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Di Dalmazi G, Giuliani C, Bucci I, Mascitti M, Napolitano G. Promising Role of Alkaloids in the Prevention and Treatment of Thyroid Cancer and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Comprehensive Review of the Current Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5395. [PMID: 38791433 PMCID: PMC11121374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) and thyroid autoimmune disorders (AITD) are among the most common diseases in the general population, with higher incidence in women. Chronic inflammation and autoimmunity play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. Some studies, indeed, have pointed out the presence of AITD as a risk factor for TC, although this issue remains controversial. Prevention of autoimmune disease and cancer is the ultimate goal for clinicians and scientists, but it is not always feasible. Thus, new treatments, that overcome the current barriers to prevention and treatment of TC and AITD are needed. Alkaloids are secondary plant metabolites endowed with several biological activities including anticancer and immunomodulatory properties. In this perspective, alkaloids may represent a promising source of prophylactic and therapeutic agents for TC and AITD. This review encompasses the current published literature on alkaloids effects on TC and AITD, with a specific focus on the pathways involved in TC and AITD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Di Dalmazi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.G.); (I.B.); (G.N.)
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Cesidio Giuliani
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.G.); (I.B.); (G.N.)
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ines Bucci
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.G.); (I.B.); (G.N.)
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Mascitti
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.G.); (I.B.); (G.N.)
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giorgio Napolitano
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.G.); (I.B.); (G.N.)
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Yu A, Zeng J, Yu J, Cao S, Li A. Theory and application of TTFields in newly diagnosed glioblastoma. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14563. [PMID: 38481068 PMCID: PMC10938032 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. TTFields is a therapy that use intermediate-frequency and low-intensity alternating electric fields to treat tumors. For patients with ndGBM, the addition of TTFields after the concurrent chemoradiotherapy phase of the Stupp regimen can improve prognosis. However, TTFields still has the potential to further prolong the survival of ndGBM patients. AIM By summarizing the mechanism and application status of TTFields in the treatment of ndGBM, the application prospect of TTFields in ndbm treatment is prospected. METHODS We review the recent literature and included 76 articles to summarize the mechanism of TTfields in the treatment of ndGBM. The current clinical application status and potential health benefits of TTFields in the treatment of ndGBM are also discussed. RESULTS TTFields can interfere with tumor cell mitosis, lead to tumor cell apoptosis and increased autophagy, hinder DNA damage repair, induce ICD, activate tumor immune microenvironment, reduce cancer cell metastasis and invasion, and increase BBB permeability. TTFields combines with chemoradiotherapy has made progress, its optimal application time is being explored and the problems that need to be considered when retaining the electrode patches for radiotherapy are further discussed. TTFields shows potential in combination with immunotherapy, antimitotic agents, and PARP inhibitors, as well as in patients with subtentorial gliomas. CONCLUSION This review summarizes mechanisms of TTFields in the treatment of ndGBM, and describes the current clinical application of TTFields in ndGBM. Through the understanding of its principle and application status, we believe that TTFields still has the potential to further prolong the survival of ndGBM patients. Thus,research is still needed to explore new ways to combine TTFields with other therapies and optimize the use of TTFields to realize its full potential in ndGBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical UniversityCancer Hospital of Dalian University of TechnologyShenyangChina
- School of GraduateChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Juan Zeng
- Department of OncologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jinhui Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical UniversityCancer Hospital of Dalian University of TechnologyShenyangChina
- School of GraduateChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Shuo Cao
- Department of OncologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Ailin Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical UniversityCancer Hospital of Dalian University of TechnologyShenyangChina
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Jing J, Wu Z, Wang J, Luo G, Lin H, Fan Y, Zhou C. Hedgehog signaling in tissue homeostasis, cancers, and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:315. [PMID: 37596267 PMCID: PMC10439210 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway in various biological events. HH signaling pathway exerts its biological effects through a complex signaling cascade involved with primary cilium. HH signaling pathway has important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. It plays a central role in the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells. Importantly, it has become increasingly clear that HH signaling pathway is associated with increased cancer prevalence, malignant progression, poor prognosis and even increased mortality. Understanding the integrative nature of HH signaling pathway has opened up the potential for new therapeutic targets for cancer. A variety of drugs have been developed, including small molecule inhibitors, natural compounds, and long non-coding RNA (LncRNA), some of which are approved for clinical use. This review outlines recent discoveries of HH signaling in tissue homeostasis and cancer and discusses how these advances are paving the way for the development of new biologically based therapies for cancer. Furthermore, we address status quo and limitations of targeted therapies of HH signaling pathway. Insights from this review will help readers understand the function of HH signaling in homeostasis and cancer, as well as opportunities and challenges of therapeutic targets for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guowen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hengyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Gao H, Wang W, Li Q. GANT61 suppresses cell survival, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition through inactivating AKT/mTOR and JAK/STAT3 pathways in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2022; 23:369-377. [PMID: 35491899 PMCID: PMC9067515 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2022.2051158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma-associated oncogene (Gli) antagonist-61 (GANT61) not only suppresses the malignant behavior of several cancers but also presents synergistic effects with other anticancer agents on suppressing the progression of cancers, while relevant information is rare in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of GANT61 in ATC and its molecular mechanism. ATC cells (8505C and CAL-62) were treated with GANT61, followed by detection of cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. Subsequently, RNA sequencing was performed to explore the potential downstream pathway. Following that, rescue experiments were conducted by SC79 (AKT activator) or colivelin (STAT3 activator) monotreatment or combined with GANT61 in ATC cells. GANT61 reduced Gli1 expression, suppressed proliferation at several time settings, promoted apoptosis, inhibited invasion and increased E-cadherin while decreased Vimentin and Snail expressions (EMT markers) in ATC cells. The subsequent RNA sequence identified 85 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 71 downregulated DEGs in GANT61-treated ATC cells, which were mainly enriched in PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, Hedgehog and mTOR pathways. Next, the inactivation of AKT/mTOR and JAK/STAT3 pathways by GANT61 treatment was verified by western blot. The following rescue experiments showed that SC79 or colivelin treatment promoted the malignant behaviors of ATC cells. More importantly, SC79 or colivelin treatment compensated the effect of GANT61 treatment on cell proliferation at several time settings and apoptosis, invasion, and part of that on EMT in ATC cells. GANT61 suppresses cell survival, invasion and EMT through inactivating AKT/mTOR or JAK/STAT3 pathways in ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoji Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weige Wang
- Medical Department, RIGEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Oh JM, Rajendran RL, Gangadaran P, Hong CM, Jeong JH, Lee J, Ahn BC. Targeting GLI1 Transcription Factor for Restoring Iodine Avidity with Redifferentiation in Radioactive-Iodine Refractory Thyroid Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071782. [PMID: 35406554 PMCID: PMC8997411 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Thyroid cancers have an excellent prognosis by standard therapy of surgery followed by radioactive-iodine therapy. However, metastatic thyroid cancers do not response to radioactive-iodine therapy by losing iodine avidity. Therefore, reversing iodine avidity to metastatic thyroid cancers gives a new chance of applying radioactive-iodine therapy to the cancers. In the current study, we found that GLI1 knockdown can revert iodine non-avid thyroid cancers to iodine avid cancers by increasing expression of thyroid-specific proteins. Restoration of iodine avidity in thyroid cancers makes the cancers sensitive to radioactive-iodine therapy again. Therefore, the GLI1 can be a potential therapeutic target of radioactive-iodine resistant thyroid cancers. Abstract Radioactive-iodine (RAI) therapy is the mainstay for patients with recurrent and metastatic thyroid cancer. However, many patients exhibit dedifferentiation characteristics along with lack of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) functionality, low expression of thyroid-specific proteins, and poor RAI uptake, leading to poor prognosis. Previous studies have demonstrated the effect of GLI family zinc finger 1 (GLI1) inhibition on tumor growth and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the role of GLI1 in the context of redifferentiation and improvement in the efficacy of RAI therapy for thyroid cancer. We evaluated GLI1 expression in several thyroid cancer cell lines and selected TPC-1 and SW1736 cell lines showing the high expression of GLI. We performed GLI1 knockdown and evaluated the changes of thyroid-specific proteins expression, RAI uptake and I-131-mediated cytotoxicity. The effect of GANT61 (GLI1 inhibitor) on endogenous NIS expression was also assessed. Endogenous NIS expression upregulated by inhibiting GLI1, in addition, increased expression level in plasma membrane. Also, GLI1 knockdown increased expression of thyroid-specific proteins. Restoration of thyroid-specific proteins increased RAI uptake and I-131-mediated cytotoxic effect. Treatment with GANT61 also increased expression of endogenous NIS. Targeting GLI1 can be a potential strategy with redifferentiation for restoring RAI avidity in dedifferentiated thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.M.O.); (R.L.R.); (P.G.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.M.O.); (R.L.R.); (P.G.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.M.O.); (R.L.R.); (P.G.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.)
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Chae Moon Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.M.O.); (R.L.R.); (P.G.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea; zzu--@hanmail.net
| | - Ju Hye Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea; zzu--@hanmail.net
| | - Jaetae Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.M.O.); (R.L.R.); (P.G.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea; zzu--@hanmail.net
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.M.O.); (R.L.R.); (P.G.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.)
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea; zzu--@hanmail.net
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-420-5583
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Qiu S, Zhou Y, Kim JT, Bao C, Lee HJ, Chen J. Amentoflavone inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-induced migration and invasion through AKT/mTOR/S6k1/hedgehog signaling in human breast cancer. Food Funct 2021; 12:10196-10209. [PMID: 34542136 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01085a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) has been demonstrated to accelerate the progression and metastasis of various carcinomas. In this study, we investigated the effect of amentoflavone on inhibiting the migration and invasion of TNFα-induced breast cancer cells. Results showed that amentoflavone significantly blocked the cellular migration and invasion of MCF10DCIS.com and MDA-MB-231 cells at a concentration of 10 μM but did not affect the cell viability. The mRNA and protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, significantly activated by TNFα, were reversed by amentoflavone treatment in a dose-dependent manner in MCF10DCIS.com cells. Congruent with the protein level, the activity of MMP-9 was significantly suppressed by amentoflavone treatment. Additionally, we found that amentoflavone dampened Gli1-dependent noncanonical hedgehog signaling, which is a key factor in the regulation of migration and invasion in TNFα-induced human breast cancer cells. Further study elucidated that TNFα enhanced Gli1 through the activation of the AKT/mTOR/S6K1 cascade, whereas it receded after amentoflavone treatment in human breast cancer cells. In summary, amentoflavone abrogated Gli1 activation in TNFα-induced mammary tumor cells, resulting in a decrease of invasiveness in human breast cancer cells via mediating AKT/mTOR/S6K1 signaling. Amentoflavone should be considered as a potent food ingredient for the retardation of mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Qiu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea.
| | - Yimeng Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea.
| | - Jin Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea.
| | - Cheng Bao
- School of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea.
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Tang N, Hu B, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Yu R. Possible involvement of the Hedgehog and PDPK1-Akt pathways in the growth and migration of small-cell lung cancer. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211016562. [PMID: 34038205 PMCID: PMC8161885 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211016562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for approximately 15% to 20% of all lung cancers, and it is the leading cause of tumor-related deaths globally. This study explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of SCLC. METHODS The correlations of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDPK1), p-Akt, and Hedgehog expression with patient characteristics were analyzed using SCLC specimens, and their expression was measured in BEAS-2B cells (control) and the SCLC cell lines H82, H69, H446, H146, and H526. Transfection experiments were performed to inhibit or activate gene expression in cells. We then measured the proliferation and migration of H146 cells. RESULTS PDPK1, p-Akt, and Hedgehog expression was significantly higher in SCLC tissues, and their expression was correlated with patient characteristics. p-Akt expression was significantly correlated with Hedgehog expression. In H146 cells, PDPK1 and p-Akt were significantly upregulated. Silencing of PDPK1 or Akt and inhibition of Hedgehog significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of H146 cells. PDPK1 and Akt affected Hedgehog expression, but Hedgehog did not affect PDPK1 or p-Akt expression. CONCLUSIONS The interaction between the PDPK1-Akt pathway and the Hedgehog pathway influences the prognosis, growth, and migration of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiwang Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Rehabilitation, Shanghai Fourth Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Shanghai Lung Tumor Clinical Medical Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghuan Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lin B, Wu J, Wang Y, Sun S, Yuan Y, Tao X, Lv R. Peptide functionalized upconversion/NIR II luminescent nanoparticles for targeted imaging and therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1000-1007. [PMID: 33305773 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01737j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis is critical and challenging for tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), which is a kind of tumor with high malignancy, poor prognosis, and a high incidence of invasion and metastasis. In this research, dual-modal optical imaging rare earth nanoparticle (RENP) probes with peptide functionalization are designed for targeted TSCC imaging and therapy. RENP@C@Au (UCA) with enhanced red upconversion luminescence (UCL) and near infrared II (NIR II) imaging intensity is designed by metal and codopant modulation, and the two peaks at about 650 nm and 1064 nm of Nd ions are relatively stable with less quenching and suitable for luminescence bioimaging. Then, the cMBP peptide targeted to Cal 27 TSCC cells with highly expressed c-MET proteins is combined with UCA. Compared with human's normal cells of MCF-10A, other tumor cell lines such as A549 and HeLa, together with mice tumor cells of 4T1, the designed probe has targeted imaging and therapy to Cal 27. The final in vivo experiment shows that the probe with high NIR II luminescence signals is not easy to retain when injected into the tail vein, indicating its potential precise clinical application for the diagnosis and therapy of TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710071, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Yanxing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710071, China.
| | - Song Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710071, China.
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Tao
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Ruichan Lv
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710071, China.
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Thyroid Carcinoma: Phenotypic Features, Underlying Biology and Potential Relevance for Targeting Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041950. [PMID: 33669363 PMCID: PMC7920269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma consists a group of phenotypically heterogeneous cancers. Recent advances in biological technologies have been advancing the delineation of genetic, epigenetic, and non-genetic factors that contribute to the heterogeneities of these cancers. In this review article, we discuss new findings that are greatly improving the understanding of thyroid cancer biology and facilitating the identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention. We review the phenotypic features of different subtypes of thyroid cancers and their underlying biology. We discuss recent discoveries in thyroid cancer heterogeneities and the critical mechanisms contributing to the heterogeneity with emphases on genetic and epigenetic factors, cancer stemness traits, and tumor microenvironments. We also discuss the potential relevance of the intratumor heterogeneity in understanding therapeutic resistance and how new findings in tumor biology can facilitate designing novel targeting therapies for thyroid cancer.
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Lu Y, Zhu Y, Deng S, Chen Y, Li W, Sun J, Xu X. Targeting the Sonic Hedgehog Pathway to Suppress the Expression of the Cancer Stem Cell (CSC)-Related Transcription Factors and CSC-Driven Thyroid Tumor Growth. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030418. [PMID: 33499351 PMCID: PMC7866109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers respond poorly to surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy. Cancer stem cells play an important role in tumor growth, drug resistance, and recurrence. This study focuses on how the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway maintains thyroid cancer stem cell self-renewal and whether it can be targeted for anticancer therapy. The authors report that the Shh pathway regulates the expression of BMI1 and SOX2, two genes involved in stem cell self-renewal, and that targeting the Shh pathway has little effect on thyroid tumor xenografts but can inhibit the growth of tumor xenografts derived from thyroid cancer stem cells. This study advances the knowledge on how thyroid cancer stem cells regenerate and highlights the potential therapeutic values of targeting the Shh pathway. Abstract The sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway plays important roles in tumorigenesis, tumor growth, drug resistance, and metastasis. We and others have reported earlier that this pathway is highly activated in thyroid cancer. However, its role in thyroid cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal and tumor development remains incompletely understood. B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (BMI1) and SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2 (SOX2) are two CSC-related transcription factors that have been implicated in promoting CSC self-renewal. The objective of our current investigation was to determine the role of the Shh pathway in regulating BMI1 and SOX2 expression in thyroid cancer and promoting thyroid tumor growth and development. Here we report that inhibition of the Shh pathway by Gli1 siRNA or by cyclopamine and GANT61 reduced BMI1 and SOX2 expression in SW1736 and KAT-18 cells, two anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines. The opposite results were obtained in cells overexpressing Gli1 or its downstream transcription factor Snail. The Shh pathway regulated SOX2 and BMI1 expression at a transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, respectively. GANT61 treatment suppressed the growth of SW1736 CSC-derived tumor xenografts but did not significantly inhibit the growth of tumors grown from bulk tumor cells. Clinicopathological analyses of thyroid tumor specimens by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining revealed that BMI1 and SOX2 were highly expressed in thyroid cancer and correlated with Gli1 expression. Our study provides evidence that activation of the Shh pathway leads to increased BMI1 and SOX2 expression in thyroid cancer and promotes thyroid CSC-driven tumor initiation. Targeting the Shh pathway may have therapeutic value for treating thyroid cancer and preventing recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Lu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Shihan Deng
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Yuhuang Chen
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Wei Li
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.C.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-514-8797-7382; Fax: +86-514-8797-7046
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11
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Yi W, Liu J, Qu S, Fan H, Lv Z. An 8 miRNA-Based Risk Score System for Predicting the Prognosis of Patients With Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820965594. [PMID: 33054579 PMCID: PMC7570775 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820965594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) might influence prognosis of PTC. This study is aimed to develop a risk score system for predicting prognosis of PTC. Methods: The miRNA and gene expression profiles of PTC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. PTC samples were randomly separated into training set (n = 248) and validation set (n = 248). The differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) in the training set were screened using limma package. The independent prognosis-associated DE-miRNAs were identified for building a risk score system. Risk score of PTC samples in the training set was calculated and samples were divided into high risk group and low risk group. Kaplan-Meier curves and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to assess the accuracy of the risk score system in the training set, validation set and entire set. Finally, a miRNA-gene regulatory network was visualized by Cytoscape software, followed by enrichment analysis. Results: Totally, 162 DE-miRNAs between tumor and control groups in the training set were identified. An 8 independent prognosis-associated DE-miRNAs, (including miR-1179, miR-133b, miR-3194, miR-3912, miR-548j, miR-6720, miR-6734, and miR-6843) based risk score system was developed. The area under ROC curve in the training set, validation set and entire set was all above 0.93. A miRNA-gene regulatory network involving the 8 DE-miRNAs were built and functional enrichment analysis suggested the genes in the network were significantly enriched into 13 pathways, including calcium signaling pathway and hedgehog signaling pathway. Conclusion: The risk score system developed this study might be used for predicting the prognosis of PTC. Besides, the 8 miRNAs might affect the prognosis of PTC via hedgehog signaling pathway and calcium signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Yi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Wanwan Yi, Jin Liu and Shuping Qu are co-first authors
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Wanwan Yi, Jin Liu and Shuping Qu are co-first authors
| | - Shuping Qu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China.,Wanwan Yi, Jin Liu and Shuping Qu are co-first authors
| | - Hengwei Fan
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China.,Hengwei Fan and Zhongwei Lv are co-corresponding authors
| | - Zhongwei Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Hengwei Fan and Zhongwei Lv are co-corresponding authors
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12
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Abstract
Background: The hedgehog pathway (HH) is one of the key regulators involved in many biological events. Malfunction of this pathway is associated with a variety of diseases including several types of cancers. Methods: We collected data from public databases and conducted a comprehensive search linking the HH pathway with female cancers. In addition, we overviewed clinical trials of targeting HH pathway in female cancers. Results: The activation of HH pathway and its role in female cancers, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and uterine leiomyosarcoma were summarized. Treatment options targeting SMO and GLI in HH pathway were reviewed and discussed. Conclusions: The hedgehog pathway was shown to be activated in several types of female cancers. Therefore, targeting HH pathway may be considered as a therapeutic option to be acknowledged in the treatment of female cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qiwei Yang
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Qiwei Yang, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Tel: 312-996-5689;
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Takabatake K, Shimo T, Murakami J, Anqi C, Kawai H, Yoshida S, Wathone Oo M, Haruka O, Sukegawa S, Tsujigiwa H, Nakano K, Nagatsuka H. The Role of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225779. [PMID: 31744214 PMCID: PMC6888610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and its signaling have been identified in several human cancers, and increased levels of SHH expression appear to correlate with cancer progression. However, the role of SHH in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is still unclear. No studies have compared the expression of SHH in different subtypes of OSCC and focused on the relationship between the tumor parenchyma and stroma. In this study, we analyzed SHH and expression of its receptor, Patched-1 (PTCH), in the TME of different subtypes of OSCC. Fifteen endophytic-type cases (ED type) and 15 exophytic-type cases (EX type) of OSCC were used. H&E staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), double IHC, and double-fluorescent IHC were performed on these samples. ED-type parenchyma more strongly expressed both SHH and PTCH than EX-type parenchyma. In OSCC stroma, CD31-positive cancer blood vessels, CD68- and CD11b-positive macrophages, and α-smooth muscle actin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts partially expressed PTCH. On the other hand, in EX-type stroma, almost no double-positive cells were observed. These results suggest that autocrine effects of SHH induce cancer invasion, and paracrine effects of SHH govern parenchyma-stromal interactions of OSCC. The role of the SHH pathway is to promote growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyofumi Takabatake
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan (H.K.); (S.Y.); (M.W.O.); (O.H.); (S.S.); (H.T.); (K.N.); (H.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-086-235-6651
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimo
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 0610293, Japan;
| | - Jun Murakami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan;
| | - Chang Anqi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan (H.K.); (S.Y.); (M.W.O.); (O.H.); (S.S.); (H.T.); (K.N.); (H.N.)
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan (H.K.); (S.Y.); (M.W.O.); (O.H.); (S.S.); (H.T.); (K.N.); (H.N.)
| | - Saori Yoshida
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan (H.K.); (S.Y.); (M.W.O.); (O.H.); (S.S.); (H.T.); (K.N.); (H.N.)
| | - May Wathone Oo
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan (H.K.); (S.Y.); (M.W.O.); (O.H.); (S.S.); (H.T.); (K.N.); (H.N.)
| | - Omori Haruka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan (H.K.); (S.Y.); (M.W.O.); (O.H.); (S.S.); (H.T.); (K.N.); (H.N.)
| | - Shintaro Sukegawa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan (H.K.); (S.Y.); (M.W.O.); (O.H.); (S.S.); (H.T.); (K.N.); (H.N.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kagawa 7608557, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tsujigiwa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan (H.K.); (S.Y.); (M.W.O.); (O.H.); (S.S.); (H.T.); (K.N.); (H.N.)
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 7000005, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan (H.K.); (S.Y.); (M.W.O.); (O.H.); (S.S.); (H.T.); (K.N.); (H.N.)
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan (H.K.); (S.Y.); (M.W.O.); (O.H.); (S.S.); (H.T.); (K.N.); (H.N.)
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Downs KM, Rodriguez AM. The mouse fetal-placental arterial connection: A paradigm involving the primitive streak and visceral endoderm with implications for human development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e362. [PMID: 31622045 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In Placentalia, the fetus depends upon an organized vascular connection with its mother for survival and development. Yet, this connection was, until recently, obscure. Here, we summarize how two unrelated tissues, the primitive streak, or body axis, and extraembryonic visceral endoderm collaborate to create and organize the fetal-placental arterial connection in the mouse gastrula. The primitive streak reaches into the extraembryonic space, where it marks the site of arterial union and creates a progenitor cell pool. Through contact with the streak, associated visceral endoderm undergoes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, contributing extraembryonic mesoderm to the placental arterial vasculature, and to the allantois, or pre-umbilical tissue. In addition, visceral endoderm bifurcates into the allantois where, with the primitive streak, it organizes the nascent umbilical artery and promotes allantoic elongation to the chorion, the site of fetal-maternal exchange. Brachyury mediates streak extension and vascular patterning, while Hedgehog is involved in visceral endoderm's conversion to mesoderm. A unique CASPASE-3-positive cell separates streak- and non-streak-associated domains in visceral endoderm. Based on these new insights at the posterior embryonic-extraembryonic interface, we conclude by asking whether so-called primordial germ cells are truly antecedents to the germ line that segregate within the allantois, or whether they are placental progenitor cells. Incorporating these new working hypotheses into mutational analyses in which the placentae are affected will aid understanding a spectrum of disorders, including orphan diseases, which often include abnormalities of the umbilical cord, yolk sac, and hindgut, whose developmental relationship to each other has, until now, been poorly understood. This article is categorized under: Birth Defects > Associated with Preimplantation and Gastrulation Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Downs
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Adriana M Rodriguez
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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15
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Abstract
The hedgehog-smoothened (HH/SMO) pathway has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for hematological malignancies. Our previous studies designed a series of HH inhibitors with novel scaffolds distinctive from vismodegib, the first Food and Drug Administration-approved HH inhibitor for the treatment of basal-cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. In the present study, we evaluated these HH inhibitors against blood cancers and found that HH78 displayed potent activity in suppressing the HH signaling pathway. HH78 competitively bound to SMO and suppressed the transcriptional activity of GLI by the luciferase reporter gene assay and the measurement of HH/SMO-downregulated genes, including cyclin D2, cyclin E, PTCH1, PTCH2, and GLI. HH78 at low micromolar concentrations induced significant cancer cell apoptosis showed by increased caspase-3 activation, annexin V-staining and downregulated prosurvival proteins, including c-Myc, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bcl-xL. In contrast, vismodegib did not show any effects on these apoptotic events. HH78 also suppressed the activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway, which cross-talks with the HH/SMO pathway. Finally, HH78 inhibited the growth of human leukemia K562 in nude mice xenografts with no overt toxicity. Collectively, the present study identified a novel HH inhibitor with great potential for the treatment of hematological malignancies.
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16
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Xu Y, Yu P, Wang S, Jiang L, Chen F, Chen W. Crosstalk between Hh and Wnt signaling promotes osteosarcoma progression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:768-773. [PMID: 31933884 PMCID: PMC6945176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone. Patients with localized osteosarcoma are routinely treated with chemotherapy and surgery. However, many patients eventually relapse after these treatments. Therefore, it is important and urgent to identify better therapeutic strategies. Hedgehog-GLI is responsible for the development of bone and tumorigenesis. Aberrant activation of GLI-2 is correlated with various malignancies including OS. METHODS RT-QPCR and western blot were performed to detect the expression of GLI-2 among human osteosarcoma cell lines U2OS, SaOS and human osteoblast cells HOB-c. siRNA or overexpression method were used to knock down/overexpress GLI-2 or β-catenin and MTS formazan generation method were applied to study the function of GLI-2 and β-catenin in the proliferation of OS cells. RESULTS We showed that GLI-2 is highly expressed in osteosarcoma cell lines. Knockdown of GLI-2 by siRNA decreases osteosarcoma cell proliferation. Further, we showed that knockdown of GLI-2 can decrease the protein level of β-catenin, and β-catenin depletion by siRNA could decrease the proliferation of OS cells. Interestingly, overexpression of β-catenin in GLI-2 knockdown cells partially increased proliferation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest Hh/GLI-2-Wnt/β-catenin crosstalk is required for osteosarcoma cell proliferation. GLI-2 may play a role in the regulation of the expression of β-catenin in OS cells and β-catenin may function as downstream effector of crosstalk between Hh and Wnt signaling. GLI-2 may be exploited as a therapeutic target for the treatment of osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Peimin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Shilong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Feiyan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
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Chintakuntlawar AV, Foote RL, Kasperbauer JL, Bible KC. Diagnosis and Management of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2019; 48:269-284. [PMID: 30717908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a devastating and usually incurable diagnosis. Clinical and pathologic diagnosis is best assessed at a tertiary center with concentrated ATC expertise. Expeditious multidisciplinary management is recommended for optimal patient outcomes. Based on multiinstitutional and population-based studies, multimodal therapy that includes chemoradiotherapy with surgery (when feasible) is the preferred initial treatment because it is associated with incrementally improved overall survival. In ATC that carries a BRAF V600E somatic mutation, combination therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors has shown promise but needs further study. Immunotherapeutic agents in neoadjuvant and metastatic settings are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert L Foote
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jan L Kasperbauer
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Keith C Bible
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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18
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Saini S, Maker AV, Burman KD, Prabhakar BS. Molecular aberrations and signaling cascades implicated in the pathogenesis of anaplastic thyroid cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1872:188262. [PMID: 30605717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (ATC) accounts for >40% thyroid cancer-related deaths and has a dismal prognosis. In the past decade, significant efforts have been made towards understanding the pathogenesis of this disease and developing novel therapeutics. Unfortunately, effective treatment is still lacking and a more thorough understanding of ATC pathogenesis may provide new opportunities to improve ATC therapeutics. This review provides insights into ATC clinical presentation and pathology, and the putative role of genetic aberrations and alterations in molecular signaling pathways in ATC pathogenesis. We reviewed prevalent mutations, chromosomal abnormalities and fusions, epigenetic alterations and dysregulations in ATC, and highlighted several signaling cascades which appeared to be integral to ATC pathogenesis. Moreover, these features offer insights into de-differentiated, aggressive and drug-resistant phenotype of ATC, and thus may help in exploring potential new molecular targets for developing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Saini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ajay V Maker
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kenneth D Burman
- Medstar Washington Hospital Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Niyaz M, Khan MS, Wani RA, Shah OJ, Mudassar S. Sonic Hedgehog Protein is Frequently Up-Regulated in Pancreatic Cancer Compared to Colorectal Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 26:551-557. [PMID: 30539521 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-00564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a secreted protein which functions in autocrine or paracrine fashion on target cells to activate hedgehog (HH) signalling cascade responsible for growth and proliferation. This study is an attempt to understand the expression dynamics of SHH protein in colon, rectal and pancreatic cancers. Protein expression of SHH was studied by Western Blotting in the histologically confirmed colon, rectum and pancreatic cancer tissue samples along with their adjacent normal tissues. Only 31.4% (11 of 35) and 26.9% (7 of 26) of colon and rectal cancer cases respectively showed an increase in SHH expression in tumours compared to 72.7% (24 of 33) of the pancreatic cancer cases when compared with their adjacent normal tissues. Our results suggest that SHH may have a strong role in the predisposition of Pancreatic cancer and could possibly be used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Niyaz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190011, India
| | - Mosin S Khan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190011, India
| | - Rauf A Wani
- Department of General and Minimal Invasive Surgery, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, 190011, India
| | - Omar J Shah
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, 190011, India
| | - Syed Mudassar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190011, India.
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20
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Park S, Kim H, Kim K, Roh S. Sonic hedgehog signalling regulates the self-renewal and proliferation of skin-derived precursor cells in mice. Cell Prolif 2018; 51:e12500. [PMID: 30151845 PMCID: PMC6528853 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling pathway has an important role in the maintenance of various stem cells and organogenesis during development. However, the effect of Shh in skin-derived precursors (SKPs), which have the capacity for multipotency and self-renewal, is not yet clear. The present study investigated the effects of the Shh signalling pathway on the proliferation and self-renewal of murine SKPs (mSKPs). METHODS The Shh signalling pathway was activated by treatment with purmorphamine (Shh agonist) or recombinant Shh in mSKPs. Cyclopamine (Shh antagonist) or GANT-61 (Gli inhibitor) was used to inhibit the pathway. Western blot, qPCR, and immunofluorescence were used to analyse the expression of genes related to self-renewal, stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the Shh signalling pathway. In addition, cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined. RESULTS Inhibiting the Shh signalling pathway reduced mSKP proliferation and sphere formation, but increased apoptosis. Activating this signalling pathway produced opposite results. The Shh signalling pathway also controlled the EMT phenotype in mSKPs. Moreover, purmorphamine recovered the self-renewal and proliferation of aged mSKPs. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the Shh signalling pathway has an important role in the proliferation, self-renewal and apoptosis of mSKPs. These findings also provide a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying SKP self-renewal and apoptosis that allow more efficient expansion of SKPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyu Park
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology LaboratoryDental Research Institute, BK21, Seoul National University School of DentistrySeoulKorea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology LaboratoryDental Research Institute, BK21, Seoul National University School of DentistrySeoulKorea
| | - Kichul Kim
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology LaboratoryDental Research Institute, BK21, Seoul National University School of DentistrySeoulKorea
| | - Sangho Roh
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology LaboratoryDental Research Institute, BK21, Seoul National University School of DentistrySeoulKorea
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Lee WK, Lee SG, Yim SH, Kim D, Kim H, Jeong S, Jung SG, Jo YS, Lee J. Whole Exome Sequencing Identifies a Novel Hedgehog-Interacting Protein G516R Mutation in Locally Advanced Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102867. [PMID: 30241415 PMCID: PMC6213497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally advanced thyroid cancer exhibits aggressive clinical features requiring extensive neck dissection. Therefore, it is important to identify changes in the tumor biology before local progression. Here, whole exome sequencing (WES) using tissues from locally advanced papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) presented a large number of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in the metastatic lymph node (MLN), but not in normal tissues and primary tumors. Among those MLN-specific SNVs, a novel HHIP G516R (G1546A) mutation was also observed. Interestingly, in-depth analysis for exome sequencing data from the primary tumor presented altered nucleotide 'A' at a very low frequency indicating intra-tumor heterogeneity between the primary tumor and MLN. Computational prediction models such as PROVEAN and Polyphen suggested that HHIP G516R might affect protein function and stability. In vitro, HHIP G516R increased cell proliferation and promoted cell migration in thyroid cancer cells. HHIP G516R, a missense mutation, could be a representative example for the intra-tumor heterogeneity of locally advanced thyroid cancer, which can be a potential future therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Kyung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
| | - Seul Gi Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
| | - Seung Hyuk Yim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
| | - Daham Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
| | - Hyunji Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
| | - Seonhyang Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
| | - Sang Geun Jung
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13496, Korea.
| | - Young Suk Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
| | - Jandee Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
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Shi G, Zhang H, Yu Q, Jin H, Hu C, Li S, Ji Y. Epigenetic silencing of sonic hedgehog elicits antitumor immune response and suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting the hedgehog signaling pathway in metastatic spine tumors in Sprague‐Dawley rats. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:9591-9603. [PMID: 30191602 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Shi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology The Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine Changchun Medical College Changchun China
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology The Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Orthopedic The Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Chun‐Mei Hu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology The Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Shu‐Chun Li
- Department of Orthopedic The Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - You‐Bo Ji
- Department of Orthopedic The Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
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23
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Sui X, Sui Y, Wang Y. LARP7 in papillary thyroid carcinoma induces NIS expression through suppression of the SHH signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7521-7528. [PMID: 29620212 PMCID: PMC5983951 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased the past few decades, the most frequent type has been identified to be the papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Following thyroidectomy, radioiodine ablation treatment on PTC is routinely performed. However, many patients do not benefit from radioiodine therapy. Therefore, novel targeted therapies to suppress tumor growth and improve radioiodine uptake are required. La ribonucleoprotein domain family member (LARP)7 is a member of the LARP family and functions as a potential suppressor of the progression of carcinoma. In the present study, the expression status of LARP7 in PTC tissues and cell lines was investigated, and the cell viability, proliferation and apoptotic rate, radioiodine uptake ability of PTC cells with overexpression of LARP7 in vitro was determined. Expression levels of LARP7 were significantly downregulated in PTC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of LARP7 inhibited the proliferation and increased the radioiodine uptake ability of PTC cells in vitro and inhibited the tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, LARP7 overexpression inhibited the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway and increased sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) expression. However, treatment with recombinant human SHH partially reduced radioiodine uptake ability and NIS expression induced by LARP7. In conclusion, LARP7 may act as a tumor suppressor in PTC by inhibiting the SHH signaling pathway and may be a promising therapeutic target in patients with PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Sui
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Yana Sui
- Department of Emergency, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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24
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Xu Y, Ma N, Wei P, Zeng Z, Meng J. Expression of hydrogen sulfide synthases and Hh signaling pathway components correlate with the clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:1818-1824. [PMID: 31938289 PMCID: PMC6958160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the expression levels of endogenous H2S synthases and hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway components correlate with the clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted of clinicopathological data obtained from 176 patients diagnosed with PTC, and immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expression levels of endogenous H2S synthases cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST), as well as three molecules in the Hh signaling pathway: sonic hedgehog (SHH), patched (PTCH), and smoothened (SMO). Specimens of PTC tissue (n=176) and normal para-cancerous thyroid tissue (n=134) were obtained from 176 patients who underwent a total thyroidectomy or thyroid glandular follicle and isthmus resection and analyzed by immunohistochemical methods for their levels of CSE, CBS, MPST, SHH, PTCH, and SMO expression. RESULTS We found that CSE was overexpressed in PTC tissues, while CBS and MPST were only slightly expressed in PTC tissues at levels similar to those in adjacent normal tissues. The levels of CSE expression were positively correlated with tumor size, extrathyroidal extension (ETE), and lymph node metastasis (LNM), but were not correlated with patient gender, age, or TNM stage. SHH, PTCH, and SMO Hh signaling pathway components were widely expressed in PTC tissues, and their expression correlated with larger tumor size, ETE, and LNM, but not with patient gender, age, or TNM stage, suggesting that activation of the Hh signaling pathway is involved in thyroid tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a high level of CSE expression accompanied by Hh signaling pathway activation is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Na Ma
- Department of Physiology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Physiology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinlan Meng
- Department of Physiology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510006, China
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25
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Li X, Chen F, Zhu Q, Ding B, Zhong Q, Huang K, Jiang X, Wang Z, Yin C, Zhu Y, Li Z, Meng F. Gli-1/PI3K/AKT/NF-kB pathway mediates resistance to radiation and is a target for reversion of responses in refractory acute myeloid leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:33004-15. [PMID: 27105509 PMCID: PMC5078070 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Total body irradiation combined with chemotherapy is currently the most effective procedure as a preparative myeloablative regimen. However, resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in refractory acute myeloid leukemia is associated with short-time recurrence after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. To address this issue, we used three cell lines, HL60, HL60/ADR (adriamycin-resistant cells), and HL60/RX (a radiation-resistant cell line established from HL60 cells), as cellular models to investigate the mechanism of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway resulting in radioresistance, and the efficacy of LDE225 (an inhibitor of the Hh pathway) to enhance radiation sensitivity. Our results indicated that HL60/RX and HL60/ADR cells showed an increased in radioresistance and elevated activity of Hh pathway proteins compared with HL60 cells (P<0.001). In addition, LDE225 significantly reduced clonogenic survival with a sensitivity enhancement ratio (SER) of 1.283 for HL60/ADR and 1.245 for HL60/RX cells. The combination of LDE225 with irradiation significantly increased radiation-induced apoptosis and expression of γ-H2AX and BAK compared with single-treatment groups in both HL60/RX and HL60/ADR cells (P<0.001). In vivo, the combination of LDE225 with irradiation exerted a significant antitumor effect compared with the control and single agents in HL60/RX- and HL60/ADR-xenografted mouse models (P<0.001). Furthermore, our data obtained from western blot and IHC analyses showed that the activation of pAKT and NF-kB was reduced by LDE225 treatment in both HL60/ADR and HL60/RX cells. This demonstrates that the Gli-1/PI3K/AKT/NF-kB pathway plays a key role in resistance to radiation, and that inhibition of the Hh pathway sensitizes cells to radiation by overcoming radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuhua Zhu
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingjie Ding
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingxiu Zhong
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.,Hematology Department, Kanghua Hospital, Dongguan 523080, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaikai Huang
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuejie Jiang
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Changxin Yin
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yufeng Zhu
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Fanyi Meng
- Hematology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.,Hematology Department, Kanghua Hospital, Dongguan 523080, Guangdong, China
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26
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Rashid FA, Mansoor Q, Tabassum S, Aziz H, Arfat WO, Naoum GE, Ismail M, Farooqi AA. Signaling cascades in thyroid cancer: Increasing the armory of archers to hit bullseye. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:3798-3808. [PMID: 29243843 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is a multifaceted and therapeutically challenging disease and rapidly accumulating experimentally verified findings have considerably improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms which underlie its development. Substantial fraction of information has been added into existing landscape of molecular oncology and we have started to develop a sharper understanding of the underlying mechanisms of thyroid cancer. Wealth of information demystified different intracellular signaling cascades which are frequently deregulated in thyroid cancer. In vitro assays and xenografted mice based studies have helped us to identify drug targets and different synthetic and natural products are currently being tested to effectively treat thyroid cancer. Cabozantinib and vandetanib have been approved to treat medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and two agents (lenvatinib and sorafenib) are also being used to treat radioactive-iodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. This review comprehensively summarizes most recent advancements in our knowledge related to dysregulated intracellular signaling cascades in thyroid cancer and how different proteins can be therapeutically exploited. (1) We discuss how loss of TRAIL mediated apoptosis occurred in thyroid cancer cells and how different strategies can be used to restore apoptosis in resistant cancer cells; (2) We provide detailed account of seemingly opposite roles of NOTCH signaling in thyroid cancers; (3) TGF/SMAD mediated signaling also needs detailed research because of context dependent role in thyroid cancer. Researchers have only begun to scratch the surface of how TGF signaling works in thyroid cancer and metastasis; and (4) Role of SHH signaling in thyroid cancer stem cells is also well appreciated and targeting of SHH pathway will be an important aspect in treatment of thyroid cancer. Better concepts and improved knowledge will be helpful for clinicians in getting a step closer to individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Abdul Rashid
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Qaisar Mansoor
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Tabassum
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Aziz
- Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute, H-10 Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Waleed O Arfat
- Alexandria Comprehensive Cancer Center, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - George E Naoum
- Alexandria Comprehensive Cancer Center, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Radiation oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Muhammad Ismail
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
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27
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The evolving concept of cancer stem-like cells in thyroid cancer and other solid tumors. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1142-1151. [PMID: 28394318 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem-like cell (CSC) hypothesis postulates that a small population of cells in a cancer has self-renewal and clonal tumor initiation properties. These cells are responsible for tumor initiation, growth, recurrence and for resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. CSCs can be characterized using markers such as SSEA-1, SSEA-4, CD44, CD24, ALDEFLUOR and others. CSCs form spheres when they are cultured in serum-free condition in low attachment plates and can generate tumors when injected into immune-deficient mice. During epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), cells lose cellular adhesion and polarity and acquire an invasive phenotype. Recent studies have established a relationship between EMT and increased numbers of CSCs in some solid malignancies. Non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to have important roles during EMT and some of these molecules also have regulatory roles in the proliferation of CSCs. Specific lncRNAs enhanced cell migration and invasion in breast carcinomas, which was associated with the generation of stem cell properties. The tumor microenvironment of CSCs also has an important role in tumor progression. Recent studies have shown that the interaction between tumor cells and the local microenvironment at the metastatic site leads to the development of premetastatic niche(s) and allows for the proliferation of the metastatic cells during colonization. The role of exosomes in the microenvironment during the EMT program is currently a major area of research. This review examines CSCs and the relationship between EMT and CSCs in solid tumors with emphasis on thyroid CSCs. The role of non-coding RNAs and of the microenvironment in EMT and in tumor progression are also examined. This review also highlights the growing number of studies that show the close association of EMT and CSCs and the role of exosomes and other elements of the tissue microenvironment in CSC metastasis. A better understanding of these mechanisms will lead to more effective targeting of primary and metastatic malignancies.
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28
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Xu X, Lu Y, Li Y, Prinz RA. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Thyroid Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:284. [PMID: 29163356 PMCID: PMC5670164 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system. The initiation of thyroid cancer is often triggered by a genetic mutation in the phosphortidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, such as RAS and BRAF, or by the rearrangement of growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase genes such as RET/PTC. The sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway is evolutionarily conserved and plays an important role in the embryonic development of normal tissues and organs. Gene mutations in the Shh pathway are involved in basal cell carcinomas (BCC). Activation of the Shh pathway due to overexpression of the genes encoding the components of this pathway stimulates the growth and spread of a wide range of cancer types. The Shh pathway also plays an important role in cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal. GDC-0449 and LDE-225, two inhibitors of this pathway, have been approved for treating BCC and are being tested as a single agent or in combination with other drugs for treating various other cancers. Here, we review the recent findings on activation of the Shh pathway in thyroid cancer and its role in maintaining thyroid CSC self-renewal. We also summarize the recent developments on crosstalk of the Shh pathway with the MAPK and PI3K oncogenic pathways, and its implications for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Xiulong Xu, ,
| | - Yurong Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard A. Prinz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, United States
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29
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Bi Z, Liu W, Ding R, Wu Y, Dou R, Zhang W, Yuan X, Liu X, Xiong L, Guo Z, Mao C. A novel peptide, 9R-P201, strongly inhibits the viability, proliferation and migration of liver cancer HepG2 cells and induces apoptosis by down-regulation of FoxM1 expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 796:175-189. [PMID: 28012972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of FoxM1 was closely related to the proliferation, metastasis, chemo-resistance and poor prognosis of various cancers. FoxM1 was regarded as the Achilles' heel of cancer and a potential target for anti-cancer drug discovery. We previously obtained several high affinity peptides from the phage random library against the DNA binding domain of FoxM1c (FoxM1c-DBD) protein. Here in this paper, we found that 9R-P201, one of the novel peptides, showed stronger inhibition to HepG2 cancer cells than those of DU145, HUVEC and L-02 cells with an IC50 of 43.6µg/ml (13.1µM). The peptide was highly effective to liver cancer cells with an IC50 for L-02 cells of 2855.9µg/ml. We confirmed that 9R-P201 aggregated in the cell nucleus and the expression of FoxM1 was significantly down-regulated at both transcriptional and translational levels in HepG2 cells, leading to the suppression of cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and induction of apoptosis. Whole genomic RNA sequencing analysis revealed that 357 genes were significantly and differentially expressed, most of them were enriched in cancer-associated biological processes. Finally, treatment of HepG2 xenografts with 9R-P201 resulted in growth inhibition and down-regulation of foxM1 expression in tumors. Collectively, our findings suggested that 9R-P201 could strongly inhibit the viability, proliferation and migration of liver cancer HepG2 cells and induce apoptosis by down-regulation of FoxM1 and regulation of related gene expression in signal transduction passways. Thus, 9R-P201 holds great potential as a lead anti-cancer drug targeting FoxM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Bi
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Applied Biology, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Wenrong Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Applied Biology, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Ruofang Ding
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Applied Biology, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Applied Biology, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Rongkun Dou
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Applied Biology, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Applied Biology, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Xue Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Applied Biology, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Xinrong Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Applied Biology, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Lili Xiong
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Applied Biology, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Zhiyun Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Applied Biology, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China.
| | - Canquan Mao
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Applied Biology, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China.
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30
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Han J, Gao W, Su D, Liu Y. Silencing of A-Kinase Anchor Protein 4 (AKAP4) Inhibits Proliferation and Progression of Thyroid Cancer. Oncol Res 2016; 25:873-878. [PMID: 27983916 PMCID: PMC7841067 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14783701102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A-kinase anchor protein 4 (AKAP4), a member of the A-kinase anchor family of proteins, plays a role in tumor development and progression. However, its expression pattern and function in human thyroid cancer remain obscure. Here we examined AKAP4 expression in thyroid cancer cell lines as well as the effects of AKAP4 on the proliferation and metastasis of thyroid cancer cells. We also explored the molecular mechanism by which AKAP4 mediates the metastatic potential of thyroid cancer cells. Our results revealed that the transcript and protein levels of AKAP4 were significantly upregulated in thyroid cancer cell lines. In vitro experiments showed that knockdown of AKAP4 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in thyroid cancer cells. Additionally, knockdown of AKAP4 greatly decreased the protein expression of Shh as well as Smo, Ptc, and Gli-1 in ACT-1 cells. Finally, the in vivo nude mice model confirmed that knockdown of AKAP4 attenuated tumor growth. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that knockdown of AKAP4 inhibited proliferation and metastasis, likely through suppressing the Shh signaling pathway, in thyroid cancer cells. Thus, AKAP4 may act as a potential therapeutic target for human thyroid cancer.
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31
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Kim AL, Back JH, Zhu Y, Tang X, Yardley NP, Kim KJ, Athar M, Bickers DR. AKT1 Activation is Obligatory for Spontaneous BCC Tumor Growth in a Murine Model that Mimics Some Features of Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:794-802. [PMID: 27388747 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Patients with basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS), also known as Gorlin syndrome, develop numerous basal cell carcinomas (BCC) due to germline mutations in the tumor suppressor PTCH1 and aberrant activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Therapies targeted at components of the Hh pathway, including the smoothened (SMO) inhibitor vismodegib, can ablate these tumors clinically, but tumors recur upon drug discontinuation. Using SKH1-Ptch1+/- as a model that closely mimics the spontaneous and accelerated growth pattern of BCCs in patients with BCNS, we show that AKT1, a serine/threonine protein kinase, is intrinsically activated in keratinocytes derived from the skin of newborn Ptch1+/- mice in the absence of carcinogenic stimuli. Introducing Akt1 haplodeficiency in Ptch1+/- mice (Akt1+/- Ptch1+/-) significantly abrogated BCC growth. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of AKT with perifosine, an alkyl phospholipid AKT inhibitor, diminished the growth of spontaneous and UV-induced BCCs. Our data demonstrate an obligatory role for AKT1 in BCC growth, and targeting AKT may help reduce BCC tumor burden in BCNS patients. Cancer Prev Res; 9(10); 794-802. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna L Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
| | - Jung Ho Back
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yucui Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Xiuwei Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Nathan P Yardley
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Katherine J Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Mohammad Athar
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - David R Bickers
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
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