H460 cells), a thiol-based molecule with a moderate toxicity in vivo. Two payloads were prepared using cleavable and non-cleavable linkers. After anchoring to cetuximab through amide bond with lysines, the resulting HDAC inhibitor-antibody conjugates showed ability to recognize EGFR and efficient internalization in tumor cells. Both ADCs induced sensible increment of histones 3 and 4 and alpha-tubulin acetylation. Animal models of human solid tumors showed high anti-tumor efficacy of the conjugates without the toxicity generally observed with traditional ADCs delivering highly potent cytotoxic drugs. These compounds, the first ADCs charged with not highly cytotoxic warheads, are potentially suitable for epigenetic modulation, extending the ADC strategy to the targeted delivery of HDAC inhibitors with many possible therapeutic applications beyond cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cini
- Lead Discovery Siena srl , Via Fiorentina 1 , 53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Valentina Faltoni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy .
| | - Elena Petricci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy .
| | - Maurizio Taddei
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy .
| | - Laura Salvini
- Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences , Via Fiorentina 1 , 53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- R&D Alfasigma S.p.A. , Via Pontina, Km. 30.400 , 00071 Pomezia , Roma , Italy .
| | - Loredana Vesci
- R&D Alfasigma S.p.A. , Via Pontina, Km. 30.400 , 00071 Pomezia , Roma , Italy .
| | | | - Anna Maria Anastasi
- R&D Alfasigma S.p.A. , Via Pontina, Km. 30.400 , 00071 Pomezia , Roma , Italy .
| | | | - Rita De Santis
- R&D Alfasigma S.p.A. , Via Pontina, Km. 30.400 , 00071 Pomezia , Roma , Italy .
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8
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Zagni C, Floresta G, Monciino G, Rescifina A. The Search for Potent, Small-Molecule HDACIs in Cancer Treatment: A Decade After Vorinostat. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1373-1428. [PMID: 28181261 DOI: 10.1002/med.21437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a crucial role in the remodeling of chromatin, and are involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. In the last decade, inhibition of HDACs came out as a target for specific epigenetic changes associated with cancer and other diseases. Until now, more than 20 HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) have entered clinical studies, and some of them (e.g., vorinostat, romidepsin) have been approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. This review provides an overview of current knowledge, progress, and molecular mechanisms of HDACIs, covering a period from 2011 until 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zagni
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Floresta
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Monciino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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9
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Battistuzzi G, Giannini G. Synthesis of ST7612AA1, a Novel Oral HDAC Inhibitor, via Radical
Thioacetic Acid Addition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 12:282-288. [PMID: 27917100 PMCID: PMC5101637 DOI: 10.2174/1573407212666160504160556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Background In the expanding field of anticancer drugs, HDAC inhibitors are playing an increasingly important role. To date, four/five HDAC inhibitors have been approved by FDA. All these compounds fit the widely accepted HDAC inhibitors pharmacophore model characterized by a cap group, a linker chain and a zinc binding group (ZBG), able to bind the Zn2+ ion in a pocket of the HDAC active site. Romidepsin, a natural compound, is the only thiol derivative. We have selected a new class of synthetic HDAC inhibitors, the thio-ω(lactam-carboxamide) derivatives, with ST7612AA1 as drug candidate, pan-inhibitor active in the range of single- to two-digit nanomolar concentrations. Preliminary results of a synthetic optimization attempt towards a fast scale-up process are here proposed. Methods In the four steps of synthesis, from unsaturated amino acid intermediate to the final product, we explored different synthetic conditions in order to have a transferable process for a scale-up synthetic laboratory. Results In the first step, isobutyl chloroformate was used and, after a simple work up with 1M HCl, 2 (96% yield) was obtained as a white solid, which was used directly in the next step. For thioacetic acid addition to the double bond of intermediate 2, two different routes were possible, with addition reaction in the first (D’) or last step (D). Reactions of 2 to give 5 or of 4 to give ST7612AA1 were both performed in dioxane. Reactions were fast and did not need the usually advised radical quenching with cyclohexene. The corresponding products were obtained in good yields (step D’, 89%; step D, 81%) after a flash chromatography. Conclusion: ST7612AA1 , a thiol derivative prodrug of ST7464AA1, is the first of a new generation of HDAC inhibitors, very potent, orally administered, and well tolerated. Here, we have identified a synthetic route, competitive, versatile and easily transferable to industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- R&D Sigma-Tau IFR S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, I-00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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10
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Mensah AA, Kwee I, Gaudio E, Rinaldi A, Ponzoni M, Cascione L, Fossati G, Stathis A, Zucca E, Caprini G, Bertoni F. Novel HDAC inhibitors exhibit pre-clinical efficacy in lymphoma models and point to the importance of CDKN1A expression levels in mediating their anti-tumor response. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5059-71. [PMID: 25671298 PMCID: PMC4467133 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the pre-clinical activities of two novel histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), ITF-A and ITF-B, in a large panel of pre-clinical lymphoma models. The two compounds showed a dose-dependent anti-proliferative activity in the majority of cell lines. Gene expression profiling (GEP) of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells treated with the compounds showed a modulation of genes involved in chromatin structure, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, B-cell signaling, and genes encoding metallothioneins. Cell lines showed differences between the concentrations of ITF-A and ITF-B needed to cause anti-proliferative or cytotoxic activity, and cell cycle and apoptosis genes appeared implicated in determining the type of response. In particular, CDKN1A expression was higher in DLBCL cells that, to undergo apoptosis, required a much higher amount of drug than that necessary to induce only an anti-proliferative effect. In conclusion, the two novel HDACi ITF-A and ITF-B demonstrated anti-proliferative activity across different mature B-cell lymphoma cell lines. Basal CDKN1A levels appeared to be important in determining the gap between HDACi concentrations causing cell cycle arrest and those that lead to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afua Adjeiwaa Mensah
- Lymphoma & Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Kwee
- Lymphoma & Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (IDSIA), Manno, Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Lymphoma & Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Lymphoma & Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Department of Onco-Hematology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Cascione
- Lymphoma & Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,IOSI Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Fossati
- Preclinical R&D Department, Italfarmaco S.p.A., Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Anastasios Stathis
- IOSI Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Zucca
- IOSI Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Caprini
- Preclinical R&D Department, Italfarmaco S.p.A., Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Lymphoma & Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,IOSI Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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11
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Shen S, Kozikowski AP. Why Hydroxamates May Not Be the Best Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors--What Some May Have Forgotten or Would Rather Forget? ChemMedChem 2015; 11:15-21. [PMID: 26603496 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxamate-based histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) have been approved as therapeutic agents by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in oncology applications. While the potential utility of such HDACIs in other areas of medicinal chemistry is tremendous, there are significant concerns that "pan-HDAC inhibitors" may be too broadly acting and/or toxic for clinical use beyond oncology. In addition to the isozyme selectivity challenge, the potential mutagenicity of hydroxamate-containing HDAC inhibitors represents a major hindrance in their application to other therapeutic areas. Herein we report on the mutagenicity of known hydroxamates, discuss the mechanisms responsible for their genotoxicity, and review some of the current alternatives to hydroxamates. We conclude that the hydroxamate group, while providing high-potency HDACIs, is not necessarily the best zinc-binding group for HDACI drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sida Shen
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Alan P Kozikowski
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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The thioacetate-ω(γ-lactam carboxamide) HDAC inhibitor ST7612AA1 as HIV-1 latency reactivation agent. Antiviral Res 2015; 123:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sobolewski C, Rhim J, Legrand N, Muller F, Cerella C, Mack F, Chateauvieux S, Kim JG, Yoon AY, Kim KW, Dicato M, Diederich M. 2,5-Dimethyl-Celecoxib Inhibits Cell Cycle Progression and Induces Apoptosis in Human Leukemia Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:308-28. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.225011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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DNA methylation profiling identifies two splenic marginal zone lymphoma subgroups with different clinical and genetic features. Blood 2015; 125:1922-31. [PMID: 25612624 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-596247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma is a rare lymphoma. Loss of 7q31 and somatic mutations affecting the NOTCH2 and KLF2 genes are the commonest genomic aberrations. Epigenetic changes can be pharmacologically reverted; therefore, identification of groups of patients with specific epigenomic alterations might have therapeutic relevance. Here we integrated genome-wide DNA-promoter methylation profiling with gene expression profiling, and clinical and biological variables. An unsupervised clustering analysis of a test series of 98 samples identified 2 clusters with different degrees of promoter methylation. The cluster comprising samples with higher-promoter methylation (High-M) had a poorer overall survival compared with the lower (Low-M) cluster. The prognostic relevance of the High-M phenotype was confirmed in an independent validation set of 36 patients. In the whole series, the High-M phenotype was associated with IGHV1-02 usage, mutations of NOTCH2 gene, 7q31-32 loss, and histologic transformation. In the High-M set, a number of tumor-suppressor genes were methylated and repressed. PRC2 subunit genes and several prosurvival lymphoma genes were unmethylated and overexpressed. A model based on the methylation of 3 genes (CACNB2, HTRA1, KLF4) identified a poorer-outcome patient subset. Exposure of splenic marginal zone lymphoma cell lines to a demethylating agent caused partial reversion of the High-M phenotype and inhibition of proliferation.
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