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Yang K, Zhu L, Liu C, Zhou D, Zhu Z, Xu N, Li W. Current status and prospect of the DNA double-strand break repair pathway in colorectal cancer development and treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167438. [PMID: 39059591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Double-strand break (DSB) is the most severe type of DNA damage. However, few reviews have thoroughly examined the involvement of DSB in CRC. Latest researches demonstrated that DSB repair plays an important role in CRC. For example, DSB-related genes such as BRCA1, Ku-70 and DNA polymerase theta (POLQ) are associated with the occurrence of CRC, and POLQ even showed to affect the prognosis and resistance for radiotherapy in CRC. This review comprehensively summarizes the DSB role in CRC, explores the mechanisms and discusses the association with CRC treatment. Four pathways for DSB have been demonstrated. 1. Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) is the major pathway. Its core genes including Ku70 and Ku80 bind to broken ends and recruit repair factors to form a complex that mediates the connection of DNA breaks. 2. Homologous recombination (HR) is another important pathway. Its key genes including BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in finding, pairing, and joining broken ends, and ensure the restoration of breaks in a normal double-stranded DNA structure. 3. Single-strand annealing (SSA) pathway, and 4. POLθ-mediated end-joining (alt-EJ) is a backup pathway. This paper elucidates roles of the DSB repair pathways in CRC, which could contribute to the development of potential new treatment approaches and provide new opportunities for CRC treatment and more individualized treatment options based on therapeutic strategies targeting these DNA repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650106, China; Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Dayang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650106, China; Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Wenliang Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650106, China; Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.
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Dong H, Zeng X, Xu J, He C, Sun Z, Liu L, Huang Y, Sun Z, Cao Y, Peng Z, Qiu YA, Yu T. Advances in immune regulation of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112369. [PMID: 38824903 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen and related receptors have been shown to have a significant impact on human development, reproduction, metabolism and immune regulation and to play a critical role in tumor development and treatment. Traditionally, the nuclear estrogen receptors (nERs) ERα and ERβ have been thought to be involved in mediating the estrogenic effects. However, our group and others have previously demonstrated that the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is the third independent ER, and estrogen signaling mediated by GPER is known to play an important role in normal physiology and a variety of abnormal diseases. Interestingly, recent studies have progressively revealed GPER involvement in the maintenance of the normal immune system, abnormal immune diseases, and inflammatory lesions, which may be of significant clinical value primarily in the immunotherapy of tumors. In this article, we review current advances in GPER-related immunomodulators and provide a theoretical basis and potential clinical targets to ameliorate immune-related diseases and immunotherapy for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi Dong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zeng
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Chongwu He
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Zhengkui Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Liyan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Yanxiao Huang
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Peng
- Department of Lymphohematology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang 330029, China.
| | - Yu-An Qiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang 330029, China.
| | - Tenghua Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang 330029, China.
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Prabhu KS, Kuttikrishnan S, Ahmad N, Habeeba U, Mariyam Z, Suleman M, Bhat AA, Uddin S. H2AX: A key player in DNA damage response and a promising target for cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116663. [PMID: 38688170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is caused by a complex interaction of factors that interrupt the normal growth and division of cells. At the center of this process is the intricate relationship between DNA damage and the cellular mechanisms responsible for maintaining genomic stability. When DNA damage is not repaired, it can cause genetic mutations that contribute to the initiation and progression of cancer. On the other hand, the DNA damage response system, which involves the phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX (γH2AX), is crucial in preserving genomic integrity by signaling and facilitating the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. This review provides an explanation of the molecular dynamics of H2AX in the context of DNA damage response. It emphasizes the crucial role of H2AX in recruiting and localizing repair machinery at sites of chromatin damage. The review explains how H2AX phosphorylation, facilitated by the master kinases ATM and ATR, acts as a signal for DNA damage, triggering downstream pathways that govern cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis, and the cellular fate decision between repair and cell death. The phosphorylation of H2AX is a critical regulatory point, ensuring cell survival by promoting repair or steering cells towards apoptosis in cases of catastrophic genomic damage. Moreover, we explore the therapeutic potential of targeting H2AX in cancer treatment, leveraging its dual function as a biomarker of DNA integrity and a therapeutic target. By delineating the pathways that lead to H2AX phosphorylation and its roles in apoptosis and cell cycle control, we highlight the significance of H2AX as both a prognostic tool and a focal point for therapeutic intervention, offering insights into its utility in enhancing the efficacy of cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar.
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Nuha Ahmad
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Ummu Habeeba
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Zahwa Mariyam
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Laboratory of Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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4
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Pandey A, Shen C, Feng S, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Ngo C, Liu C, Kurera M, Mathur A, Venkataraman S, Zhang J, Talaulikar D, Song R, Wong JJL, Teoh N, Kaakoush NO, Man SM. Ku70 senses cytosolic DNA and assembles a tumor-suppressive signalosome. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadh3409. [PMID: 38277448 PMCID: PMC10816715 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh3409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune response contributes to the development or attenuation of acute and chronic diseases, including cancer. Microbial DNA and mislocalized DNA from damaged host cells can activate different host responses that shape disease outcomes. Here, we show that mice and humans lacking a single allele of the DNA repair protein Ku70 had increased susceptibility to the development of intestinal cancer. Mechanistically, Ku70 translocates from the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it binds to cytosolic DNA and interacts with the GTPase Ras and the kinase Raf, forming a tripartite protein complex and docking at Rab5+Rab7+ early-late endosomes. This Ku70-Ras-Raf signalosome activates the MEK-ERK pathways, leading to impaired activation of cell cycle proteins Cdc25A and CDK1, reducing cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. We also identified the domains of Ku70, Ras, and Raf involved in activating the Ku70 signaling pathway. Therapeutics targeting components of the Ku70 signalosome could improve the treatment outcomes in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanu Pandey
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cheng Shen
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Shouya Feng
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Chinh Ngo
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cheng Liu
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
- Mater Pathology, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Melan Kurera
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Anukriti Mathur
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Shweta Venkataraman
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jing Zhang
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Dipti Talaulikar
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Haematology Translational Research Unit, ACT Pathology, Canberra Health Services, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Department of Human Genomics, ACT Pathology, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Renhua Song
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Justin J.-L. Wong
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Narci Teoh
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, The Australian National University Medical School at The Canberra Hospital, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nadeem O. Kaakoush
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Deng Y, Ke TW, Yueh TC, Chin YT, Wang YC, Hung YC, Mong MC, Yang YC, Wu WT, Chang WS, Gu J, Bau DAT, Tsai CW. The Contribution of DNA Ligase 4 Polymorphisms to Colorectal Cancer. In Vivo 2024; 38:127-133. [PMID: 38148049 PMCID: PMC10756467 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM While numerous biomarkers associated with genetic susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC) have been identified and validated through epidemiological studies, the specific influence of DNA ligase 4 (Lig4) genotypes remains unexplored. This study aimed to elucidate the hitherto unexamined relationship between Lig4 genotypes and CRC risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS The genotypes of Lig4 rs1805388 were determined applying the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology. The potential association between these genotypes and CRC risk was assessed in a Taiwanese population comprising 362 CRC cases and an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls. RESULTS In the genotypic analysis, the distribution of CC, CT, and TT genotypes for Lig4 rs1805388 among CRC cases was 54.7%, 38.1%, and 7.2%, respectively. This distribution was not significantly different from the controls, which exhibited genotypic frequencies of 57.2%, 36.7%, and 6.1%, respectively (p for trend=0.7314). Analysis of allelic distribution indicated that individuals carrying the T allele of Lig4 rs1805388 displayed a slightly elevated CRC risk compared to those carrying the C allele (odds ratio=1.10, 95% confidence interval=0.87-1.39, p=0.4685). CONCLUSION The variant genotypes of Lig4 rs1805388 may not serve as predictive markers for CRC risk in the Taiwanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Branch of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Wuxi, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Tao-Wei Ke
- Department of General Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Te-Cheng Yueh
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ting Chin
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yun-Chi Wang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Chih Hung
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Chin Mong
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Chen Yang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Tzu Wu
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Shin Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, U.S.A
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, U.S.A.;
| | - DA-Tian Bau
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, U.S.A.;
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Harvey BJ, Harvey HM. Sex Differences in Colon Cancer: Genomic and Nongenomic Signalling of Oestrogen. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2225. [PMID: 38137047 PMCID: PMC10742859 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignancy that exhibits distinct differences in incidence, prognosis, and treatment responses between males and females. These disparities have long been attributed to hormonal differences, particularly the influence of oestrogen signalling. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sex differences in colon cancer and the protective role of membrane and nuclear oestrogen signalling in CRC development, progression, and therapeutic interventions. We discuss the epidemiological and molecular evidence supporting sex differences in colon cancer, followed by an exploration of the impact of oestrogen in CRC through various genomic and nongenomic signalling pathways involving membrane and nuclear oestrogen receptors. Furthermore, we examine the interplay between oestrogen receptors and other signalling pathways, in particular the Wnt/β-catenin proliferative pathway and hypoxia in shaping biological sex differences and oestrogen protective actions in colon cancer. Lastly, we highlight the potential therapeutic implications of targeting oestrogen signalling in the management of colon cancer and propose future research directions to address the current gaps in our understanding of this complex phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Harvey
- Faculty of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Harry M. Harvey
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z5, Canada;
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Ye T, Lin A, Qiu Z, Hu S, Zhou C, Liu Z, Cheng Q, Zhang J, Luo P. Microsatellite instability states serve as predictive biomarkers for tumors chemotherapy sensitivity. iScience 2023; 26:107045. [PMID: 37448561 PMCID: PMC10336167 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for markers to predict the efficacy of different chemotherapy drugs. Herein, we examined whether microsatellite instability (MSI) status can predict tumor multidrug sensitivity and explored the underlying mechanisms. We downloaded data from several public databases. Drug sensitivity was compared between the high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) and microsatellite-stable/low microsatellite instability (MSS/MSI-L) groups. In addition, we performed pathway enrichment analysis and cellular chemosensitivity assays to explore the mechanisms by which MSI status may affect drug sensitivity and assessed the differences between drug-treated and control cell lines. We found that multiple MSI-H tumors were more sensitive to a variety of chemotherapy drugs than MSS/MSI-L tumors, and especially for CRC, chemosensitivity is enhanced through the downregulation of DDR pathways such as NHEJ. Additional DNA damage caused by chemotherapeutic drugs results in further downregulation of DDR pathways and enhances drug sensitivity, forming a cycle of increasing drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taojun Ye
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Anqi Lin
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengang Qiu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shulu Hu
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaozheng Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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8
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Hernandez-Martinez JM, Rosell R, Arrieta O. Somatic and germline ATM variants in non-small-cell lung cancer: Therapeutic implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023:104058. [PMID: 37343657 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
ATM is an apical kinase of the DNA damage response involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Germline ATM variants (gATM) have been associated with an increased risk of developing lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and approximately 9% of LUAD tumors harbor somatic ATM mutations (sATM). Biallelic carriers of pathogenic gATM exhibit a plethora of immunological abnormalities, but few studies have evaluated the contribution of immune dysfunction to lung cancer susceptibility. Indeed, little is known about the clinicopathological characteristics of lung cancer patients with sATM or gATM alterations. The introduction of targeted therapies and immunotherapies, and the increasing number of clinical trials evaluating treatment combinations, warrants a careful reexamination of the benefits and harms that different therapeutic approaches have had in lung cancer patients with sATM or gATM. This review will discuss the role of ATM in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, highlighting potential therapeutic approaches to manage ATM-deficient lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Manuel Hernandez-Martinez
- Thoracic Oncology Unit and Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de México (INCan); CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Institut d'Investigació en Ciències Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; (4)Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Thoracic Oncology Unit and Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de México (INCan).
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Harpain F, Dawoud C, Wimmer K, Schlager L, Kirchnawy S, Rizk D, Girgis K, Mittermair E, Oberndorfer F, Wöran K, Riss S, Stift A, Stift J. Fistula-Associated Anal Adenocarcinoma: A 20-Year Single-Center Experience. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:3517-3527. [PMID: 36757514 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-13115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fistula-associated anal adenocarcinoma (FAAC) is a rare consequence in patients with long-standing perianal fistulas. A paucity of data are available for this patient collective, making clinical characterization and management of this disease difficult. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe a single-center experience with FAAC patients, their clinical course, and histopathological and molecular pathological characterization. METHODS All patients receiving surgery for an anal fistula in 1999-2019 at a tertiary university referral hospital were included in this retrospective analysis. Patients with FAAC were eligible for histopathological analysis, including immunohistochemistry and molecular profiling. RESULTS This study included 1004 patients receiving surgical treatment for an anal fistula, of whom 242 had an underlying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Ten patients were diagnosed with a fistula-associated anal carcinoma (1.0%), and six of these patients had an FAAC (0.6%). The mean overall survival of FAAC patients was 24 ± 3 months. FAAC immunohistochemistry revealed positive staining for CK20, CDX2 and MUC2, while stainings for CK5/6 and CK7 were negative. All FAAC specimens revealed microsatellite stability. Molecular profiling detected mutations in 35 genes, with the most frequent mutations being TP53, NOTCH1, NOTCH3, ATM, PIK3R1 and SMAD4. CONCLUSION FAAC is rare but associated with poor clinical outcome. Tissue acquisition is crucial for early diagnosis and therapy and should be performed in long-standing, non-healing, IBD-associated fistulas in particular. The immunophenotype of FAAC seems more similar to the rectal-type mucosa than the anal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Harpain
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Dawoud
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin Wimmer
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Schlager
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Kirchnawy
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Rizk
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerollos Girgis
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Mittermair
- Hospital Pharmacy, Klinik Ottakring - Wiener Gesundheitsverbund, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Katharina Wöran
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Riss
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Stift
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Stift
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Shen X, Jain A, Aladelokun O, Yan H, Gilbride A, Ferrucci LM, Lu L, Khan SA, Johnson CH. Asparagine, colorectal cancer, and the role of sex, genes, microbes, and diet: A narrative review. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:958666. [PMID: 36090030 PMCID: PMC9453556 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.958666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparagine (Asn) and enzymes that catalyze the metabolism of Asn have been linked to the regulation and propagation of colorectal cancer (CRC). Increased Asn and asparagine synthetase (ASNS) expression, both contribute to CRC progression and metastasis. In contradistinction, L-asparaginase (ASNase) which breaks down Asn, exhibits an anti-tumor effect. Metabolic pathways such as KRAS/PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 signaling and high SOX12 expression can positively regulate endogenous Asn production. Conversely, the tumor suppressor, TP53, negatively impacts ASNS, thus limiting Asn synthesis and reducing tumor burden. Asn abundance can be altered by factors extrinsic to the cancer cell such as diet, the microbiome, and therapeutic use of ASNase. Recent studies have shown that sex-related factors can also influence the regulation of Asn, and high Asn production results in poorer prognosis for female CRC patients but not males. In this narrative review, we critically review studies that have examined endogenous and exogenous modulators of Asn bioavailability and summarize the key metabolic networks that regulate Asn metabolism. We also provide new hypotheses regarding sex-related influences on Asn, including the involvement of the sex-steroid hormone estrogen and estrogen receptors. Further, we hypothesize that sex-specific factors that influence Asn metabolism can influence clinical outcomes in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Shen
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Abhishek Jain
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Oladimeji Aladelokun
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Austin Gilbride
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Leah M. Ferrucci
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sajid A. Khan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Caroline H. Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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11
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Youssef ASED, Abdel-Fattah MA, Lotfy MM, Nassar A, Abouelhoda M, Touny AO, Hassan ZK, Mohey Eldin M, Bahnassy AA, Khaled H, Zekri ARN. Multigene Panel Sequencing Reveals Cancer-Specific and Common Somatic Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Patients: An Egyptian Experience. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:1332-1352. [PMID: 35723313 PMCID: PMC8947625 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims at identifying common pathogenic somatic mutations at different stages of colorectal carcinogenesis in Egyptian patients. Our cohort included colonoscopic biopsies collected from 120 patients: 20 biopsies from patients with inflammatory bowel disease, 38 from colonic polyp patients, and 62 from patients with colorectal cancer. On top of this, the cohort included 20 biopsies from patients with non-specific mild to moderated colitis. Targeted DNA sequencing using a customized gene panel of 96 colorectal related genes running on the Ion Torrent NGS technology was used to process the samples. Our results revealed that 69% of all cases harbored at least one somatic mutation. Fifty-seven genes were found to carry 232 somatic non-synonymous variants. The most frequently pathogenic somatic mutations were localized in TP53, APC, KRAS, and PIK3CA. In total, 16 somatic mutations were detected in the CRC group and in either the IBD or CP group. In addition, our data showed that 51% of total somatic variants were CRC-specific variants. The average number of CRC-specific variants per sample is 2.4. The top genes carrying CRC-specific mutations are APC, TP53, PIK3CA, FBXW7, ATM, and SMAD4. It seems obvious that TP53 and APC genes were the most affected genes with somatic mutations in all groups. Of interest, 85% and 28% of the APC and TP53 deleterious somatic mutations were located in Exon 14 and Exon 3, respectively. Besides, 37% and 28% of the total somatic mutations identified in APC and TP53 were CRC-specific variants, respectively. Moreover, we identified that, in 29 somatic mutations in 21 genes, their association with CRC patients was unprecedented. Ten detected variants were likely to be novel: six in PIK3CA and four variants in FBXW7. The detected P53, Wnt/βcatenin, Angiogenesis, EGFR, TGF-β and Interleukin signaling pathways were the most altered pathways in 22%, 16%, 12%, 10%, 9% and 9% of the CRC patients, respectively. These results would contribute to a better understanding of the colorectal cancer and in introducing personalized therapies for Egyptian CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Salah El-Din Youssef
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt; (M.M.L.); (A.N.); (Z.K.H.)
| | | | - Mai M. Lotfy
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt; (M.M.L.); (A.N.); (Z.K.H.)
| | - Auhood Nassar
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt; (M.M.L.); (A.N.); (Z.K.H.)
| | | | - Ahmed O. Touny
- Surgical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt;
| | - Zeinab K. Hassan
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt; (M.M.L.); (A.N.); (Z.K.H.)
| | - Mohammed Mohey Eldin
- Tropical Medicine Department, El Kasr Al-Aini, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt;
| | - Abeer A. Bahnassy
- Molecular Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt;
| | - Hussein Khaled
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt;
| | - Abdel Rahman N. Zekri
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt; (M.M.L.); (A.N.); (Z.K.H.)
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12
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Molecular mechanisms in governing genomic stability and tumor suppression by the SETD2 H3K36 methyltransferase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 144:106155. [PMID: 34990836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation is an important contributor to carcinogenesis. This is not surprising, as chromatin-genomic DNA organized around structural histone scaffolding-serves as the template on which occurs essential nuclear processes, such as transcription, DNA replication and DNA repair. Histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) methyltransferases, such as the SET-domain 2 protein (SETD2), have emerged as critical tumor suppressors. Previous work on mammalian SETD2 and its counterpart in model organisms, Set2, has highlighted the role of this protein in governing genomic stability through transcriptional elongation and splicing, as well as in DNA damage response processes and cell cycle progression. A compendium of SETD2 mutations have been documented, garnered from sequenced cancer patient genome data, and these findings underscore the cancer-driving properties of SETD2 loss-of-function. In this review, we consolidate the molecular mechanisms regulated by SETD2/Set2 and discuss evidence of its dysregulation in tumorigenesis. Insight into the genetic interactions that exist between SETD2 and various canonical intracellular signaling pathways has not only empowered pharmacological intervention by taking advantage of synthetic lethality but underscores SETD2 as a druggable target for precision cancer therapy.
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13
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Stockton JD, Tee L, Whalley C, James J, Dilworth M, Wheat R, Nieto T, Geh I, Barros-Silva JD, Beggs AD. Complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer is associated with RAS/AKT mutations and high tumour mutational burden. Radiat Oncol 2021; 16:129. [PMID: 34256782 PMCID: PMC8278688 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-021-01853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathological complete response (pathCR) in rectal cancer is beneficial, as up to 75% of patients do not experience regrowth of the primary tumour, but it is poorly understood. We hypothesised that the changes seen in the pre-treatment biopsies of pathCR but not seen in residual tumour after chemoradiotherapy were the determinants of responsiveness. METHODS Two groups of patients with either complete response (pathCR group, N = 24) or no response (poor response group, N = 24) were retrieved. Pre-treatment biopsies of cancers from these patients underwent high read depth amplicon sequencing for a targeted panel, exome sequencing, methylation profiling and immunohistochemistry for DNA repair pathway proteins. RESULTS Twenty four patients who underwent pathCR and twenty-four who underwent poor response underwent molecular characterisation. Patients in the pathCR group had significantly higher tumour mutational burden and neoantigen load, frequent copy number alterations but fewer structural variants and enrichment for driver mutations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. There were no significant differences in tumour heterogeneity as measured by MATH score. Methylation analysis demonstrated enrichment for hypomethyation in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. DISCUSSION The phenomenon of pathCR in rectal cancer may be related to immunovisibility caused by a high tumour mutational burden phenotype. Potential therapy resistance mechanisms involve the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway, but tumour heterogeneity does not seem to play a role in resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne D. Stockton
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Louise Tee
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Celina Whalley
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Jonathan James
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Mark Dilworth
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel Wheat
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Thomas Nieto
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - S-CORT Consortium
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Geh
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - João D. Barros-Silva
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Andrew D. Beggs
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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14
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Fujii Y, Ono A, Hayes CN, Aikata H, Yamauchi M, Uchikawa S, Kodama K, Teraoka Y, Fujino H, Nakahara T, Murakami E, Miki D, Okamoto W, Kawaoka T, Tsuge M, Imamura M, Chayama K. Identification and monitoring of mutations in circulating cell-free tumor DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma treated with lenvatinib. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:215. [PMID: 34174931 PMCID: PMC8235843 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background There has been a recent surge in interest in predicting biological effects associated with genomic alterations in order to implement personalized cancer treatment strategies. However, no reports have yet evaluated the utility of profiling blood-based circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients treated with lenvatinib (LEN). Method We retrospectively performed ctDNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis in 24 patients with advanced HCC at baseline and 4 weeks after initiation of LEN. Association of the changes in variant allele frequencies (VAFs) during treatment and clinical outcome were evaluated. Results In total, 131 single nucleotide variants, 17 indels, and 23 copy number variations were detected as somatic alterations in 28, 6, and 12 genes, respectively in 23 of 24 patients. The most frequently altered genes were TP53 (54%), CTNNB1 (42%), TERT (42%), ATM (25%), and ARID1A (13%). The reduction in the mean frequency of variants (VAFmean) following 4 weeks of LEN treatment was associated with longer progression-free survival. The specificity and sensitivity of the reduction of VAFmean for predicting partial response were 0.67 and 1.0, respectively, which were higher than those of serum α-fetoprotein level (0.10 and 0.93, respectively). No association between the mutation status at baseline and the effectiveness of LEN was observed. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that somatic alterations could be detected in the majority of advanced HCC patients by ctDNA profiling and that ctDNA-kinetics during LEN treatment was a useful marker of disease progression. These results suggest that ctDNA profiling is a promising method that provides valuable information in clinical practice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-02016-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutoshi Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - C Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masami Yamauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Uchikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kodama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yuji Teraoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hatsue Fujino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Daiki Miki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Wataru Okamoto
- Cancer Treatment Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Kawaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuge
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Collaborative Research Laboratory of Medical Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. .,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. .,RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
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15
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Abbasi S, Parmar G, Kelly RD, Balasuriya N, Schild-Poulter C. The Ku complex: recent advances and emerging roles outside of non-homologous end-joining. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4589-4613. [PMID: 33855626 PMCID: PMC11071882 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1981, the Ku complex has been extensively studied under multiple cellular contexts, with most work focusing on Ku in terms of its essential role in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). In this process, Ku is well-known as the DNA-binding subunit for DNA-PK, which is central to the NHEJ repair process. However, in addition to the extensive study of Ku's role in DNA repair, Ku has also been implicated in various other cellular processes including transcription, the DNA damage response, DNA replication, telomere maintenance, and has since been studied in multiple contexts, growing into a multidisciplinary point of research across various fields. Some advances have been driven by clarification of Ku's structure, including the original Ku crystal structure and the more recent Ku-DNA-PKcs crystallography, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) studies, and the identification of various post-translational modifications. Here, we focus on the advances made in understanding the Ku heterodimer outside of non-homologous end-joining, and across a variety of model organisms. We explore unique structural and functional aspects, detail Ku expression, conservation, and essentiality in different species, discuss the evidence for its involvement in a diverse range of cellular functions, highlight Ku protein interactions and recent work concerning Ku-binding motifs, and finally, we summarize the clinical Ku-related research to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Abbasi
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gursimran Parmar
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Rachel D Kelly
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Nileeka Balasuriya
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Caroline Schild-Poulter
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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16
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Comprehensive Analysis of Prognostic and Genetic Signatures for General Transcription Factor III (GTF3) in Clinical Colorectal Cancer Patients Using Bioinformatics Approaches. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:cimb43010002. [PMID: 33925358 PMCID: PMC8935981 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has the fourth-highest incidence of all cancer types, and its incidence has steadily increased in the last decade. The general transcription factor III (GTF3) family, comprising GTF3A, GTF3B, GTF3C1, and GTFC2, were stated to be linked with the expansion of different types of cancers; however, their messenger (m)RNA expressions and prognostic values in colorectal cancer need to be further investigated. To study the transcriptomic expression levels of GTF3 gene members in colorectal cancer in both cancerous tissues and cell lines, we first performed high-throughput screening using the Oncomine, GEPIA, and CCLE databases. We then applied the Prognoscan database to query correlations of their mRNA expressions with the disease-specific survival (DSS), overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) status of the colorectal cancer patient. Furthermore, proteomics expressions of GTF3 family members in clinical colorectal cancer specimens were also examined using the Human Protein Atlas. Finally, genomic alterations of GTF3 family gene expressions in colorectal cancer and their signal transduction pathways were studied using cBioPortal, ClueGO, CluePedia, and MetaCore platform. Our findings revealed that GTF3 family members' expressions were significantly correlated with the cell cycle, oxidative stress, WNT/β-catenin signaling, Rho GTPases, and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Clinically, high GTF3A and GTF3B expressions were significantly correlated with poor prognoses in colorectal cancer patients. Collectively, our study declares that GTF3A was overexpressed in cancer tissues and cell lines, particularly colorectal cancer, and it could possibly step in as a potential prognostic biomarker.
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17
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Lee CS, Song IH, Lee A, Kang J, Lee YS, Lee IK, Song YS, Lee SH. Enhancing the landscape of colorectal cancer using targeted deep sequencing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8154. [PMID: 33854094 PMCID: PMC8046812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology detects specific mutations that can provide treatment opportunities for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. We included 145 CRC patients who underwent surgery. We analyzed the mutation frequencies of common actionable genes and their association with clinicopathological characteristics and oncologic outcomes using targeted NGS. Approximately 97.9% (142) of patients showed somatic mutations. Frequent mutations were observed in TP53 (70%), APC (60%), and KRAS (49%). TP53 mutations were significantly linked to higher overall stage (p = 0.038) and lower disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.039). ATM mutation was significantly associated with higher tumor stage (p = 0.012) and shorter overall survival (OS) (p = 0.041). Stage 3 and 4 patients with ATM mutations (p = 0.023) had shorter OS, and FBXW7 mutation was significantly associated with shorter DFS (p = 0.002). However, the OS of patients with or without TP53, RAS, APC, PIK3CA, and SMAD4 mutations did not differ significantly (p = 0.59, 0.72, 0.059, 0.25, and 0.12, respectively). Similarly, the DFS between patients with RAS, APC, PIK3CA, and SMAD4 mutations and those with wild-type were not statistically different (p = 0.3, 0.79, 0.13, and 0.59, respectively). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, ATM mutation was an independent biomarker for poor prognosis of OS (p = 0.043). A comprehensive analysis of the molecular markers for CRC can provide insights into the mechanisms underlying disease progression and help optimize a personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Seung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hye Song
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahwon Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Kang
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Suk Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyu Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Song
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Hak Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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18
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A Novel ATM Pathogenic Variant in an Italian Woman with Gallbladder Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020313. [PMID: 33671809 PMCID: PMC7926430 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies with poor prognosis and a high fatality rate. The disease presents in advanced stages where the treatment is ineffective. Regarding GBC pathogenesis, as with other neoplasia, this tumor is a multifactorial disorder involving different causative factors such as environmental, microbial, metabolic, and molecular. Genetic alterations can be germline or somatic that involving proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle genes, and growth factors. The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene, coding a serine/threonine kinase involved in the early stages of the homologous recombination (HR) mechanism, is one of the most altered genes in GBC. Here, we present the molecular characterization of a novel germline ATM large genomic rearrangement (LGR) identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis in an Italian woman diagnosed with metastatic GBC at the age of 55. The results underline the importance of expanding the NGS approach in gallbladder cancer in order to propose new molecular markers of predisposition and prognosis exploitable by novel targeted therapies that may improve the response of patients with ATM-deficient cancers.
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19
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Abancens M, Bustos V, Harvey H, McBryan J, Harvey BJ. Sexual Dimorphism in Colon Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:607909. [PMID: 33363037 PMCID: PMC7759153 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.607909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A higher incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is found in males compared to females. Young women (18-44 years) with CRC have a better survival outcome compared to men of the same age or compared to older women (over 50 years), indicating a global incidence of sexual dimorphism in CRC rates and survival. This suggests a protective role for the sex steroid hormone estrogen in CRC development. Key proliferative pathways in CRC tumorigenesis exhibit sexual dimorphism, which confer better survival in females through estrogen regulated genes and cell signaling. Estrogen regulates the activity of a class of Kv channels (KCNQ1:KCNE3), which control fundamental ion transport functions of the colon and epithelial mesenchymal transition through bi-directional interactions with the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Estrogen also modulates CRC proliferative responses in hypoxia via the novel membrane estrogen receptor GPER and HIF1A and VEGF signaling. Here we critically review recent clinical and molecular insights into sexual dimorphism of CRC biology modulated by the tumor microenvironment, estrogen, Wnt/β-catenin signalling, ion channels, and X-linked genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Abancens
- Department of Molecular Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Surgery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Viviana Bustos
- Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, Programa Fitogen, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Harry Harvey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jean McBryan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Surgery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian J. Harvey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Centro de Estudios Cientificos CECs, Valdivia, Chile
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20
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Gachechiladze M, Skarda J, Bouchalova K, Soltermann A, Joerger M. Predictive and Prognostic Value of DNA Damage Response Associated Kinases in Solid Tumors. Front Oncol 2020; 10:581217. [PMID: 33224881 PMCID: PMC7670868 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.581217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional DNA repair with subsequent genome instability and high mutational burden represents a major hallmark of cancer. In established malignant tumors, increased DNA repair capacity mediates resistance to DNA-damaging therapeutics, including cytotoxic drugs, radiotherapy, and selected small molecules including inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR), and Wee1 kinase (Wee1). In addition, DNA repair deficiency is not only associated with sensitivity to selected anticancer drugs, but also with increased mutagenicity and increased neoantigen load on tumor cells, resulting in increased immunogenicity and improved response to CTLA4- or PD-(L)1 targeting monoclonal antibodies. DNA damage response (DDR) is composed of complex signalling pathways, including the sensing of the DNA damage, signal transduction, cellular response pathways to DNA damage, and activation of DNA repair. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are the most dangerous form of DNA damage. Tumor cells are characterised by frequent accumulation of DSBs caused by either endogenous replication stress or the impact of cancer treatment, most prominently chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, response of cancer cells to DSBs represents a crucial mechanism for how tumors respond to systemic treatment or radiotherapy, and how resistance develops. Ample clinical evidence supports the importance of DDR associated kinases as predictive and prognostic biomarkers in cancer patients. The ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1-WEE1 pathways initiate DNA DSB repair. In the current review, we focus on major DDR associated kinases including ATM, ATR, CHK1, CHK2, and WEE1, and discuss their potential prognostic and predictive value in solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Gachechiladze
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Translational and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Josef Skarda
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Translational and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | | | | | - Markus Joerger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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21
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Arora M, Kumari S, Singh J, Chopra A, Chauhan SS. PAXX, Not NHEJ1 Is an Independent Prognosticator in Colon Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:584053. [PMID: 33195430 PMCID: PMC7649742 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.584053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical Non-homologous End Joining (NHEJ) pathway is the mainstay of cellular response to DNA double strand breaks. While aberrant expression of genes involved in this pathway has been linked with genomic instability and drug resistance in several cancers, limited information is available about its clinical significance in colon cancer. We performed a comprehensive analysis of seven essential genes, including XRCC5, XRCC6, PRKDC, LIG4, XRCC4, NHEJ1, and PAXX of this pathway, in colon cancer using multi-omics datasets, and studied their associations with molecular and clinicopathological features, including age, gender, stage, KRAS mutation, BRAF mutation, microsatellite instability status and promoter DNA methylation in TCGA colon cancer dataset. This analysis revealed upregulation of XRCC5, PRKDC, and PAXX in colon cancer compared to normal colon tissues, while LIG4 and NHEJ1 (XLF) displayed downregulation. The expression of these genes was independent of age and KRAS status, while XRCC5, PRKDC, and LIG4 exhibited reduced expression in BRAF mutant tumors. Interestingly, we observed a strong association between XRCC6, XRCC5, PRKDC and LIG4 overexpression and microsatellite instability status of the tumors. In multivariate analysis, high PAXX expression emerged as an independent prognostic marker for poor overall and disease specific survival. We also observed hypomethylation of PAXX promoter in tumors, which exhibited a strong correlation with its overexpression. Furthermore, PAXX overexpression was also associated with several oncogenic pathways as well as a reduction in numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Arora
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarita Kumari
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. BRA-IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. BRA-IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anita Chopra
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. BRA-IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam S Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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22
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Dimberg J, Andersson RE, Haglund S. Genomic Profiling of Stage II Colorectal Cancer Identifies Candidate Genes Associated with Recurrence-Free Survival, Tumor Location, and Differentiation Grade. Oncology 2020; 98:575-582. [PMID: 32408300 DOI: 10.1159/000507118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of high-risk stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, potential candidates for adjuvant chemotherapy, is challenging. Current clinical guidelines rely mainly on histopathological markers with relatively weak prognostic value. This motivates further search for prognostic markers. METHODS This explorative study aimed to identify potential candidate gene mutations to facilitate differentiation between subgroups of patients with CRC stage II. Panel-based massive parallel sequencing was used to genetically characterize tumor tissues from 85 patients radically operated for CRC stage II, of which 12 developed recurrent cancer during follow-up. Genetic data was compared between patients with or without cancer recurrence, between tumors located in colon and in rectum, and for association with tumor differentiation grade. RESULTS Genetic variation in ATM, C11ORF65 was associated with recurrence-free survival. Previous reports regarding the association between BRAF mutation and a higher age at diagnosis, and tumor location in colon were confirmed. APC, BRAF, or KRAS mutation was associated with tumor differentiation grade. Multiple correspondence analyses revealed no obvious clustering of patients with the studied clinical characteristics, indicating that the genetic signatures observed here were unique for each individual. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we have demonstrated the utility of panel-based massive parallel sequencing to explore the pathogenesis of CRC stage II. We have identified promising candidate gene mutations associated with cancer recurrence, tumor location, and differentiation grade in patients with CRC stage II, which merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dimberg
- Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Roland E Andersson
- Department of Surgery, Jönköping, Region Jönköping County, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofie Haglund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jönköping, Region Jönköping County, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, .,Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,
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23
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Tao Y, Mei Y, Ying R, Chen S, Wei Z. The ATM rs189037 G>A polymorphism is associated with the risk and prognosis of gastric cancer in Chinese individuals: A case-control study. Gene 2020; 741:144578. [PMID: 32171823 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene is involved in repairing DNA lesions and maintaining genome stability, which is related to cancer invasion and metastasis. This gene influences the risk of cancers. Many studies have demonstrated that the ATM rs189037 G>A polymorphism is linked with the risks of different types of cancer. However, no study has probed the relationship between the ATM rs189037 G>A polymorphism and gastric cancer (GC) risk. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the association of the ATM rs189037 G>A polymorphism with the risk and prognosis of GC in a case-control investigation of 345 GC patients and 467 controls in China. The rs189037 G>A polymorphism was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. This polymorphism was related to a significantly higher risk of GC [AA vs. GG: OR (95% CI): 1.80 (1.20-2.70), P = 0.04; GG vs. AA + GA: 1.46 (1.08-1.98); A vs. G: 1.34 (1.10-1.64), P = 0.004]. Subgroup analyses showed significant associations with female gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, age ≥60 years, and positive Helicobacter pylori status. This polymorphism was also correlated with TNM stage III + IV and tumor size >4 cm. GC patients carrying the AA genotype of the rs189037 polymorphism also had lower overall survival. In conclusion, the ATM rs189037 G>A polymorphism was related to increased susceptibility to and poorer prognosis in GC in this Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Tao
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences; Department of Endoscopy Center, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Department of Endoscopy Center, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No. 1, East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxian Mei
- Department of Urology, Wenling Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 21, Mingyuan North Road, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongbiao Ying
- Surgical Oncology, Taizhou Cancer Hospital, No. 50 Zhenxin Road, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shasha Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taizhou Cancer Hospital, No. 50 Zhenxin Road, Wenling, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhiping Wei
- Surgical Oncology, Taizhou Cancer Hospital, No. 50 Zhenxin Road, Wenling, Zhejiang, China.
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24
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Jha J, Singh MK, Singh L, Pushker N, Bajaj MS, Sen S, Kashyap S. Prognostic relevance of ATM protein in uveal melanoma and its association with clinicopathological factors. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 24:1526-1535. [PMID: 31377937 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Uveal melanoma (UM) is an intraocular malignancy commonly arising from choroid which can cause visual loss or metastasis. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein is an activator of DNA damage response and its role in uveal melanoma (UM) is still unexplored. Therefore, the study aims to detect the expression and localization of ATM protein and its association with clinicopathological parameters METHODS: Expression of nuclear ATM (nATM) was investigated on 69 formalin fixed paraffin embedded choroidal melanoma samples by immunohistochemistry and validated by western blotting. Results were then correlated with clinical and histopathological parameters. Prognostic significance was determined by the Kaplan-Meier analysis and the multivariate analysis by Cox's hazard proportional method. RESULTS Loss of nATM was observed in 65% of cases, which was statistically significant with the reduced disease-free survival (p = 0.042). This loss was more frequently found in cases with high-risk histopathological factors like epithelioid cell type, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and high pigmentation which might help in the progression of melanoma. On multivariate analysis, extraocular spread and loss of nATM were found to be independent prognostic factors (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that loss of nATM protein might serve as a poor prognostic marker in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma which may lead to increased risk of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanti Jha
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mithalesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lata Singh
- Department of Biosciences, JMI, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelam Pushker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mandeep Singh Bajaj
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Sen
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Kashyap
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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25
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Hoppe MM, Sundar R, Tan DSP, Jeyasekharan AD. Biomarkers for Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 110:704-713. [PMID: 29788099 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective DNA repair is a common hallmark of cancer. Homologous recombination is a DNA repair pathway of clinical interest due to the sensitivity of homologous recombination-deficient cells to poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. The measurement of homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) in cancer is therefore vital to the appropriate design of clinical trials incorporating PARP inhibitors. However, methods to identify HRD in tumors are varied and controversial. Understanding existing and new methods to measure HRD is important to their appropriate use in clinical trials and practice. The aim of this review is to summarize the biology and clinical validation of current methods to measure HRD, to aid decision-making for patient stratification and translational research in PARP inhibitor trials. We discuss the current clinical development of PARP inhibitors, along with established indicators for HRD such as germline BRCA1/2 mutation status and clinical response to platinum-based therapy. We then examine newer assays undergoing clinical validation, including 1) somatic mutations in homologous recombination genes, 2) "genomic scar" assays using array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis or mutational signatures derived from next-generation sequencing, 3) transcriptional profiles of HRD, and 4) phenotypic or functional assays of protein expression and localization. We highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each of these assays, for consideration during the design of studies involving PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal M Hoppe
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Raghav Sundar
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - David S P Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Anand D Jeyasekharan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore
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26
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Randon G, Fucà G, Rossini D, Raimondi A, Pagani F, Perrone F, Tamborini E, Busico A, Peverelli G, Morano F, Niger M, Antista M, Corallo S, Saggio S, Borelli B, Zucchelli G, Milione M, Pruneri G, Di Bartolomeo M, Falcone A, de Braud F, Cremolini C, Pietrantonio F. Prognostic impact of ATM mutations in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2858. [PMID: 30814645 PMCID: PMC6393680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors bearing homologous recombination deficiency are extremely sensitive to DNA double strand breaks induced by several chemotherapeutic agents. ATM gene, encoding a protein involved in DNA damage response, is frequently mutated in colorectal cancer (CRC), but its potential role as predictive and prognostic biomarker has not been fully investigated. We carried out a multicenter effort aimed at defining the prognostic impact of ATM mutational status in metastatic CRC (mCRC) patients. Mutational profiles were obtained by means of next-generation sequencing. Overall, 35 out of 227 samples (15%) carried an ATM mutation. At a median follow-up of 56.6 months, patients with ATM mutated tumors showed a significantly longer median overall survival (OS) versus ATM wild-type ones (64.9 vs 34.8 months; HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.29-0.85; P = 0.01). In the multivariable model, ATM mutations confirmed the association with longer OS (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.33-0.98; P = 0.04). The prognostic impact of ATM mutations was independent from TP53 mutational status and primary tumor location. High heterogeneity score for ATM mutations, possibly reflecting the loss of wild-type allele, was associated with excellent prognosis. In conclusion, we showed that ATM mutations are independently associated with longer OS in patients with mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Randon
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fucà
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Rossini
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67 - 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Raimondi
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Pagani
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Perrone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tamborini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Adele Busico
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Peverelli
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Morano
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Niger
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Antista
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Corallo
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Saggio
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Borelli
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67 - 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gemma Zucchelli
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67 - 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Milione
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono, 7 - 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Di Bartolomeo
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Falcone
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67 - 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento, 36 - 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo de Braud
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono, 7 - 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cremolini
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67 - 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento, 36 - 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Pietrantonio
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via G. Venezian, 1 - 20133, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono, 7 - 20122, Milan, Italy.
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27
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Sriramulu S, Ramachandran M, Subramanian S, Kannan R, Gopinath M, Sollano J, Bissi L, Banerjee A, Marotta F, Pathak S. A review on role of ATM gene in hereditary transfer of colorectal cancer. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2019; 89:463-469. [PMID: 30657113 PMCID: PMC6502098 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v89i4.6095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer found to be the most commonly occurring cancer worldwide which can be prevented by screening and its curable if diagnosed early. Lynch syndrome/HNPCC being an autosomal genetic disease and propensity in forming colorectal cancer is inherited wherein genomic instabilities and epigenetic changes are being the characteristic forms in hereditary cancers. It is very important to determine the polymorphism in several DNA repairing genes such as ATM, RAD51, XRCC2, XRCC3 and XRCC9 to study the risk exploring both the prognosis and the developing of colorectal cancer. The role of ATM gene has been studied which involves in the hereditary transfer of colorectal cancer associated with other related cancers such as stomach, lung and breast cancers. ATM found to be the mutation target and also a modifier gene with more risk of developing the disease by its polymorphism in variant of ATM D1853N. It was identified that ATM gene polymorphism did not drastically change HNPCC age of onset. ATM expression levels were studied and it has been concluded that the complete loss of ATM expression resulted in a propensity of worse survival and no better prognosis with increase in mortality rate. This ATM gene might be considered to be a predicted biomarker in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha Sriramulu
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai-603103, India.
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28
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Bakkenist CJ, Lee JJ, Schmitz JC. ATM Is Required for the Repair of Oxaliplatin-Induced DNA Damage in Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2018; 17:255-257. [PMID: 30316683 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John C Schmitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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29
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Laporte GA, Leguisamo NM, Kalil AN, Saffi J. Clinical importance of DNA repair in sporadic colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 126:168-185. [PMID: 29759559 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. However, despite the scientific efforts to provide a molecular classification to improve CRC clinical practice management, prognosis and therapeutic decision are still strongly dependent on the TNM staging system. Mismatch repair system deficiencies can occur in many organs, but it is mainly a hallmark of CRC influencing clinical outcomes and response to therapy. This review will discuss the effect of the modulation of other DNA repair pathways (direct, excision and double strand break repairs) in the clinical and pathological aspects of colorectal cancer and its potential as prognostic and predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Laporte
- Surgical Oncology Service, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natalia M Leguisamo
- Institute of Cardiology/University Foundation of Cardiology, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Antonio N Kalil
- Surgical Oncology Service, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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30
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Villaruz LC, Jones H, Dacic S, Abberbock S, Kurland BF, Stabile LP, Siegfried JM, Conrads TP, Smith NR, O'Connor MJ, Pierce AJ, Bakkenist CJ. ATM protein is deficient in over 40% of lung adenocarcinomas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57714-57725. [PMID: 27259260 PMCID: PMC5295384 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the USA and worldwide, and of the estimated 1.2 million new cases of lung cancer diagnosed every year, over 30% are lung adenocarcinomas. The backbone of 1st-line systemic therapy in the metastatic setting, in the absence of an actionable oncogenic driver, is platinum-based chemotherapy. ATM and ATR are DNA damage signaling kinases activated at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and stalled and collapsed replication forks, respectively. ATM protein is lost in a number of cancer cell lines and ATR kinase inhibitors synergize with cisplatin to resolve xenograft models of ATM-deficient lung cancer. We therefore sought to determine the frequency of ATM loss in a tissue microarray (TMA) of lung adenocarcinoma. Here we report the validation of a commercial antibody (ab32420) for the identification of ATM by immunohistochemistry and estimate that 61 of 147 (41%, 95% CI 34%-50%) cases of lung adenocarcinoma are negative for ATM protein expression. As a positive control for ATM staining, nuclear ATM protein was identified in stroma and immune infiltrate in all evaluable cases. ATM loss in lung adenocarcinoma was not associated with overall survival. However, our preclinical findings in ATM-deficient cell lines suggest that ATM could be a predictive biomarker for synergy of an ATR kinase inhibitor with standard-of-care cisplatin. This could improve clinical outcome in 100,000's of patients with ATM-deficient lung adenocarcinoma every year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza C Villaruz
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Sanja Dacic
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shira Abberbock
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brenda F Kurland
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laura P Stabile
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jill M Siegfried
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thomas P Conrads
- Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Inova Center for Personalized Health, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christopher J Bakkenist
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Clonal evolution in relapsed and refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is characterized by high dynamics of subclones. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51494-51502. [PMID: 27285986 PMCID: PMC5239491 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information is available about the role of certain mutations for clonal evolution and the clinical outcome during relapse in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Therefore, we analyzed formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded tumor samples from first diagnosis, relapsed or refractory disease from 28 patients using next-generation sequencing of the exons of 104 coding genes. Non-synonymous mutations were present in 74 of the 104 genes tested. Primary tumor samples showed a median of 8 non-synonymous mutations (range: 0-24) with the used gene set. Lower numbers of non-synonymous mutations in the primary tumor were associated with a better median OS compared with higher numbers (28 versus 15 months, p=0.031). We observed three patterns of clonal evolution during relapse of disease: large global change, subclonal selection and no or minimal change possibly suggesting preprogrammed resistance. We conclude that targeted re-sequencing is a feasible and informative approach to characterize the molecular pattern of relapse and it creates novel insights into the role of dynamics of individual genes.
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Singh A, Singh N, Behera D, Sharma S. Role of polymorphic XRCC6 (Ku70)/XRCC7 (DNA-PKcs) genes towards susceptibility and prognosis of lung cancer patients undergoing platinum based doublet chemotherapy. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:253-261. [PMID: 29397516 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The DNA repair genes XRCC6 and XRCC7 formed an integral part of double strand break repair (DSBR) pathway. The two genes are thought to play an important role in the repair of lethal double strand damage on DNA. Polymorphic DSBR genes are studied to effect genomic stability. We intend to explore the association of DSBR genes i.e. XRCC6 and XRCC7 with susceptibility and survival in North Indian lung cancer patients. DNA isolation and genotyping was done for 320 controls and 330 lung cancer cases enrolled in the study. Each and every lung cancer study subjects were made a telephonic call and were followed for their health after administration of chemotherapy. Statistical analysis for susceptibility was done using logistic regression analysis. Survival analysis was done using Kaplan-Meier followed by Cox-regression. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) subtype posed an amplified risk towards lung cancer in case of XRCC7 6721G>T (OR = 4.11, p = 0.0040). Gene-environment interaction analysis revealed that non-smokers with heterozygous genotype (CG) in case of XRCC6 61C>G showed a strong protective effect (OR = 0.38, p = 0.01) towards lung cancer. Survival analysis revealed poor prognosis in case of XRCC6 61C>G SCLC subtype. XRCC6 and XRCC7 were not involved in overall susceptibility and survival. However, in case of XRCC7 6721G>T subjects with SCLC subtype showed an increased susceptibility while poor prognosis in case of XRCC6 61C>G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Navneet Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 14, Chandigarh, India
| | - Digambar Behera
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 14, Chandigarh, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
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Abdulrahman AA, Heintzelman RC, Corbman M, Garcia FU. Invasive breast carcinomas with ATM gene variants of uncertain significance share distinct histopathologic features. Breast J 2017; 24:291-297. [PMID: 28986972 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing availability of next-generation sequencing for clinical research dramatically improved our understanding of breast cancer genetics and resulted in detection of new mutation variants. Cancer risk data relating to some of these variants are insufficient, prompting the designation of variants of uncertain significance (VUS). The histopathologic characteristics of these variants have not been previously described. We propose to depict these characteristics and determine if invasive carcinomas with similar VUS genes share similar histomorphologic features. In total, 28 invasive breast cancers with VUS were retrospectively identified. Tumor sections were reviewed and a predefined set of histopathologic characteristics were documented and compared. Nine of the 28 cases were variants in the ATM gene and were found to share similar histologic characteristics; all had tumor cells with low nuclear grade, absent tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, as well as a marked desmoplastic response. A subset of the above findings were identified in variants of other genes but none had all findings collectively. Furthermore, variants of ATM gene had smaller tumor size, lower pathologic T stage at presentation, and more favorable surrogate molecular subtype compared to variants of other genes. These findings could potentially be used to reclassify VUS and predict which patients may harbor ATM mutations, and hence could have implications in triaging toward ATM variant identification for potential future targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Abdulrahman
- Department of Pathology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca C Heintzelman
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Eastern Regional Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melanie Corbman
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Eastern Regional Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fernando U Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Eastern Regional Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Bustos V, Nolan ÁM, Nijhuis A, Harvey H, Parker A, Poulsom R, McBryan J, Thomas W, Silver A, Harvey BJ. GPER mediates differential effects of estrogen on colon cancer cell proliferation and migration under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84258-84275. [PMID: 29137421 PMCID: PMC5663593 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptor ERβ is the predominant ER subtype expressed in normal well-differentiated colonic epithelium. However, ERβ expression is lost under the hypoxic microenvironment as colorectal cancer (CRC) malignancy progresses. This raises questions about the role of signalling through other estrogen receptors such as ERα or G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER, GPR30) by the estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2) under hypoxic conditions after ERβ is lost in CRC progression. We tested the hypothesis that E2 or hypoxia can act via GPER to contribute to the altered phenotype of CRC cells. GPER expression was found to be up-regulated by hypoxia and E2 in a panel of CRC cell lines. The E2-modulated gene, Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), was repressed in hypoxia via GPER signalling. E2 treatment enhanced hypoxia-induced expression of HIF1-α and VEGFA, but repressed HIF1-α and VEGFA expression under normoxic conditions. The expression and repression of VEGFA by E2 were mediated by a GPER-dependent mechanism. E2 treatment potentiated hypoxia-induced CRC cell migration and proliferation, whereas in normoxia, cell migration and proliferation were suppressed by E2 treatment. The effects of E2 on these cellular responses in normoxia and hypoxia were mediated by GPER. In a cohort of 566 CRC patient tumor samples, GPER expression significantly associated with poor survival in CRC Stages 3-4 females but not in the stage-matched male population. Our findings support a potentially pro-tumorigenic role for E2 in ERβ-negative CRC under hypoxic conditions transduced via GPER and suggest a novel route of therapeutic intervention through GPER antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Bustos
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Áine M Nolan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anke Nijhuis
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Harry Harvey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexandra Parker
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Richard Poulsom
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Jean McBryan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Warren Thomas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Silver
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Brian J Harvey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Han M, Ma L, Qu Y, Tang Y. Decreased expression of the ATM gene linked to poor prognosis for gastric cancer of different nationalities in Xinjiang. Pathol Res Pract 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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The Role of the Core Non-Homologous End Joining Factors in Carcinogenesis and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9070081. [PMID: 28684677 PMCID: PMC5532617 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9070081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are deleterious DNA lesions that if left unrepaired or are misrepaired, potentially result in chromosomal aberrations, known drivers of carcinogenesis. Pathways that direct the repair of DSBs are traditionally believed to be guardians of the genome as they protect cells from genomic instability. The prominent DSB repair pathway in human cells is the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway, which mediates template-independent re-ligation of the broken DNA molecule and is active in all phases of the cell cycle. Its role as a guardian of the genome is supported by the fact that defects in NHEJ lead to increased sensitivity to agents that induce DSBs and an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations. Conversely, evidence from tumors and tumor cell lines has emerged that NHEJ also promotes chromosomal aberrations and genomic instability, particularly in cells that have a defect in one of the other DSB repair pathways. Collectively, the data present a conundrum: how can a single pathway both suppress and promote carcinogenesis? In this review, we will examine NHEJ's role as both a guardian and a disruptor of the genome and explain how underlying genetic context not only dictates whether NHEJ promotes or suppresses carcinogenesis, but also how it alters the response of tumors to conventional therapeutics.
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Modulation of Colorectal Cancer Risk by Polymorphisms in 51Gln/His, 64Ile/Val, and 148Asp/Glu of APEX Gene; 23Gly/Ala of XPA Gene; and 689Ser/Arg of ERCC4 Gene. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:3840243. [PMID: 28386271 PMCID: PMC5366231 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3840243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes may affect the activity of the BER (base excision repair) and NER (nucleotide excision repair) systems. Using DNA isolated from blood taken from patients (n = 312) and a control group (n = 320) with CRC, we have analyzed the polymorphisms of selected DNA repair genes and we have demonstrated that genotypes 51Gln/His and 148Asp/Glu of APEX gene and 23Gly/Ala of XPA gene may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. At the same time analyzing the gene-gene interactions, we suggest the thesis that the main factor to be considered when analyzing the impact of polymorphisms on the risk of malignant transformation should be intergenic interactions. Moreover, we are suggesting that some polymorphisms may have impact not only on the malignant transformation but also on the stage of the tumor.
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Choi M, Kipps T, Kurzrock R. ATM Mutations in Cancer: Therapeutic Implications. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1781-91. [PMID: 27413114 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Activation of checkpoint arrest and homologous DNA repair are necessary for maintenance of genomic integrity during DNA replication. Germ-line mutations of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene result in the well-characterized ataxia telangiectasia syndrome, which manifests with an increased cancer predisposition, including a 20% to 30% lifetime risk of lymphoid, gastric, breast, central nervous system, skin, and other cancers. Somatic ATM mutations or deletions are commonly found in lymphoid malignancies, as well as a variety of solid tumors. Such mutations may result in chemotherapy resistance and adverse prognosis, but may also be exploited by existing or emerging targeted therapies that produce synthetic lethal states. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(8); 1781-91. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Choi
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California.
| | - Thomas Kipps
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
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Suh KJ, Ryu HS, Lee KH, Kim H, Min A, Kim TY, Yang Y, Moon HG, Han SW, Oh DY, Han W, Park IA, Noh DY, Im SA. Loss of ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein expression correlates with poor prognosis but benefits from anthracycline-containing adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 158:233-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Molecular Taxonomy and Tumourigenesis of Colorectal Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2016; 28:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bilbao-Sieyro C, Ramírez R, Rodríguez-González G, Falcón O, León L, Torres S, Fernández L, Alonso S, Díaz-Chico N, Perucho M, Díaz-Chico JC. Microsatellite instability and ploidy status define three categories with distinctive prognostic impact in endometrioid endometrial cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6206-17. [PMID: 25026289 PMCID: PMC4171623 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) and aneuploidy are inversely related phenomena. We tested whether ploidy status influences the clinical impact of MSI in endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC). We analyzed 167 EECs for MSI and ploidy. Tumors were classified in three categories according to MSI and ploidy status. Associations with clinicopathological and molecular variables, survival, and treatment response were assessed. All MSI tumors (23%) were scored as diploid, and 14% of microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors presented aneuploidy. MSI tumors associated with older age at diagnosis, non-obesity, high histological grade, and advanced surgical stage. MSS-aneuploid tumors also associated with higher grade and advanced stage. In multivariate survival analysis MSI did not influence disease-free survival (DFS) or cancer-specific survival (CSS). However, when just diploid tumors were considered for the analysis, MSI significantly contributed to worse DFS and CSS, and the same was observed for aneuploidy when MSS tumors were analyzed alone. In diploid tumors, a differential response to postoperative radiotherapy (RT) was observed according to MSI, since it predicted poor DFS and CSS in the multivariate analysis. We conclude that ploidy status influences the clinical impact of MSI in EEC. Among diploid tumors those with MSI have poor clinical outcome and respond worse to RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bilbao-Sieyro
- Cancer Research Institute of The Canary Islands (ICIC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology Department, Molecular and Translational Endocrinology Group, Institute for Biomedical and Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Raquel Ramírez
- Cancer Research Institute of The Canary Islands (ICIC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology Department, Molecular and Translational Endocrinology Group, Institute for Biomedical and Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Germán Rodríguez-González
- Cancer Research Institute of The Canary Islands (ICIC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology Department, Molecular and Translational Endocrinology Group, Institute for Biomedical and Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Orlando Falcón
- Cancer Research Institute of The Canary Islands (ICIC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital Universitario Materno-Insular de Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Laureano León
- Cancer Research Institute of The Canary Islands (ICIC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Materno-Insular de Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Santiago Torres
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology Department, Molecular and Translational Endocrinology Group, Institute for Biomedical and Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Leandro Fernández
- Cancer Research Institute of The Canary Islands (ICIC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Clinical Sciences Department, Molecular and Translational Endocrinology Group, Institute for Biomedical and Health Research, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Sergio Alonso
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolás Díaz-Chico
- Cancer Research Institute of The Canary Islands (ICIC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology Department, Molecular and Translational Endocrinology Group, Institute for Biomedical and Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Manuel Perucho
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (SBMRI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Instituciò Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Díaz-Chico
- Cancer Research Institute of The Canary Islands (ICIC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology Department, Molecular and Translational Endocrinology Group, Institute for Biomedical and Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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Tang J, Wang G, Zhang M, Li FY, Sang Y, Wang B, Hu K, Wu Y, Luo R, Liao D, Cao J, Wang X, Wang L, Zhang R, Zhang X, Deng WG, Xie D, Xu RH, Kang T. Paradoxical role of CBX8 in proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10778-90. [PMID: 25360999 PMCID: PMC4279409 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of polycomb chromobox (Cbx) proteins in cancer is context-dependent. The Chromobox homolog 8 (CBX8) was originally characterized as a transcriptional repressor, which inhibits cell proliferation in Ink4a-Arf-dependent and -independent manner. However, the role of CBX8 in colorectal cancer remains unknown. Here, we found that high CBX8 expression was associated with a low rate of distant metastasis and good prognosis in CRC patients, even though CBX8 was up-regulated in CRC cell lines and clinical samples. Knockdown of CBX8 inhibited CRC proliferation in vitro and in vivo, mostly by increasing p53 and its downstream effectors. However, knockdown of CBX8 enhanced CRC migration, invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, in part through direct up-regulation of integrin β4 (ITGB4) that in turn decreased RhoA activity. Collectively, the knockdown of CBX8 inhibited CRC proliferation, while promoting its metastasis, thus exerting paradoxical effects in CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Meifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Feng-yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yi Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Boqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China. Department of Hepatobiliarypancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Kaishun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rongzhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Dan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jingying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ruhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaoshi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wu-guo Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rui-hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Tiebang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Stage-specific frequency and prognostic significance of aneuploidy in patients with sporadic colorectal cancer--a meta-analysis and current overview. Int J Colorectal Dis 2015; 30:1015-28. [PMID: 26054386 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-015-2259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aneuploidy has long been suggested as an independent prognostic marker for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and could thus aid for individualized medicine. However, due to a large spectrum of deviating studies, expert panels do not recommend ploidy assessment. In order to clarify a potential bias of stage-specific frequency of aneuploidy, we now conducted a meta-analysis combined with a systematic review regarding aneuploidy and prognosis. METHODS A systematic, web-based search process retrieved 1935 studies published in English between 1990 and 2011. The defined endpoint for the meta-analysis was an increase in aneuploidy frequency between early- (Dukes A, B and UICC I, II; n = 3632 samples) and late-stage (Dukes C, D and UICC III, IV; n = 3440 samples) colorectal carcinomas. RESULTS Of 1935 studies initially identified, 17 image (2130 patients) and 20 (7023 patients) flow cytometric studies were analyzed in detail. The meta-analysis (7072 patients) revealed late-stage CRC to be more frequently aneuploid than early-stage CRC (odds ratio 1.51, 95 % CI 1.37-1.67; p = 0.0007). Independent of tumor stage, the overall range of aneuploidy was 39 to 81 % (median 58 %), and altogether, 21 (54.1 %) studies described a significant prognostic impact of aneuploidy for overall, disease-specific, and recurrence-free survival, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A substantial number of studies showed a prognostic importance of aneuploidy in CRC. Furthermore, the higher frequency of aneuploidy in late-stage CRC implies an increase in genomic instability with CRC progression, indicating aneuploidy to be also a stage-specific prognostic marker.
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Abu-Sanad A, Wang Y, Hasheminasab F, Panasci J, Noë A, Rosca L, Davidson D, Amrein L, Sharif-Askari B, Aloyz R, Panasci L. Simultaneous inhibition of ATR and PARP sensitizes colon cancer cell lines to irinotecan. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:147. [PMID: 26257651 PMCID: PMC4510998 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced DNA damage repair is one mechanism involved in colon cancer drug resistance. Thus, targeting molecular components of repair pathways with specific small molecule inhibitors may improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. ABT-888 and VE-821, inhibitors of poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP) and the serine/threonine-kinase Ataxia telangiectasia related (ATR), respectively, were used to treat colon cancer cell lines in combination with the topoisomerase-I inhibitor irinotecan (SN38). Our findings show that each of these DNA repair inhibitors utilized alone at nontoxic single agent concentrations resulted in sensitization to SN38 producing a 1.4–3 fold reduction in the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of SN38 in three colon cancer cell lines. When combined together, nontoxic concentrations of ABT-888 and VE-821 produced a 4.5–27 fold reduction in the IC50 of SN38 with the HCT-116 colon cancer cells demonstrating the highest sensitization as compared to LoVo and HT-29 colon cancer cells. Furthermore, the combination of all three agents was associated with maximal G2 −M arrest and enhanced DNA-damage (γH2AX) in all three colon cancer cell lines. The mechanism of this enhanced sensitization was associated with: (a) maximal suppression of SN38 induced PARP activity in the presence of both inhibitors and (b) ABT-888 producing partial abrogation of the VE-821 enhancement of SN38 induced DNA-PK phosphorylation, resulting in more unrepaired DNA damage; these alterations were only present in the HCT-116 cells which have reduced levels of ATM. This novel combination of DNA repair inhibitors may be useful to enhance the activity of DNA damaging chemotherapies such as irinotecan and help produce sensitization to this drug in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atlal Abu-Sanad
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yunzhe Wang
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Hasheminasab
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Justin Panasci
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alycia Noë
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lorena Rosca
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David Davidson
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lilian Amrein
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bahram Sharif-Askari
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Raquel Aloyz
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lawrence Panasci
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
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White-Al Habeeb NM, Di Meo A, Scorilas A, Rotondo F, Masui O, Seivwright A, Gabril M, Girgis AHA, Jewett MA, Yousef GM. Alpha-enolase is a potential prognostic marker in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:531-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Rondeau S, Vacher S, De Koning L, Briaux A, Schnitzler A, Chemlali W, Callens C, Lidereau R, Bièche I. ATM has a major role in the double-strand break repair pathway dysregulation in sporadic breast carcinomas and is an independent prognostic marker at both mRNA and protein levels. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1059-66. [PMID: 25742469 PMCID: PMC4366900 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a kinase that has a central role in the maintenance of genomic integrity by activating cell cycle checkpoints and promoting repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). In breast cancer, a low level of ATM was correlated with poor outcome; however, the molecular mechanism of this downregulation is still unclear. METHODS We used qRT-PCR assay to quantify mRNA levels of ATM gene in 454 breast tumours from patients with known clinical/pathological status and outcome; reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA) were used to assess the levels of ATM and 14 proteins in 233 breast tumours. RESULTS ATM mRNA was associated with poor metastasis-free survival (MFS) (P=0.00012) on univariate analysis. ATM mRNA and protein levels were positively correlated (P=0.00040). A low level of ATM protein was correlated with poorer MFS (P=0.000025). ATM expression at mRNA or protein levels are independent prognostic factors on multivariate analysis (P=0.00046 and P=0.00037, respectively). The ATM protein level was positively correlated with the levels of six proteins of the DSB repair pathway: H2AX (P<0.0000001), XRCC5 (P<0.0000001), NBN (P<0.0000001), Mre11 (P=0.0000029), Rad50 (P=0.0064), and TP53BP1 (P=0.026), but not with proteins involved in other pathways that are altered in cancer. Low expression of ATM protein was significantly associated with high miR-203 expression (P=0.011). CONCLUSION We confirmed that ATM expression is an independent prognostic marker at both RNA and protein levels. We showed that alteration of ATM is involved in dysregulation of the DSB repair pathway. Finally, miR-203 may be responsible for downregulation of ATM in breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rondeau
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - S Vacher
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - L De Koning
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - A Briaux
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - A Schnitzler
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - W Chemlali
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - C Callens
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - R Lidereau
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - I Bièche
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
- EA7331, University of Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris 75006, France
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Lu Y, Gao J, Lu Y. Down-expression pattern of Ku70 and p53 coexisted in colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2015; 32:98. [PMID: 25731619 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To address the relationship of altered expression of double-strand break repair proteins Ku70 and p53 in clinical colorectal cancer (CRC), we examined the expression pattern of Ku70 and p53 by using fluorescent immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR assays in CRC and pericancerous samples from 152 Chinese patients. The results showed that down-expression pattern of both Ku70 and p53 coexisted in the CRC samples with significant correlating rate (R (2) = 0.9103; P < 0.001), and the down-expression of Ku70 and p53 was significantly associated with the advanced tumor node metastasis stage (Ku70: HR 3.453 in recurrence and 4.182 in survival, P < 0.001; P53: HR 3.114 in recurrence and 4.113 in survival, P < 0.001). The down-regulated Ku70 and p53 were associated with poor disease-free survival. Loss of Ku70 and p53 expression might serve as a biomarker of poor prognosis in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, North Huancheng 2nd Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi, China
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Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein kinase levels stratify patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma into prognostic subgroups with loss being a strong indicator of poor survival. Pancreas 2015; 44:296-301. [PMID: 25423555 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recently, aberrations in the gene encoding for ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) protein kinase have been reported for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). These findings argue that ATM deficiency may play a role during carcinogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the clinical relevance of ATM expression and ATM activation in PDAC. METHODS Both ATM expression and nuclear phosphoSer1981-ATM levels were assessed by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 133 PDAC and correlated with clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS We found stratification in prognostic subgroups. Complete loss of Ser1981-ATM was indicative of the worst prognosis (median survival, 10.8 vs 14.3 months [low expression] vs 31.1 months [high expression], P < 0.001). Similarly, analysis of ATM expression demonstrated absent expression levels of ATM to be associated with dismal prognosis (median survival, 9.6 months), whereas expression of ATM in general was associated with increased survival (17.7 months, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis shows that both ATM expression and activated ATM are prognostic markers in PDAC with respect to standard clinicopathological parameters. These results suggest that ATM should be further explored as prognostic as well as predictive factor with respect to conventional chemotherapies and for putative synthetic lethal approaches.
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Jia J, Ren J, Yan D, Xiao L, Sun R. Association between the XRCC6 polymorphisms and cancer risks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e283. [PMID: 25569644 PMCID: PMC4602821 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have been carried out to investigate the association of X-ray repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 6 (XRCC6) polymorphisms and cancer risks, and the results remained inconsistent and inconclusive.To assess the effect of XRCC6 polymorphisms on cancer susceptibility, we conducted a meta-analysis, up to May 23rd 2014, 6267 cases with different types of tumor and 7536 controls from 20 published case-control studies. Summary odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for XRCC6 polymorphism and cancer risk were estimated using fixed- or random-effects models when appropriate. Heterogeneity was assessed by chi-squared-based Q-statistic test, and the sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analyses, logistic meta-regression analyses and Galbraith plot. Publication bias was evaluated by Begg funnel plot and Egger test. Sensitivity analyses were also performed.The rs2267437 polymorphism was associated with a significant increase in risks of overall cancers, breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, and it could increase the cancer risk in Asian population; the rs5751129 polymorphism could increase the cancer risk in overall cancers; the rs132770 polymorphism was associated with the increased renal cell carcinoma risk; furthermore, the rs132793 polymorphism could decrease breast cancer risk and increase risks in "other cancers".Overall, the results provided evidences that the single nucleotide polymorphisms in XRCC6 promoter region might play different roles in various cancers, indicating different cancers have different tumorigenesis mechanisms. Our studies may perhaps supplement for the disease monitoring of cancers in the future, and additional studies to determine the exact molecular mechanism might provide us with interventions to protect the susceptible subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jia
- From the Center for Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China (JJ, JR, DY); Department of Urology, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, KunMing University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650041, Yunnan, P.R. China (LX); Central Laboratory, Yunnan University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, P.R. China (RS); and Department of Immunology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China (RS)
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Abdel-Fatah TM, Arora A, Alsubhi N, Agarwal D, Moseley PM, Perry C, Doherty R, Chan SY, Green AR, Rakha E, Ball G, Ellis IO, Madhusudan S. Clinicopathological significance of ATM-Chk2 expression in sporadic breast cancers: a comprehensive analysis in large cohorts. Neoplasia 2014; 16:982-91. [PMID: 25425972 PMCID: PMC4240925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ATM-Chk2 network is critical for genomic stability, and its deregulation may influence breast cancer pathogenesis. We investigated ATM and Chk2 protein levels in two cohorts [cohort 1 (n = 1650) and cohort 2 (n = 252)]. ATM and Chk2 mRNA expression was evaluated in the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium cohort (n = 1950). Low nuclear ATM protein level was significantly associated with aggressive breast cancer including larger tumors, higher tumor grade, higher mitotic index, pleomorphism, tumor type, lymphovascular invasion, estrogen receptor (ER)-, PR -, AR -, triple-negative, and basal-like phenotypes (Ps < .05). Breast cancer 1, early onset negative, low XRCC1, low SMUG1, high FEN1, high MIB1, p53 mutants, low MDM2, low Bcl-2, low p21, low Bax, high CDK1, and low Chk2 were also more frequent in tumors with low nuclear ATM level (Ps < .05). Low ATM protein level was significantly associated with poor survival including in patients with ER-negative tumors who received adjuvant anthracycline or cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy (Ps < .05). Low nuclear Chk2 protein was likely in ER -/PR -/AR -; HER-2 positive; breast cancer 1, early onset negative; low XRCC1; low SMUG1; low APE1; low polβ; low DNA-PKcs; low ATM; low Bcl-2; and low TOPO2A tumors (P < .05). In patients with ER + tumors who received endocrine therapy or ER-negative tumors who received chemotherapy, nuclear Chk2 levels did not significantly influence survival. In p53 mutant tumors, low ATM (P < .000001) or high Chk2 (P < .01) was associated with poor survival. When investigated together, low-ATM/high-Chk2 tumors have the worst survival (P = .0033). Our data suggest that ATM-Chk2 levels in sporadic breast cancer may have prognostic and predictive significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arvind Arora
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Nouf Alsubhi
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Devika Agarwal
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Paul M. Moseley
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Christina Perry
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Rachel Doherty
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Stephen Y.T. Chan
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Andrew R. Green
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Emad Rakha
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Graham Ball
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Ian O. Ellis
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
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