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Sundi PRIO, Thipe VC, Omar MA, Adelusi TI, Gedefa J, Olaoba OT. Preclinical Human and Murine Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2024:102418. [PMID: 39004339 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2024.102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent liver cancer, which account for more than 90 % of all liver cancer cases. It is the fifth leading cause of cancer globally and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men. The availability of competent HCC preclinical models is fundamental to the success of mechanistic studies, molecular target identification, and drug testing. However, there are challenges associated with the use of these models. In this review, we provided updates on various cell lines, animals, and human HCC models, their specific preclinic use and associated potential challenges. Overall, the understanding of the merits and demerits of a particular HCC model will improve model selection for various preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pharidah Rajan Ibrahim Omar Sundi
- Lusaka Apex Medical University, Off Mumbwa Road, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; Pan African organization for Health, Education and Research (POHER)
| | - Velaphi C Thipe
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology and Cancer Nanotechnology, Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | | | | | - Jalene Gedefa
- Collage of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Olamide T Olaoba
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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2
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Cocco E, de Stanchina E. Patient-Derived-Xenografts in Mice: A Preclinical Platform for Cancer Research. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041381. [PMID: 37696659 PMCID: PMC11216185 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) has dramatically improved drug development programs. PDXs (1) reproduce the pathological features and the genomic profile of the parental tumors more precisely than other preclinical models, and (2) more faithfully predict therapy response. However, PDXs have limitations. These include the inability to completely capture tumor heterogeneity and the role of the immune system, the low engraftment efficiency of certain tumor types, and the consequences of the human-host interactions. Recently, the use of novel mouse strains and specialized engraftment techniques has enabled the generation of "humanized" PDXs, partially overcoming such limitations. Importantly, establishing, characterizing, and maintaining PDXs is costly and requires a significant regulatory, administrative, clinical, and laboratory infrastructure. In this review, we will retrace the historical milestones that led to the implementation of PDXs for cancer research, review the most recent innovations in the field, and discuss future avenues to tackle deficiencies that still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cocco
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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3
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Lewis MT, Caldas C. The Power and Promise of Patient-Derived Xenografts of Human Breast Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041329. [PMID: 38052483 PMCID: PMC10982691 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, a group of researchers engaged in the development of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of human breast cancer provided a comprehensive review of the state of the field. In that review, they summarized the clinical problem that PDXs might address, the technical approaches to their generation (including a discussion of host animals and transplant conditions tested), and presented transplantation success (take) rates across groups and across transplantation conditions. At the time, there were just over 500 unique PDX models created by these investigators representing all three clinically defined subtypes (ER+, HER2+, and TNBC). Today, many of these PDX resources have at least doubled in size, and several more PDX development groups now exist, such that there may be well upward of 1000 PDX models of human breast cancer in existence worldwide. They also presented a series of open questions for the field. Many of these questions have been addressed. However, several remain open, or only partially addressed. Herein, we revisit these questions, and recount the progress that has been made in a number of areas with respect to generation, characterization, and use of PDXs in translational research, and re-present questions that remain open. These open questions, and others, are now being addressed not only by individual investigators, but also large, well-funded consortia including the PDXNet program of the National Cancer Institute in the United States, and the EuroPDX Consortium, an organization of PDX developers across Europe. Finally, we discuss the new opportunities in PDX-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lewis
- Baylor College of Medicine, The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
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4
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McGreevy O, Bosakhar M, Gilbert T, Quinn M, Fenwick S, Malik H, Goldring C, Randle L. The importance of preclinical models in cholangiocarcinoma. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2024:108304. [PMID: 38653585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2024.108304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an adenocarcinoma of the hepatobiliary system with a grim prognosis. Incidence is rising globally and surgery is currently the only curative treatment, but is only available for patients who are fit and diagnosed in an early-stage of disease progression. Great importance has been placed on developing preclinical models to help further our understanding of CCA and potential treatments to improve therapeutic outcomes. Preclinical models of varying complexity and cost have been established, ranging from more simplistic in vitro 2D CCA cell lines in culture, to more complex in vivo genetically engineered mouse models. Currently there is no single model that faithfully recaptures the complexities of human CCA and the in vivo tumour microenvironment. Instead a multi-model approach should be used when designing preclinical trials to study CCA and potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen McGreevy
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Mohammed Bosakhar
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Timothy Gilbert
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK; Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, L7 8XP, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marc Quinn
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK; Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, L7 8XP, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen Fenwick
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, L7 8XP, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hassan Malik
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, L7 8XP, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher Goldring
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Laura Randle
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
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5
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Pessino G, Scotti C, Maggi M, Immuno-Hub Consortium. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Old and Emerging Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:901. [PMID: 38473265 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer, predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), globally ranks sixth in incidence and third in cancer-related deaths. HCC risk factors include non-viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, environmental exposures, and genetic factors. No specific genetic alterations are unequivocally linked to HCC tumorigenesis. Current standard therapies include surgical options, systemic chemotherapy, and kinase inhibitors, like sorafenib and regorafenib. Immunotherapy, targeting immune checkpoints, represents a promising avenue. FDA-approved checkpoint inhibitors, such as atezolizumab and pembrolizumab, show efficacy, and combination therapies enhance clinical responses. Despite this, the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a challenge, as the complex tumor ecosystem and the immunosuppressive microenvironment associated with it hamper the efficacy of the available therapeutic approaches. This review explores current and advanced approaches to treat HCC, considering both known and new potential targets, especially derived from proteomic analysis, which is today considered as the most promising approach. Exploring novel strategies, this review discusses antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T), and engineered antibodies. It then reports a systematic analysis of the main ligand/receptor pairs and molecular pathways reported to be overexpressed in tumor cells, highlighting their potential and limitations. Finally, it discusses TGFβ, one of the most promising targets of the HCC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Pessino
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Scotti
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maristella Maggi
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Immuno-Hub Consortium
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Zhu L, Cheng C, Liu S, Yang L, Han P, Cui T, Zhang Y. Advancements and application prospects of three-dimensional models for primary liver cancer: a comprehensive review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1343177. [PMID: 38188493 PMCID: PMC10771299 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1343177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer (PLC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. However, traditional liver cancer models fail to replicate tumor heterogeneity and the tumor microenvironment, limiting the study and personalized treatment of liver cancer. To overcome these limitations, scientists have introduced three-dimensional (3D) culture models as an emerging research tool. These 3D models, utilizing biofabrication technologies such as 3D bioprinting and microfluidics, enable more accurate simulation of the in vivo tumor microenvironment, replicating cell morphology, tissue stiffness, and cell-cell interactions. Compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) models, 3D culture models better mimic tumor heterogeneity, revealing differential sensitivity of tumor cell subpopulations to targeted therapies or immunotherapies. Additionally, these models can be used to assess the efficacy of potential treatments, providing guidance for personalized therapy. 3D liver cancer models hold significant value in tumor biology, understanding the mechanisms of disease progression, and drug screening. Researchers can gain deeper insights into the impact of the tumor microenvironment on tumor cells and their interactions with the surrounding milieu. Furthermore, these models allow for the evaluation of treatment responses, offering more accurate guidance for clinical interventions. In summary, 3D models provide a realistic and reliable tool for advancing PLC research. By simulating tumor heterogeneity and the microenvironment, these models contribute to a better understanding of the disease mechanisms and offer new strategies for personalized treatment. Therefore, 3D models hold promising prospects for future PLC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Zhu
- First Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Sen Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Long Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Pinsheng Han
- Nankai University of Medicine College, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
- Research Unit for Drug Metabolism, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Zhu L, Gao S, Zhao X, Wang Y. Identification of biomarkers, pathways, and therapeutic targets for EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302110. [PMID: 37816585 PMCID: PMC10565673 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to map the hub genes and potential pathways that might be involved in the molecular pathogenesis of EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC. We performed bioinformatics analysis to identify differentially expressed genes, their function, gene interactions, and pathway analysis between EGFR-TKI-sensitive and EGFR-TKI-resistant patient-derived xenotransplantation samples based on Gene Expression Omnibus database. Survival analysis was performed via the GEPIA database (GEO). The relationship between the key gene ITGAM and the therapeutic candidates was retrieved from DGIdb. A total of 1,302 differentially expressed genes were identified based on GEO. The PPI network highlighted 10 potential hub genes. Only ITGAM was linked to poor DSF in NSCLC patients. A total of 10 drugs were predicted to be potential therapeutics for NSCLC with EGFR-TKI resistance. This study indicates the hub genes related to EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC through bioinformatics technologies which can improve the understanding of the mechanisms of EGFR-TKI resistance and provide novel insights into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Xianya Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Fudan University Anhui Hospital), Hefei, China
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Singhal SS, Garg R, Mohanty A, Garg P, Ramisetty SK, Mirzapoiazova T, Soldi R, Sharma S, Kulkarni P, Salgia R. Recent Advancement in Breast Cancer Research: Insights from Model Organisms-Mouse Models to Zebrafish. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112961. [PMID: 37296923 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been utilized for decades to investigate the causes of human diseases and provide platforms for testing novel therapies. Indeed, breakthrough advances in genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models and xenograft transplantation technologies have dramatically benefited in elucidating the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including cancer. The currently available GEM models have been employed to assess specific genetic changes that underlay many features of carcinogenesis, including variations in tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. In addition, mice models render it easier to locate tumor biomarkers for the recognition, prognosis, and surveillance of cancer progression and recurrence. Furthermore, the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model, which involves the direct surgical transfer of fresh human tumor samples to immunodeficient mice, has contributed significantly to advancing the field of drug discovery and therapeutics. Here, we provide a synopsis of mouse and zebrafish models used in cancer research as well as an interdisciplinary 'Team Medicine' approach that has not only accelerated our understanding of varied aspects of carcinogenesis but has also been instrumental in developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad S Singhal
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Rachana Garg
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Atish Mohanty
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Pankaj Garg
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sravani Keerthi Ramisetty
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Tamara Mirzapoiazova
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Raffaella Soldi
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85338, USA
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85338, USA
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Chen K, Li Y, Wang B, Yan X, Tao Y, Song W, Xi Z, He K, Xia Q. Patient-derived models facilitate precision medicine in liver cancer by remodeling cell-matrix interaction. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1101324. [PMID: 37215109 PMCID: PMC10192760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is an aggressive tumor originating in the liver with a dismal prognosis. Current evidence suggests that liver cancer is the fifth most prevalent cancer worldwide and the second most deadly type of malignancy. Tumor heterogeneity accounts for the differences in drug responses among patients, emphasizing the importance of precision medicine. Patient-derived models of cancer are widely used preclinical models to study precision medicine since they preserve tumor heterogeneity ex vivo in the study of many cancers. Patient-derived models preserving cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions better recapitulate in vivo conditions, including patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), precision-cut liver slices (PCLSs), patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and patient-derived tumor spheroids (PDTSs). In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different modalities used to establish preclinical models for precision medicine in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanran Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingran Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehan Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiying Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhou Song
- Ottawa-Shanghai Joint School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifeng Xi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang He
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
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Li W, Chen W, Wang J, Zhao G, Chen L, Wan Y, Luo Q, Li W, Huang H, Li W, Li W, Yang Y, Chen D, Su Q. A PDX model combined with CD-DST assay to evaluate the antitumor properties of KRpep-2d and oxaliplatin in KRAS (G12D) mutant colorectal cancer. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12518. [PMID: 36590511 PMCID: PMC9800201 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are more faithful in maintaining the characteristics of human tumors than cell lines and are widely used in drug development, although they have some disadvantages, including their relative low success rate, long turn-around time, and high costs. The collagen gel droplet embedded culture drug sensitivity test (CD-DST) has been used as an in-vitro drug sensitivity test for patients with cancer because of its high success rate of primary cell culture, high sensitivity, and good clinical relevance, but it is based on an in-vitro cell culture and may not simulate the tumor microenvironment accurately. This study aims to combine a PDX model with CD-DST to evaluate the efficiency of antitumor agents. KRpep-2d, a small peptide targeting KRAS (G12D), and oxaliplatin were used to verify the feasibility of this approach. Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were first applied to test and validate the KRAS mutation status of a panel of colorectal cancer PDX tissues. One PDX model was verified to carry KRAS (G12D) mutation and was used for in-vivo and the CD-DST drug tests. We then established the PDX mouse model from the patient with the KRAS (G12D) mutation and obtained viable cancer cells derived from the same PDX model. Next, the antitumor abilities of KRpep-2d and oxaliplatin were estimated in the PDX model and the CD-DST. We found that KRpep-2d showed no significant antitumor effect on the xenograft model or on cancer cells derived from the same PDX model. In contrast, oxaliplatin showed significant inhibitory effects in both tests. In conclusion, the PDX model in combination with the CD-DST assay is a comprehensive and feasible method of evaluating the antitumor properties of compounds and could be applied for new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuguo Li
- Animal Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jialin Wang
- General Surgical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Guangyin Zhao
- Animal Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Lianzhou Chen
- General Surgical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yong Wan
- Guangzhou Darui Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qianxin Luo
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Animal Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Haoji Huang
- Animal Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenying Li
- Animal Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wu Li
- Animal Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yutong Yang
- Animal Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Daici Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China,Corresponding author.
| | - Qiao Su
- Animal Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China,Corresponding author.
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Long Y, Xie B, Shen HC, Wen D. Translation Potential and Challenges of In Vitro and Murine Models in Cancer Clinic. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233868. [PMID: 36497126 PMCID: PMC9741314 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the leading causes of death from disease, cancer continues to pose a serious threat to human health globally. Despite the development of novel therapeutic regimens and drugs, the long-term survival of cancer patients is still very low, especially for those whose diagnosis is not caught early enough. Meanwhile, our understanding of tumorigenesis is still limited. Suitable research models are essential tools for exploring cancer mechanisms and treatments. Herein we review and compare several widely used in vitro and in vivo murine cancer models, including syngeneic tumor models, genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM), cell line-derived xenografts (CDX), patient-derived xenografts (PDX), conditionally reprogrammed (CR) cells, organoids, and MiniPDX. We will summarize the methodology and feasibility of various models in terms of their advantages and limitations in the application prospects for drug discovery and development and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Long
- Shanghai LIDE Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Shanghai LIDE Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong C. Shen
- China Innovation Center of Roche, Roche R & D Center, Shanghai 201203, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.S.); (D.W.); Tel.: +86-21-68585628 (D.W.)
| | - Danyi Wen
- Shanghai LIDE Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.S.); (D.W.); Tel.: +86-21-68585628 (D.W.)
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12
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Pan B, Wei X, Xu X. Patient-derived xenograft models in hepatopancreatobiliary cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:41. [PMID: 35090441 PMCID: PMC8796540 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are crucial tools for evaluating the biological progress of human cancers and for the preclinical investigation of anticancer drugs and cancer prevention. Various animals are widely used in hepatopancreatobiliary cancer research, and mouse models are the most popular. Generally, genetic tools, graft transplantation, and chemical and physical measures are adopted to generate sundry mouse models of hepatopancreatobiliary cancer. Graft transplantation is commonly used to study tumour progression. Over the past few decades, subcutaneous or orthotopic cell-derived tumour xenograft models (CDX models) have been developed to simulate distinct tumours in patients. However, two major limitations exist in CDX models. One model poorly simulates the microenvironment of tumours in humans, such as the vascular, lymphatic and immune environments. The other model loses genetic heterogeneity compared with the corresponding primary tumour. Increased efforts have focused on developing better models for hepatopancreatobiliary cancer research. Hepatopancreatobiliary cancer is considered a tumour with high molecular heterogeneity, making precision medicine challenging in cancer treatment. Developing a new animal model that can better mimic tumour tissue and more accurately predict the efficacy of anticancer treatments is urgent. For the past several years, the patient-derived xenograft model (PDX model) has emerged as a promising tool for translational research. It can retain the genetic and histological stability of their originating tumour at limited passages and shed light on precision cancer medicine. In this review, we summarize the methodology, advantages/disadvantages and applications of PDX models in hepatopancreatobiliary cancer research.
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13
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Zou C, El Dika I, Vercauteren KOA, Capanu M, Chou J, Shia J, Pilet J, Quirk C, Lalazar G, Andrus L, Kabbani M, Yaqubie A, Khalil D, Mergoub T, Chiriboga L, Rice CM, Abou‐Alfa GK, de Jong YP. Mouse characteristics that affect establishing xenografts from hepatocellular carcinoma patient biopsies in the United States. Cancer Med 2021; 11:602-617. [PMID: 34951132 PMCID: PMC8817074 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Zou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Weill Medical College at Cornell University New York New York USA
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease The Rockefeller University New York New York USA
| | - Imane El Dika
- Department of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York USA
- Department of Medicine Weill Medical College at Cornell University New York New York USA
| | - Koen O. A. Vercauteren
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease The Rockefeller University New York New York USA
| | - Marinela Capanu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York USA
| | - Joanne Chou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York USA
| | - Jinru Shia
- Department of Pathology Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York USA
| | - Jill Pilet
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease The Rockefeller University New York New York USA
| | - Corrine Quirk
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease The Rockefeller University New York New York USA
| | - Gadi Lalazar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Weill Medical College at Cornell University New York New York USA
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics The Rockefeller University New York New York USA
| | - Linda Andrus
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease The Rockefeller University New York New York USA
| | - Mohammad Kabbani
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease The Rockefeller University New York New York USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Amin Yaqubie
- Department of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York USA
| | - Danny Khalil
- Department of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York USA
- Department of Medicine Weill Medical College at Cornell University New York New York USA
| | - Taha Mergoub
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Sloan Kettering Institute New York New York USA
| | - Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology Center for Biospecimen Research and Development NYU Langone Health New York New York USA
| | - Charles M. Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease The Rockefeller University New York New York USA
| | - Ghassan K. Abou‐Alfa
- Department of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York USA
- Department of Medicine Weill Medical College at Cornell University New York New York USA
| | - Ype P. de Jong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Weill Medical College at Cornell University New York New York USA
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease The Rockefeller University New York New York USA
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14
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Romualdo GR, Leroy K, Costa CJS, Prata GB, Vanderborght B, da Silva TC, Barbisan LF, Andraus W, Devisscher L, Câmara NOS, Vinken M, Cogliati B. In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Strategies for Translational Modeling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5583. [PMID: 34771745 PMCID: PMC8582701 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related death globally. HCC is a complex multistep disease and usually emerges in the setting of chronic liver diseases. The molecular pathogenesis of HCC varies according to the etiology, mainly caused by chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections, chronic alcohol consumption, aflatoxin-contaminated food, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus. The establishment of HCC models has become essential for both basic and translational research to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology and unravel new molecular drivers of this disease. The ideal model should recapitulate key events observed during hepatocarcinogenesis and HCC progression in view of establishing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to be translated into clinical practice. Despite considerable efforts currently devoted to liver cancer research, only a few anti-HCC drugs are available, and patient prognosis and survival are still poor. The present paper provides a state-of-the-art overview of in vivo and in vitro models used for translational modeling of HCC with a specific focus on their key molecular hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ribeiro Romualdo
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (G.B.P.); (L.F.B.)
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Kaat Leroy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Cícero Júlio Silva Costa
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
| | - Gabriel Bacil Prata
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (G.B.P.); (L.F.B.)
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Bart Vanderborght
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Liver Research Center Ghent, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Hepatology Research Unit, Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Tereza Cristina da Silva
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
| | - Luís Fernando Barbisan
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (G.B.P.); (L.F.B.)
| | - Wellington Andraus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Hepatology Research Unit, Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
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15
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Lam M, Reales-Calderon JA, Ow JR, Adriani G, Pavesi A. In vitro 3D liver tumor microenvironment models for immune cell therapy optimization. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:041502. [PMID: 34632251 PMCID: PMC8492081 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances, liver cancer kills more than 18 million people every year worldwide, urging new strategies to model the disease and to improve the current therapeutic options. In vitro tumor models of human cancer continue to evolve, and they represent an important screening tool. However, there is a tremendous need to improve the physiological relevance and reliability of these in vitro models to fulfill today's research requirements for better understanding of cancer progression and treatment options at different stages of the disease. This review describes the hepatocellular carcinoma microenvironmental characteristics and illustrates the current immunotherapy strategy to fight the disease. Moreover, we present a recent collection of 2D and 3D in vitro liver cancer models and address the next generation of in vitro systems recapitulating the tumor microenvironment complexity in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Lam
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jose Antonio Reales-Calderon
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin Rong Ow
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giulia Adriani
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea Pavesi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Long JE, Jankovic M, Maddalo D. Drug discovery oncology in a mouse: concepts, models and limitations. Future Sci OA 2021; 7:FSO737. [PMID: 34295539 PMCID: PMC8288236 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2021-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of suitable mouse models is a critical step in the drug discovery oncology workflow as their generation and use are important for target identification and validation as well as toxicity and efficacy assessments. Current murine models have been instrumental in furthering insights into the mode of action of drugs before transitioning into the clinic. Recent advancements in genome editing with the development of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and the possibility of applying such technology directly in vivo have expanded the toolkit of preclinical models available. In this review, a brief presentation of the current models used in drug discovery will be provided with a particular emphasis on the novel CRISPR/Cas9 models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Long
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Maja Jankovic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Danilo Maddalo
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, 4070, Switzerland
- Author for correspondence:
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17
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Zhuo J, Lu D, Wang J, Lian Z, Zhang J, Li H, Cen B, Wei X, Wei Q, Xie H, Xu X. Molecular phenotypes reveal heterogeneous engraftments of patient-derived hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts. Chin J Cancer Res 2021; 33:470-479. [PMID: 34584372 PMCID: PMC8435819 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2021.04.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models provide a promising preclinical platform for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the molecular features associated with successful engraftment of PDX models have not been revealed. Methods HCC tumor samples from 76 patients were implanted in immunodeficient mice. The molecular expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Patient and tumor characteristics as well as tumor molecular expressions were compared for PDX engraftment using the Chi-square test. The independent prediction parameters were identified by logistic regression analyses. Results The engraftment rate for PDX models from patients with HCC was 39.47% (30/76). Tumors from younger patients and patients with elevated preoperative alpha-fetoprotein level had higher engraftment rates. Tumors with poor differentiation and vascular invasion were related to engraftment success. The positive expression of CK19, CD133, glypican-3 (GPC3), and Ki67 in tumor samples was associated with engraftment success. Logistic regression analyses indicated that GPC3 and Ki67 were two of the strongest predictors of PDX engraftment. Tumors with GPC3/Ki67 phenotypes showed heterogeneous engraftment rates, with 71.9% in GPC3+/Ki67+ tumors, 30.8% in GPC3−/Ki67+ tumors, 15.0% in GPC3+/Ki67− tumors, and 0 in GPC3−/Ki67− tumors.
Conclusions Successful engraftment of HCC PDXs was significantly related to molecular features. Tumors with the GPC3+/Ki67+ phenotype were the most likely to successfully establish HCC PDXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhuo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Di Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Huihui Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Beini Cen
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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18
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Maier CF, Zhu L, Nanduri LK, Kühn D, Kochall S, Thepkaysone ML, William D, Grützmann K, Klink B, Betge J, Weitz J, Rahbari NN, Reißfelder C, Schölch S. Patient-Derived Organoids of Cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168675. [PMID: 34445380 PMCID: PMC8395494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is an aggressive malignancy with an inferior prognosis due to limited systemic treatment options. As preclinical models such as CC cell lines are extremely rare, this manuscript reports a protocol of cholangiocarcinoma patient-derived organoid culture as well as a protocol for the transition of 3D organoid lines to 2D cell lines. Tissue samples of non-cancer bile duct and cholangiocarcinoma were obtained during surgical resection. Organoid lines were generated following a standardized protocol. 2D cell lines were generated from established organoid lines following a novel protocol. Subcutaneous and orthotopic patient-derived xenografts were generated from CC organoid lines, histologically examined, and treated using standard CC protocols. Therapeutic responses of organoids and 2D cell lines were examined using standard CC agents. Next-generation exome and RNA sequencing was performed on primary tumors and CC organoid lines. Patient-derived organoids closely recapitulated the original features of the primary tumors on multiple levels. Treatment experiments demonstrated that patient-derived organoids of cholangiocarcinoma and organoid-derived xenografts can be used for the evaluation of novel treatments and may therefore be used in personalized oncology approaches. In summary, this study establishes cholangiocarcinoma organoids and organoid-derived cell lines, thus expanding translational research resources of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Fabian Maier
- Junior Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Surgical Oncology (A430), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.F.M.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (N.N.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Lei Zhu
- Junior Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Surgical Oncology (A430), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.F.M.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (N.N.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Lahiri Kanth Nanduri
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (L.K.N.); (D.K.); (S.K.); (M.-L.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Daniel Kühn
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (L.K.N.); (D.K.); (S.K.); (M.-L.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Susan Kochall
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (L.K.N.); (D.K.); (S.K.); (M.-L.T.); (J.W.)
| | - May-Linn Thepkaysone
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (L.K.N.); (D.K.); (S.K.); (M.-L.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Doreen William
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.W.); (K.G.); (B.K.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konrad Grützmann
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.W.); (K.G.); (B.K.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Klink
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.W.); (K.G.); (B.K.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center of Genetics, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Johannes Betge
- Junior Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology and Preclinical Models (B440), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Weitz
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (L.K.N.); (D.K.); (S.K.); (M.-L.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Nuh N. Rahbari
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (N.N.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Christoph Reißfelder
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (N.N.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Sebastian Schölch
- Junior Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Surgical Oncology (A430), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.F.M.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (N.N.R.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Chen YT, Xiang D, Zhao XY, Chu XY. Upregulation of lncRNA NIFK-AS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma by m 6A methylation promotes disease progression and sorafenib resistance. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1800-1811. [PMID: 34374933 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have recently emerged as vital regulators in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), providing new opportunities as novel therapeutic targets. Here we identified the lncRNA NIFK-AS1 as being highly expressed in HCC tissues and cells and showed this up-regulation resulted from METTL3-dependent m6A methylation. Functionally, knockdown of NIFK-AS1 inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells. Moreover, these effects were elicited though AKT1 and we uncovered a ceRNA network involving an NIFK-AS1/miR-637/AKT1 axis with downstream effects on HCC progression involving regulation of MMP-7 and MMP-9 expression. From the clinical perspective, we showed that knockdown of NIFK-AS1 sensitized HCC cells to sorafenib through the up-regulation of the drug transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Clinical investigations showed HCC patients with low NIFK-AS1 expression benefited from sorafenib therapy and this phenomenon was reproduced in patient-derived tumor xenograft models (PDX) comparing HCC with low and high expression of NIFK-AS1. Taken together, these results suggest an essential role for NIFK-AS1 in HCC progression and promote NIFK-AS1 as a new therapeutic target and predictor of sorafenib benefit in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tian Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Zhongshan East Road 305, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Xiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Zhongshan East Road 305, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Zhongshan East Road 305, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Zhongshan East Road 305, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
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20
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Gao Y, Zhou R, Huang JF, Hu B, Cheng JW, Huang XW, Wang PX, Peng HX, Guo W, Zhou J, Fan J, Yang XR. Patient-Derived Xenograft Models for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Their Application in Guiding Personalized Medicine. Front Oncol 2021; 11:704042. [PMID: 34327143 PMCID: PMC8315044 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.704042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) remains one of the most intractable malignancies. The development of effective drug treatments for ICC is seriously hampered by the lack of reliable tumor models. At present, patient derived xenograft (PDX) models prove to accurately reflect the genetic and biological diversity required to decipher tumor biology and therapeutic vulnerabilities. This study was designed to investigate the establishment and potential application of PDX models for guiding personalized medicine and identifying potential biomarker for lenvatinib resistance. Methods We generated PDX models from 89 patients with ICC and compared the morphological and molecular similarities of parental tumors and passaged PDXs. The clinicopathologic features affecting PDX engraftment and the prognostic significance of PDX engraftment were analyzed. Drug treatment responses were analyzed in IMF-138, IMF-114 PDX models and corresponding patients. Finally, lenvatinib treatment response was examined in PDX models and potential drug resistance mechanism was revealed. Results Forty-nine PDX models were established (take rate: 55.1%). Successful PDX engraftment was associated with negative HbsAg (P = 0.031), presence of mVI (P = 0.001), poorer tumor differentiation (P = 0.023), multiple tumor number (P = 0.003), presence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001), and later TNM stage (P = 0.039). Moreover, patients with tumor engraftment had significantly shorter time to recurrence (TTR) (P < 0.001) and worse overall survival (OS) (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that PDX engraftment was an independent risk factor for shortened TTR (HR = 1.84; 95% CI, 1.05–3.23; P = 0.034) and OS (HR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.11–4.11; P = 0.024). PDXs were histologically and genetically similar to their parental tumors. We also applied IMF-138 and IMF-114 PDX drug testing results to guide clinical treatment for patients with ICC and found similar treatment responses. PDX models also facilitated personalized medicine for patients with ICC based on drug screening results using whole exome sequencing data. Additionally, PDX models reflected the heterogeneous sensitivity to lenvatinib treatment and CDH1 might be vital to lenvatinib-resistance. Conclusion PDX models provide a powerful platform for preclinical drug discovery, and potentially facilitate the implementation of personalized medicine and improvement of survival of ICC cancer patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Feng Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Wen Cheng
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Wu Huang
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Xiang Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Xiang Peng
- Shanghai Dunwill Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Epione Medlab Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Rong Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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21
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Wang H, Yang J, Zhang K, Liu J, Li Y, Su W, Song N. Advances of Fibroblast Growth Factor/Receptor Signaling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and its Pharmacotherapeutic Targets. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650388. [PMID: 33935756 PMCID: PMC8082422 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of primary liver cancer with poor prognosis, and its incidence and mortality rate are increasing worldwide. It is refractory to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy owing to its high tumor heterogeneity. Accumulated genetic alterations and aberrant cell signaling pathway have been characterized in HCC. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and their receptors (FGFRs) are involved in diverse biological activities, including embryonic development, proliferation, differentiation, survival, angiogenesis, and migration, etc. Data mining results of The Cancer Genome Atlas demonstrate high levels of FGF and/or FGFR expression in HCC tumors compared with normal tissues. Moreover, substantial evidence indicates that the FGF/FGFR signaling axis plays an important role in various mechanisms that contribute to HCC development. At present, several inhibitors targeting FGF/FGFR, such as multikinase inhibitors, specific FGFR4 inhibitors, and FGF ligand traps, exhibit antitumor activity in preclinical or early development phases in HCC. In this review, we summarize the research progress regarding the molecular implications of FGF/FGFR-mediated signaling and the development of FGFR-targeted therapeutics in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yushan Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei Su
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Na Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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22
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Chen X, Shen C, Wei Z, Zhang R, Wang Y, Jiang L, Chen K, Qiu S, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Chen B, Xu Y, Feng Q, Huang J, Zhong Z, Li H, Che G, Xiao K. Patient-derived non-small cell lung cancer xenograft mirrors complex tumor heterogeneity. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:184-198. [PMID: 33628593 PMCID: PMC7877179 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have shown great promise in preclinical and translational applications, but their consistency with primary tumors in phenotypic, genetic, and pharmacodynamic heterogeneity has not been well-studied. This study aimed to establish a PDX repository for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to further elucidate whether it could preserve the heterogeneity within and between tumors in patients. Methods A total of 75 surgically resected NSCLC specimens were implanted into immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice. Based on the successful establishment of the NSCLC PDX model, we compared the expressions of vimentin, Ki67, EGFR, and PD-L1 proteins between cancer tissues and PDX models using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining. In addition, we detected whole gene expression profiling between primary tumors and PDX generations. We also performed whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis in 17 first generation xenografts to further assess whether PDXs retained the patient heterogeneities. Finally, paclitaxel, cisplatin, doxorubicin, atezolizumab, afatininb, and AZD4547 were used to evaluate the responses of PDX models to the standard-of-care agents. Results A large collection of serially transplantable PDX models for NSCLC were successfully developed. The histology and pathological immunohistochemistry of PDX xenografts were consistent with the patients' tumor samples. WES and RNA-seq further confirmed that PDX accurately replicated the molecular heterogeneities of primary tumors. Similar to clinical patients, PDX models responded differentially to the standard-of-care treatment, including chemo-, targeted- and immuno-therapeutics. Conclusions Our established PDX models of NSCLC faithfully reproduced the molecular, histopathological, and therapeutic characteristics, as well as the corresponding tumor heterogeneities, which provides a clinically relevant platform for drug screening, biomarker discovery, and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanming Chen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Cheng Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zhe Wei
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- GCP Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yuanli Zhang
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610000, China
- Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Disease Modeling Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Center for Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qiyi Feng
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jinxing Huang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zhihui Zhong
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610000, China
- Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Disease Modeling Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Guowei Che
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610000, China
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m6A RNA methylation-mediated HNF3γ reduction renders hepatocellular carcinoma dedifferentiation and sorafenib resistance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:296. [PMID: 33361765 PMCID: PMC7762754 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3γ (HNF3γ) is a hepatocyte nuclear factor, but its role and clinical significance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Herein, we report that HNF3γ expression is downregulated in patient HCC and inversely correlated with HCC malignancy and patient survival. Moreover, our data suggested that the HNF3γ reduction in HCC could be mediated by METTL14-dependent m6A methylation of HNF3γ mRNA. HNF3γ expression was increased during hepatic differentiation and decreased in dedifferentiated HCC cells. Interestingly, HNF3γ delivery promoted differentiation of not only HCC cells but also liver CSCs, which led to suppression of HCC growth. Mechanistic analysis suggested an HNF3γ-centered regulatory network that includes essential liver differentiation-associated transcription factors and functional molecules, which could synergistically facilitate HCC cell differentiation. More importantly, enforced HNF3γ expression sensitized HCC cells to sorafenib-induced growth inhibition and cell apoptosis through transactivation of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 expression, which are major membrane transporters for sorafenib uptake. Clinical investigation showed that patient-derived HCC xenografts with high HNF3γ expression exhibited a sorafenib response and patients with high HCC HNF3γ levels benefited from sorafenib therapy. Together, these results suggest that HNF3γ plays an essential role in HCC differentiation and may serve as a therapeutic target and predictor of sorafenib benefit in patients.
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24
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Huang DQ, Muthiah MD, Zhou L, Jumat H, Tan WX, Lee GH, Lim SG, Kow A, Bonney G, Shridhar I, Lim YT, Wee A, Pang YH, Soon G, Chow P, Dan YY. Predicting HCC Response to Multikinase Inhibitors With In Vivo Cirrhotic Mouse Model for Personalized Therapy. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:1313-1325. [PMID: 33340714 PMCID: PMC8020437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises in a cirrhotic, pro-angiogenic microenvironment. Inhibiting angiogenesis is a key mode of action of multikinase inhibitors and current non-cirrhotic models are unable to predict treatment response. We present a novel mouse cirrhotic model of xenotransplant that predicts the natural biology of HCC and allows personalized therapy. METHODS Cirrhosis was induced in NOD Scid gamma mice with 4 months of thioacetamide administration. Patient derived xenografts (PDXs) were created by transplant of human HCC subcutaneously into non-cirrhotic mice and intra-hepatically into both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic mice. The applicability of cirrhotic PDXs for drug testing was tested with 16 days of either sorafenib or lenvatinib. Treatment response was evaluated by MRI. RESULTS 8 out of 19 (42%) human HCC engrafted in the cirrhotic model compared with only 3 out of 19 (16%) that engrafted in the subcutaneous non-cirrhotic model. Tumor vasculature was preserved in the cirrhotic model but was diminished in the non-cirrhotic models. Metastasis developed in 3 cirrhotic PDX lines and was associated with early HCC recurrence in all 3 corresponding patients (100%), compared with only 5 out of 16 (31%) of the other PDX lines, P = .027. The cirrhotic model was able to predict response and non-response to lenvatinib and sorafenib respectively in the corresponding patients. Response to lenvatinib in the cirrhotic PDX was associated with reduction in CD34, VEGFR2 and CLEC4G immunofluorescence area and intensity (all P ≤ .03). CONCLUSIONS A clinically relevant cirrhotic PDX model preserves tumor angiogenesis and allows prediction of response to multikinase inhibitors for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Q Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark D Muthiah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Halisah Jumat
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Xin Tan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guan Huei Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seng Gee Lim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alfred Kow
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Glenn Bonney
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Iyer Shridhar
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Yi Ting Lim
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Aileen Wee
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Yin Huei Pang
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Gwyneth Soon
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Pierce Chow
- Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore; Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Bevacizumab Augments the Antitumor Efficacy of Infigratinib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249405. [PMID: 33321903 PMCID: PMC7764786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling cascade is one of the key signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). FGF has been shown to augment vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated HCC development and angiogenesis, as well as to potentially lead to resistance to VEGF/VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-targeted agents. Thus, novel agents targeting FGF/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling may enhance and/or overcome de novo or acquired resistance to VEGF-targeted agents in HCC. Mice bearing high- and low-FGFR tumors were treated with Infigratinib (i.e., a pan-FGFR kinase inhibitor) and/or Bevacizumab (i.e., an angiogenesis inhibitor). The antitumor activity of both agents was assessed individually or in combination. Tumor vasculature, intratumoral hypoxia, and downstream targets of FGFR signaling pathways were also investigated. Infigratinib, when combined with Bevacizumab, exerted a synergistic inhibitory effect on tumor growth, invasion, and lung metastasis, and it significantly improved the overall survival of mice bearing FGFR-dependent HCC. Infigratinib/Bevacizumab promoted apoptosis, inhibited cell proliferation concomitant with upregulation of p27, and reduction in the expression of FGFR2-4, p-FRS-2, p-ERK1/2, p-p70S6K/4EBP1, Cdc25C, survivin, p-Cdc2, and p-Rb. Combining Infigratinib/Bevacizumab may provide therapeutic benefits for a subpopulation of HCC patients with FGFR-dependent tumors. A high level of FGFR-2/3 may serve as a potential biomarker for patient selection to Infigratinib/Bevacizumab.
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Zhu M, Li L, Lu T, Yoo H, Zhu J, Gopal P, Wang SC, Porempka MR, Rich NE, Kagan S, Odewole M, Renteria V, Waljee AK, Wang T, Singal AG, Yopp AC, Zhu H. Uncovering Biological Factors That Regulate Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth Using Patient-Derived Xenograft Assays. Hepatology 2020; 72:1085-1101. [PMID: 31899548 PMCID: PMC7332388 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several major factors limit our understanding of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). First, human HCCs are infrequently biopsied for diagnosis and thus are not often biologically interrogated. Second, HCC initiation and progression are strongly influenced by the cirrhotic microenvironment, and the exact contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic tumor factors are unclear. A powerful approach to examine the personalized biology of liver cancers and the influence of host tissues is with patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. In Asia, HCCs from patients with hepatitis B virus have been efficiently converted into PDXs, but few parallel efforts from the west have been reported. APPROACH AND RESULTS In a large-scale analysis, we implanted 93 HCCs and 8 cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) to systematically analyze host factors and to define an optimized platform for PDX development from both surgical and biopsy samples. NOD Scid IL-2Rγ-/- (NSG) mice that had undergone partial hepatectomy (PHx) represented the best combination of engraftability, growth, and passageability, but overall rates were low and indicative of a unique intrinsic biology for HCCs in the United States. PDX models preserved the histology and genetic features of parental tumors, and ultimately, eight models were usable for preclinical studies. Intriguingly, HCC PDXs were differentially sensitive to regorafenib and sorafenib, and CCA PDXs were also highly sensitive to regorafenib. CONCLUSIONS PDX models functionalize early and advanced stage HCCs and revealed unique biological features of liver cancers from the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tianshi Lu
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, 75390, USA
| | - Hyesun Yoo
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Michigan Integrated Center for Health Analytics and Medical Prediction (MiCHAMP), Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ji Zhu
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Michigan Integrated Center for Health Analytics and Medical Prediction (MiCHAMP), Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Purva Gopal
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sam C. Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Matthew R. Porempka
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nicole E. Rich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sofia Kagan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mobolaji Odewole
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Veronica Renteria
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Akbar K. Waljee
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine and Michigan Integrated Center for Health Analytics and Medical Prediction (MiCHAMP), Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, 75390, USA
| | - Amit G. Singal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Adam C. Yopp
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Lead contact: Hao Zhu, , Phone: (214) 648-2850
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iPSC-Derived Liver Organoids: A Journey from Drug Screening, to Disease Modeling, Arriving to Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176215. [PMID: 32867371 PMCID: PMC7503935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the most common treatment for patients suffering from liver failure that is caused by congenital diseases, infectious agents, and environmental factors. Despite a high rate of patient survival following transplantation, organ availability remains the key limiting factor. As such, research has focused on the transplantation of different cell types that are capable of repopulating and restoring liver function. The best cellular mix capable of engrafting and proliferating over the long-term, as well as the optimal immunosuppression regimens, remain to be clearly well-defined. Hence, alternative strategies in the field of regenerative medicine have been explored. Since the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) that have the potential of differentiating into a broad spectrum of cell types, many studies have reported the achievement of iPSCs differentiation into liver cells, such as hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells. In parallel, an increasing interest in the study of self-assemble or matrix-guided three-dimensional (3D) organoids have paved the way for functional bioartificial livers. In this review, we will focus on the recent breakthroughs in the development of iPSCs-based liver organoids and the major drawbacks and challenges that need to be overcome for the development of future applications.
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Sun W, Li SC, Xu L, Zhong W, Wang ZG, Pan CZ, Li J, Jin GZ, Ta N, Dong W, Liu D, Liu H, Wang HY, Ding J. High FLT3 Levels May Predict Sorafenib Benefit in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:4302-4312. [PMID: 32332018 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify a predictive biomarker of sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma personalized therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The patients treated with or without sorafenib after hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence from multicenters were matched with propensity score matching analysis. The expression levels of Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) in hepatocellular carcinoma specimens of the matched patients (n = 276) were analyzed by IHC. The optimal cut-off point of FLT3 levels for overall survival (OS) was defined via Cutoff Finder. Subgroup analysis of OS was employed to investigate the association between FLT3 levels and sorafenib benefit. The predictive value was assessed via Cox regression models with an interaction term. Hepatocellular carcinoma and paratumoral normal tissues were used to investigate the expression and copy-number variation of FLT3. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were used to confirm the association between FLT3 levels and sorafenib response. RESULTS Patients with FLT3-high hepatocellular carcinoma exhibited a superior OS upon sorafenib treatment. High FLT3 levels were predictive of sorafenib benefit in terms of OS (P interaction = 0.00006). Copy-number losses and decreased expression of FLT3 in hepatocellular carcinoma were detected in about 64% of patients. Moreover, the PDXs derived from tumors with high FLT3 levels also displayed a better response to sorafenib. CONCLUSIONS Sorafenib may be able to delay tumor progression in patients with FLT3-high hepatocellular carcinoma. This potential biomarker needs to be further validated in independent cohorts prior to helping stratify patients for precision therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sun
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Chao Li
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Guang Wang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chu-Zhi Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- The First Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Jin
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Ta
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin Ding
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Yu H, Mei XP, Su PF, Jin GZ, Zhou HK. A poor prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with low expression of DPP4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e9114. [PMID: 32294701 PMCID: PMC7162587 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20209114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the prognostic role of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). DPP4 expression was measured in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens that were gathered from 327 HCC patients. Immunohistochemistry analyses were utilized to examine DPP4 expression characteristics and prognostic values (overall survival (OS) and time to recurrence) of DDP4 in HCC tissues. In addition, a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model was used to assess the correlation between DPP4 expression and tumor growth in vivo. DPP4 was expressed in low levels in HCC tissues in contrast to paired peritumoral tissues (38 cases were down-regulated in a total of 59 cases, 64.4%. P=0.0202). DPP4 expression was significantly correlated with TNM stage (P=0.038), tumor number (P=0.035), and vascular invasion (P=0.024), and significantly reduced in patients who were in TNM stages II and III-V, with multiple tumors, and with microvascular invasion compared to patients with TNM stage I, single tumor, and no microvascular invasion. Notably, HCC tissues with low expression of DPP4 had poor OS (P=0.016) compared with HCC tissues with high expression of DPP4, and results from PDX model showed that tumor growth was significantly faster in HCC patients that lowly expressed DPP4 compared to those with highly expressed DPP4. Our findings suggested that low levels of DPP4 could impact the aggressiveness of HCC and contribute to a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing College, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Mei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing College, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng-Fei Su
- Department of General Surgery, Central Hospital of Liaoyang, Liaoyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Jin
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Kun Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing College, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
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Liu Y, Zhu YP, Cai MZ, Ke B, Li B, Liu N, Xue Q, Zhan HJ, Deng JY, Zhang L, Hao YP, Wang ZQ, Wang L, Liang H. A Preliminary Study on the Establishment of the PDTX Model. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:1969-1979. [PMID: 32256107 PMCID: PMC7096243 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s230668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The current study aims to explore the establishment of the patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) model. Materials and Methods Twenty patients with gastric cancer, 10 males and 10 females, were enrolled in the current study. Firstly, the volume, invasion and metastasis of the xenografts were observed. Subsequently, the correlation between tumor tissues of the PDTX mouse model and the patients' primary tumor tissues was evaluated by pathological H&E staining and immunohistochemistry. Results The results showed that the PDTX models corresponding to 15 of the 20 patients were successfully established, and the success rate of PDTX model establishment was 75%. Furthermore, the PDTX models maintained the differentiation degree, morphological characteristics and structural characteristics of tumor cells. Conclusion A PDTX model can be used as a substitute for cancer patients in clinical practice and may be suitable for clinical pharmacodynamic screening and new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhu
- Nanjing Personal Oncology Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Zhi Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jie Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yu Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Peng Hao
- Nanjing Personal Oncology Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Nanjing Personal Oncology Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Nanjing Personal Oncology Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
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Rebouissou S, Nault JC. Advances in molecular classification and precision oncology in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2020; 72:215-229. [PMID: 31954487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises from hepatocytes through the sequential accumulation of multiple genomic and epigenomic alterations resulting from Darwinian selection. Genes from various signalling pathways such as telomere maintenance, Wnt/β-catenin, P53/cell cycle regulation, oxidative stress, epigenetic modifiers, AKT/mTOR and MAP kinase are frequently mutated in HCC. Several subclasses of HCC have been identified based on transcriptomic dysregulation and genetic alterations that are closely related to risk factors, pathological features and prognosis. Undoubtedly, integration of data obtained from both preclinical models and human studies can help to accelerate the identification of robust predictive biomarkers of response to targeted biotherapy and immunotherapy. The aim of this review is to describe the main advances in HCC in terms of molecular biology and to discuss how this knowledge could be used in clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rebouissou
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, F-75006 Paris, France; Liver Unit, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France; Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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32
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Novel patient-derived preclinical models of liver cancer. J Hepatol 2020; 72:239-249. [PMID: 31954489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical models of cancer based on the use of human cancer cell lines and mouse models have enabled discoveries that have been successfully translated into patients. And yet the majority of clinical trials fail, emphasising the urgent need to improve preclinical research to better interrogate the potential efficacy of each therapy and the patient population most likely to benefit. This is particularly important for liver malignancies, which lack highly efficient treatments and account for hundreds of thousands of deaths around the globe. Given the intricate network of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to liver cancer development and progression, the identification of new druggable targets will mainly depend on establishing preclinical models that mirror the complexity of features observed in patients. The development of new 3D cell culture systems, originating from cells/tissues isolated from patients, might create new opportunities for the generation of more specific and personalised therapies. However, these systems are unable to recapitulate the tumour microenvironment and interactions with the immune system, both proven to be critical influences on therapeutic outcomes. Patient-derived xenografts, in particular with humanised mouse models, more faithfully mimic the physiology of human liver cancer but are costly and time-consuming, which can be prohibitive for personalising therapies in the setting of an aggressive malignancy. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in the development of more accurate preclinical models to better understand liver cancer biology and identify paradigm-changing therapies, stressing the importance of a bi-directional communicative flow between clinicians and researchers to establish reliable model systems and determine how best to apply them to expanding our current knowledge.
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Zhong W, Myers JS, Wang F, Wang K, Lucas J, Rosfjord E, Lucas J, Hooper AT, Yang S, Lemon LA, Guffroy M, May C, Bienkowska JR, Rejto PA. Comparison of the molecular and cellular phenotypes of common mouse syngeneic models with human tumors. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:2. [PMID: 31898484 PMCID: PMC6941261 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrates that reactivation of the human immune system delivers durable responses for some patients and represents an exciting approach for cancer treatment. An important class of preclinical in vivo models for immuno-oncology is immunocompetent mice bearing mouse syngeneic tumors. To facilitate translation of preclinical studies into human, we characterized the genomic, transcriptomic, and protein expression of a panel of ten commonly used mouse tumor cell lines grown in vitro culture as well as in vivo tumors. RESULTS Our studies identified a number of genetic and cellular phenotypic differences that distinguish commonly used mouse syngeneic models in our study from human cancers. Only a fraction of the somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in these common mouse cell lines directly match SNVs in human actionable cancer genes. Some models derived from epithelial tumors have a more mesenchymal phenotype with relatively low T-lymphocyte infiltration compared to the corresponding human cancers. CT26, a colon tumor model, had the highest immunogenicity and was the model most responsive to CTLA4 inhibitor treatment, by contrast to the relatively low immunogenicity and response rate to checkpoint inhibitor therapies in human colon cancers. CONCLUSIONS The relative immunogenicity of these ten syngeneic tumors does not resemble typical human tumors derived from the same tissue of origin. By characterizing the mouse syngeneic models and comparing with their human tumor counterparts, this study contributes to a framework that may help investigators select the model most relevant to study a particular immune-oncology mechanism, and may rationalize some of the challenges associated with translating preclinical findings to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Zhong
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA.
| | - Jeremy S Myers
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Justin Lucas
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Edward Rosfjord
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Judy Lucas
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Andrea T Hooper
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Sharon Yang
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Lu Anna Lemon
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Magali Guffroy
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Chad May
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Jadwiga R Bienkowska
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Paul A Rejto
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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Akbari S, Arslan N, Senturk S, Erdal E. Next-Generation Liver Medicine Using Organoid Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:345. [PMID: 31921856 PMCID: PMC6933000 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
"Liver medicine" refers to all diagnostic and treatment strategies of diseases and conditions that cause liver failure directly or indirectly. Despite significant advances in the field of liver medicine in recent years, improved tools are needed to efficiently define the pathophysiology of liver diseases and provide effective therapeutic options to patients. Recently, organoid technology has been established as the state-of-the-art cell culture tool for studying human biology in health and disease. In general, organoids are simplified three-dimensional (3D) mini-organ structures that can be grown in a 3D matrix where the structural and functional aspects of real organs are efficiently recapitulated. The generation of organoids is facilitated by exogenous factors that regulate multiple signaling pathways and promote the self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of the cells to promote spontaneous self-organization and tissue-specific organogenesis. Newly established protocols suggest that liver-specific organoids can be derived from either pluripotent stem cells or liver-specific stem/progenitor cells. Today, robust and long-term cultures of organoids with the closest physiology to in vivo liver, in terms of cellular composition and function, open a new era in studying and understanding the disease pathology as well as high-throughput drug screening. Of note, these next-generation cell culture systems have immense potential to be further improved by genome editing and bioengineering technologies to foster the development of patient-specific therapeutic options for clinical applications. Here, we will discuss recent advances and challenges in the generation of human liver organoids and highlight emerging concepts for their potential applications in liver medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nur Arslan
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Serif Senturk
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Erdal
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
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A reliable method to determine which candidate chemotherapeutic drugs effectively inhibit tumor growth in patient-derived xenografts (PDX) in single mouse trials. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 84:1167-1178. [PMID: 31512030 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We report on a statistical method for grouping anti-cancer drugs (GRAD) in single mouse trials (SMT). The method assigns candidate drugs into groups that inhibit or do not inhibit tumor growth in patient-derived xenografts (PDX). It determines the statistical significance of the group assignments without replicate trials of each drug. METHODS The GRAD method applies a longitudinal finite mixture model, implemented in the statistical package PROC TRAJ, to analyze a mixture of tumor growth curves for portions of the same tumor in different mice, each single mouse exposed to a different drug. Each drug is classified into an inhibitory or non-inhibitory group. There are several advantages to the GRAD method for SMT. It determines that probability that the grouping is correct, uses the entire longitudinal tumor growth curve data for each drug treatment, can fit different shape growth curves, accounts for missing growth curve data, and accommodates growth curves of different time periods. RESULTS We analyzed data for 22 drugs for 18 human colorectal tumors provided by researchers in a previous publication. The GRAD method identified 18 drugs that were inhibitory against at least one tumor, and 10 tumors for which there was at least one inhibitory drug. Analysis of simulated data indicated that the GRAD method has a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION A statistical method, GRAD, can group anti-cancer drugs into those that are inhibitory and those that are non-inhibitory in single mouse trials and provide probabilities that the grouping is correct.
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36
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Current and Future Horizons of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models in Colorectal Cancer Translational Research. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091321. [PMID: 31500168 PMCID: PMC6770280 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our poor understanding of the intricate biology of cancer and the limited availability of preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate the complexity of tumors are primary contributors to the high failure rate of novel therapeutics in oncology clinical studies. To address this need, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) platforms have been widely deployed and have reached a point of development where we can critically review their utility to model and interrogate relevant clinical scenarios, including tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution, contributions of the tumor microenvironment, identification of novel drugs and biomarkers, and mechanisms of drug resistance. Colorectal cancer (CRC) constitutes a unique case to illustrate clinical perspectives revealed by PDX studies, as they overcome limitations intrinsic to conventional ex vivo models. Furthermore, the success of molecularly annotated "Avatar" models for co-clinical trials in other diseases suggests that this approach may provide an additional opportunity to improve clinical decisions, including opportunities for precision targeted therapeutics, for patients with CRC in real time. Although critical weaknesses have been identified with regard to the ability of PDX models to predict clinical outcomes, for now, they are certainly the model of choice for preclinical studies in CRC. Ongoing multi-institutional efforts to develop and share large-scale, well-annotated PDX resources aim to maximize their translational potential. This review comprehensively surveys the current status of PDX models in translational CRC research and discusses the opportunities and considerations for future PDX development.
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37
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Hu B, Li H, Guo W, Sun Y, Zhang X, Tang W, Yang L, Xu Y, Tang X, Ding G, Qiu S, Zhou J, Li Y, Fan J, Yang X. Establishment of a hepatocellular carcinoma patient‐derived xenograft platform and its application in biomarker identification. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1606-1617. [PMID: 31310010 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionMinistry of Education Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS‐MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionMinistry of Education Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yun‐Fan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionMinistry of Education Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionMinistry of Education Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wei‐Guo Tang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionMinistry of Education Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Liu‐Xiao Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionMinistry of Education Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionMinistry of Education Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐Yan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS‐MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Guo‐Hui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS‐MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang‐Jian Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionMinistry of Education Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionMinistry of Education Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesFudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yi‐Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS‐MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionMinistry of Education Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesFudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Xin‐Rong Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionMinistry of Education Shanghai People's Republic of China
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Yang W, Fan WS, Ye MX, Li Z, Gu CL, Zhu YP, Hao YP, Wang ZQ, Wang L, Meng YG. Establishment of the PDTX model of gynecological tumors. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:3779-3789. [PMID: 31312388 PMCID: PMC6614644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fresh tumor tissues from patients with gynecological tumors were obtained by surgery or biopsy, and transplanted into NOD-Prkdcem26ll2rgem26Nju (NCG) mice to establish a patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 15 patients with gynecologic tumors were enrolled into the present study. Among these patients, 12 patients had epithelial fallopian tube/ovarian/peritoneal cancer, one patient had metastatic ovarian cancer, and two patients had cervical cancer. Furthermore, among these patients, three patients were treated with puncture or microscopy biopsy, six patients underwent laparoscopic surgery, and six patients underwent robotic surgery. The tumor formation latency, tumor formation rate, tumor volume, tumor invasion and metastasis of the transplanted tumor were observed, the consistency of the PDTX model tumor tissue and patient's primary tumor tissue was compared by pathological H&E staining, and pharmacodynamics testing was performed. RESULTS Seven of 15 PDTX models were successfully established, with a success rate of 46.7%. The tumor formation time ranged within 21-130 days, with a median tumor formation time of 73 days. The PDTX model maintained the differentiation, morphological and structural characteristics of tumor cells, and the pharmacodynamic test was completed in five patients. CONCLUSION The PDTX model is highly consistent with the pathology of the patient's tumor, and can be used as a substitute for clinical patients to guide the accurate treatment and scientific research of gynecological tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ming-Xia Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Cheng-Lei Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhu
- Nanjing Personal Oncology Biological Technology Co. Ltd.568 Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Peng Hao
- Nanjing Personal Oncology Biological Technology Co. Ltd.568 Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Nanjing Personal Oncology Biological Technology Co. Ltd.568 Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Wang
- Nanjing Personal Oncology Biological Technology Co. Ltd.568 Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan-Guang Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
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Wang J, Xing B, Liu W, Li J, Wang X, Li J, Yang J, Ji C, Li Z, Dong B, Gao J, Shen L. Molecularly annotation of mouse avatar models derived from patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Theranostics 2019; 9:3485-3500. [PMID: 31281492 PMCID: PMC6587174 DOI: 10.7150/thno.32033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Liver is the most common metastatic site in advanced colorectal cancer. Most patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) do not benefit from current treatment. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) with defined molecular signatures are attractive models for preclinical studies. Methods: Successfully established PDXs were evaluated to elucidate their fidelity of patients' biologic characteristics (pathologic, genetic and protein properties, together with chemosensitivity). The genomic variations of PDXs were analyzed by next-generation sequencing to explore the underlying molecular mechanism of metastasis and potential therapeutic targets. Results: CRLM (N=73) showed a significantly higher successful PDX establishment rate than primary specimens (N=26; 76.7% vs. 57.7%). CRLM PDXs recapitulated the pathologic, genetic and protein properties of parental tumors, as well as chemosensitivity. Frequent altered genes in PDXs showed high consistency compared to patients' genomic alterations and were enriched in MAPK, ErbB, cell cycle, focal adhesion pathways for CRLM PDXs, whereas primary tumor-derived PDXs only exhibited genomic variations involving ErbB and cell cycle. The genetic alterations showed high concordance between paired PDXs from primary and metastatic tissues, except for recurrent gene mutations (ARID1A, CDK8, ETV1, STAT5B and WNK3) and common copy number gains in chromosomes 20q (e.g., SRC/AURKA). Several potential drug targets such as KRAS, HER2, and FGFR2 were validated using corresponding inhibitors. Additionally, PDX models could also be used in screening efficient regimens for patients with no druggable alterations. Conclusion: This study has successfully established and validated a large panel of molecularly annotated platforms from patients with CRLM for preclinical studies.
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40
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Establishment and characterization of melanoma patient-derived xenograft models for preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutics. Melanoma Res 2019; 28:527-535. [PMID: 30086074 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models mostly retain the histological and genetic features of their donor tumors, which have been used for investigating various types of cancer. However, PDX models for melanoma, especially acral melanoma, are reported occasionally. We aimed to establish a large panel of melanoma PDX models representing the predominant Asian melanomas. Ninety-three fresh melanoma samples were implanted subcutaneously into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. The histological and genetic characteristics were analyzed in both patient tumors and PDX models using immunohistochemistry, PCR amplification, and Sanger sequencing. Furthermore, the sensitivities of PDX models harboring distinct mutation profiles to binimetinib (a MEK inhibitor), vemubrafenib (a BRAF inhibitor), and imatinib (a KIT inhibitor) were also evaluated. Twenty-five PDX models were established successfully [25/93 (26.9%)] and passaged to maintain tumors in vivo. Clinical stage and origin of tumor sample were correlated with successful establishment rates (P=0.008 and <0.001, respectively). The histological (expression of NRAS, P16, and RB) and genetic (mutation status of NRAS, BRAF, and KIT) characteristics were stably maintained from patient tumors to PDX models. Targeted drugs could inhibit the tumor growth of PDX models harboring the corresponding target gene mutations. These PDX models constitute a pharmacological platform, enabling personalized development of therapeutic strategies for Asian melanomas.
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41
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Blumer T, Fofana I, Matter MS, Wang X, Montazeri H, Calabrese D, Coto-Llerena M, Boldanova T, Nuciforo S, Kancherla V, Tornillo L, Piscuoglio S, Wieland S, Terracciano LM, Ng CKY, Heim MH. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts Established From Needle Biopsies Preserve the Characteristics of the Originating Tumors. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:971-986. [PMID: 31334445 PMCID: PMC6601318 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. Treatment options for patients with advanced‐stage disease are limited. A major obstacle in drug development is the lack of an in vivo model that accurately reflects the broad spectrum of human HCC. Patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) tumor mouse models could overcome the limitations of cancer cell lines. PDX tumors maintain the genetic and histologic heterogeneity of the originating tumors and are used for preclinical drug development in various cancers. Controversy exists about their genetic and molecular stability through serial passaging in mice. We aimed to establish PDX models from human HCC biopsies and to characterize their histologic and molecular stability during serial passaging. A total of 54 human HCC needle biopsies that were derived from patients with various underlying liver diseases and tumor stages were transplanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient, nonobese, diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency gamma‐c mice; 11 successfully engrafted. All successfully transplanted HCCs were Edmondson grade III or IV. HCC PDX tumors retained the histopathologic, transcriptomic, and genomic characteristics of the original HCC biopsies over 6 generations of retransplantation. These characteristics included Edmondson grade, expression of tumor markers, tumor gene signature, tumor‐associated mutations, and copy number alterations. Conclusion: PDX mouse models can be established from undifferentiated HCCs, with an overall success rate of approximately 20%. The transplanted tumors represent the entire spectrum of the molecular landscape of HCCs and preserve the characteristics of the originating tumors through serial passaging. HCC PDX models are a promising tool for preclinical personalized drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Blumer
- Department of Biomedicine University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Isabel Fofana
- Department of Biomedicine University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Matthias S Matter
- Institute of Pathology University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Xueya Wang
- Department of Biomedicine University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Hesam Montazeri
- Institute of Pathology University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland.,Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Diego Calabrese
- Department of Biomedicine University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Mairene Coto-Llerena
- Department of Biomedicine University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Tujana Boldanova
- Department of Biomedicine University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clarunis, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Sandro Nuciforo
- Department of Biomedicine University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Venkatesh Kancherla
- Institute of Pathology University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Luigi Tornillo
- Institute of Pathology University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Institute of Pathology University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland.,Visceral Surgery Research Laboratory, Clarunis, Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Stefan Wieland
- Department of Biomedicine University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Luigi M Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Charlotte K Y Ng
- Department of Biomedicine University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland.,Institute of Pathology University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland.,Department for Biomedical Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Markus H Heim
- Department of Biomedicine University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clarunis, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
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42
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Huot JR, Essex AL, Gutierrez M, Barreto R, Wang M, Waning DL, Plotkin LI, Bonetto A. Chronic Treatment with Multi-Kinase Inhibitors Causes Differential Toxicities on Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040571. [PMID: 31018508 PMCID: PMC6520777 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress, chemotherapy remains the preferred treatment for cancer. We have shown a link between anticancer drugs and the development of cachexia, i.e., body wasting accompanied by muscle loss. The multi-kinase inhibitors (MKIs) regorafenib and sorafenib, used as second-line treatment for solid tumors, are frequently accompanied by several side effects, including loss of muscle mass and strength. In the present study we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms associated with the occurrence of muscle toxicities in in vivo conditions. Hence, we treated 8-week old healthy CD2F1 male mice with MKIs for up to six weeks and observed decreased skeletal and cardiac muscle mass, consistent with muscle weakness. Modulation of ERK1/2 and GSK3β, as well as increased expression of markers of autophagy, previously associated with muscle atrophy conditions, were shown in skeletal muscle upon treatment with either drug. MKIs also promoted cardiac abnormalities consistent with reduced left ventricular mass, internal diameter, posterior wall thickness and stroke volume, despite unchanged overall function. Notably, different signaling pathways were affected in the heart, including reduced expression of mitochondrial proteins, and elevated AKT, GSK3β, mTOR, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Combined, our data demonstrate detrimental effects on skeletal and cardiac muscle in association with chronic administration of MKIs, although different mechanisms would seem to contribute to the cachectic phenotype in the two tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Huot
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Alyson L Essex
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Maya Gutierrez
- Greenfield Central High School, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA.
| | - Rafael Barreto
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Meijing Wang
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - David L Waning
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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43
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Castven D, Becker D, Czauderna C, Wilhelm D, Andersen JB, Strand S, Hartmann M, Heilmann‐Heimbach S, Roth W, Hartmann N, Straub BK, Mahn FL, Franck S, Pereira S, Haupts A, Vogel A, Wörns MA, Weinmann A, Heinrich S, Lang H, Thorgeirsson SS, Galle PR, Marquardt JU. Application of patient‐derived liver cancer cells for phenotypic characterization and therapeutic target identification. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:2782-2794. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darko Castven
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research GroupJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Diana Becker
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research GroupJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Carolin Czauderna
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research GroupJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Diana Wilhelm
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research GroupJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Jesper B. Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical ScienceUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Susanne Strand
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research GroupJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Monika Hartmann
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research GroupJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Stefanie Heilmann‐Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital of Bonn Department of Genomics, Life & Brain CenterUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain CenterUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Wilfried Roth
- Institute of PathologyJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Nils Hartmann
- Institute of PathologyJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Beate K. Straub
- Institute of PathologyJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Friederike L. Mahn
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research GroupJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Sophia Franck
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research GroupJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Sharon Pereira
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research GroupJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Anna Haupts
- Institute of PathologyJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Arndt Vogel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Marcus A. Wörns
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research GroupJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Arndt Weinmann
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research GroupJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Stefan Heinrich
- Department of SurgeryJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Hauke Lang
- Department of SurgeryJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Snorri S. Thorgeirsson
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis (LHC), Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda MD USA
| | - Peter R. Galle
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research GroupJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Jens U. Marquardt
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research GroupJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
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Jin GZ, Zhang Y, Cong WM, Wu X, Wang X, Wu S, Wang S, Zhou W, Yuan S, Gao H, Yu G, Yang W. Phosphoglucomutase 1 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating glucose trafficking. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006483. [PMID: 30335765 PMCID: PMC6193743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen metabolism commonly altered in cancer is just beginning to be understood. Phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1), the first enzyme in glycogenesis that catalyzes the reversible conversion between glucose 1-phosphate (G-1-P) and glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P), participates in both the breakdown and synthesis of glycogen. Here, we show that PGM1 is down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is associated with the malignancy and poor prognosis of HCC. Decreased PGM1 expression obstructed glycogenesis pathway, which leads to the increased flow of glucose into glycolysis, thereby promoting tumor cell proliferation and HCC development. The loss of forkhead box protein J2 (FOXJ2), at least partly due to low genomic copy number in HCC, releases cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (CNBP), a nucleic acid chaperon, to bind to and promote G-quadruplex formation in PGM1 promoter and therefore decreases PGM1 expression. In addition, integrated analyses of PGM1 and FOXJ2 expression provide a better prediction for the malignance and prognosis of HCC. This study establishes a tumor-suppressive role of PGM1 by regulating glucose trafficking and uncovers a novel regulatory mechanism of PGM1 expression. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults. Sorafenib is the only clinically approved systemic drug for patients with advanced HCC. Identification of novel targets and biomarkers will provide new therapeutic strategies for advanced HCC and better prognostic prediction. Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme that regulates one of the most important pathways in glucose metabolis—catalyzing the bidirectional interconversion of glucose 1-phosphate (G-1-P) and glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P). In this study, we identify PGM1 as a metabolic tumor suppressor. Its expression allocates more glucose to glycogenesis, which reduces the glycolytic intermediates for biosynthesis, thereby impairing HCC progression. We delineate the mechanism of PGM1 down-regulation in HCC, finding that forkhead box protein J2 (FOXJ2) loss releases cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (CNBP) to bind to and modify the DNA structure of PGM1 promoter, thereby inhibiting PGM1 expression. Immunohistochemical analyses of human HCC tumors indicate that low FOXJ2 and PGM1 expression correlates with the malignancy and poor progression of human HCC. These results also suggest that the activation of residual PGM1 may impair HCC development through switching glycolysis to glycogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhi Jin
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Ming Cong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyuan Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiongjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Zhou
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxian Yuan
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanzhen Yu
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (GY); (WY)
| | - Weiwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (GY); (WY)
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45
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Jung DH, Tak E, Hwang S, Song GW, Ahn CS, Kim KH, Moon DB, Ha TY, Park GC, Ryoo BY, Lee KJ, Kim N, Kwon JH, Jwa EK, Lee SG. Antitumor effect of sorafenib and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor in liver transplantation recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. Liver Transpl 2018; 24:932-945. [PMID: 29710388 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both sorafenib and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) have antitumor effects. This study aimed to evaluate their antitumor effects in liver transplantation (LT) recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence. We performed a laboratory study using sorafenib and mTORi and subsequently validated their survival benefit in a clinical LT setting. In the laboratory study, the HepG2.2.15 liver tumor cell line and 5 patient-derived graft HCC cell lines were used for in vitro cytotoxic studies. After treatment with everolimus and sorafenib, cell viability and apoptosis assays revealed noticeable cytotoxic effects with individual agents and augmented effects by combination therapy. An in vivo mouse study also demonstrated similar cytotoxic outcomes. In the clinical study including 232 LT recipients with HCC recurrence, the 3-month medication drop-out rate was 35.6% for sorafenib administration and 23.5% for mTORi administration. Postrecurrence survival rates were not different according to sorafenib administration (P = 0.17) but were significantly improved following mTORi administration (P < 0.001). In mTORi subgroups with and without sorafenib, there was no difference in the overall postrecurrence patient survival period (P = 0.26), indicating an absence of synergistic or additional antitumor effect from sorafenib. The median progression-free and overall survival period was 6.4 and 11.8 months, respectively, after sorafenib administration. Time of tumor recurrence and use of mTORi were independent risk factors. In conclusion, our laboratory study demonstrated synergistic antitumor effects of sorafenib and mTORi, but this was not reproduced in our clinical LT study. Our clinical result of mTORi administration showed improved postrecurrence survival, thus administering mTORi in LT recipients with HCC recurrence appears worthwhile. However, the antitumor effect of sorafenib on posttransplant recurrence was not determined in this retrospective study, thus requiring further studies with early start of sorafenib administration. Liver Transplantation 24 932-945 2018. © 2018 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwan Jung
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Departments of Surgery
| | - Eunyoung Tak
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Hwang
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Departments of Surgery
| | - Gi-Won Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Departments of Surgery
| | - Chul-Soo Ahn
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Departments of Surgery
| | - Ki-Hun Kim
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Departments of Surgery
| | - Deok-Bog Moon
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Departments of Surgery
| | - Tae-Yong Ha
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Departments of Surgery
| | - Gil-Chun Park
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Departments of Surgery
| | | | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeon Kwon
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Departments of Surgery
| | - Eun-Kyoung Jwa
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Departments of Surgery
| | - Sung-Gyu Lee
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Departments of Surgery
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46
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The role of molecular enrichment on future therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2018; 69:237-247. [PMID: 29505843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are characterised by considerable phenotypic and molecular heterogeneity. Treating HCC and designing clinical trials are particularly challenging because co-existing liver disease, present in most patients, limits aggressive therapeutic options. Positive results in recent phase III clinical trials have confirmed the high value of anti-angiogenic therapies for HCC in both first (sorafenib and lenvatinib) and second line (regorafenib and cabozantinib) treatment modalities. However, failure of several large randomised controlled clinical trials over the last 10 years underlines the necessity for innovative treatment strategies and implementation of translational findings to overcome the unmet clinical need. Furthermore, the promising results from novel immunotherapies are likely to complement the landscape of active compounds for HCC and will require a completely different approach to patients, as well as the development of prognostic/predictive biomarkers. Given our increasing understanding of the most abundant molecular alterations in HCC, effective enrichment of patients based on clinical and molecular biomarkers, as well as adaptive clinical trials, are now feasible and should be implemented. Herein, we aim to review important aspects of precision medicine approaches in HCC that might contribute to improving the molecular subclassification of patients in a clinical trial setting and pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies.
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47
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Sullivan KM, Kenerson HL, Pillarisetty VG, Riehle KJ, Yeung RS. Precision oncology in liver cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:285. [PMID: 30105235 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.06.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With the widespread adoption of molecular profiling in clinical oncology practice, many physicians are faced with making therapeutic decisions based upon isolated genomic alterations. For example, epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are effective in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) while anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies are ineffective in Ras-mutant colorectal cancers. The matching of mutations with drugs aimed at their respective gene products represents the current state of "precision" oncology. Despite the great expectations of this approach, only a fraction of cancers responds to 'targeted' interventions, and many early responders will ultimately develop resistance to these agents. The underwhelming success of mutation-driven therapies across all cancer types is not due to an inability to detect genetic changes in tumors; rather a deficit in functional insight into the genomic alterations that give rise to each cancer. The Achilles heel of precision oncology thus remains the lack of a robust functional understanding of an individual cancer genome that then allows prediction of the best therapy and resultant outcome for that patient. Current practice focuses on one 'actionable' mutation at a time, while solid cancers typically possess many mutations that involve different cellular sub-populations within a tumor. No method or platform currently exists to guide the interpretation of these complex data, nor to accurately predict response to treatment. This problem is particularly germane to primary liver cancers (PLC), for which only a handful of targeted therapies have been introduced. Here, we will review strategies aimed at overcoming some of these challenges in precision oncology, using liver cancer as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Sullivan
- Northwest Liver Research Program, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Heidi L Kenerson
- Northwest Liver Research Program, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Venu G Pillarisetty
- Northwest Liver Research Program, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly J Riehle
- Northwest Liver Research Program, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raymond S Yeung
- Northwest Liver Research Program, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Matsuki M, Hoshi T, Yamamoto Y, Ikemori‐Kawada M, Minoshima Y, Funahashi Y, Matsui J. Lenvatinib inhibits angiogenesis and tumor fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma models. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2641-2653. [PMID: 29733511 PMCID: PMC6010799 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC) is one of the most lethal and prevalent cancers worldwide, and current systemic therapeutic options for uHCC are limited. Lenvatinib, a multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), recently demonstrated a treatment effect on overall survival by statistical confirmation of noninferiority to sorafenib in a phase 3 study of uHCC. Here, we investigated mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of lenvatinib in preclinical HCC models. In vitro proliferation assay of nine human HCC cell lines showed that lenvatinib selectively inhibited proliferation of FGF signal-activated HCC cells including FGF19-expressing Hep3B2.1-7. Lenvatinib suppressed phosphorylation of FRS2, a substrate of FGFR1-4, in these cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Lenvatinib inhibited in vivo tumor growth in Hep3B2.1-7 and SNU-398 xenografts and decreased phosphorylation of FRS2 and Erk1/2 within the tumor tissues. Lenvatinib also exerted antitumor activity and potently reduced tumor microvessel density in PLC/PRF/5 xenograft model and two HCC patient-derived xenograft models. These results suggest that lenvatinib has antitumor activity consistently across diverse HCC models, and that targeting of tumor FGF signaling pathways and anti-angiogenic activity underlies its antitumor activity against HCC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taisuke Hoshi
- Tsukuba Research LaboratoriesEisai Co., Ltd.IbarakiJapan
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Tsukuba Research LaboratoriesEisai Co., Ltd.IbarakiJapan
| | | | | | | | - Junji Matsui
- Tsukuba Research LaboratoriesEisai Co., Ltd.IbarakiJapan
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49
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He S, Hu B, Li C, Lin P, Tang WG, Sun YF, Feng FYM, Guo W, Li J, Xu Y, Yao QL, Zhang X, Qiu SJ, Zhou J, Fan J, Li YX, Li H, Yang XR. PDXliver: a database of liver cancer patient derived xenograft mouse models. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:550. [PMID: 29743053 PMCID: PMC5944069 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths and characterized by heterogeneity and drug resistance. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have been widely used in cancer research because they reproduce the characteristics of original tumors. However, the current studies of liver cancer PDX mice are scattered and the number of available PDX models are too small to represent the heterogeneity of liver cancer patients. To improve this situation and to complement available PDX models related resources, here we constructed a comprehensive database, PDXliver, to integrate and analyze liver cancer PDX models. Description Currently, PDXliver contains 116 PDX models from Chinese liver cancer patients, 51 of them were established by the in-house PDX platform and others were curated from the public literatures. These models are annotated with complete information, including clinical characteristics of patients, genome-wide expression profiles, germline variations, somatic mutations and copy number alterations. Analysis of expression subtypes and mutated genes show that PDXliver represents the diversity of human patients. Another feature of PDXliver is storing drug response data of PDX mice, which makes it possible to explore the association between molecular profiles and drug sensitivity. All data can be accessed via the Browse and Search pages. Additionally, two tools are provided to interactively visualize the omics data of selected PDXs or to compare two groups of PDXs. Conclusion As far as we known, PDXliver is the first public database of liver cancer PDX models. We hope that this comprehensive resource will accelerate the utility of PDX models and facilitate liver cancer research. The PDXliver database is freely available online at: http://www.picb.ac.cn/PDXliver/
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng He
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ping Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei-Guo Tang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun-Fan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fang-You-Min Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qian-Lan Yao
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuang-Jian Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi-Xue Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Xin-Rong Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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50
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Chen Z, Huang W, Tian T, Zang W, Wang J, Liu Z, Li Z, Lai Y, Jiang Z, Gao J, Shen L. Characterization and validation of potential therapeutic targets based on the molecular signature of patient-derived xenografts in gastric cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:20. [PMID: 29433585 PMCID: PMC5809945 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models with definite molecular signature are attractive preclinical models for development of novel targeted drugs. Here, we profiled and explored potential therapeutic targets based on characterized PDX models for advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Methods The genomic variation and molecular profile of 50 PDX models from AGC patients were analyzed by targeted next-generation sequencing, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. The antitumor activities of several targeted drugs were investigated in the PDX models. Furthermore, response biomarkers were explored. Results Each PDX model had individual histopathological and molecular features, and recurrent alterations in the MAPK, ErbB, VEGF, mTOR, and cell cycle signaling pathways were major events in these PDX models. Several potential drug targets, such as EGFR, MET, and CCNE1, were selected and validated in this study. Volitinib demonstrated strong antitumor activity in PDX models with MET and phosphorylated MET (pMET) overexpression. The EGFR monoclonal antibodies BK011 and cetuximab inhibited tumor growth in a PDX model with EGFR amplification. Afatinib inhibited tumor growth in the PDX models with EGFR amplification, EGFR overexpression, or HER2 amplification. Apatinib was more sensitive in the PDX models with high microvessel density. The CDK1/2/9 inhibitor AZD5438 had superior anti-tumor activity in two models with higher copy number of CCNE1. Conclusions PDX models with defined molecular signature are useful for preclinical studies with targeted drugs, and the results should be validated in larger studies with PDX models or in clinical trials. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13045-018-0563-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Wenwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Tiantian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Wanchun Zang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhentao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yumei Lai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Jiang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Lin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
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