1
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Yan X, Zhao Z, Tang H. Current status and future of anti-angiogenic drugs in lung cancer. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:2009-2023. [PMID: 36920592 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer, as a malignant tumor with both high incidence and mortality in China, is one of the major causes of death in our population and one of the major public health problems in China. Effective treatment of lung cancer is a major public health task for all human beings. Angiogenesis plays an important role in the development of tumor, not only as a basic condition for tumor growth, but also as a significant factor to promote tumor metastasis. Therefore, anti-angiogenesis has become a vital means to inhibit tumor development, and anti-angiogenic drugs can rebalance pro- and anti-angiogenic factors to inhibit tumor cells. This article reviews the mechanism of blood vessel formation in tumor tissues and the mechanism of action of different anti-angiogenic drugs, the combination therapy of anti-angiogenic drugs and other anti-tumor drugs, and the mechanism of anti-angiogenic drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Jinshan District, No. 2901, Caolang Road, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangyan Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Jinshan District, No. 2901, Caolang Road, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Haicheng Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Jinshan District, No. 2901, Caolang Road, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Jiang D, Zhang LY, Wang DH, Liu YR. Identification of an optimized glycolytic-related risk signature for predicting the prognosis in breast cancer using integrated bioinformatic analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34715. [PMID: 37656998 PMCID: PMC10476720 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant metabolic disorders and significant glycolytic alterations in tumor tissues and cells are hallmarks of breast cancer (BC) progression. This study aims to elucidate the key biomarkers and pathways mediating abnormal glycolysis in breast cancer using bioinformatics analysis. Differential genes expression analysis, gene ontology analysis, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis, gene set enrichment analyses, and correlation analysis were performed to explore the expression and prognostic implications of glycolysis-related genes. We effectively integrated 4 genes to construct a prognostic model of shorter survival in the high-risk versus low-risk group. The prognostic model showed promising predictive value and may be an integral part of the prognosis of BC. The survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves suggested that the signature showed a good predictive performance in both the The Cancer Genome Atlas training set and 2 gene expression omnibus validation sets. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that the 4-gene signature had an independent prognostic value. Furthermore, all calibration curves exhibited robust validity in prognostic prediction. We established an optimized 4-gene signature to clarify the connection between glycolysis and BC, and offered an attractive platform for risk stratification and prognosis predication of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ling-Yu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Dan-Hua Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-rong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
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3
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Oto J, Le QK, Schäfer SD, Kiesel L, Marí-Alexandre J, Gilabert-Estellés J, Medina P, Götte M. Role of Syndecans in Ovarian Cancer: New Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3125. [PMID: 37370735 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the eighth cancer both in prevalence and mortality in women and represents the deadliest female reproductive cancer. Due to generally vague symptoms, OC is frequently diagnosed only at a late and advanced stage, resulting in high mortality. The tumor extracellular matrix and cellular matrix receptors play a key role in the pathogenesis of tumor progression. Syndecans are a family of four transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans (PG), including syndecan-1, -2, -3, and -4, which are dysregulated in a myriad of cancers, including OC. Many clinicopathological studies suggest that these proteins are promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for OC. Furthermore, functions of the syndecan family in the regulation of cellular processes make it an interesting pharmacological target for anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Oto
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis, Arteriosclerosis and Vascular Biology Research Group, Medical Research Institute Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Quang-Khoi Le
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian D Schäfer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kiesel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Josep Marí-Alexandre
- Research Laboratory in Biomarkers in Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Fundación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Gilabert-Estellés
- Research Laboratory in Biomarkers in Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Fundación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Medina
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis, Arteriosclerosis and Vascular Biology Research Group, Medical Research Institute Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany
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4
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Yang H, Wang L. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cancer: Pathogenesis and therapeutic potential. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 157:251-291. [PMID: 36725112 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are glycoproteins that consist of a proteoglycan "core" protein and covalently attached heparan sulfate (HS) chain. HSPGs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and secretory vesicles. Within HSPGs, the protein cores determine when and where HSPG expression takes place, and the HS chains mediate most of HSPG's biological roles through binding various protein ligands, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and receptors, morphogens, proteases, protease inhibitors, and ECM proteins. Through these interactions, HSPGs modulate cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis to display essential functions in physiology and pathology. Under physiological conditions, the expression and localization of HSPGs are finely regulated to orchestrate their physiological functions, and this is disrupted in cancer. The HSPG dysregulation elicits multiple oncogenic signaling, including growth factor signaling, ECM and Integrin signaling, chemokine and immune signaling, cancer stem cell, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence, to prompt cell transformation, proliferation, tumor invasion and metastasis, tumor angiogenesis and inflammation, and immunotolerance. These oncogenic roles make HSPGs an attractive pharmacological target for anti-cancer therapy. Several therapeutic strategies have been under development, including anti-HSPG antibodies, peptides and HS mimetics, synthetic xylosides, and heparinase inhibitors, and shown promising anti-cancer efficacy. Therefore, much progress has been made in this line of study. However, it needs to bear in mind that the roles of HSPGs in cancer can be either oncogenic or tumor-suppressive, depending on the HSPG and the cancer cell type with the underlying mechanisms that remain obscure. Further studies need to address these to fill the knowledge gap and rationalize more efficient therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Bryd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.
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5
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Lavarello C, Orecchia P, Petretto A, Vitale M, Cantoni C, Parodi M. Study of the effects of NK-tumor cell interaction by proteomic analysis and imaging. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 173:91-107. [PMID: 36653088 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in the elimination of tumor cells. The interactions that NK cells can establish with cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are crucial for the outcome of the anti-tumor response, possibly resulting in mechanisms able to modulate NK cell effector functions on the one side, and to modify tumor cell phenotype and properties on the other side. This chapter will describe two different experimental approaches for the evaluation of NK-tumor cell interactions. First, a detailed protocol for the setting up of NK-tumor cell co-cultures will be illustrated, followed by information on cell imaging techniques, useful for assessing cell morphology and cytoskeletal changes. The second part will be focused on the description of a proteomic approach aimed at investigating the effect of this crosstalk from another point of view, i.e., characterizing the cellular and molecular pathways modulated in tumor cells following interaction with NK cells. The chapter centers on the interaction between NK and melanoma cells and refers to experimental approaches we set up to study the effects of this cross-talk on the process of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Nevertheless, the described protocols can be quite easily adapted to study the interaction of NK cells with adherent tumor cell lines of different origin and histotype, as in our original study, we also analyzed possible NK-induced morphologic changes in the cervix adenocarcinoma HeLa cells and the colon cancer HT29 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lavarello
- Core Facilities-Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Orecchia
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Petretto
- Core Facilities-Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Vitale
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Monica Parodi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genoa, Italy
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Signaling Pathways Associated with Chronic Wound Progression: A Systems Biology Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081506. [PMID: 36009225 PMCID: PMC9404828 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown that several oxidative stress-driven pathways in cutaneous chronic wounds are dysregulated in the first 48 h post-wounding. Here, we performed an RNASeq analysis of tissues collected up to day 20 after wounding, when we have determined full chronicity is established. Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis was performed in R segregating the genes into 14 modules. Genes in the modules significantly correlated (p < 0.05) to early and full chronicity were used for pathway analysis using pathfindR. In early chronicity, we observed enrichment of several pathways. Dysregulation of Ephrin/Eph signaling leads to growth cone collapse and impairs neuronal regeneration. Adra2b and Adra2a overexpression in early and full chronicity, respectively, decreased cAMP production and impaired re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation. Several pathways involving a Smooth-muscle-actin (Acta1) were also enriched with Acta1 overexpression contributing to impaired angiogenesis. During full chronicity, the ‘JAK-STAT’ pathway was suppressed undermining host defenses against infection. Wnt signaling was also suppressed, impairing re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation. Biomarkers of cancer such as overexpression of SDC1 and constitutive activation of ErbB2/HER2 were also identified. In conclusion, we show that during progression to full chronicity, numerous signaling pathways are dysregulated, including some related to carcinogenesis, suggesting that chronic wounds behave much like cancer. Experimental verification in vivo could identify candidates for treatment of chronic wounds.
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7
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Runbeck E, Crescioli S, Karagiannis SN, Papa S. Utilizing Immunocytokines for Cancer Therapy. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10010010. [PMID: 33803078 PMCID: PMC8006145 DOI: 10.3390/antib10010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine therapy for cancer has indicated efficacy in certain diseases but is generally accompanied by severe toxicity. The field of antibody-cytokine fusion proteins (immunocytokines) arose to target these effector molecules to the tumor environment in order to expand the therapeutic window of cytokine therapy. Pre-clinical evidence has shown the increased efficacy and decreased toxicity of various immunocytokines when compared to their cognate unconjugated cytokine. These anti-tumor properties are markedly enhanced when combined with other treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and checkpoint inhibitor antibodies. Clinical trials that have continued to explore the potential of these biologics for cancer therapy have been conducted. This review covers the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence for the application of immunocytokines in immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Runbeck
- ImmunoEngineering Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, King’s College London, London SE19RT, UK;
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; (S.C.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Sophia N. Karagiannis
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; (S.C.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Sophie Papa
- ImmunoEngineering Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, King’s College London, London SE19RT, UK;
- Correspondence:
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8
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Onyeisi JOS, Ferreira BZF, Nader HB, Lopes CC. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans as targets for cancer therapy: a review. Cancer Biol Ther 2020; 21:1087-1094. [PMID: 33180600 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2020.1838034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play important roles in cancer initiation and progression, by interacting with the signaling pathways that affect proliferation, adhesion, invasion and angiogenesis. These roles suggest the possibility of various strategies of regulation of these molecules. In this review, we demonstrated that the anticancer drugs can regulate the heparan sulfate proteoglycans activity in different ways: some act directly in core protein, and can bind to a specific type of HSPG. Others drugs interact with glycosaminoglycans chains, and others can act directly in enzymes that regulate HSPGs levels. We also demonstrated that the HSPGs drug targets can be divided into four groups: monoclonal antibodies, antitumor antibiotic, natural products, and mimetics peptide. Interestingly, many drugs demonstrated in this review are approved by FDA and is used in cancer therapy (Food and Drug Administration) like trastuzumab, panitumumab, bleomycin and bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (ASCO) or are in clinical trials like codrituzumab and genistein. This review should help researchers to understand the mechanism of action of anticancer drugs existing and also may inspire the discovery of new drugs that regulate the heparan sulfate proteoglycans activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Oyie Sousa Onyeisi
- Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Zaia Franco Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Bonciani Nader
- Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Cristina Lopes
- Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Diadema, SP, Brazil
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9
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Fathi Maroufi N, Taefehshokr S, Rashidi MR, Taefehshokr N, Khoshakhlagh M, Isazadeh A, Mokarizadeh N, Baradaran B, Nouri M. Vascular mimicry: changing the therapeutic paradigms in cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4749-4765. [PMID: 32424524 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major problem in the health system, and despite many efforts to effectively treat it, none has yet been fully successful. Angiogenesis and metastasis are considered as major challenges in the treatment of various cancers. Researchers have struggled to succeed with anti-angiogenesis drugs for the effective treatment of cancer, although new challenges have emerged in the treatment with the emergence of resistance to anti-angiogenesis and anti-metastatic drugs. Numerous studies have shown that different cancers can resist anti-angiogenesis drugs in a new process called vascular mimicry (VM). The studies have revealed that cells resistant to anti-angiogenesis cancer therapies are more capable of forming VMs in the in vivo and in vitro environment, although there is a link between the presence of VM and poor clinical outcomes. Given the importance of the VM in the challenges facing cancer treatment, researchers are trying to identify factors that prevent the formation of these structures. In this review article, it is attempted to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecules and main signaling pathways involved in VM phenomena, as well as the agents currently being identified as anti-VM and the role of VM in response to treatment and prognosis of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Fathi Maroufi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Taefehshokr
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Rashidi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Taefehshokr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mahdieh Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Isazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narmin Mokarizadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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10
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Furfaro AL, Ottonello S, Loi G, Cossu I, Piras S, Spagnolo F, Queirolo P, Marinari UM, Moretta L, Pronzato MA, Mingari MC, Pietra G, Nitti M. HO-1 downregulation favors BRAF V600 melanoma cell death induced by Vemurafenib/PLX4032 and increases NK recognition. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1950-1962. [PMID: 31376303 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) plays a pivotal role in preventing cell damage. Indeed, through the antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties of its metabolic products, it favors cell adaptation against different stressors. However, HO-1 induction has also been related to the gain of resistance to therapy in different types of cancers and its involvement in cancer immune-escape has been hypothesized. We have investigated the role of HO-1 expression in Vemurafenib-treated BRAFV600 melanoma cells in modulating their susceptibility to NK cell-mediated recognition. Different cell lines, isolated in house from melanoma patients, have been exposed to 1-10 μM PLX4032, which efficiently reduced ERK phosphorylation. In three lines, Vemurafenib was able to induce only a limited decrease in cell viability, while HO-1 expression was upregulated. HO-1 silencing/inhibition was able to induce a further significant reduction of Vemurafenib-treated melanoma viability. Moreover, while NK cell degranulation and killing activity were decreased upon interaction with melanoma exposed to Vemurafenib, HO-1 silencing was able to completely restore NK cell ability to degranulate and kill. Furthermore, melanoma cell treatment with Vemurafenib downregulated the expression of ligands of NKp30 and NKG2D activating receptors, and HO-1 silencing/inhibition was able to restore their expression. Our results indicate that HO-1 downregulation can both improve the efficacy of Vemurafenib on melanoma cells and favor melanoma susceptibility to NK cell-mediated recognition and killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Furfaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Selene Ottonello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,UOC Immunologia IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,CEBR, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Loi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Irene Cossu
- UOC Immunologia IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Piras
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Spagnolo
- UO Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- UO Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria A Pronzato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria C Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,UOC Immunologia IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,CEBR, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pietra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,UOC Immunologia IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mariapaola Nitti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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11
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L19-IL2 Immunocytokine in Combination with the Anti-Syndecan-1 46F2SIP Antibody Format: A New Targeted Treatment Approach in an Ovarian Carcinoma Model. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091232. [PMID: 31443604 PMCID: PMC6769537 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the fifth most common cancer affecting the female population. At present, different targeted treatment approaches may improve currently employed therapies leading either to the delay of tumor recurrence or to disease stabilization. In this study we show that syndecan-1 (SDC1) and tumor angiogenic-associated B-fibronectin isoform (B-FN) are involved in EOC progression and we describe the prominent role of SDC1 in the vasculogenic mimicry (VM) process. We also investigate a possible employment of L19-IL2, an immunocytokine specific for B-FN, and anti-SDC1 46F2SIP (small immuno protein) antibody in combination therapy in a human ovarian carcinoma model. A tumor growth reduction of 78% was obtained in the 46F2SIP/L19-IL2-treated group compared to the control group. We observed that combined treatment was effective in modulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, loss of stemness properties of tumor cells, and in alleviating hypoxia. These effects correlated with reduction of VM structures in tumors from treated mice. Interestingly, the improved pericyte coverage in vascular structures suggested that combined therapy could be efficacious in induction of vessel normalization. These data could pave the way for a possible use of L19-IL2 combined with 46F2SIP antibody as a novel therapeutic strategy in EOC.
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12
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Marzagalli M, Raimondi M, Fontana F, Montagnani Marelli M, Moretti RM, Limonta P. Cellular and molecular biology of cancer stem cells in melanoma: Possible therapeutic implications. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:221-235. [PMID: 31265892 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a tumor characterized by a very high level of heterogeneity, responsible for its malignant behavior and ability to escape from standard therapies. In this review we highlight the molecular and biological features of the subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), well known to be characterized by self-renewal properties, deeply involved in triggering the processes of tumor generation, metastasis, progression and drug resistance. From the molecular point of view, melanoma CSCs are identified and characterized by the expression of stemness markers, such as surface markers, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, embryonic stem cells and intracellular markers. These cells are endowed with different functional features. In particular, they play pivotal roles in the processes of tumor dissemination, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis, mediated by specific intracellular signaling pathways; moreover, they are characterized by a unique metabolic reprogramming. As reported for other types of tumors, the CSCs subpopulation in melanoma is also characterized by a low immunogenic profile as well as by the ability to escape the immune system, through the expression of a negative modulation of T cell functions and the secretion of immunosuppressive factors. These biological features allow melanoma CSCs to escape standard treatments, thus being deeply involved in tumor relapse. Targeting the CSCs subpopulation is now considered an attractive treatment strategy; in particular, combination treatments, based on both CSCs-targeting and standard drugs, will likely increase the therapeutic options for melanoma patients. The characterization of CSCs in liquid biopsies from single patients will pave the way towards precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Roberta M Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Vitale D, Kumar Katakam S, Greve B, Jang B, Oh ES, Alaniz L, Götte M. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans as regulators of cancer stem cell function and therapeutic resistance. FEBS J 2019; 286:2870-2882. [PMID: 31230410 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the bulk of the tumor, a subset of cancer cells called cancer stem cells (CSC; or tumor-initiating cells) is characterized by self-renewal, unlimited proliferative potential, expression of multidrug resistance proteins, active DNA repair capacity, apoptosis resistance, and a considerable developmental plasticity. Due to these properties, CSCs display increased resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. Recent findings indicate that aberrant functions of proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) contribute substantially to the CSC phenotype and therapeutic resistance. In this review, we summarize how the diverse functions of the glycoproteins and carbohydrates facilitate acquisition and maintenance of the CSC phenotype, and how this knowledge can be exploited to develop novel anticancer therapies. For example, the large transmembrane chondroitin sulfate PG NG2/CSPG4 marks stem cell (SC) populations in brain tumors. Cell surface heparan sulfate PGs of the syndecan and glypican families modulate the stemness-associated Wnt, hedgehog, and notch signaling pathways, whereas the interplay of hyaluronan in the SC niche with CSC CD44 determines the maintenance of stemness and promotes therapeutic resistance. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which PGs and GAGs regulate CSC function will aid the development of targeted therapeutic approaches which could avoid relapse after an otherwise successful conventional therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells, PG-primed dendritic cells, PG-targeted antibody-drug conjugates, and inhibitory peptides and glycans have already shown highly promising results in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Vitale
- Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), CIT NOBA, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Pcia. de Bs. As. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNNOBA-CONICET), Junín, Argentina
| | | | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy - Radiooncology, Münster University Hospital, Germany
| | - Bohee Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Laura Alaniz
- Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), CIT NOBA, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Pcia. de Bs. As. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNNOBA-CONICET), Junín, Argentina
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Germany
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Mortara L, Balza E, Bruno A, Poggi A, Orecchia P, Carnemolla B. Anti-cancer Therapies Employing IL-2 Cytokine Tumor Targeting: Contribution of Innate, Adaptive and Immunosuppressive Cells in the Anti-tumor Efficacy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2905. [PMID: 30619269 PMCID: PMC6305397 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins (immunocytokine) exert a potent anti-cancer effect; indeed, they target the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) due to a specific anti-tumor antibody linked to immune activating cytokines. Once bound to the target tumor, the interleukin-2 (IL-2) immunocytokines composed of either full antibody or single chain Fv conjugated to IL-2 can promote the in situ recruitment and activation of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL). This recruitment induces a TME switch toward a classical T helper 1 (Th1) anti-tumor immune response, supported by the cross-talk between NK and dendritic cells (DC). Furthermore, some IL-2 immunocytokines have been largely shown to trigger tumor cell killing by antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), through Fcγ receptors engagement. The modulation of the TME can be also achieved with immunocytokines conjugated with a mutated form of IL-2 that impairs regulatory T (Treg) cell proliferation and activity. Preclinical animal models and more recently phase I/II clinical trials have shown that IL-2 immunocytokines can avoid the severe toxicities of the systemic administration of high doses of soluble IL-2 maintaining the potent anti-tumor effect of this cytokine. Also, very promising results have been reported using IL-2 immunocytokines delivered in combination with other immunocytokines, chemo-, radio-, anti-angiogenic therapies, and blockade of immune checkpoints. Here, we summarize and discuss the most relevant reported studies with a focus on: (a) the effects of IL-2 immunocytokines on innate and adaptive anti-tumor immune cell responses as well as immunosuppressive Treg cells and (b) the approaches to circumvent IL-2-mediated severe toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mortara
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Enrica Balza
- UOC Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonino Bruno
- Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Scientific and Technologic Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- UOSD Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Orecchia
- UOC Immunology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Carnemolla
- UOC Immunology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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15
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Karamanos NK, Piperigkou Z, Theocharis AD, Watanabe H, Franchi M, Baud S, Brézillon S, Götte M, Passi A, Vigetti D, Ricard-Blum S, Sanderson RD, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan Chemical Diversity Drives Multifunctional Cell Regulation and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9152-9232. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini 47100, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Baud
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire SiRMa, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
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16
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Jinjun W, Zhaowei W, Qiang L, Zhijun X, Juanzi Z, Lin L, Guixi J. sFLT-1 inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer SW480 cells through vascular mimicry formation suppression. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317698339. [PMID: 28468595 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317698339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 on the vascular mimicry formation, proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer SW480 cells. The recombinant plasmid pBLAST49-sFLT-1 or pBLAST49 control plasmid was transfected into SW480 cells to obtain hsFLT-1-SW480 or Ctrl-SW480 cells. The three-dimensional model culture, sulforhodamine B assay, scratch assay, and Transwell assay were performed to detect the vascular mimicry formation, proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer SW480 cells, respectively. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of vascular endothelial–cadherin protein. Compared with Ctrl-SW480 cells, vascular mimicry formation ((0.85 ± 0.04) vs (7.40 ± 0.69), p < 0.05) and vascular endothelial–cadherin expression ((1.25 ± 0.08) vs (1.89 ± 0.03), p < 0.05) were significantly decreased, and the growth rate was also significantly decreased in hsFLT-1-SW480 cells ((32.54 ± 5.12) vs (88.13 ± 11.52), p < 0.05). Moreover, the migration ((0.46 ± 0.08) vs (0.94 ± 0.03), p < 0.05) and invasion capacity ((59.14 ± 3.64) vs (134.85 ± 10.16), p < 0.05) of SW480 cells were significantly inhibited upon soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 transfection. soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer SW480 cells through suppression of vascular mimicry formation, which provides a good basis for the development of new drugs for the treatment of colorectal cancer by targeting both angiogenesis and vascular mimicry formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Jinjun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wang Zhaowei
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Qiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xue Zhijun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhang Juanzi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiang Guixi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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17
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Delgado-Bellido D, Serrano-Saenz S, Fernández-Cortés M, Oliver FJ. Vasculogenic mimicry signaling revisited: focus on non-vascular VE-cadherin. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:65. [PMID: 28320399 PMCID: PMC5359927 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a blood supply system independent of endothelial vessels in tumor cells from different origins. It reflects the plasticity of aggressive tumor cells that express vascular cell markers and line tumor vasculature. The presence of VM is associated with a high tumor grade, short survival, invasion and metastasis. Endothelial cells (ECs) express various members of the cadherin superfamily, in particular vascular endothelial (VE-) cadherin, which is the main adhesion receptor of endothelial adherent junctions. Aberrant extra-vascular expression of VE-cadherin has been observed in certain cancer types associated with VM. In this review we focus on non-endothelial VE-cadherin as a prominent factor involved in the acquisition of tubules-like structures by aggressive tumor cells and we summarize the specific signaling pathways, the association with trans-differentiation and stem-like phenotype and the therapeutic opportunities derived from the in-depth knowledge of the peculiarities of the biology of VE-cadherin and other key components of VM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - F Javier Oliver
- IPBLN, CSIC, CIBERONC, Granada, Spain. .,IPBLN, CSIC, Av. Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain.
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18
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Sun H, Zhang D, Yao Z, Lin X, Liu J, Gu Q, Dong X, Liu F, Wang Y, Yao N, Cheng S, Li L, Sun S. Anti-angiogenic treatment promotes triple-negative breast cancer invasion via vasculogenic mimicry. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:205-213. [PMID: 28278077 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1294288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Agents that target angiogenesis have shown limited efficacy for human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in clinical trials. Along with endothelium-dependent vessels, there is also vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in the microcirculation of malignant tumors. The role of VM is not completely understood regarding anti-angiogenic treatment. In this study, human TNBC MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T and non-TNBC MCF-7 and BT474 tumor-bearing mice were treated with sunitinib, an anti-angiogenic drug, using a clinically relevant schedule. The drug was administered for one week and then discontinued. Tumor growth and invasion were observed, and the microcirculation patterns were detected with PAS/endomucin staining. Moreover, hypoxia and VM-associated proteins were evaluated with Hypoxyprobe kits and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Sunitinib significantly inhibited tumor growth in the TNBC and non-TNBC tumors. However, MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T tumors regrew and were more aggressive when the treatment was stopped. The discontinuation had no significant effect on the behavior of the non-TNBC MCF-7 and BT474 tumors. The growth of endothelium-dependent vessels in the TNBC MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T tumors were blocked by sunitinib, during which the number of VM channels significantly increased and resulted in a rebound of endothelium-dependent vessels after sunitinib discontinuation. Moreover, the VM-associated proteins VE-cadherin and Twist1 upregulated in the sunitinib-treated MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T tumors. Furthermore, the clinical significance of this upregulation was validated in 174 human breast cancers. The results from human breast cancer specimens indicated that there were more VM-positive TNBC cases than those in non-TNBC cases. HIF-1α, MMP2, VE-cadherin, and Twist1 were also expressed in a higher level in human TNBC compared with non-TNBC. In aconclusion, sunitinib promoted TNBC invasion by VM. The VM status could be helpful to predict the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy in patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhi Sun
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Danfang Zhang
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China.,b Department of Pathology , General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Zhi Yao
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China.,c Department of Immunology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Xian Lin
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Jiameng Liu
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Qiang Gu
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China.,b Department of Pathology , General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Xueyi Dong
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Fang Liu
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Yi Wang
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Nan Yao
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Siqi Cheng
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Linqi Li
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Shuya Sun
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
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19
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Eckert F, Gaipl U, Niedermann G, Hettich M, Schilbach K, Huber S, Zips D. Beyond checkpoint inhibition - Immunotherapeutical strategies in combination with radiation. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2017; 2:29-35. [PMID: 29657997 PMCID: PMC5893529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The revival of cancer immunotherapy has taken place with the clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibition. However, the spectrum of immunotherapeutic approaches is much broader encompassing T cell engaging strategies, tumour-specific vaccination, antibodies or immunocytokines. This review focuses on the immunological effects of irradiation and the evidence available on combination strategies with immunotherapy. The available data suggest great potential of combined treatments, yet also poses questions about dose, fractionation, timing and most promising multimodal strategies.
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Key Words
- Bispecific antibodies
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CAR-T-cells
- CDN, cyclic dinucleotides
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
- IR, irradiation
- Immunocytokines
- Immunotherapy
- PD-1, Programmed cell death protein 1 receptor
- PD-L1, PD-1 ligand
- Radiotherapy
- TCR, T cell receptor
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- Vaccination
- bsAb, bispecific antibody
- scFv, single chain variable fragment
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Eckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsklinikum Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - U.S. Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - G. Niedermann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Hettich
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K. Schilbach
- Department of General Pediatrics/Pediatric Oncology, Universitaetsklinikum Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - S.M. Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsklinikum Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - D. Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsklinikum Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Heparanase-induced shedding of syndecan-1/CD138 in myeloma and endothelial cells activates VEGFR2 and an invasive phenotype: prevention by novel synstatins. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e202. [PMID: 26926788 PMCID: PMC5154350 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma arises when malignant plasma cells invade and form multiple tumors in the bone marrow. High levels of heparanase (HPSE) correlate with poor prognosis in myeloma patients. A likely target of the enzyme is the heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan syndecan-1 (Sdc1, CD138), which is highly expressed on myeloma cells and contributes to poor prognosis in this disease. We find that HPSE promotes an invasive phenotype mediated by the very late antigen-4 (VLA-4, or α4β1 integrin) in myeloma cells plated on either fibronectin (FN) or vascular endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), ligands that are prevalent in the bone marrow. The phenotype depends on vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2), which is aberrantly expressed in myeloma, and is characterized by a highly protrusive lamellipodium and cell invasion. HPSE-mediated trimming of the HS on Sdc1 and subsequent matrix metalloproteinase-9-mediated shedding of the syndecan exposes a juxtamembrane site in Sdc1 that binds VEGFR2 and VLA-4, thereby coupling VEGFR2 to the integrin. Shed Sdc1 can be mimicked by recombinant Sdc1 ectodomain or by a peptide based on its binding motif, which causes VLA-4 to re-orient from the lagging edge (uropod) to the leading edge of migrating cells, couple with and activate VEGFR2. Peptides (called 'synstatins') containing only the VLA-4 or VEGFR2 binding sites competitively inhibit invasion, as they block coupling of the receptors. This mechanism is also utilized by vascular endothelial cells, in which it is also activated by HPSE, during endothelial cell tube formation. Collectively, our findings reveal for the first time the mechanism through which HPSE modulates Sdc1 function to promote both tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis, thereby driving multiple myeloma progression. The inhibitory synstatins, or inhibitors of HPSE enzyme activity, are likely to show promise as therapeutics against myeloma extravasation and spread.
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