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Gupta S, Jani J, Vijayasurya, Mochi J, Tabasum S, Sabarwal A, Pappachan A. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase - a molecular multitasker. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23219. [PMID: 37776328 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202024rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AaRSs) are valuable "housekeeping" enzymes that ensure the accurate transmission of genetic information in living cells, where they aminoacylated tRNA molecules with their cognate amino acid and provide substrates for protein biosynthesis. In addition to their translational or canonical function, they contribute to nontranslational/moonlighting functions, which are mediated by the presence of other domains on the proteins. This was supported by several reports which claim that AaRS has a significant role in gene transcription, apoptosis, translation, and RNA splicing regulation. Noncanonical/ nontranslational functions of AaRSs also include their roles in regulating angiogenesis, inflammation, cancer, and other major physio-pathological processes. Multiple AaRSs are also associated with a broad range of physiological and pathological processes; a few even serve as cytokines. Therefore, the multifunctional nature of AaRSs suggests their potential as viable therapeutic targets as well. Here, our discussion will encompass a range of noncanonical functions attributed to Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases (AaRSs), highlighting their links with a diverse array of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadha Gupta
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Jaykumar Jani
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Vijayasurya
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Jigneshkumar Mochi
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Saba Tabasum
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akash Sabarwal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anju Pappachan
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
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2
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Ghodousi-Dehnavi E, Arjmand M, Akbari Z, Aminzadeh M, Haji Hosseini R. Anti-Cancer Effect of Dorema Ammoniacum Gum by Targeting Metabolic Reprogramming by Regulating APC, P53, KRAS Gene Expression in HT-29 Human Colon Cancer Cells. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 12:127-135. [PMID: 37724146 PMCID: PMC10505474 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.12.1.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease that leads to metabolic disorders due to multiple upstream genetic and molecular changes and interactions. The development of new therapies, especially herbal medicines, has received much global attention. Dorema ammoniacum is a medicinal plant. Its gum is used in healing known ailments. Studying metabolome profiles based on nuclear magnetic resonance 1HNMR as a non-invasive and reproducible tool can identify metabolic changes as a reflection of intracellular fluxes, especially in drug responses. This study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer effects of different gum extracts on metabolic changes and their impact on gene expression in HT-29 cell. Methods Extraction of Dorema ammoniacum gum with hexane, chloroform, and dichloromethane organic solvents was performed. Cell inhibition growth percentage and IC50 were assessed. Following treating the cells with dichloromethane extract, p53, APC, and KRAS gene expression were determined. 1HNMR spectroscopy was conducted. Eventually, systems biology software tools interpreted combined metabolites and genes simultaneously. Results The lowest determined IC50 concentration was related to dichloromethane solvent, and the highest was hexane and chloroform. The expression of the KRAS oncogene gene decreased significantly after treatment with dichloromethane extract compared to the control group, and the expression of tumor suppressor gene p53 and APC increased significantly. Most gene-altered convergent metabolic phenotypes. Conclusion This study's results indicate that the dichloromethane solvent of Dorema ammoniacum gum exhibits its antitumor properties by altering the expression of genes involved in HT-29 cells and the consequent change in downstream metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Metabolomics Lab. Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ziba Akbari
- Metabolomics Lab. Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mansour Aminzadeh
- Metabolomics Lab. Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Haji Hosseini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Khan K, Gogonea V, Fox PL. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases of the multi-tRNA synthetase complex and their role in tumorigenesis. Transl Oncol 2022; 19:101392. [PMID: 35278792 PMCID: PMC8914993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS) catalyze the ligation of amino acids to their cognate tRNAs to generate aminoacylated-tRNAs. In higher eukaryotes, 9 of the 20 AARSs, along with 3 auxiliary proteins, join to form the cytoplasmic multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC). The complex is absent in prokaryotes, but evolutionary expansion of MSC constituents, primarily by addition of novel interacting domains, facilitates formation of subcomplexes that join to establish the holo-MSC. In some cases, environmental cues direct the release of constituents from the MSC which enables the execution of non-canonical, i.e., "moonlighting", functions distinct from their essential activities in protein translation. These activities are generally beneficial, but can also be deleterious to the cell. Elucidation of the non-canonical activities of several AARSs residing in the MSC suggest they are potential therapeutic targets for cancer, as well as metabolic and neurologic diseases. Here, we describe the role of MSC-resident AARSs in cancer progression, and the factors that regulate their release from the MSC. Also, we highlight recent developments in therapeutic modalities that target MSC AARSs for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Khan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America.
| | - Valentin Gogonea
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States of America
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America.
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4
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Zhou Z, Sun B, Nie A, Yu D, Bian M. Roles of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:599765. [PMID: 33330488 PMCID: PMC7729087 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.599765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) catalyze the ligation of amino acids to their cognate transfer RNAs (tRNAs), thus playing an important role in protein synthesis. In eukaryotic cells, these enzymes exist in free form or in the form of multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC). The latter contains nine cytoplasmic ARSs and three ARS-interacting multifunctional proteins (AIMPs). Normally, ARSs and AIMPs are regarded as housekeeping molecules without additional functions. However, a growing number of studies indicate that ARSs are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, especially tumorigenesis. Here, we introduce the roles of ARSs and AIMPs in certain cancers, such as colon cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we particularly focus on their potential clinical applications in cancer, aiming at providing new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bao Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institution of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Anzheng Nie
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng Bian
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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5
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Wang J, Yang XL. Novel functions of cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases shaping the hallmarks of cancer. Enzymes 2020; 48:397-423. [PMID: 33837711 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
With the intense protein synthesis demands of cancer, the classical enzymatic role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) is required to sustain tumor growth. However, many if not all aaRSs also possess regulatory functions outside of the domain of catalytic tRNA aminoacylation, which can further contribute to or even antagonize cancers in non-translational ways. These regulatory functions of aaRS are likely to be manipulated in cancer to ensure uncontrolled growth and survival. This review will largely focus on the unique capacities of individual and sometimes collaborating synthetases to influence the hallmarks of cancer, which represent the principles and characteristics of tumorigenesis. An interesting feature of cytoplasmic aaRSs in higher eukaryotes is the formation of a large multi-synthetase complex (MSC) with nine aaRSs held together by three non-enzymatic scaffolding proteins (AIMPs). The MSC-associated aaRSs, when released from the complex in response to certain stimulations, often participate in pathways that promote tumorigenesis. In contrast, the freestanding aaRSs are associated with activities in both directions-some promoting while others inhibiting cancer. The AIMPs have emerged as potent tumor suppressors through their own distinct mechanisms. We propose that the tumor-suppressive roles of AIMPs may also be a consequence of keeping the cancer-promoting aaRSs within the MSC. The rich connections between cancer and the synthetases have inspired the development of innovative cancer treatments that target or take advantage of these novel functions of aaRSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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6
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Slack RL, Ilina TV, Xi Z, Giacobbi NS, Kawai G, Parniak MA, Sarafianos SG, Sluis Cremer N, Ishima R. Conformational Changes in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase that Facilitate Its Maturation. Structure 2019; 27:1581-1593.e3. [PMID: 31471129 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) is translated as part of the Gag-Pol polyprotein that is proteolytically processed by HIV-1 protease (PR) to finally become a mature heterodimer, composed of a p66 and a p66-derived 51-kDa subunit, p51. Our previous work suggested that tRNALys3 binding to p66/p66 introduces conformational changes in the ribonuclease (RNH) domain of RT that facilitate efficient cleavage of p66 to p51 by PR. In this study, we characterized the conformational changes in the RNH domain of p66/p66 imparted by tRNALys3 using NMR. Moreover, the importance of tRNALys3 in RT maturation was confirmed in cellulo by modulating the levels of Lys-tRNA synthetase, which affects recruitment of tRNALys3 to the virus. We also employed nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, to modulate the p66 dimer-monomer equilibrium and monitor the resulting structural changes. Taken together, our data provide unique insights into the conformational changes in p66/p66 that drive PR cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Slack
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Room 1037, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Tatiana V Ilina
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Room 1037, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Zhaoyong Xi
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Room 1037, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Nicholas S Giacobbi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gota Kawai
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michael A Parniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nicolas Sluis Cremer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Rieko Ishima
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Room 1037, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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7
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Di X, Jin X, Ma H, Wang R, Cong S, Tian C, Liu J, Zhao M, Li R, Wang K. The Oncogene IARS2 Promotes Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Tumorigenesis by Activating the AKT/MTOR Pathway. Front Oncol 2019; 9:393. [PMID: 31157169 PMCID: PMC6528107 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A limited number of studies have indicated an association between isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 2 (IARS2) and tumorigenesis. We evaluated IARS2 protein expression in lung tumor tissues and paired non-tumor tissues. We found higher IARS2 expression in the tumor tissues, which was associated with the late Tumor and Node stages of the Tumor, Node, Metastasis staging system. Silencing IARS2 inhibited the activity of A549 and H1299 cells, resulting in G0/G1 stasis of A549 cells and mitochondrial apoptosis. IARS2 silencing was also found to inhibit NSCLC tumor growth in nude mice. Complementary DNA microarray analysis revealed 742 differentially expressed genes (507 upregulated and 235 downregulated) in IARS2-silenced A549 cells compared to controls. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the differential expression data suggested that multiple pathways are associated with IARS2 silencing in NSCLC cells; upstream analysis predicted the activation or inhibition of transcriptional regulators. Correlation analysis revealed that AKT and MTOR activities were significantly inhibited in IARS2-silenced cells, but were partially restored by the AKT-stimulating agent SC79. IARS2 appears to regulate lung cancer cell proliferation via the AKT/MTOR pathway. Our results help clarify the complex roles of IARS2 in tumorigenesis and suggest that it may be a novel regulator of lung cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Di
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Department of Operation Room, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Cong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranwei Li
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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Nam SH, Kim D, Lee D, Lee HM, Song DG, Jung JW, Kim JE, Kim HJ, Kwon NH, Jo EK, Kim S, Lee JW. Lysyl-tRNA synthetase-expressing colon spheroids induce M2 macrophage polarization to promote metastasis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5034-5055. [PMID: 30188867 DOI: 10.1172/jci99806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl-tRNA synthetase (KRS) functions canonically in cytosolic translational processes. However, KRS is highly expressed in colon cancer, and localizes to distinct cellular compartments upon phosphorylations (i.e., the plasma membranes after T52 phosphorylation and the nucleus after S207 phosphorylation), leading to probably alternative noncanonical functions. It is unknown how other subcellular KRSs crosstalk with environmental cues during cancer progression. Here, we demonstrate that the KRS-dependent metastatic behavior of colon cancer spheroids within 3D gels requires communication between cellular molecules and extracellular soluble factors and neighboring cells. Membranous KRS and nuclear KRS were found to participate in invasive cell dissemination of colon cancer spheroids in 3D gels. Cancer spheroids secreted GAS6 via a KRS-dependent mechanism and caused the M2 polarization of macrophages, which activated the neighboring cells via secretion of FGF2/GROα/M-CSF to promote cancer dissemination under environmental remodeling via fibroblast-mediated laminin production. Analyses of tissues from clinical colon cancer patients and Krs-/+ animal models for cancer metastasis supported the roles of KRS, GAS6, and M2 macrophages in KRS-dependent positive feedback between tumors and environmental factors. Altogether, KRS in colon cancer cells remodels the microenvironment to promote metastasis, which can thus be therapeutically targeted at these bidirectional KRS-dependent communications of cancer spheroids with environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Hee Nam
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering.,Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Doyeun Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doohyung Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Hye-Mi Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Geun Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and.,Systems Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Jung
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering
| | - Ji Eon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Nam Hoon Kwon
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering.,Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and.,Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering.,Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and.,Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Kwon SB, Yu JE, Park C, Lee J, Seong BL. Nucleic Acid-Dependent Structural Transition of the Intrinsically Disordered N-Terminal Appended Domain of Human Lysyl-tRNA Synthetase. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103016. [PMID: 30282926 PMCID: PMC6213541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic lysyl-tRNA synthetases (LysRS) have an N-terminal appended tRNA-interaction domain (RID) that is absent in their prokaryotic counterparts. This domain is intrinsically disordered and lacks stable structures. The disorder-to-order transition is induced by tRNA binding and has implications on folding and subsequent assembly into multi-tRNA synthetase complexes. Here, we expressed and purified RID from human LysRS (hRID) in Escherichia coli and performed a detailed mutagenesis of the appended domain. hRID was co-purified with nucleic acids during Ni-affinity purification, and cumulative mutations on critical amino acid residues abolished RNA binding. Furthermore, we identified a structural ensemble between disordered and helical structures in non-RNA-binding mutants and an equilibrium shift for wild-type into the helical conformation upon RNA binding. Since mutations that disrupted RNA binding led to an increase in non-functional soluble aggregates, a stabilized RNA-mediated structural transition of the N-terminal appended domain may have implications on the functional organization of human LysRS and multi-tRNA synthetase complexes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Bin Kwon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Ji Eun Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Chan Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Jiseop Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Baik L Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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10
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Yakobov N, Debard S, Fischer F, Senger B, Becker HD. Cytosolic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: Unanticipated relocations for unexpected functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1861:387-400. [PMID: 29155070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytosolic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are essentially known for their conventional function of generating the full set of aminoacyl-tRNA species that are needed to incorporate each organism's repertoire of genetically-encoded amino acids during ribosomal translation of messenger RNAs. However, bacterial and eukaryotic cytosolic aaRSs have been shown to exhibit other essential nonconventional functions. Here we review all the subcellular compartments that prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytosolic aaRSs can reach to exert either a conventional or nontranslational role. We describe the physiological and stress conditions, the mechanisms and the signaling pathways that trigger their relocation and the new functions associated with these relocating cytosolic aaRS. Finally, given that these relocating pools of cytosolic aaRSs participate to a wide range of cellular pathways beyond translation, but equally important for cellular homeostasis, we mention some of the pathologies and diseases associated with the dis-regulation or malfunctioning of these nontranslational functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Yakobov
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie, UMR 7156, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Debard
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie, UMR 7156, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Fischer
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie, UMR 7156, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Senger
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie, UMR 7156, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Hubert Dominique Becker
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie, UMR 7156, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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11
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Chiappetta C, Mancini M, Lessi F, Aretini P, De Gregorio V, Puggioni C, Carletti R, Petrozza V, Civita P, Franceschi S, Naccarato AG, Rocca CD, Mazzanti CM, Di Cristofano C. Whole-exome analysis in osteosarcoma to identify a personalized therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80416-80428. [PMID: 29113313 PMCID: PMC5655208 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common pediatric primary non-hematopoietic bone tumor. Survival of these young patients is related to the response to chemotherapy and development of metastases. Despite many advances in cancer research, chemotherapy regimens for osteosarcoma are still based on non-selective cytotoxic drugs. It is essential to investigate new specific molecular therapies for osteosarcoma to increase the survival rate of these patients. We performed exomic sequence analyses of 8 diagnostic biopsies of patients with conventional high grade osteosarcoma to advance our understanding of their genetic underpinnings and to correlate the genetic alteration with the clinical and pathological features of each patient to identify a personalized therapy. We identified 18,275 somatic variations in 8,247 genes and we found three mutated genes in 7/8 (87%) samples (KIF1B, NEB and KMT2C). KMT2C showed the highest number of variations; it is an important component of a histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferase complex and it is one of the histone modifiers previously implicated in carcinogenesis, never studied in osteosarcoma. Moreover, we found a group of 15 genes that showed variations only in patients that did not respond to therapy and developed metastasis and some of these genes are involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression in other tumors. These data could offer the opportunity to get a key molecular target to identify possible new strategies for early diagnosis and new therapeutic approaches for osteosarcoma and to provide a tailored treatment for each patient based on their genetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Chiappetta
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mancini
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Chiara Puggioni
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Raffaella Carletti
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Petrozza
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Carlo Della Rocca
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Di Cristofano
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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12
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Tevis KM, Colson YL, Grinstaff MW. Embedded Spheroids as Models of the Cancer Microenvironment. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 1:1700083. [PMID: 30221187 PMCID: PMC6135264 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To more accurately study the complex mechanisms behind cancer invasion, progression, and response to treatment, researchers require models that replicate both the multicellular nature and 3D stromal environment present in an in vivo tumor. Multicellular aggregates (i.e., spheroids) embedded in an extracellular matrix mimic are a prevalent model. Recently, quantitative metrics that fully utilize the capability of spheroids are described along with conventional experiments, such as invasion into a matrix, to provide additional details and insights into the underlying cancer biology. The review begins with a discussion of the salient features of the tumor microenvironment, introduces the early work on non-embedded spheroids as tumor models, and then concentrates on the successes achieved with the study of embedded spheroids. Examples of studies include cell movement, drug response, tumor cellular heterogeneity, stromal effects, and cancer progression. Additionally, new methodologies and those borrowed from other research fields (e.g., vascularization and tissue engineering) are highlighted that expand the capability of spheroids to aid future users in designing their cancer-related experiments. The convergence of spheroid research among the various fields catalyzes new applications and leads to a natural synergy. Finally, the review concludes with a reflection and future perspectives for cancer spheroid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie M. Tevis
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Yolonda L. Colson
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
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13
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Differential regulation of cellular functions by the C-termini of transmembrane 4 L six family proteins in 2- or 3-dimensional environment. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13277-13292. [PMID: 28129652 PMCID: PMC5355095 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane 4 L six family proteins TM4SF1, TM4SF4, and TM4SF5 share 40-50% overall sequence identity, but their C-terminus identity is limited. It may be likely that the C-termini of the members are important and unique for own regulatory functions. We thus examined how the TM4SF5 C-terminus affected cellular functions differentially from other family members. Using colon cancer cells expressing wildtype (WT), C-terminus-deleted, or chimeric mutants, diverse cellular functions were explored in 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) condition. The C-termini of the proteins were relatively comparable with respect to 2D cell proliferation, although each C-terminal-deletion mutant exhibited increased proliferation relative to the WT. Using chimeric constructs, we found that the TM4SF5 C-terminus was critical for regulating the diverse metastatic functions of TM4SF5, and could positively replace the C-termini of other family members. Replacement of the TM4SF1 or TM4SF4 C-terminus with that of TM4SF5 increased spheroids growth, transwell migration, and invasive dissemination from spheroids in 3D collagen gels. TM4SF5-mediated effects required its extracellular loop 2 linked to the C-terminus via the transmembrane domain 4, with causing c-Src activation. Altogether, the C-terminus of TM4SF5 appears to mediate pro-migratory roles, depending on a structural relay from the second extracellular loop to the C-terminus.
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14
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López-Colomé AM, Lee-Rivera I, Benavides-Hidalgo R, López E. Paxillin: a crossroad in pathological cell migration. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:50. [PMID: 28214467 PMCID: PMC5316197 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Paxilllin is a multifunctional and multidomain focal adhesion adapter protein which serves an important scaffolding role at focal adhesions by recruiting structural and signaling molecules involved in cell movement and migration, when phosphorylated on specific Tyr and Ser residues. Upon integrin engagement with extracellular matrix, paxillin is phosphorylated at Tyr31, Tyr118, Ser188, and Ser190, activating numerous signaling cascades which promote cell migration, indicating that the regulation of adhesion dynamics is under the control of a complex display of signaling mechanisms. Among them, paxillin disassembly from focal adhesions induced by extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated phosphorylation of serines 106, 231, and 290 as well as the binding of the phosphatase PEST to paxillin have been shown to play a key role in cell migration. Paxillin also coordinates the spatiotemporal activation of signaling molecules, including Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA GTPases, by recruiting GEFs, GAPs, and GITs to focal adhesions. As a major participant in the regulation of cell movement, paxillin plays distinct roles in specific tissues and developmental stages and is involved in immune response, epithelial morphogenesis, and embryonic development. Importantly, paxillin is also an essential player in pathological conditions including oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial cell barrier dysfunction, and cancer development and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María López-Colomé
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Irene Lee-Rivera
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, D.F., Mexico
| | - Regina Benavides-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, D.F., Mexico
| | - Edith López
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, D.F., Mexico
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15
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Young HJ, Lee JW, Kim S. Function of membranous lysyl-tRNA synthetase and its implication for tumorigenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1707-1713. [PMID: 27663887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are essential enzymes that conjugate specific amino acids to their cognate tRNAs for protein synthesis. Besides their catalytic activity, recent studies have uncovered many additional functions of these enzymes through their interactions with diverse cellular factors. Among human ARSs, cytosolic lysyl-tRNA synthetase (KRS) is often highly expressed in cancer cells and tissues, and facilitates cancer cell migration and invasion through the interaction with the 67kDa laminin receptor on the plasma membrane. Specific modulation of this interaction by small molecule inhibitors has revealed a new way to control metastasis. Here, we summarize the pro-metastatic functions of KRS and their patho-physiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jeon Young
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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16
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Nam SH, Kang M, Ryu J, Kim HJ, Kim D, Kim DG, Kwon NH, Kim S, Lee JW. Suppression of lysyl-tRNA synthetase, KRS, causes incomplete epithelial-mesenchymal transition and ineffective cell‑extracellular matrix adhesion for migration. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1553-60. [PMID: 26891990 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-adhesion properties of cancer cells can be targeted to block cancer metastasis. Although cytosolic lysyl-tRNA synthetase (KRS) functions in protein synthesis, KRS on the plasma membrane is involved in cancer metastasis. We hypothesized that KRS is involved in cell adhesion-related signal transduction for cellular migration. To test this hypothesis, colon cancer cells with modulated KRS protein levels were analyzed for cell-cell contact and cell-substrate adhesion properties and cellular behavior. Although KRS suppression decreased expression of cell-cell adhesion molecules, cells still formed colonies without being scattered, supporting an incomplete epithelial mesenchymal transition. Noteworthy, KRS-suppressed cells still exhibited focal adhesions on laminin, with Tyr397-phopshorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK), but they lacked laminin-adhesion-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and paxillin activation. KRS, p67LR and integrin α6β1 were found to interact, presumably to activate ERK for paxillin expression and Tyr118 phosphorylation even without involvement of FAK, so that specific inhibition of ERK or KRS in parental HCT116 cells blocked cell-cell adhesion and cell-substrate properties for focal adhesion formation and signaling activity. Together, these results indicate that KRS can promote cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion for migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Hee Nam
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Ryu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Gyu Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kwon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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17
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Ravishankar S, Ambady A, Swetha RG, Anbarasu A, Ramaiah S, Sambandamurthy VK. Essentiality Assessment of Cysteinyl and Lysyl-tRNA Synthetases of Mycobacterium smegmatis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147188. [PMID: 26794499 PMCID: PMC4721953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of mupirocin, an antibiotic that targets isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, established aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase as an attractive target for the discovery of novel antibacterial agents. Despite a high degree of similarity between the bacterial and human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, the selectivity observed with mupirocin triggered the possibility of targeting other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases as potential drug targets. These enzymes catalyse the condensation of a specific amino acid to its cognate tRNA in an energy-dependent reaction. Therefore, each organism is expected to encode at least twenty aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, one for each amino acid. However, a bioinformatics search for genes encoding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from Mycobacterium smegmatis returned multiple genes for glutamyl (GluRS), cysteinyl (CysRS), prolyl (ProRS) and lysyl (LysRS) tRNA synthetases. The pathogenic mycobacteria, namely, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, were also found to possess two genes each for CysRS and LysRS. A similar search indicated the presence of additional genes for LysRS in gram negative bacteria as well. Herein, we describe sequence and structural analysis of the additional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes found in M. smegmatis. Characterization of conditional expression strains of Cysteinyl and Lysyl-tRNA synthetases generated in M. smegmatis revealed that the canonical aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase are essential, while the additional ones are not essential for the growth of M. smegmatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Ravishankar
- AstraZeneca India Pvt Ltd, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, India
| | - Anisha Ambady
- AstraZeneca India Pvt Ltd, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, India
| | - Rayapadi G. Swetha
- School of Biosciences & Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Anand Anbarasu
- School of Biosciences & Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Sudha Ramaiah
- School of Biosciences & Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, India
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