1
|
Ghosh S, Choudhury D, Ghosh D, Mondal M, Singha D, Malakar P. Characterization of polyploidy in cancer: Current status and future perspectives. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131706. [PMID: 38643921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Various cancers frequently exhibit polyploidy, observed in a condition where a cell possesses more than two sets of chromosomes, which is considered a hallmark of the disease. The state of polyploidy often leads to aneuploidy, where cells possess an abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Recent studies suggest that oncogenes contribute to aneuploidy. This finding significantly underscores its impact on cancer. Cancer cells exposed to certain chemotherapeutic drugs tend to exhibit an increased incidence of polyploidy. This occurrence is strongly associated with several challenges in cancer treatment, including metastasis, resistance to chemotherapy and the recurrence of malignant tumors. Indeed, it poses a significant hurdle to achieve complete tumor eradication and effective cancer therapy. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the field of polyploidy related to cancer for developing effective anti-cancer therapies. Polyploid cancer cells confer both advantages and disadvantages to tumor pathogenicity. This review delineates the diverse characteristics of polyploid cells, elucidates the pivotal role of polyploidy in cancer, and explores the advantages and disadvantages it imparts to cancer cells, along with the current approaches tried in lab settings to target polyploid cells. Additionally, it considers experimental strategies aimed at addressing the outstanding questions within the realm of polyploidy in relation to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srijonee Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
| | - Debopriya Choudhury
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
| | - Dhruba Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
| | - Meghna Mondal
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
| | - Didhiti Singha
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
| | - Pushkar Malakar
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adibi R, Moein S, Gheisari Y. Zoledronic acid targets chemo-resistant polyploid giant cancer cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:419. [PMID: 36624105 PMCID: PMC9829701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) are known as a key source of failure of current therapies, sufficient drugs to target these cells are not yet introduced. Considering the similarities of polyploid cells in regeneration and cancer, we hypothesized that zoledronic acid (ZA), an osteoclast-targeting agent, might be used to eliminate PGCCs. The 5637-bladder cancer cell line was treated with various doses of cisplatin to enrich polyploid cells and the efficacy of different concentrations of ZA in reducing this population was assessed. The metabolic profile of PGCCs was investigated with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Lipid profiles, mitochondrial density, and ROS content were also measured to assess the response of the cells to ZA. Cancer cells surviving after three days of exposure with 6 μM cisplatin were mainly polyploid. These cells demonstrated special morphological features such as fusion with diploid or other polyploid cells and originated in daughter cells through budding. ZA could substantially eradicate PGCCs with the maximal effect observed with 50 μM which resulted in the drop of PGCC fraction from 60 ± 7.5 to 19 ± 1.7%. Enriched PGCCs after cisplatin-treatment demonstrated a drastic metabolic shift compared to untreated cancer cells with an augmentation of lipids. Further assays confirmed the high content of lipid droplets and cholesterol in these cells which were reduced after ZA administration. Additionally, the mitochondrial density and ROS increased in PGCCs both of which declined in response to ZA. Taken together, we propose that ZA is a potent inhibitor of PGCCs which alters the metabolism of PGCCs. Although this drug has been successfully exploited as adjuvant therapy for some malignancies, the current evidence on its effects on PGCCs justifies further trials to assess its potency for improving the success of current therapies for tackling tumor resistance and relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Adibi
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Moein
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XRegenerative Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 8174673461 Iran
| | - Yousof Gheisari
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. .,Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 8174673461, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maiti A, Carter BZ, Andreeff M, Konopleva MY. SOHO State of the Art Updates and Next Questions | Beyond BCL-2 Inhibition in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Other Approaches to Leverage the Apoptotic Pathway. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA AND LEUKEMIA 2022; 22:652-658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
|
4
|
Aurora-A/FOXO3A/SKP2 axis promotes tumor progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and dual-targeting Aurora-A/SKP2 shows synthetic lethality. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:606. [PMID: 35831273 PMCID: PMC9279325 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignant tumor in the world. Histologically, most of RCC is classified as clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), which is the most prevalent subtype. The overall survival of patients with ccRCC is poor, thus it is urgent to further explore its mechanism and target. S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers and is associated with poor prognosis by enhancing tumor progression. However, it is unclear whether or how SKP2 is involved in ccRCC progression. Here, we reported that overexpression of SKP2 enhanced cell proliferation of ccRCC, while SKP2 depletion exhibited the opposite effect. Bioinformatic analyses found that SKP2 was positively correlated with Aurora-A (Aur-A) in ccRCC. The protein and mRNA levels of SKP2 were elevated or reduced by Aur-A overexpression or silencing, respectively. It was further found that Aur-A caused an increase phosphorylation of FOXO3A, which is a negatively transcription factor for SKP2. Interestingly, SKP2 mediated ubiquitylation and degradation of FOXO3A depend on the kinase activity of Aur-A. The combination of Aur-A inhibitor MLN8237 and SKP2 inhibitor SZL P1-41 showed a synergistic tumor growth inhibition in vivo and in vitro of ccRCC models. Thus, our data reveal that Aurora-A/FOXO3A/SKP2 axis promotes tumor progression in ccRCC, and the double inhibition of SKP2 and Aur-A shows significant synergistic effect, which indicates a potential new therapeutic strategy for ccRCC.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang J, Qiao Q, Xu H, Zhou R, Liu X. Human cell polyploidization: The good and the evil. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 81:54-63. [PMID: 33839294 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance represents a major cause of death for most lethal cancers. However, the underlying mechanisms of such resistance have remained unclear. The polyploid cells are due to an increase in DNA content, commonly associated with cell enlargement. In human, they play a variety of roles in physiology and pathologic conditions and perform the specialized functions during development, inflammation, and cancer. Recent work shows that cancer cells can be induced into polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) that leads to reprogramming of surviving cancer cells to acquire resistance. In this article, we will review the polyploidy involved in development and inflammation, and the process of PGCCs formation and propagation that benefits to cell survival. We will discuss the potential opportunities in fighting resistant cancers. The increased knowledge of PGCCs will offer a completely new paradigm to explore the therapeutic intervention for lethal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Qing Qiao
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ru Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xinzhe Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cancer regeneration: Polyploid cells are the key drivers of tumor progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188408. [PMID: 32827584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In spite of significant advancements of therapies for initial eradication of cancers, tumor relapse remains a major challenge. It is for a long time known that polyploid malignant cells are a main source of resistance against chemotherapy and irradiation. However, therapeutic approaches targeting these cells have not been appropriately pursued which could partly be due to the shortage of knowledge on the molecular biology of cell polyploidy. On the other hand, there is a rising trend to appreciate polyploid/ multinucleated cells as key players in tissue regeneration. In this review, we suggest an analogy between the functions of polyploid cells in normal and malignant tissues and discuss the idea that cell polyploidy is an evolutionary conserved source of tissue regeneration also exploited by cancers as a survival factor. In addition, polyploid cells are highlighted as a promising therapeutic target to overcome drug resistance and relapse.
Collapse
|
7
|
Murray D, Mirzayans R. Cellular Responses to Platinum-Based Anticancer Drugs and UVC: Role of p53 and Implications for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165766. [PMID: 32796711 PMCID: PMC7461110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is intended to induce cancer cell death through apoptosis and other avenues. Unfortunately, as discussed in this article, moderate doses of genotoxic drugs such as cisplatin typical of those achieved in the clinic often invoke a cytostatic/dormancy rather than cytotoxic/apoptosis response in solid tumour-derived cell lines. This is commonly manifested by an extended apoptotic threshold, with extensive apoptosis only being seen after very high/supralethal doses of such agents. The dormancy response can be associated with senescence-like features, polyploidy and/or multinucleation, depending in part on the p53 status of the cells. In most solid tumour-derived cells, dormancy represents a long-term survival mechanism, ultimately contributing to disease recurrence. This review highlights the nonlinearity of key aspects of the molecular and cellular responses to bulky DNA lesions in human cells treated with chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., cisplatin) or ultraviolet light-C (a widely used tool for unraveling details of the DNA damage-response) as a function of the level of genotoxic stress. Such data highlight the growing realization that targeting dormant cancer cells, which frequently emerge following conventional anticancer treatments, may represent a novel strategy to prevent or, at least, significantly suppress cancer recurrence.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuan B, Hao J, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhu Y. Role of Bcl-2 on drug resistance in breast cancer polyploidy-induced spindle poisons. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:1701-1710. [PMID: 32194662 PMCID: PMC7039128 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spindle poisons are chemotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of malignant tumors; however, numerous patients develop resistance following chemotherapy. The present study aimed to induce polyploidy in breast cancer cells using the spindle poison nocodazole to investigate the mechanism of polyploid-induced tumor resistance. It was revealed that the spindle poison nocodazole induced apoptosis in HCC1806 cells but also induced polyploidy in MDA-MB-231 cells. The drug sensitivities of the polyploid MDA-MB-231 cells to paclitaxel, docetaxel, epirubicin, 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin were lower than those of the original tumor cells; however, the polyploid MDA-MB-231 cells were more sensitive to etoposide than the original tumor cells. The expression of F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBW7) was decreased, while the expression of MCL1 apoptosis regulator BCL2 family member (MCL-1) and Bcl-2 was increased, and caspase-3/9 and Bax were not expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells. The resistance to docetaxel and etoposide was reversed, but the sensitivity of paclitaxel was not changed following Bcl-2 silencing. The formation of polyploidy in tumors may be one of the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor resistance to spindle poisons. Expression of the Bcl-2 family members, for example FBW7 and MCL-1, plays a key role in apoptosis and the cell escape process that forms polyploid cells. However, Bcl-2 silencing has different reversal effects on different anti-tumor drugs, which requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibo Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Juan Hao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Jinghai Hospital, Tianjin 301600, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Side-by-side comparison of BH3-mimetics identifies MCL-1 as a key therapeutic target in AML. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:917. [PMID: 31801941 PMCID: PMC6892884 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), prognosis of AML patients is still dismal and better treatment options are required. B-cell Lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) homology domain 3 (BH3)-mimetics are emerging as a novel class of apoptosis-inducing agents that are currently being tested for the treatment of different hematological malignancies including AML. Particularly, the selective BCL-2 inhibitor ABT-199/Venetoclax is demonstrating clinical responses and has recently been approved in combination for the treatment of AML. Compounds targeting the related protein MCL-1 have recently entered clinical trials, highlighting the urgency to compare the different BH3-mimetics and identify the most promising antiapoptotic target in AML. We performed a side-by-side comparison of different highly selective and potent BH3-mimetics targeting BCL-2 (ABT-199), MCL-1 (S63845) or BCL-xL (A1331852) in a panel of AML cell lines and primary patient cells. Gene knockdown using siRNAs was utilized to investigate the functional relevance of BCL-2 proteins. Western blotting and immunoprecipitations were used to explore the influence of BH3-mimetics on interactions between pro- and antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins. A1331852 induced apoptosis only in selected cases, indicating that BCL-xL is not a very promising therapeutic target in AML. However, S63845 displayed higher potency than ABT-199, with more cell lines and primary cells responding to S63845 than to ABT-199. MCL-1 dependency in AML cells was confirmed by siRNA-mediated knockdown of MCL-1, which was sufficient to induce apoptosis. S63845-induced cell death was accompanied by a displacement of the BH3-only protein BIM as well as BAK, resulting in BAK-dependent apoptosis. In contrast, ABT-199-induced cell death was mediated by BAX rather than BAK, indicating distinct non-redundant molecular functions of BCL-2 and MCL-1 in AML. Our study reveals that MCL-1 may be a more prevalent therapeutic target than BCL-2 in AML and identifies BIM and BAK as important mediators of S63845-induced apoptosis in AML.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghelli Luserna di Rorà A, Martinelli G, Simonetti G. The balance between mitotic death and mitotic slippage in acute leukemia: a new therapeutic window? J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:123. [PMID: 31771633 PMCID: PMC6880427 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is the process whereby an eukaryotic cell divides into two identical copies. Different multiprotein complexes are involved in the fine regulation of cell division, including the mitotic promoting factor and the anaphase promoting complex. Prolonged mitosis can result in cellular division, cell death, or mitotic slippage, the latter leading to a new interphase without cellular division. Mitotic slippage is one of the causes of genomic instability and has an important therapeutic and clinical impact. It has been widely studied in solid tumors but not in hematological malignancies, in particular, in acute leukemia. We review the literature data available on mitotic regulation, alterations in mitotic proteins occurring in acute leukemia, induction of prolonged mitosis and its consequences, focusing in particular on the balance between cell death and mitotic slippage and on its therapeutic potentials. We also present the most recent preclinical and clinical data on the efficacy of second-generation mitotic drugs (CDK1-Cyclin B1, APC/CCDC20, PLK, Aurora kinase inhibitors). Despite the poor clinical activity showed by these drugs as single agents, they offer a potential therapeutic window for synthetic lethal combinations aimed to selectively target leukemic cells at the right time, thus decreasing the risk of mitotic slippage events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghelli Luserna di Rorà
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giorgia Simonetti
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aurora-A/ERK1/2/mTOR axis promotes tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer and dual-targeting Aurora-A/mTOR shows synthetic lethality. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:606. [PMID: 31406104 PMCID: PMC6690898 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), defined as a tumor subtype that lacks ER, PR, and HER2, shows a poor prognosis due to its aggressive tumor biology and limited treatment options. Deregulation of Aurora kinase A (Aur-A), a member of the mitotic serine/threonine Aurora kinase family, and overactivation of the mTOR pathway commonly occur in multiple cancer types. We previously found that Aur-A activated the mTOR pathway and inhibited autophagy activity in breast cancer cell models. Whether and how Aur-A regulates mTOR in TNBC are still unclear. Here, we found that Aur-A and p-mTOR are highly expressed and positively associated with each other in TNBC cells and tissues. Inhibition or knockdown of Aur-A decreased p-mTOR and suppressed cell proliferation and migration, whereas overexpression of Aur-A increased p-mTOR levels and promoted cell proliferation and migration, which was significantly abrogated by simultaneous silencing of mTOR. Intriguingly, overexpression of Aur-A enhanced the expression of p-mTOR and p-ERK1/2, and silencing or inhibition of ERK1/2 blocked Aur-A-induced p-mTOR. However, silencing or inhibition of mTOR failed to reverse Aur-A-induced ERK1/2, indicating that Aur-A/ERK1/2/mTOR forms an oncogenic cascade in TNBC. We finally found that double inhibition of Aur-A and mTOR showed significant synergistic effects in TNBC cell lines and a xenograft model, indicating that Aur-A and mTOR are potential therapeutic targets in the TNBC subtype.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Y, Liu X, Liu J, Zhang T. Knockdown of REG Iα Enhances the Sensitivity to 5-Fluorouracil of Colorectal Cancer Cells via Cyclin D1/CDK4 Pathway and BAX/BCL-2 Pathways. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2019; 34:362-370. [PMID: 30973271 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2018.2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The reverse of chemoresistance and the improvement of sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents of colorectal cancer cells have great clinical significance and the mechanism underlying the drug resistance is still unclear. REG Iα was reported to be upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues, but the roles of chemoresistance are still unclear. Materials and Methods: The expression of REG Iα in colorectal cancer cell lines was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). The expression of REG Iα in HCT116 and LOVO cells was knockdown by siRNA. The cell viability and IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values were analyzed by the CCK8 assay. The proportion of apoptosis and cell cycles were analyzed by flow cytometry. The migration potency of HCT116 and LOVO cells was analyzed by cell migration assay. The protein level of Cyclin D1, CDK4 (cyclin-dependent kinase 4), Bax and Bcl-2 were analyzed by western blot. Results: Knockdown of REG Iα enhances the sensitivity to 5-Fu of colorectal cancer cells. REG Iα knockdown promoted the cell apoptosis of HCT116 and LOVO under the 5-Fu treatment. The cell migration and cycle of colorectal cancer cells was also inhibited by REG Iα knockdown. We also found that REG Iα knockdown induced cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis by Cyclin D1/CDK4 pathway and BAX/BCL-2 pathways. Conclusions: Knockdown of REG Iα enhances the sensitivity to 5-Fu of colorectal cancer cells via cyclin D1/CDK4 pathway and BAX/BCL-2 pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Wang
- 1Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- 2Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingshu Liu
- 2Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- 1Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tutusaus A, Stefanovic M, Boix L, Cucarull B, Zamora A, Blasco L, de Frutos PG, Reig M, Fernandez-Checa JC, Marí M, Colell A, Bruix J, Morales A. Antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins determine sorafenib/regorafenib resistance and BH3-mimetic efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16701-16717. [PMID: 29682179 PMCID: PMC5908280 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib, systemic treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and regorafenib, novel second line treatment after sorafenib failure, have efficacy limited by evasive mechanisms of acquired-drug resistance. BCL-2 proteins participate in the response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors; however, their role in HCC therapy with sorafenib/regorafenib remains uncertain. BH3-mimetic ABT-263 (navitoclax) enhanced sorafenib activity, inducing cell death via a mitochondrial caspase-dependent mechanism, after BCL-xL/BCL-2 inhibition. Sorafenib-resistant hepatoma cells (HepG2R and Hep3BR) exhibited altered mRNA expression of BCL-2 and other anti-apoptotic family members, such as MCL-1, priming drug-resistant cancer cells to death by BH3-mimetics. ABT-263 restored sorafenib efficacy in sorafenib-resistant cell lines and HCC mouse models. Moreover, in mice xenografts from patient-derived BCLC9 cells, better tumor response to sorafenib was associated to higher changes in the BCL-2 mRNA pattern. HCC non-treated patients displayed altered BCL-2, MCL-1 and BCL-xL mRNA levels respect to adjacent non-tumoral biopsies and an increased BCL-2/MCL-1 ratio, predictive of navitoclax efficacy. Moreover, regorafenib administration also modified the BCL-2/MCL-1 ratio and navitoclax sensitized hepatoma cells to regorafenib by a mitochondrial caspase-dependent mechanism. In conclusion, sorafenib/regorafenib response is determined by BCL-2 proteins, while increased BCL-2/MCL-1 ratio in HCC sensitizes drug resistant-tumors against ABT-263 co-administration. Thus, changes in the BCL-2 profile, altered in HCC patients, could help to follow-up sorafenib efficacy, allowing patient selection for combined therapy with BH3-mimetics or early switch them to second line therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tutusaus
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Milica Stefanovic
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Loreto Boix
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, CIBEREHD, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Cucarull
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aynara Zamora
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Blasco
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Maria Reig
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, CIBEREHD, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose C. Fernandez-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bruix
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, CIBEREHD, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, CIBEREHD, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Masetti R, Castelli I, Astolfi A, Bertuccio SN, Indio V, Togni M, Belotti T, Serravalle S, Tarantino G, Zecca M, Pigazzi M, Basso G, Pession A, Locatelli F. Genomic complexity and dynamics of clonal evolution in childhood acute myeloid leukemia studied with whole-exome sequencing. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56746-56757. [PMID: 27462774 PMCID: PMC5302950 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant improvement in treatment of childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 30% of patients experience disease recurrence, which is still the major cause of treatment failure and death in these patients. To investigate molecular mechanisms underlying relapse, we performed whole-exome sequencing of diagnosis-relapse pairs and matched remission samples from 4 pediatric AML patients without recurrent cytogenetic alterations. Candidate driver mutations were selected for targeted deep sequencing at high coverage, suitable to detect small subclones (0.12%). BiCEBPα mutation was found to be stable and highly penetrant, representing a separate biological and clinical entity, unlike WT1 mutations, which were extremely unstable. Among the mutational patterns underlying relapse, we detected the acquisition of proliferative advantage by signaling activation (PTPN11 and FLT3-TKD mutations) and the increased resistance to apoptosis (hyperactivation of TYK2). We also found a previously undescribed feature of AML, consisting of a hypermutator phenotype caused by SETD2 inactivation. The consequent accumulation of new mutations promotes the adaptability of the leukemia, contributing to clonal selection. We report a novel ASXL3 mutation characterizing a very small subclone (<1%) present at diagnosis and undergoing expansion (60%) at relapse. Taken together, these findings provide molecular clues for designing optimal therapeutic strategies, in terms of target selection, adequate schedule design and reliable response-monitoring techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Masetti
- Department of Pediatrics "Lalla Seràgnoli", Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Castelli
- Department of Pediatrics "Lalla Seràgnoli", Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Interdepartmental Centre of Cancer Research "G. Prodi", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Nicola Bertuccio
- Department of Pediatrics "Lalla Seràgnoli", Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Indio
- Interdepartmental Centre of Cancer Research "G. Prodi", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Togni
- Department of Pediatrics "Lalla Seràgnoli", Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Current address: Stem Cell Group, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara Belotti
- Department of Pediatrics "Lalla Seràgnoli", Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Serravalle
- Department of Pediatrics "Lalla Seràgnoli", Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tarantino
- Interdepartmental Centre of Cancer Research "G. Prodi", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Zecca
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martina Pigazzi
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Department of Pediatrics "Lalla Seràgnoli", Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.,University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu QB, Sheng X, Zhang N, Yang MW, Wang F. Role of microRNAs in the resistance of colorectal cancer to chemoradiotherapy. Mol Clin Oncol 2018; 8:523-527. [PMID: 29556386 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2018.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the main tumor-related causes of death worldwide. The fact that the majority of the patients develop resistance to chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is a major obstacle for the treatment of CRC. In order to develop more effective treatment strategies, it is crucial to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the development of resistance to CRT. Several studies have recently indicated the regulatory effects of microRNAs (miRNAs) in response to antitumor agents. For example, miR-34a attenuates the chemoresistance of colon cancer to 5-FU by inhibiting E2F3 and SIRT1. The miR-34a mimic MRX34 is the first synthetic miRNA to have been entered into clinical trials. miR-21 prevents tumor cell stemness, invasion and drug resistance, which are required for the development of CRC. These findings suggest that miRNAs represent a focus in the research of novel cancer treatments aimed at sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. The aim of the present study was to review the functions of miRNAs and investigate the roles of miRNAs in CRC radioresistance or chemoresistance. Furthermore, the potential of including miRNAs in therapeutic strategies and using them as molecular biomarkers for predicting radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Bing Wu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xin Sheng
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Wei Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
McCubrey JA, Abrams SL, Lertpiriyapong K, Cocco L, Ratti S, Martelli AM, Candido S, Libra M, Murata RM, Rosalen PL, Lombardi P, Montalto G, Cervello M, Gizak A, Rakus D, Steelman LS. Effects of berberine, curcumin, resveratrol alone and in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs and signal transduction inhibitors on cancer cells-Power of nutraceuticals. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 67:190-211. [PMID: 28988970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past fifty years, society has become aware of the importance of a healthy diet in terms of human fitness and longevity. More recently, the concept of the beneficial effects of certain components of our diet and other compounds, that are consumed often by different cultures in various parts of the world, has become apparent. These "healthy" components of our diet are often referred to as nutraceuticals and they can prevent/suppress: aging, bacterial, fungal and viral infections, diabetes, inflammation, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases and have other health-enhancing effects. Moreover, they are now often being investigated because of their anti-cancer properties/potentials. Understanding the effects of various natural products on cancer cells may enhance their usage as anti-proliferative agents which may be beneficial for many health problems. In this manuscript, we discuss and demonstrate how certain nutraceuticals may enhance other anti-cancer drugs to suppress proliferation of cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Stephen L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Kvin Lertpiriyapong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA; Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine and the Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences - Oncological, Clinical and General Pathology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences - Oncological, Clinical and General Pathology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ramiro M Murata
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; Department of Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, USA
| | - Pedro L Rosalen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Paolo Lombardi
- Naxospharma, Via Giuseppe Di Vittorio 70, Novate Milanese 20026, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Gizak
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Rakus
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Drug-resistance in doxorubicin-resistant FL5.12 hematopoietic cells: elevated MDR1, drug efflux and side-population positive and decreased BCL2-family member expression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113013-113033. [PMID: 29348885 PMCID: PMC5762570 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drug treatment can result in the emergence of drug-resistant cells. By culturing an interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent cell line, FL5.12 cells in the presence of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, we isolated FL/Doxo cells which are multi-drug resistant. Increased levels of drug efflux were detected in FL/Doxo cells which could be inhibited by the MDR1 inhibitor verapamil but not by the MRP1 inhibitor MK571. The effects of TP53 and MEK1 were examined by infection of FL/Doxo cells with retroviruses encoding either a dominant negative TP-53 gene (FL/Doxo+ TP53 (DN) or a constitutively-activated MEK-1 gene (FL/Doxo + MEK1 (CA). Elevated MDR1 but not MRP1 mRNA transcripts were detected by quantitative RT-PCR in the drug-resistant cells while transcripts encoding anti-apoptotic genes such as: BCL2, BCLXL and MCL1 were observed at higher levels in the drug-sensitive FL5.12 cells. The percentage of cells that were side-population positive was increased in the drug-resistant cells compared to the parental line. Drug-resistance and side-positive population cells have been associated with cancer stem cells (CSC). Our studies suggest mechanisms which could allow the targeting of these molecules to prevent drug-resistance.
Collapse
|
18
|
Duan Z, Chen C, Qin J, Liu Q, Wang Q, Xu X, Wang J. Cell-penetrating peptide conjugates to enhance the antitumor effect of paclitaxel on drug-resistant lung cancer. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:752-764. [PMID: 28468542 PMCID: PMC8253140 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1321060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To conquer the drug resistance of tumors and the poor solubility of paclitaxel (PTX), two PTX-cell-penetrating peptide conjugates (PTX-CPPs), PTX-TAT and PTX-LMWP, were synthesized and evaluated for the first time. Compared with free PTX, PTX-CPPs displayed significantly enhanced cellular uptake, elevated cell toxicity, increased cell apoptosis, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in both A549 and A549T cells. PTX-LMWP exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect than PTX-TAT in A549T cells. Analysis of cell-cycle distribution showed that PTX-LMWP influenced mitosis in drug-resistant A549T tumor cells via a different mechanism than PTX. PTX-CPPs were more efficient in inhibiting tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice than free PTX, which suggested their better in vivo antitumor efficacy. Hence, this study demonstrates that PTX-CPPs, particularly PTX-LMWP, have outstanding potential for inhibiting the growth of tumors and are a promising approach for treating lung cancer, especially drug-resistant lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Cuitian Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China, and
| | - Xinchun Xu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that human cancers arise from various tissues of origin that initiate from cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer-initiating cells. The extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways are dysregulated in CSCs, and these cells play crucial roles in tumor initiation, progression, cell death resistance, chemo- and radiotherapy resistance, and tumor recurrence. Understanding CSC-specific signaling proteins and pathways is necessary to identify specific therapeutic targets that may lead to the development of more efficient therapies selectively targeting CSCs. Several signaling pathways-including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), NOTCH1, and Wnt/Β-catenin&and expression of the CSC markers CD133, CD24, CD44, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and ALDH1A1 maintain CSC properties. Studying such pathways may help to understand CSC biology and lead to the development of potential therapeutic interventions to render CSCs more sensitive to cell death triggered by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Moreover, recent demonstrations of dedifferentiation of differentiated cancer cells into CSC-like cells have created significant complexity in the CSCs hypothesis. Therefore, any successful therapeutic agent or combination of drugs for cancer therapy must eliminate not only CSCs but differentiated cancer cells and the entire bulk of tumor cells. This review article expands on the CSC hypothesis and paradigm with respect to major signaling pathways and effectors that regulate CSC apoptosis resistance. Moreover, selective CSC apoptotic modulators and their therapeutic potential for making tumors more responsive to therapy are discussed. The use of novel therapies, including small-molecule inhibitors of specific proteins in signaling pathways that regulate stemness, proliferation and migration of CSCs, immunotherapy, and noncoding microRNAs may provide better means of treating CSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Safa
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tang JH, Huang GH, Mou KJ, Zhang EE, Li N, Du L, Zhu XP, Chen L, Yang H, Zhang KB, Lv SQ. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate sensitizes U251 brain glioma cells to temozolomide via downregulation of MGMT and BCL-XL. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5135-5144. [PMID: 29098021 PMCID: PMC5652242 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on the proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle and sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) of the U251 glioma cell line. Proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle analysis of U251 cells following treatment with PDTC and TMZ was determined by an MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The mRNA and protein expression levels of O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), B-cell lymphoma extra-large (BCL-XL) and survivin were further determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting analysis. The results revealed that treatment with TMZ, PDTC and TMZ + PDTC significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and contributed to cell cycle arrest in U251 cells. A combination of PDTC and TMZ induced the highest rates of proliferation inhibition and apoptosis. PDTC treatment markedly reduced the expression levels of MGMT, BCL-XL and survivin. The expression levels of MGMT and BCL-XL, were significantly upregulated by TMZ but not by combination treatment of TMZ and PDTC. The results of the present study suggest that treatment with PDTC inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and enhances sensitivity to TMZ in U251 cells, which is partly induced by downregulation of MGMT and BCL-XL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hai Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Hao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Jie Mou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Eric Erquan Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Ningning Li
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Peng Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Bin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Qing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Beaumatin F, El Dhaybi M, Bobo C, Verdier M, Priault M. Bcl-x L deamidation and cancer: Charting the fame trajectories of legitimate child and hidden siblings. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017. [PMID: 28645514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins control programmed cell death through a complex network of interactions within and outside of this family, that are modulated by post-translational modifications (PTM). Bcl-xL, an anti-apoptotic member of this family, is overexpressed in a number of cancers, plays an important role in tumorigenesis and is correlated with drug resistance. Bcl-xL is susceptible to a number of different PTMs. Here, we focus on deamidation. We will first provide an overview of protein deamidation. We will then review how the apoptotic and autophagic functions of Bcl-xL are modified by this PTM, and how this impacts on its oncogenic properties. Possible therapeutic outcomes will also be discussed. Finally, we will highlight how the specific case of Bcl-xL deamidation provides groundings to revisit some concepts related to protein deamidation in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Beaumatin
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mohamad El Dhaybi
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France; EA 3842, Homéostasie Cellulaire et Pathologies, Université de Limoges, 2, rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Claude Bobo
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mireille Verdier
- EA 3842, Homéostasie Cellulaire et Pathologies, Université de Limoges, 2, rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Muriel Priault
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liang X, Shi H, Yang L, Qiu C, Lin S, Qi Y, Li J, Zhao A, Liu J. Inhibition of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 3 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and enhances the cytotoxicity of 5- fluorouracil in gastric cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:903-911. [PMID: 28222070 PMCID: PMC5379144 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human polypyrimidine tract binding protein 3 (PTBP3) was first discovered in 1999 and has been well characterised as a differentiation regulator. However, its role in human cancer has rarely been reported. Our previous study revealed increased PTBP3 protein level in gastric cancer tissues. Downregulation of PTBP3 suppressed the proliferation and differentiation of gastric cancer cells in vivo. Methods: PTBP3 mRNA levels in human gastric cancer and adjuvant non-tumour tissues were detected. Apoptosis and 5-FU effect were determined in PTBP3-silenced gastric cancer cells. Underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated. Results: MRNA expression of PTBP3 was upregulated in gastric cancer tissues, especially in those at an advanced stage. PTBP3 silencing led to apoptosis, under which modulation of PTB and thereby switch of Bcl-x pre-mRNA splicing pattern might be an important mechanism. Further research found that inhibition of PTBP3 expression enhanced the chemosensitivity of gastric cancer cells towards 5-FU treatment. This was mediated by reduced expression of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), which further inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and the expression of thymidylate synthase (TYMS), the critical determinant of 5-FU cytotoxicity. Conclusions: PTBP3 might serve as a biomarker of gastric cancer or potential target for anti-cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, PO Box 268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Haiyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, PO Box 268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, PO Box 268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, PO Box 268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shengchao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, PO Box 268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yingxue Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, PO Box 268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Aiguang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, PO Box 268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
miR-133 regulates Evi1 expression in AML cells as a potential therapeutic target. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19204. [PMID: 26754824 PMCID: PMC4709720 DOI: 10.1038/srep19204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ecotropic viral integration site 1 (Evi1) is a zinc finger transcription factor, which is located on chromosome 3q26, over-expression in some acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Elevated Evi1 expression in AML is associated with unfavorable prognosis. Therefore, Evi1 is one of the strong candidate in molecular target therapy for the leukemia. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, vital to many cell functions that negatively regulate gene expression by translation or inducing sequence-specific degradation of target mRNAs. As a novel biologics, miRNAs is a promising therapeutic target due to its low toxicity and low cost. We screened miRNAs which down-regulate Evi1. miR-133 was identified to directly bind to Evi1 to regulate it. miR-133 increases drug sensitivity specifically in Evi1 expressing leukemic cells, but not in Evi1-non-expressing cells The results suggest that miR-133 can be promising therapeutic target for the Evi1 dysregulated poor prognostic leukemia.
Collapse
|