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Horii M, Matsushita T. Regulatory B cells and T cell Regulation in Cancer. J Mol Biol 2020; 433:166685. [PMID: 33096106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent researches shed light on B cell role on various autoimmune diseases, including autoantibody-mediated diseases as well as T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. B cells play a critical role in the immune response beyond the production of antibodies through mechanisms such as antigen presentation and cytokine production. Furthermore, B cells have recently been recognized to play a role in promoting tumor immunity against cancer. However, not all B cells positively regulate immune responses. Regulatory B cells negatively regulate immune responses by the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-10, IL-35, and transforming growth factor-beta. Thus, a balance between effector and regulatory B cells regulates the immune response through the release of cytokines. In this review, we highlight the main emerging roles of B cells in tumor immunity with a focus on the T cell response. These findings can guide a protocol for selectively depleting regulatory B cells as a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Horii
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Takashi Matsushita
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan.
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2
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Pópulo H, Batista R, Sampaio C, Pardal J, Lopes JM, Soares P. SDHD promoter mutations are rare events in cutaneous melanomas but SDHD protein expression is downregulated in advanced cutaneous melanoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180392. [PMID: 28662141 PMCID: PMC5491217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SDHD promoter mutations were reported in 4-10% of cutaneous melanomas. The advanced clinico-pathological and patient survival association with SDHD mutation and/or expression in cutaneous melanoma remains controversial. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the presence of SDHD promoter mutations and SDHD protein expression in a melanoma series and its possible association with prognosis and survival of the patients. METHODS We assessed SDHD promoter status in cutaneous melanomas (CM), ocular melanomas (OM) and melanoma cell lines, and the expression of SDHD protein by immunohistochemistry in CM and OM, and by western blot in melanoma cell lines. We explored the putative association between SDHD protein expression and clinico-pathological and prognostic parameters of melanoma. RESULTS We detected 2% of SDHD promoter mutations in CM, but none in OM and cell lines. SDHD protein expression was present in all CM, in OM and in all CM and OM derived cell lines analysed. A significant association between lower SDHD mean protein expression and presence of ulceration and higher pT stage was found. CONCLUSIONS SDHD promoter mutation seems to be a rare event in CM but SDHD lower expression might associate with worst prognostic features in CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pópulo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal)
| | - Rui Batista
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal)
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Sampaio
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal)
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Pardal
- Department of Pathology, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal)
- Department of Pathology, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal)
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Zhang T, Xu M, Makowski MM, Lee C, Kovacs M, Fang J, Willems E, Trent JM, Hayward NK, Vermeulen M, Brown KM. SDHD Promoter Mutations Ablate GABP Transcription Factor Binding in Melanoma. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1649-1661. [PMID: 28108517 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SDHD encodes subunit D of the succinate dehydrogenase complex, an integral membrane protein. Across cancer types, recurrent SDHD promoter mutations were reported to occur exclusively in melanomas, at a frequency of 4% to 5%. These mutations are predicted to disrupt consensus ETS transcription factor-binding sites and are correlated with both reduced SDHD gene expression and poor prognosis. However, the consequence of these mutations on SDHD expression in melanoma is still unclear. Here, we found that expression of SDHD in melanoma correlated with the expression of multiple ETS transcription factors, particularly in SDHD promoter wild-type samples. Consistent with the predicted loss of ETS transcription factor binding, we observed that recurrent hotspot mutations resulted in decreased luciferase activity in reporter assays. Furthermore, we demonstrated specific GABPA and GABPB1 binding to probes containing the wild-type promoter sequences, with binding disrupted by the SDHD hotspot promoter mutations in both quantitative mass spectrometry and band-shift experiments. Finally, using siRNA-mediated knockdown across multiple melanoma cell lines, we determined that loss of GABPA resulted in reduced SDHD expression at both RNA and protein levels. These data are consistent with a key role for GABPA/B1 as the critical ETS transcription factors deregulating SDHD expression in the context of highly recurrent promoter mutations in melanoma and warrant a detailed search for other recurrent promoter mutations that create or disrupt GABPA consensus sequences. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1649-61. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongwu Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mai Xu
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Matthew M Makowski
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine Lee
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael Kovacs
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jun Fang
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Esther Willems
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M Trent
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michiel Vermeulen
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Denisova E, Heidenreich B, Nagore E, Rachakonda PS, Hosen I, Akrap I, Traves V, García-Casado Z, López-Guerrero JA, Requena C, Sanmartin O, Serra-Guillén C, Llombart B, Guillén C, Ferrando J, Gimeno E, Nordheim A, Hemminki K, Kumar R. Frequent DPH3 promoter mutations in skin cancers. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35922-30. [PMID: 26416425 PMCID: PMC4742151 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports suggested frequent occurrence of cancer associated somatic mutations within regulatory elements of the genome. Based on initial exome sequencing of 21 melanomas, we report frequent somatic mutations in skin cancers in a bidirectional promoter of diphthamide biosynthesis 3 (DPH3) and oxidoreductase NAD-binding domain containing 1 (OXNAD1) genes. The UV-signature mutations occurred at sites adjacent and within a binding motif for E-twenty six/ternary complex factors (Ets/TCF), at -8 and -9 bp from DPH3 transcription start site. Follow up screening of 586 different skin lesions showed that the DPH3 promoter mutations were present in melanocytic nevi (2/114; 2%), melanoma (30/304; 10%), basal cell carcinoma of skin (BCC; 57/137; 42%) and squamous cell carcinoma of skin (SCC; 12/31; 39%). Reporter assays carried out in one melanoma cell line for DPH3 and OXNAD1 orientations showed statistically significant increased promoter activity due to -8/-9CC > TT tandem mutations; although, no effect of the mutations on DPH3 and OXNAD1 transcription in tumors was observed. The results from this study show occurrence of frequent somatic non-coding mutations adjacent to a pre-existing binding site for Ets transcription factors within the directional promoter of DPH3 and OXNAD1 genes in three major skin cancers. The detected mutations displayed typical UV signature; however, the functionality of the mutations remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Denisova
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Heidenreich
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ismail Hosen
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivana Akrap
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Tuebingen University, and IMPRS ("From Molecules to Organisms"), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Víctor Traves
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Zaida García-Casado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Celia Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Onofre Sanmartin
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Llombart
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Guillén
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Ferrando
- Departments of Pathology & Dermatology, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Gimeno
- Departments of Pathology & Dermatology, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfred Nordheim
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Tuebingen University, and IMPRS ("From Molecules to Organisms"), Tuebingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK/DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
To provide appropriate therapy and follow-up to patients with malignant melanoma, proper diagnostics are of critical importance. Targeted therapy of advanced melanoma is based on the molecular genetic analyses of tumor tissue. In addition, sequencing of genes and other genetic approaches can provide insight into the origin of melanocytic tumors and can aid in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions. In this regard, spizoid neoplasms remain a challenging entity. Aside from genetic analyses of tumor tissue, immunohistochemistry remains an essential tool in melanoma diagnostics and TNM classification. With new immunotherapies being approved for advanced melanoma, immunohistochemistry to determine PD-L1 expression has gained clinical interest. While PD-L1 expression is associated with response to PD-1 blockade, a substantial number of patients without PD-L1 expression can still experience tumor remission upon treatment. In this review, current and future developments in melanoma diagnostics with regard to molecular genetics and immunohistochemistry are summarized. The utilization of such analyses in clinical decision making is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schilling
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Partnerstandort des Deutschen Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Deutschland.
| | - K G Griewank
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Partnerstandort des Deutschen Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Deutschland.,Dermatopathologie bei Mainz, Bahnhofstr. 2B, 55268, Nieder-Olm, Deutschland
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Riabovol OO. IRE1 KNOCKDOWN MODIFIES THE GLUTAMINE AND GLUCOSE DEPRIVATION EFFECT ON THE EXPRESSION OF NUCLEAR GENES ENCODING MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEINS IN U87 GLIOMA CELLS. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2016. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech9.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Piraino SW, Furney SJ. Beyond the exome: the role of non-coding somatic mutations in cancer. Ann Oncol 2015; 27:240-8. [PMID: 26598542 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive identification of mutations contributing to the development of cancer is a priority of large cancer sequencing projects. To date, most studies have scrutinized mutations in coding regions of the genome, but several recent discoveries, including the identification of recurrent somatic mutations in the TERT promoter in multiple cancer types, support the idea that mutations in non-coding regions are also important in tumour development. Furthermore, analysis of whole-genome sequencing data from tumours has elucidated novel mutational patterns and processes etched into cancer genomes. Here, we present an overview of insights gleaned from the analysis of mutations from sequenced cancer genomes. We then review the mechanisms by which non-coding mutations can play a role in cancer. Finally, we discuss recent efforts aimed at identifying non-coding driver mutations, as well as the unique challenges that the analysis of non-coding mutations present in contrast to the identification of driver mutations in coding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Piraino
- School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S J Furney
- School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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