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Bauer K, Hauswirth A, Gleixner KV, Greiner G, Thaler J, Bettelheim P, Filik Y, Koller E, Hoermann G, Staber PB, Sperr WR, Keil F, Valent P. BRD4 degraders may effectively counteract therapeutic resistance of leukemic stem cells in AML and ALL. Am J Hematol 2024. [PMID: 38822666 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are life-threatening hematopoietic malignancies characterized by clonal expansion of leukemic blasts in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The epigenetic reader BRD4 and its downstream effector MYC have recently been identified as potential drug targets in human AML and ALL. We compared anti-leukemic efficacies of the small-molecule BET inhibitor JQ1 and the recently developed BRD4 degraders dBET1 and dBET6 in AML and ALL cells. JQ1, dBET1, and dBET6 were found to suppress growth and viability in all AML and ALL cell lines examined as well as in primary patient-derived AML and ALL cells, including CD34+/CD38- and CD34+/CD38+ leukemic stem and progenitor cells, independent of the type (variant) of leukemia or molecular driver expressed in leukemic cells. Moreover, we found that dBET6 overcomes osteoblast-induced drug resistance in AML and ALL cells, regardless of the type of leukemia or the drug applied. Most promising cooperative or even synergistic drug combination effects were seen with dBET6 and the FLT3 ITD blocker gilteritinib in FLT3 ITD-mutated AML cells, and with dBET6 and the multi-kinase blocker ponatinib in BCR::ABL1+ ALL cells. Finally, all BRD4-targeting drugs suppressed interferon-gamma- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced expression of the resistance-related checkpoint antigen PD-L1 in AML and ALL cells, including LSC. In all assays examined, the BRD4 degrader dBET6 was a superior anti-leukemic drug compared with dBET1 and JQ1. Together, BRD4 degraders may provide enhanced inhibition of multiple mechanisms of therapy resistance in AML and ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Bauer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Hauswirth
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline V Gleixner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Greiner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ihr Labor, Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Thaler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Yüksel Filik
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Koller
- Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp B Staber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Keil
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Di Marco T, Mazzoni M, Greco A, Cassinelli G. Non-oncogene dependencies: Novel opportunities for cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116254. [PMID: 38704100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Targeting oncogene addictions have changed the history of subsets of malignancies and continues to represent an excellent therapeutic opportunity. Nonetheless, alternative strategies are required to treat malignancies driven by undruggable oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressor genes and to overcome drug resistance also occurring in cancers addicted to actionable drivers. The discovery of non-oncogene addiction (NOA) uncovered novel therapeutically exploitable "Achilles' heels". NOA refers to genes/pathways not oncogenic per sé but essential for the tumor cell growth/survival while dispensable for normal cells. The clinical success of several classes of conventional and molecular targeted agents can be ascribed to their impact on both tumor cell-associated intrinsic as well as microenvironment-related extrinsic NOA. The integration of genetic, computational and pharmacological high-throughput approaches led to the identification of an expanded repertoire of synthetic lethality interactions implicating NOA targets. Only a few of them have been translated into the clinics as most NOA vulnerabilities are not easily druggable or appealing targets. Nonetheless, their identification has provided in-depth knowledge of tumor pathobiology and suggested novel therapeutic opportunities. Here, we summarize conceptual framework of intrinsic and extrinsic NOA providing exploitable vulnerabilities. Conventional and emerging methodological approaches used to disclose NOA dependencies are reported together with their limits. We illustrate NOA paradigmatic and peculiar examples and outline the functional/mechanistic aspects, potential druggability and translational interest. Finally, we comment on difficulties in exploiting the NOA-generated knowledge to develop novel therapeutic approaches to be translated into the clinics and to fully harness the potential of clinically available drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Di Marco
- Integrated Biology of Rare Tumors Unit, Experimental Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Mazzoni
- Integrated Biology of Rare Tumors Unit, Experimental Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Greco
- Integrated Biology of Rare Tumors Unit, Experimental Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliana Cassinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Experimental Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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3
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García-Caballero D, Hart JR, Vogt PK. Long Non-Coding RNAs as "MYC Facilitators". PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2023; 30:389-399. [PMID: 37755396 PMCID: PMC10534484 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology30030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we discuss a class of MYC-interacting lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) that share the following criteria: They are direct transcriptional targets of MYC. Their expression is coordinated with the expression of MYC. They are required for sustained MYC-driven cell proliferation, and they are not essential for cell survival. We refer to these lncRNAs as "MYC facilitators" and discuss two representative members of this class of lncRNAs, SNHG17 (small nuclear RNA host gene) and LNROP (long non-coding regulator of POU2F2). We also present a general hypothesis on the role of lncRNAs in MYC-mediated transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter K. Vogt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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4
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Pal S, Biswas D. Promoter-proximal regulation of gene transcription: Key factors involved and emerging role of general transcription factors in assisting productive elongation. Gene 2023:147571. [PMID: 37331491 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) at the promoter-proximal sites is a key rate-limiting step in gene expression. Cells have dedicated a specific set of proteins that sequentially establish pause and then release the Pol II from promoter-proximal sites. A well-controlled pausing and subsequent release of Pol II is crucial for thefine tuning of expression of genes including signal-responsive and developmentally-regulated ones. The release of paused Pol II broadly involves its transition from initiation to elongation. In this review article, we will discuss the phenomenon of Pol II pausing, the underlying mechanism, and also the role of different known factors, with an emphasis on general transcription factors, involved in this overall regulation. We will further discuss some recent findings suggesting a possible role (underexplored) of initiation factors in assisting the transition of transcriptionally-engaged paused Pol II into productive elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Pal
- Laboratory of Transcription Biology, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata - 32, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Laboratory of Transcription Biology, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata - 32, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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5
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Yang WQ, Liang R, Gao MQ, Liu YZ, Qi B, Zhao BS. Inhibition of bromodomain-containing protein 4 enhances the migration of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells by inducing cell autophagy. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:2340-2352. [PMID: 36568944 PMCID: PMC9782615 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i12.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the predominant type of esophageal cancer, has a 5-year survival rate less than 20%. Although the cause of poor prognosis is the high incidence and mortality of ESCC, the high rate of metastasis after esophageal cancer surgery is the main cause of death after the surgery. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), an epigenetic reader of chromatin-acetylated histones in tumorigenesis and development, plays an essential role in regulating oncogene expression. BRD4 inhibition and BRD4 inhibition-based treatment can potentially suppress ESCC growth. However, the effects and mechanisms of action of BRD4 on ESCC cell migration remain unclear.
AIM To explore the effect of BRD4 on cell migration of ESCC in vitro and its possible molecular mechanism.
METHODS Human ESCC cell lines KYSE-450 and KYSE-150 were used. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assay was performed to examine cell proliferation, and the transwell migration assay was conducted to test ESCC cell migration. JQ1, a BRD4 inhibitor, was applied to cells, and BRD4 siRNA was transfected into ESCC cells to knockdown endogenous BRD4. GFP-RFP-LC3 adenovirus was infected into ESCC cells to evaluate the effect of JQ1 on autophagy. Western blotting was performed to determine the protein levels of BRD4, E-cadherin, vimentin, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and p-AMPK.
RESULTS BRD4 was either downregulated by small interfering RNA or pretreated with JQ1 in ESCC cells, leading to increased tumor migration in ESCC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Inhibition of BRD4 not only significantly suppressed cell proliferation but also strongly increased cell migration by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The protein expression of vimentin was increased and E-cadherin decreased in a dose-dependent manner, subsequently promoting autophagy in KYSE-450 and KYSE-150 cells. Pretreatment with JQ1, a BRD4 inhibitor, inhibited BRD4-induced LC3-II activation and upregulated AMPK phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, an increased number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes were observed in JQ1-treated ESCC cells. The autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) reversed the effects of BRD4 knockdown on ESCC cell migration and blocked JQ1-induced cell migration. 3-MA also downregulated the expression of vimentin and upregulation E-cadherin.
CONCLUSION BRD4 inhibition enhances cell migration by inducing EMT and autophagy in ESCC cells via the AMPK-modified pathway. Thus, the facilitating role on ESCC cell migration should be considered for BRD4 inhibitor clinical application to ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qian Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, Henan Province, China
- Esophageal Cancer Institute, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, Henan Province, China
- Life Science Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, Henan Province, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, Henan Province, China
- Esophageal Cancer Institute, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, Henan Province, China
- Life Science Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, Henan Province, China
| | - Man-Qi Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, Henan Province, China
- Esophageal Cancer Institute, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, Henan Province, China
| | - Yu-Zhen Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, Henan Province, China
- Esophageal Cancer Institute, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, Henan Province, China
- Life Science Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, Henan Province, China
| | - Bo Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, Henan Province, China
| | - Bao-Sheng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, Henan Province, China
- Esophageal Cancer Institute, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, Henan Province, China
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6
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Peter B, Eisenwort G, Sadovnik I, Bauer K, Willmann M, Rülicke T, Berger D, Stefanzl G, Greiner G, Hoermann G, Keller A, Wolf D, Čulen M, Winter GE, Hoffmann T, Schiefer AI, Sperr WR, Zuber J, Mayer J, Valent P. BRD4 Degradation Blocks Expression of MYC and Multiple Forms of Stem Cell Resistance in Ph + Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Am J Hematol 2022; 97:1215-1225. [PMID: 35794848 PMCID: PMC9546315 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In most patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) clonal cells can be kept under control by BCR::ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). However, overt resistance or intolerance against these TKI may occur. We identified the epigenetic reader BRD4 and its downstream‐effector MYC as growth regulators and therapeutic targets in CML cells. BRD4 and MYC were found to be expressed in primary CML cells, CD34+/CD38− leukemic stem cells (LSC), and in the CML cell lines KU812, K562, KCL22, and KCL22T315I. The BRD4‐targeting drug JQ1 was found to suppress proliferation in KU812 cells and primary leukemic cells in the majority of patients with chronic phase CML. In the blast phase of CML, JQ1 was less effective. However, the BRD4 degrader dBET6 was found to block proliferation and/or survival of primary CML cells in all patients tested, including blast phase CML and CML cells exhibiting the T315I variant of BCR::ABL1. Moreover, dBET6 was found to block MYC expression and to synergize with BCR::ABL1 TKI in inhibiting the proliferation in the JQ1‐resistant cell line K562. Furthermore, BRD4 degradation was found to overcome osteoblast‐induced TKI resistance of CML LSC in a co‐culture system and to block interferon‐gamma‐induced upregulation of the checkpoint antigen PD‐L1 in LSC. Finally, dBET6 was found to suppress the in vitro survival of CML LSC and their engraftment in NSG mice. Together, targeting of BRD4 and MYC through BET degradation sensitizes CML cells against BCR::ABL1 TKI and is a potent approach to overcome multiple forms of drug resistance in CML LSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Peter
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Eisenwort
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Bauer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Willmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Stefanzl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Greiner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Keller
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Wolf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Čulen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Georg E Winter
- CeMM-Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiří Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Valent
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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7
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Deng G, Zeng F, He Y, Meng Y, Sun H, Su J, Zhao S, Cheng Y, Chen X, Yin M. EEF2K silencing inhibits tumour progression through repressing SPP1 and synergises with BET inhibitors in melanoma. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e722. [PMID: 35184394 PMCID: PMC8858631 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guangtong Deng
- Department of Dermatology Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Furong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Oncology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Dermatology Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Yu Meng
- Department of Dermatology Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Huiyan Sun
- Department of Dermatology Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Dermatology Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Mingzhu Yin
- Department of Dermatology Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
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8
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Rafat A, Dizaji Asl K, Mazloumi Z, Movassaghpour AA, Talebi M, Shanehbandi D, Farahzadi R, Nejati B, Nozad Charoudeh H. Telomerase inhibition on acute myeloid leukemia stem cell induced apoptosis with both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Life Sci 2022; 295:120402. [PMID: 35176279 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is an invasive and lethal blood cancer caused by a rare population of Leukemia Stem Cells (LSCs). Telomerase activation is a limitless self-renewal process in LSCs. Apart from telomerase role in telomere lengthening, telomerase (especially hTERT subunit) inhibits intrinsic-, extrinsic-, and p53- mediated apoptosis pathways. In this study, the effect of Telomerase Inhibition (TI) on intrinsic-, extrinsic-, p53-mediated apoptosis, and DNMT3a and TET epigenetic markers in stem (CD34+) and differentiated (CD34-) AML cells is evaluated. MAIN METHODS High-purity CD34+ (primary AML and KG-1a) cells were enriched using the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) system. CD34+ and CD34- (primary AML and KG-1a) cells were treated with BIBR1532 and then, MTT assay, Annexin V/7AAD, Ki-67 assay, Telomere Length (TL) measurement, and transcriptional alterations of p53, hTERT, TET2, DNMT3a were analyzed. Finally, apoptosis-related genes and proteins were studied. KEY FINDINGS TI with the IC50 values of 83.5, 33.2, 54.3, and 24.6 μM in CD34+ and CD34- (primary AML and KG-1a) cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. However, TI had no significant effect on TL. The results also suggested TI induced intrinsic-, extrinsic-, and p53-mediated apoptosis. It was shown that the expression levels of DNMT3a and TET2 epigenetic markers were highly increased following TI. SIGNIFICANCE In total, it was revealed that TI induced apoptosis through intrinsic, extrinsic, and p53 pathways and increased the expression of DNMT3a and TET2 epigenetic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rafat
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Dizaji Asl
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Mazloumi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Talebi
- Department of Applied Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology research center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raheleh Farahzadi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Babak Nejati
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Dey A, Uppal S, Giri J, Misra HS. Emerging roles of bromodomain protein 4 in regulation of stem cell identity. Stem Cells 2021; 39:1615-1624. [PMID: 34520583 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of fate decision and lineage commitment is the key step for developing novel stem cell applications in therapeutics. This process is coordinately regulated through systematic epigenetic reprogramming and concomitant changes in the transcriptional landscape of the stem cells. One of the bromo- and extra-terminal domain (BET) family member proteins, bromodomain protein 4 (BRD4), performs the role of epigenetic reader and modulates gene expression by recruiting other transcription factors and directly regulating RNA polymerase II elongation. Controlled gene regulation is the critical step in maintenance of stem cell potency and dysregulation may lead to tumor formation. As a key transcriptional factor and epigenetic regulator, BRD4 contributes to stem cell maintenance in several ways. Being a druggable target, BRD4 is an attractive candidate for exploiting its potential in stem cell therapeutics. Therefore, it is crucial to elucidate how BRD4, through its interplay with pluripotency transcriptional regulators, control lineage commitment in stem cells. Here, we systemically review the role of BRD4 in complex gene regulatory network during three specific states of stem cell transitions: cell differentiation, cell reprogramming and transdifferentiation. A thorough understanding of BRD4 mediated epigenetic regulation in the maintenance of stem cell potency will be helpful to strategically control stem cell fates in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusree Dey
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sheetal Uppal
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayeeta Giri
- TIFR Complex, 605 Raman, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Hari Sharan Misra
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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10
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The Novel Oral BET-CBP/p300 Dual Inhibitor NEO2734 Is Highly Effective in Eradicating Acute Myeloid Leukemia Blasts and Stem/Progenitor Cells. Hemasphere 2021; 5:e610. [PMID: 34258514 PMCID: PMC8265862 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a disease characterized by transcriptional dysregulation that results in a block in differentiation and aberrant self-renewal. Inhibitors directed to epigenetic modifiers, aiming at transcriptional reprogramming of AML cells, are currently in clinical trials for AML patients. Several of these inhibitors target bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins, cyclic AMP response binding protein-binding protein (CBP), and the E1A-interacting protein of 300 kDa (p300), affecting histone acetylation. Unfortunately, single epigenetic inhibitors showed limited efficacy due to appearance of resistance and lack of effective eradication of leukemic stem cells. Here, we describe the efficacy of 2 novel, orally available inhibitors targeting both the BET and CBP/p300 proteins, NEO1132 and NEO2734, in primary AML. NEO2734 and NEO1132 efficiently reduced the viability of AML cell lines and primary AML cells by inducing apoptosis. Importantly, both NEO drugs eliminated leukemic stem/progenitor cells from AML patient samples, and NEO2734 increased the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy treatment in an in vivo AML patient-derived mouse model. Thus, dual inhibition of BET and CBP/p300 using NEO2734 is a promising therapeutic strategy for AML patients, making it a focus for clinical translation.
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11
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Gonzales F, Barthélémy A, Peyrouze P, Fenwarth L, Preudhomme C, Duployez N, Cheok MH. Targeting RUNX1 in acute myeloid leukemia: preclinical innovations and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:299-309. [PMID: 33906574 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1915991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: RUNX1 is an essential transcription factor for normal and malignant hematopoiesis. RUNX1 forms a heterodimeric complex with CBFB. Germline mutations and somatic alterations (i.e. translocations, mutations and abnormal expression) are frequently associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with RUNX1 mutations conferring unfavorable prognosis. Therefore, RUNX1 constitutes a potential innovative and interesting therapeutic target. In this review, we discuss recent therapeutic advances of RUNX1 targeting in AML.Areas covered: Firstly, we cover the clinical basis for RUNX1 targeting. We have subdivided recent therapeutic approaches either by common biochemical pathways or by similar pharmacological targets. Genome editing of RUNX1 induces anti-leukemic effects; however, off-target events prohibit clinical use. Several molecules inhibit the interaction between RUNX1/CBFB and control AML development and progression. BET protein antagonists target RUNX1 (i.e. specific BET inhibitors, BRD4 shRNRA, proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) or expression-mimickers). All these molecules improve survival in mutant RUNX1 AML preclinical models.Expert opinion: Some of these novel molecules have shown encouraging anti-leukemic potency at the preclinical stage. A better understanding of RUNX1 function in AML development and progression and its key downstream pathways, may result in more precise and more efficient RUNX1 targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gonzales
- Factors of Leukemic cell Persistence, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, IRCL, Canther, Lille, France.,Pediatric Hematology Department, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Adeline Barthélémy
- Factors of Leukemic cell Persistence, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, IRCL, Canther, Lille, France
| | - Pauline Peyrouze
- Factors of Leukemic cell Persistence, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, IRCL, Canther, Lille, France
| | - Laurène Fenwarth
- Factors of Leukemic cell Persistence, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, IRCL, Canther, Lille, France.,Laboratory of Hematology, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Claude Preudhomme
- Factors of Leukemic cell Persistence, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, IRCL, Canther, Lille, France.,Laboratory of Hematology, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Duployez
- Factors of Leukemic cell Persistence, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, IRCL, Canther, Lille, France.,Laboratory of Hematology, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Meyling H Cheok
- Factors of Leukemic cell Persistence, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, IRCL, Canther, Lille, France
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12
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Panina SB, Pei J, Kirienko NV. Mitochondrial metabolism as a target for acute myeloid leukemia treatment. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:17. [PMID: 33883040 PMCID: PMC8058979 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemias (AML) are a group of aggressive hematologic malignancies resulting from acquired genetic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells that affect patients of all ages. Despite decades of research, standard chemotherapy still remains ineffective for some AML subtypes and is often inappropriate for older patients or those with comorbidities. Recently, a number of studies have identified unique mitochondrial alterations that lead to metabolic vulnerabilities in AML cells that may present viable treatment targets. These include mtDNA, dependency on oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial metabolism, and pro-survival signaling, as well as reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial dynamics. Moreover, some mitochondria-targeting chemotherapeutics and their combinations with other compounds have been FDA-approved for AML treatment. Here, we review recent studies that illuminate the effects of drugs and synergistic drug combinations that target diverse biomolecules and metabolic pathways related to mitochondria and their promise in experimental studies, clinical trials, and existing chemotherapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingqi Pei
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Baragaño Raneros A, Rodriguez RM, Bernardo Flórez A, Palomo P, Colado E, Minguela A, Suárez Álvarez B, López-Larrea C. Bromodomain protein BRD4 is an epigenetic activator of B7-H6 expression in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1897294. [PMID: 33796404 PMCID: PMC8007156 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1897294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H6, a ligand for the NK activating receptor NKp30, has been identified as a biomarker of poor prognosis in several solid cancers. However, little is known about the role of B7-H6 and the mechanisms that control its expression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Epigenome modulation, including epigenomic reader dysregulation, is one of the hallmarks of AML. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), the best-known member of the BET family of epigenetic readers, is overexpressed in AML cells and regulates the transcription of genes involved in the pathogenesis of AML, as MYC oncogene. Here, we analyze the role of BRD4 in regulating B7-H6 in AML cells. Results demonstrated that the specific inhibition of BRD4 drastically reduces the expression of B7-H6 in AML cells. Histone acetylation mediated by CBP30/P300 facilitates the binding of BRD4 to the B7-H6 promoter, which recruits the P-TEFb elongation factor that phosphorylates RNA polymerase II, thereby activating B7-H6 transcription. BRD4 also co-bounded with JMJD6 at the distal enhancer of the B7-H6 gene. Metabolic modulation with metformin modifies the acetylation pattern in the B7-H6 promoter, impairing BRD4 binding, thereby inhibiting B7-H6 expression. B7-H6 knockdown induces the apoptosis in HEL-R cell line. Moreover, a high level of B7-H6 expression in AML patients is related to increased BRD4 levels, myelodysplastic-derived AML, and del5q, the two latter being associated with poor prognosis. Our data show that BRD4 is a positive regulator of the pro-tumorigenic molecule B7-H6 and that the blockage of the B7-H6 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroa Baragaño Raneros
- Translation Immunology Laboratory, Instituto De Investigación Biosanitaria Del Principado De Asturias-ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ramon M Rodriguez
- Translation Immunology Laboratory, Instituto De Investigación Biosanitaria Del Principado De Asturias-ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Aida Bernardo Flórez
- Translation Immunology Laboratory, Instituto De Investigación Biosanitaria Del Principado De Asturias-ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar Palomo
- Translation Immunology Laboratory, Instituto De Investigación Biosanitaria Del Principado De Asturias-ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Central De Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Enrique Colado
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Central De Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario Central De Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano De Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen De La Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Suárez Álvarez
- Translation Immunology Laboratory, Instituto De Investigación Biosanitaria Del Principado De Asturias-ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Larrea
- Translation Immunology Laboratory, Instituto De Investigación Biosanitaria Del Principado De Asturias-ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Central De Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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14
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Feng Z, Chen A, Shi J, Zhou D, Shi W, Qiu Q, Liu X, Huang W, Li J, Qian H, Zhang W. Design, synthesis, and biological activity evaluation of a series of novel sulfonamide derivatives as BRD4 inhibitors against acute myeloid leukemia. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104849. [PMID: 33798846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating researches have contributed much effect to discover novel chemotherapeutic drug for leukemia with expeditious curative effect, of which bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) inhibitor is considered as a eutherapeutic drug which has presented efficient cell proliferation suppression effect. In this study, we disclosed a series of phenylisoxazole sulfonamide derivatives as potent BRD4 inhibitors. Especially, compound 58 exhibited robust inhibitory potency toward BRD4-BD1 and BRD4-BD2 with IC50 values of 70 and 140 nM, respectively. In addition, compound 58 significantly suppressed cell proliferation of leukemia cell lines HL-60 and MV4-11 with IC50 values of 1.21 and 0.15 μM. In-depth study of the biological mechanism of compound 58 exerted its tumor suppression effect via down-regulating the level of oncogene c-myc. Moreover, in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) study was conducted and the results demonstrated better pharmacokinetics features versus (+)-JQ1. In summary, our study discovers that compound 58 represents as a novel BRD4 inhibitor for further investigation in development of leukemia inhibitor with potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Feng
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Aiping Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Center for Drug Evaluation, NMPA, 128 Jianguo Road, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Jing Shi
- Center for Drug Evaluation, NMPA, 128 Jianguo Road, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Daoguang Zhou
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qianqian Qiu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xinhong Liu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jieming Li
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, PR China.
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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15
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Grieselhuber NR, Mims AS. Novel Targeted Therapeutics in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: an Embarrassment of Riches. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2021; 16:192-206. [PMID: 33738705 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-021-00621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive malignancy of the bone marrow that has a poor prognosis with traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, especially in elderly patients. In recent years, small molecule inhibitors targeting AML-associated IDH1, IDH2, and FLT3 mutations have been FDA approved. However, the majority of AML cases do not have a targetable mutation. A variety of novel agents targeting both previously untargetable mutations and general pathways in AML are currently being investigated. Herein, we review selected new targeted therapies currently in early-phase clinical investigation in AML. RECENT FINDINGS The DOT1L inhibitor pinometostat in KMT2A-rearranged AML, the menin inhibitors KO-539 and SYNDX-5613 in KMT2Ar and NPM1-mutated AML, and the mutant TP53 inhibitor APR-246 are examples of novel agents targeting specific mutations in AML. In addition, BET inhibitors, polo-like kinase inhibitors, and MDM2 inhibitors are promising new drug classes for AML which do not depend on the presence of a particular mutation. AML remains in incurable disease for many patients but advances in genomics, epigenetics, and drug discovery have led to the development of many potential novel therapeutic agents, many of which are being investigated in ongoing clinical trials. Additional studies will be necessary to determine how best to incorporate these novel agents into routine clinical treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Grieselhuber
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alice S Mims
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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16
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O’Garro C, Igbineweka L, Ali Z, Mezei M, Mujtaba S. The Biological Significance of Targeting Acetylation-Mediated Gene Regulation for Designing New Mechanistic Tools and Potential Therapeutics. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030455. [PMID: 33803759 PMCID: PMC8003229 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular interplay between nucleosomal packaging and the chromatin landscape regulates the transcriptional programming and biological outcomes of downstream genes. An array of epigenetic modifications plays a pivotal role in shaping the chromatin architecture, which controls DNA access to the transcriptional machinery. Acetylation of the amino acid lysine is a widespread epigenetic modification that serves as a marker for gene activation, which intertwines the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and the regulation of signaling during stress. The biochemical horizon of acetylation ranges from orchestrating the stability and cellular localization of proteins that engage in the cell cycle to DNA repair and metabolism. Furthermore, lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) modulate the functions of transcription factors that govern cellular response to microbial infections, genotoxic stress, and inflammation. Due to their central role in many biological processes, mutations in KATs cause developmental and intellectual challenges and metabolic disorders. Despite the availability of tools for detecting acetylation, the mechanistic knowledge of acetylation-mediated cellular processes remains limited. This review aims to integrate molecular and structural bases of KAT functions, which would help design highly selective tools for understanding the biology of KATs toward developing new disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenise O’Garro
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA; (C.O.); (L.I.); (Z.A.)
| | - Loveth Igbineweka
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA; (C.O.); (L.I.); (Z.A.)
| | - Zonaira Ali
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA; (C.O.); (L.I.); (Z.A.)
| | - Mihaly Mezei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Shiraz Mujtaba
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA; (C.O.); (L.I.); (Z.A.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Roboz GJ, Desai P, Lee S, Ritchie EK, Winer ES, DeMario M, Brennan B, Nüesch E, Chesne E, Brennan L, Lechner K, Kornacker M, DeAngelo DJ. A dose escalation study of RO6870810/TEN-10 in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 62:1740-1748. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.1881509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gail J. Roboz
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pinkal Desai
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen K. Ritchie
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Mark DeMario
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Brennan
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eveline Nüesch
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Evelyne Chesne
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Brennan
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katharina Lechner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kornacker
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Song Y, Hu G, Jia J, Yao M, Wang X, Lu W, Hutchins AP, Chen J, Ozato K, Yao H. DNA Damage Induces Dynamic Associations of BRD4/P-TEFb With Chromatin and Modulates Gene Transcription in a BRD4-Dependent and -Independent Manner. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:618088. [PMID: 33344510 PMCID: PMC7746802 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.618088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bromodomain-containing protein BRD4 has been thought to transmit epigenetic information across cell divisions by binding to both mitotic chromosomes and interphase chromatin. UV-released BRD4 mediates the recruitment of active P-TEFb to the promoter, which enhances transcriptional elongation. However, the dynamic associations between BRD4 and P-TEFb and BRD4-mediated gene regulation after UV stress are largely unknown. In this study, we found that BRD4 dissociates from chromatin within 30 min after UV treatment and thereafter recruits chromatin. However, P-TEFb binds tightly to chromatin right after UV treatment, suggesting that no interactions occur between BRD4 and P-TEFb within 30 min after UV stress. BRD4 knockdown changes the distribution of P-TEFb among nuclear soluble and chromatin and downregulates the elongation activity of RNA polymerase II. Inhibition of JNK kinase but not other MAP kinases impedes the interactions between BRD4 and P-TEFb. RNA-seq and ChIP assays indicate that BRD4 both positively and negatively regulates gene transcription in cells treated with UV stress. These results reveal previously unrecognized dynamics of BRD4 and P-TEFb after UV stress and regulation of gene transcription by BRD4 acting as either activator or repressor in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Song
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gongcheng Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinping Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingze Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenliang Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andrew P Hutchins
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiekai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hongjie Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Kunadis E, Lakiotaki E, Korkolopoulou P, Piperi C. Targeting post-translational histone modifying enzymes in glioblastoma. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 220:107721. [PMID: 33144118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults, and the most lethal form of glioma, characterized by variable histopathology, aggressiveness and poor clinical outcome and prognosis. GBMs constitute a challenge for oncologists because of their molecular heterogeneity, extensive invasion, and tendency to relapse. Glioma cells demonstrate a variety of deregulated genomic pathways and extensive interplay with epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic modifications have emerged as essential players in GBM research, with biomarker potential for tumor classification and prognosis and for drug targeting. Histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are crucial regulators of chromatin architecture and gene expression, playing a pivotal role in malignant transformation, tumor development and progression. Alteration in the expression of genes coding for lysine and arginine methyltransferases (G9a, SUV39H1 and SETDB1) and acetyltransferases and deacetylases (KAT6A, SIRT2, SIRT7, HDAC4, 6, 9) contribute to GBM pathogenesis. In addition, proteins of the sumoylation pathway are upregulated in GBM cell lines, including E1 (SAE1), E2 (Ubc9) components, and a SUMO-specific protease (SENP1). Preclinical and clinical studies are currently in progress targeting epigenetic enzymes in gliomas, including a new generation of histone deacetylase (HDAC), protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) and bromodomain (BRD) inhibitors. Herein, we provide an update on recent advances in glioma epigenetic research, focusing on the role of histone modifications and the use of epigenetic therapy as a valid treatment option for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kunadis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Lakiotaki
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Korkolopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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20
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Valent P, Bauer K, Sadovnik I, Smiljkovic D, Ivanov D, Herrmann H, Filik Y, Eisenwort G, Sperr WR, Rabitsch W. Cell-based and antibody-mediated immunotherapies directed against leukemic stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia: Perspectives and open issues. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1331-1343. [PMID: 32657052 PMCID: PMC7581453 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite new insights in molecular features of leukemic cells and the availability of novel treatment approaches and drugs, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a major clinical challenge. In fact, many patients with AML relapse after standard therapy and eventually die from progressive disease. The basic concept of leukemic stem cells (LSC) has been coined with the goal to decipher clonal architectures in various leukemia-models and to develop curative drug therapies by eliminating LSC. Indeed, during the past few years, various immunotherapies have been tested in AML, and several of these therapies follow the strategy to eliminate relevant leukemic subclones by introducing LSC-targeting antibodies or LSC-targeting immune cells. These therapies include, among others, new generations of LSC-eliminating antibody-constructs, checkpoint-targeting antibodies, bi-specific antibodies, and CAR-T or CAR-NK cell-based strategies. However, responses are often limited and/or transient which may be due to LSC resistance. Indeed, AML LSC exhibit multiple forms of resistance against various drugs and immunotherapies. An additional problems are treatment-induced myelotoxicity and other side effects. The current article provides a short overview of immunological targets expressed on LSC in AML. Moreover, cell-based therapies and immunotherapies tested in AML are discussed. Finally, the article provides an overview about LSC resistance and strategies to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and HemostaseologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & OncologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Karin Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and HemostaseologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & OncologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and HemostaseologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & OncologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Dubravka Smiljkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and HemostaseologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Daniel Ivanov
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and HemostaseologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & OncologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Radiation OncologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Yüksel Filik
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and HemostaseologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & OncologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Gregor Eisenwort
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and HemostaseologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & OncologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Wolfgang R. Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and HemostaseologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & OncologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Werner Rabitsch
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & OncologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Stem Cell Transplantation UnitMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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21
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Vaidya GN, Rana P, Venkatesh A, Chatterjee DR, Contractor D, Satpute DP, Nagpure M, Jain A, Kumar D. Paradigm shift of "classical" HDAC inhibitors to "hybrid" HDAC inhibitors in therapeutic interventions. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112844. [PMID: 33143937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
'Epigenetic' regulation of genes via post-translational modulation of proteins is the current mainstay approach for the disease therapies, particularly explored in the Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) class of enzymes. Mainly sight saw in cancer chemotherapeutics, HDAC inhibitors have also found a promising role in other diseases (neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and viral infections) and successfully entered in various combination therapies (pre-clinical/clinical stages). The prevalent flexibility in the structural design of HDAC inhibitors makes them easily tuneable to merge with other pharmacophore modules for generating multi-targeted single hybrids as a novel tactic to overcome drawbacks of polypharmacy. Herein, we reviewed the putative role of prevalent HDAC hybrids inhibitors in the current and prospective stage as a translational approach to overcome the limitations of the existing conventional drug candidates (parent molecule) when used either alone (drug resistance, solubility issues, adverse side effects, selectivity profile) or in combination (pharmacokinetic interactions, patient compliance) for treating various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Nikhil Vaidya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Rana
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Ashwini Venkatesh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Deep Rohan Chatterjee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Darshan Contractor
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dinesh Parshuram Satpute
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Mithilesh Nagpure
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Alok Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India; Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
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22
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Saxena K, Konopleva M. An expert overview of emerging therapies for acute myeloid leukemia: novel small molecules targeting apoptosis, p53, transcriptional regulation and metabolism. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:973-988. [PMID: 32746655 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1804856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive malignancy of clonal myeloid precursor cells. Curative therapy has classically involved the use of intensive induction chemotherapy followed by consolidation with additional chemotherapy or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. For many patients, such an approach is prohibitive because of high treatment-related toxicities. Advancements in the molecular understanding of AML have led to the introduction of new targeted therapies that are changing the treatment landscape for AML. AREAS COVERED We review emerging small molecule inhibitors that have shown preclinical efficacy for the treatment of AML. The compounds discussed affect apoptosis, p53-mediated interactions, transcriptional regulation, and cellular metabolism. We performed a literature search of PubMed and primarily included relevant sources published from 2000 to the present, though earlier sources are also referenced. EXPERT OPINION Most clinical trials for AML currently employ novel targeted therapies that demonstrate promising activity in preclinical models. We anticipate that new small molecule inhibitors will continue to enter the clinical realm and alter the treatment paradigm for AML. In a field where clinical advancement was comparatively slow for many years, it appears that we are now starting to see the rapid growth borne out of the deepening molecular understanding of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Saxena
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
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23
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PROteolysis TArgetting Chimeras (PROTACs) Strategy Applied to Kinases: Recent Advances. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Wang R, Yang JF, Ho F, Robertson ES, You J. Bromodomain-Containing Protein BRD4 Is Hyperphosphorylated in Mitosis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1637. [PMID: 32575711 PMCID: PMC7353023 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic reader BRD4 binds acetylated histones and plays a central role in controlling cellular gene transcription and proliferation. Dysregulation of BRD4's activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of cancers. While blocking BRD4 interaction with acetylated histones using BET inhibitors (BETis) has been tested in clinical trials, many cancers have acquired BETi resistance. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood and BETi resistance remains a pressing clinical problem. We previously showed that BRD4 phosphorylation supports stronger chromatin binding and target oncogene expression. In this study, we discovered that BRD4 is hyperphosphorylated by CDK1 during mitosis and determined the major CDK1 phosphorylation sites in BRD4. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, we replaced endogenous BRD4 with a non-phosphorylatable mutant and demonstrated that CDK1-mediated BRD4 phosphorylation contributes to BETi resistance. CDK1 over-activation frequently observed in cancers has the potential to cause aberrant BRD4 hyperphosphorylation persisting outside of mitosis to strengthen its target gene binding and confer BETi resistance. We found that dual CDK1 and BET inhibition generates a synergistic effect in killing BETi-resistant cancer cells. Our study therefore suggests that CDK1 inhibition can be employed to overcome tumor BETi resistance and improve treatments for BRD4-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (R.W.); (J.F.Y.); (F.H.)
| | - June F. Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (R.W.); (J.F.Y.); (F.H.)
| | - Flora Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (R.W.); (J.F.Y.); (F.H.)
| | - Erle S. Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Jianxin You
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (R.W.); (J.F.Y.); (F.H.)
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25
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Hospital MA, Vey N. Myelodysplastic Syndromes: How to Recognize Risk and Avoid Acute Myeloid Leukemia Transformation. Curr Oncol Rep 2020; 22:4. [PMID: 31974774 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-020-0869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To understand how myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) transform to AML and to describe how transformation can be predicted and prevented. RECENT FINDINGS Recent genomic analyses have shown that MDS progression to AML is associated with clonal expansion and clonal evolution. Mutation profiles of MDS change during progression and new mutations in signaling genes and transcription factors emerge. AML transformation can be predicted by several parameters including International Prognostic Scoring System IPSS risk category and transfusion requirements. The prognostic relevance of the acquisition of some gene mutations (i.e., IDH1 and 2, CBL, FT3, RAS, NPM1, TP53, and ASXL1) has to be prospectively validated. The most effective preventive therapy for AML transformation is allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Hypomethylating agents have been associated with prolonged time to AML transformation even in patients who did not achieve an objective response. The recent progress in the understanding of the molecular events leading to transformation and the event of new effective therapies open new avenues for a better prediction and prevention of AML transformation in patients with MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norbert Vey
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, CRCM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 Bvd Sainte Marguerite, 13009, Marseille, France.
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26
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Mu X, Bai L, Xu Y, Wang J, Lu H. Protein targeting chimeric molecules specific for dual bromodomain 4 (BRD4) and Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) proteins in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:833-839. [PMID: 31708096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are hetero-bifunctional molecules that could simultaneously bind to the target protein and the E3 ubiquitin ligase, thereby leading to selective degradation of the target protein. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and bromodomain 4 (BRD4) are both attractive therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we developed a small-molecule BRD4 and PLK1 degrader HBL-4 based on PROTAC technology, which leads to fast, efficient, and prolonged degradation of BRD4 and PLK1 in MV4-11 cells tested in vitro and vivo, and potent anti-proliferation and BRD4 and PLK1 degradation ability in human acute leukemia MOLM-13 and KG1 cells. Meanwhile, HBL-4 more effectively suppresses c-Myc levels than inhibitor BI2536, resulting in more effective inducing apoptosis activity in MV4-11 cells. At the same time, HBL-4 induced dramatically improved efficacy in the MV4-11 tumor xenograft model as compared with BI2536. This study is, to our knowledge, the first reports about dual PLK1 and BRD4 degraders, which potentially represents an important therapeutic advance in the treatment of cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Genes, myc
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proteolysis/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Pteridines/chemistry
- Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry
- Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Polo-Like Kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Mu
- Department of Central Laboratory, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liting Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingju Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyao Wang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibin Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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27
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Abstract
Comprehensive cataloguing of the acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) genome has revealed a high frequency of mutations and deletions in epigenetic factors that are frequently linked to treatment resistance and poor patient outcome. In this review, we discuss how the epigenetic mechanisms that underpin normal haematopoiesis are subverted in AML, and in particular how these processes are altered in childhood and adolescent leukaemias. We also provide a brief summary of the burgeoning field of epigenetic-based therapies, and how AML treatment might be improved through provision of better conceptual frameworks for understanding the pleiotropic molecular effects of epigenetic disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Jones
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter McCarthy
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bond
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.,Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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28
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An epigenetic screening determines BET proteins as targets to suppress self-renewal and tumorigenicity in canine mammary cancer cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17363. [PMID: 31758045 PMCID: PMC6874531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting self-renewal and tumorigenicity has been proposed as a potential strategy against cancer stem cells (CSCs). Epigenetic proteins are key modulators of gene expression and cancer development contributing to regulation and maintenance of self-renewal and tumorigenicity. Here, we have screened a small-molecule epigenetic inhibitor library using 3D in vitro models in order to determine potential epigenetic targets associated with self-renewal and tumorigenicity in Canine Mammary Cancer (CMC) cells. We identified inhibition of BET proteins as a promising strategy to inhibit CMC colonies and tumorspheres formation. Low doses of (+)-JQ1 were able to downregulate important genes associated to self-renewal pathways such as WNT, NOTCH, Hedgehog, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, EGF receptor and FGF receptor in CMC tumorspheres. In addition, we observed downregulation of ZEB2, a transcription factor important for the maintenance of self-renewal in canine mammary cancer cells. Furthermore, low doses of (+)-JQ1 were not cytotoxic in CMC cells cultured in 2D in vitro models but induced G2/M cell cycle arrest accompanied by upregulation of G2/M checkpoint-associated genes including BTG2 and CCNG2. Our work indicates the BET inhibition as a new strategy for canine mammary cancers by modulating the self-renewal phenotype in tumorigenic cells such as CSCs.
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29
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BET inhibitors impair leukemic stem cell function only in defined oncogenic subgroups of acute myeloid leukaemias. Leuk Res 2019; 87:106269. [PMID: 31751766 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2019.106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal inhibitors (BETi) such as OTX015 are active in Acute Myeloid Leukaemias (AML). Their activity on Leukemic Stem Cells (LSCs) is less documented. We interrogated the anti-LSC activity of OTX015 in a niche-like long-term culture in 26 primary AML samples and validated our findings in vivo. OTX015 impaired LSCs in AMLs harbouring Core Binding Factor or KMT2A gene fusions, NPM1 or chromatin/spliceosome genes mutations, but not in those with aneuploidy/TP53 mutations. In four patients, we dissected the transcriptomic footprint of Bet inhibition on LSCs versus blasts. Our results can instruct future clinical trials of BETi in AML.
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30
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Konantz M, Schürch C, Hanns P, Müller JS, Sauteur L, Lengerke C. Modeling hematopoietic disorders in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/9/dmm040360. [PMID: 31519693 PMCID: PMC6765189 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish offer a powerful vertebrate model for studies of development and disease. The major advantages of this model include the possibilities of conducting reverse and forward genetic screens and of observing cellular processes by in vivo imaging of single cells. Moreover, pathways regulating blood development are highly conserved between zebrafish and mammals, and several discoveries made in fish were later translated to murine and human models. This review and accompanying poster provide an overview of zebrafish hematopoiesis and discuss the existing zebrafish models of blood disorders, such as myeloid and lymphoid malignancies, bone marrow failure syndromes and immunodeficiencies, with a focus on how these models were generated and how they can be applied for translational research. Summary: This At A Glance article and poster summarize the last 20 years of research in zebrafish models for hematopoietic disorders, highlighting how these models were created and are being applied for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Konantz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schürch
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Hanns
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle S Müller
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Sauteur
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Lengerke
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland.,Division of Hematology, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
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31
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Valent P, Sadovnik I, Eisenwort G, Bauer K, Herrmann H, Gleixner KV, Schulenburg A, Rabitsch W, Sperr WR, Wolf D. Immunotherapy-Based Targeting and Elimination of Leukemic Stem Cells in AML and CML. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4233. [PMID: 31470642 PMCID: PMC6747233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of leukemic stem cells (LSC) has been developed with the idea to explain the clonal hierarchies and architectures in leukemia, and the more or less curative anti-neoplastic effects of various targeted drugs. It is now widely accepted that curative therapies must have the potential to eliminate or completely suppress LSC, as only these cells can restore and propagate the malignancy for unlimited time periods. Since LSC represent a minor cell fraction in the leukemic clone, little is known about their properties and target expression profiles. Over the past few years, several cell-specific immunotherapy concepts have been developed, including new generations of cell-targeting antibodies, antibody-toxin conjugates, bispecific antibodies, and CAR-T cell-based strategies. Whereas such concepts have been translated and may improve outcomes of therapy in certain lymphoid neoplasms and a few other malignancies, only little is known about immunological targets that are clinically relevant and can be employed to establish such therapies in myeloid neoplasms. In the current article, we provide an overview of the immunologically relevant molecular targets expressed on LSC in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). In addition, we discuss the current status of antibody-based therapies in these malignancies, their mode of action, and successful examples from the field.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- B7-H1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/therapy
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/trends
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Eisenwort
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline V Gleixner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Schulenburg
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Rabitsch
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology & Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, 1090 Innsbruck, Austria
- Medical Clinic 3, Oncology, Hematology, Immunoncology & Rheumatology, University Clinic Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
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32
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Jia Y, Chng WJ, Zhou J. Super-enhancers: critical roles and therapeutic targets in hematologic malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:77. [PMID: 31311566 PMCID: PMC6636097 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-enhancers (SEs) in a broad range of human cell types are large clusters of enhancers with aberrant high levels of transcription factor binding, which are central to drive expression of genes in controlling cell identity and stimulating oncogenic transcription. Cancer cells acquire super-enhancers at oncogene and cancerous phenotype relies on these abnormal transcription propelled by SEs. Furthermore, specific inhibitors targeting SEs assembly and activation have offered potential targets for treating various tumors including hematological malignancies. Here, we first review the identification, functional significance of SEs. Next, we summarize recent findings of SEs and SE-driven gene regulation in normal hematopoiesis and hematologic malignancies. The importance and various modes of SE-mediated MYC oncogene amplification are illustrated. Finally, we highlight the progress of SEs as selective therapeutic targets in basic research and clinical trials. Some open questions regarding functional significance and future directions of targeting SEs in the clinic will be discussed too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlu Jia
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Republic of Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore (NCIS), The National University Health System (NUHS), 1E, Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianbiao Zhou
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore. .,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Republic of Singapore.
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33
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Synergistic in-vitro effects of combining an antiglycolytic, 3-bromopyruvate, and a bromodomain-4 inhibitor on U937 myeloid leukemia cells. Anticancer Drugs 2019; 29:429-439. [PMID: 29561307 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This project investigated the in-vitro effects of a glycolytic inhibitor, 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrP), in combination with and a new in silico-designed inhibitor of the bromodomain-4 (BRD-4) protein, ITH-47, on the U937 acute myeloid leukemia cell line. 3-BrP is an agent that targets the altered metabolism of cancer cells by interfering with glucose metabolism in the glycolytic pathway. ITH-47 is an acetyl-lysine inhibitor that displaces bromdomain 4 proteins from chromatin by competitively binding to the acetyl-lysine recognition pocket of this bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) BRD protein, thereby preventing transcription of cancer-associated genes and further cell growth. Cell growth studies determined the IC50 after 48 h exposure for 3-BrP and ITH-47 to be 6 and 2 μmol/l, respectively. When combined, 2.4 and 1 μmol/l of 3-BrP and ITH-47, respectively, inhibited 50% of the cell population, yielding a synergistic combination index of 0.9. Subsequent mechanistic studies showed that the IC50 concentrations of ITH-47 and 3-BrP and the combination increased observable apoptotic bodies and cell shrinkage in U937 cells treated for 48 h. Cell cycle analysis showed an increase in the sub-G1 fraction in all treated cells, suggesting that cell death was increased in the treated samples. Annexin-V-FITC apoptosis analysis showed a statistically significant increase in the number of cells in early and late apoptosis, indicating that cell death occurred through apoptosis and not necrosis. Only U937 cells exposed to ITH-47 showed a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential compared with the vehicle control. Reactive oxygen species production was decreased in all treated samples. ITH-47-exposed cells showed a decrease in c-Myc, Bcl-2, and p53 gene expressions. 3-BrP-treated cells showed an increase in c-myc and p53 gene expressions. The combination of ITH-47 and 3-BrP lead to downregulation of c-myc and Bcl-2 genes. ITH-47 exposure conditions yielded a marked decrease in c-myc protein levels as well as a decrease in Ser70 phosphorylated Bcl-2. Analysis of 3-BrP and the combination of ITH-47 and 3-BrP test conditions indicated an increase in p53 protein levels. This novel study is the first to investigate the in-vitro synergistic therapeutic effect of ITH-47 and 3-BrP. The current study contributes toward unraveling the in-vitro molecular mechanisms and signal transduction associated with a novel combination of BRD inhibitors and antiglycolytic agents, providing a basis for further research on these combinations.
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Rajagopalan P, Hakami A, Ragab M, Elbessoumy A. FCY-302, a Novel Small Molecule, Induces Apoptosis in Leukemia and Myeloma Cells by Attenuating Key Antioxidant and Mitochondrial Enzymes. Oncol Res 2019; 27:957-964. [PMID: 31046873 PMCID: PMC7848260 DOI: 10.3727/096504019x15555428221646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylidene analogs are well proven for biological activities. FCY-302, a novel small molecule belonging to this class, was screened for its biological efficacy in leukemia and myeloma cells. FCY-302 selectively inhibited proliferation of cancer cells with GI50 values of 395.2 nM, 514.6 Nm, and 642.4 nM in HL-60, Jurkat, and RPMI-8226 cells, respectively. The compound also increased sub-G0 peak in the cancer cell cycle and favored apoptosis determined by annexin V assay. The compound decreased the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 levels and increased proapoptotic Bax proteins in leukemia and myeloma cell lines. FCY-302 attenuated the mitochondrial membrane-bound Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase, and Mg2+ ATPase enzyme activities and significantly decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT, GR, and GST in all the three cancer cells tested. Our findings suggest that FCY-302 inhibits the proliferation of leukemia and myeloma cancer cells by altering key mitochondrial and antioxidant enzymes, eventually driving them to apoptosis. These results drive focus on FCY-302 and its analogs to be developed as potential small molecules with bioactivities against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Rajagopalan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahim Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ragab
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Elbessoumy
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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35
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Kohnken R, McNeil B, Wen J, McConnell K, Grinshpun L, Keiter A, Chen L, William B, Porcu P, Mishra A. Preclinical Targeting of MicroRNA-214 in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1966-1974.e3. [PMID: 30876800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a family of primary extranodal lymphomas of mature CD4+, skin-homing or skin-resident T cells. In a significant fraction of patients with CTCL, the neoplastic CD4+ lymphocytes acquire extracutaneous tropism, and with disease progression, they disseminate to the lymph nodes, peripheral blood, and visceral organs. MicroRNA (miR)-based therapies are a newly emerging strategy for many types of diseases, including cancers. CTCL represents one of the disease indications for a clinical trial of miR inhibitor therapy, supporting further investigation of epigenetic dysregulation and miR-driven oncogenesis in this disease. In this study, we interrogated an aberrant miR-based regulatory network that operates in malignant CD4+ T cells and identified potential targets of therapy. We show that miR-214 levels are significantly higher in purified CD4+ neoplastic T cells from patients with CTCL than from healthy donors. We then show that antagomiR-214 treatment of IL-15 transgenic mice with spontaneous, miR-214-overexpressing CTCL leads to significant decrease in disease severity using multiple validated clinical and histological endpoints, compared with scrambled control-treated IL-15 transgenic CTCL mice. Mechanistically, we show that aberrantly expressed TWIST1 and BET protein BRD4 cooperate to drive miR-214 expression in CTCL cell lines and in samples from patients with CTCL and that treatment with BRD4 inhibitor JQ1 leads to down-regulation of miR-214. Based on both in vitro and in vivo data, we propose that the TWIST1/BRD4/miR-214 regulatory loop is an important, targetable, oncogenic pathway in CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kohnken
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Betina McNeil
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jing Wen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Leah Grinshpun
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashleigh Keiter
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Luxi Chen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Basem William
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Pierluigi Porcu
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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36
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Pericole FV, Lazarini M, de Paiva LB, Duarte ADSS, Vieira Ferro KP, Niemann FS, Roversi FM, Olalla Saad ST. BRD4 Inhibition Enhances Azacitidine Efficacy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Front Oncol 2019; 9:16. [PMID: 30761268 PMCID: PMC6361844 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell-based disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, increased genomic instability and a tendency to progress toward acute myeloid leukemia (AML). MDS and AML cells present genetic and epigenetic abnormalities and, due to the heterogeneity of these molecular alterations, the current treatment options remain unsatisfactory. Hypomethylating agents (HMA), especially azacitidine, are the mainstay of treatment for high-risk MDS patients and HMA are used in treating elderly AML. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of the epigenetic reader bromodomain-containing protein-4 (BRD4) in MDS and AML patients. We identified the upregulation of the short variant BRD4 in MDS and AML patients, which was associated with a worse outcome of MDS. Furthermore, the inhibition of BRD4 in vitro with JQ1 or shRNA induced leukemia cell apoptosis, especially when combined to azacitidine, and triggered the activation of the DNA damage response pathway. JQ1 and AZD6738 (a specific ATR inhibitor) also synergized to induce apoptosis in leukemia cells. Our results indicate that the BRD4-dependent transcriptional program is a defective pathway in MDS and AML pathogenesis and its inhibition induces apoptosis of leukemia cells, which is enhanced in combination with HMA or an ATR inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vieira Pericole
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, University of Campinas, Hemocentro-Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lazarini
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, University of Campinas, Hemocentro-Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Bueno de Paiva
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, University of Campinas, Hemocentro-Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana da Silva Santos Duarte
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, University of Campinas, Hemocentro-Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla Priscila Vieira Ferro
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, University of Campinas, Hemocentro-Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Soares Niemann
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, University of Campinas, Hemocentro-Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Marconi Roversi
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, University of Campinas, Hemocentro-Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, University of Campinas, Hemocentro-Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil
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37
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Kohnken R, Mishra A. MicroRNAs in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: The Future of Therapy. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:528-534. [PMID: 30686578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, noncoding RNAs with numerous cellular functions. With advancing knowledge of the many functions of miRs in cancer pathogenesis, there is emerging interest in miRs as therapeutic targets in cancers. One disease that poses an intriguing model for miR therapy is cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, a rare disease featuring malignant CD4+ T cells that proliferate in the skin. The hallmark of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma progression is epigenetic dysregulation, with aberrant miR levels being a common feature. This review aims to summarize the rapidly emerging advances in the development of miR-based therapies in cancers, with a special emphasis on CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kohnken
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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38
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Han Y, Lindner S, Bei Y, Garcia HD, Timme N, Althoff K, Odersky A, Schramm A, Lissat A, Künkele A, Deubzer HE, Eggert A, Schulte JH, Henssen AG. Synergistic activity of BET inhibitor MK-8628 and PLK inhibitor Volasertib in preclinical models of medulloblastoma. Cancer Lett 2019; 445:24-33. [PMID: 30611741 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most prevalent central nervous system tumor in children. Targeted treatment approaches for patients with high-risk medulloblastoma are needed as current treatment regimens are not curative in many cases and cause significant therapy-related morbidity. Medulloblastoma harboring MYC amplification have the most aggressive clinical course and worst outcome. Targeting the BET protein BRD4 has significant anti-tumor effects in preclinical models of MYC-amplified medulloblastoma, however, in most cases these are not curative. We here assessed the therapeutic efficacy of the orally bioavailable BRD4 inhibitor, MK-8628, in preclinical models of medulloblastoma. MK-8628 showed therapeutic efficacy against in vitro and in vivo models of MYC-amplified medulloblastoma by inducing apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest. Gene expression analysis of cells treated with MK-8628 showed that anti-tumor effects were accompanied by significant repression of MYC transcription as well as disruption of MYC-regulated transcriptional programs. Additionally, we found that targeting of MYC protein stability through pharmacological PLK1 inhibition showed synergistic anti-medulloblastoma effects when combined with MK-8628 treatment. Thus, MK-8628 is effective against preclinical high-risk medulloblastoma models and its effects can be enhanced through simultaneous targeting of PLK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Han
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Lindner
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yi Bei
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Natalie Timme
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Althoff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Odersky
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Schramm
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrej Lissat
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Künkele
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hedwig E Deubzer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC) of the Charité and the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Eggert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes H Schulte
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anton G Henssen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
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39
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Hishiki K, Akiyama M, Kanegae Y, Ozaki K, Ohta M, Tsuchitani E, Kaito K, Yamada H. NF-κB signaling activation via increases in BRD2 and BRD4 confers resistance to the bromodomain inhibitor I-BET151 in U937 cells. Leuk Res 2018; 74:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Gallipoli P, Huntly BJP. Novel epigenetic therapies in hematological malignancies: Current status and beyond. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 51:198-210. [PMID: 28782607 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade transcriptional dysregulation and altered epigenetic programs have emerged as a hallmark in the majority of hematological cancers. Several epigenetic regulators are recurrently mutated in many hematological malignancies. In addition, in those cases that lack epigenetic mutations, altered function of epigenetic regulators has been shown to play a central role in the pathobiology of many hematological neoplasms, through mechanisms that are becoming increasingly understood. This, in turn, has led to the development of small molecule inhibitors of dysregulated epigenetic pathways as novel targeted therapies for hematological malignancies. In this review, we will present the most recent advances in our understanding of the role played by dysregulated epigenetic programs in the development and maintenance of hematological neoplasms. We will describe novel therapeutics targeting altered epigenetic programs and outline their mode of action. We will then discuss their use in specific conditions, identify potential limitations and putative toxicities while also providing an update on their current clinical development. Finally, we will highlight the opportunities presented by epigenetically targeted therapies in hematological malignancies and introduce the challenges that need to be tackled by both the research and clinical communities to best translate these novel therapies into clinical practice and to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gallipoli
- Department of Hematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian J P Huntly
- Department of Hematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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41
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Valent P, Hadzijusufovic E, Grunt T, Karlic H, Peter B, Herrmann H, Eisenwort G, Hoermann G, Schulenburg A, Willmann M, Hubmann R, Shehata M, Selzer E, Gleixner KV, Rülicke T, Sperr WR, Marian B, Pfeilstöcker M, Pehamberger H, Keil F, Jäger U, Zielinski C. Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology (LBC ONC): first 10 years and future perspectives. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2018; 130:517-529. [PMID: 30006759 PMCID: PMC6132878 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-018-1355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2008 the Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology (LBC ONC) was established on the basis of two previous Ludwig Boltzmann Institutes working in the field of hematology and cancer research. The general aim of the LBC ONC is to improve treatment of hematopoietic neoplasms by eradicating cancer-initiating and disease-propagating cells, also known as leukemic stem cells (LSC) in the context of leukemia. In a first phase, the LBC ONC characterized the phenotype and molecular aberration profiles of LSC in various malignancies. The LSC phenotypes were established in acute and chronic myeloid leukemia, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In addition, the concept of preleukemic (premalignant) neoplastic stem cells (pre-L-NSC) was coined by the LBC ONC and was tested in myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms. Phenotypic characterization of LSC provided a solid basis for their purification and for the characterization of specific target expression profiles. In a second phase, molecular markers and targets were validated. This second phase is ongoing and should result in the development of new diagnostics parameters and novel, more effective, LSC-eradicating, treatment strategies; however, many issues still remain to be solved, such as sub-clonal evolution, LSC niche interactions, immunologic control of LSC, and LSC resistance. In the forthcoming years, the LBC ONC will concentrate on developing LSC-eradicating strategies, with special focus on LSC resistance, precision medicine and translation of LSC-eradicating concepts into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Emir Hadzijusufovic
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria.,Department/Clinic for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animals, Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Grunt
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Clinical Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidrun Karlic
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Peter
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Eisenwort
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Schulenburg
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Willmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Hubmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Medhat Shehata
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edgar Selzer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline V Gleixner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Marian
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pfeilstöcker
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hubert Pehamberger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Keil
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Jäger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Zielinski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Clinical Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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42
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Zhou Y, Zhou J, Lu X, Tan TZ, Chng WJ. BET Bromodomain inhibition promotes De-repression of TXNIP and activation of ASK1-MAPK pathway in acute myeloid leukemia. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:731. [PMID: 29996811 PMCID: PMC6042241 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted therapy has always been the focus in developing therapeutic approaches in cancer, especially in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A new small molecular inhibitor, JQ1, targeting BRD4, which recognizes the acetylated lysine residues, has been shown to induce cell cycle arrest in different cancers by inhibiting MYC oncogene. However, the downstream signaling of MYC inhibition induced by BET inhibitor is not well understood. Methods In this study, we explored the more mechanisms of JQ1-induced cell death in acute myeloid lukemia and downstream signaling of JQ1. Results We found that JQ1 is able to reactivate the tumor suppressor gene, TXNIP, and induces apoptosis through the ASK1-MAPK pathway. Further studies confirmed that MYC could repress the expression of TXNIP through the miR-17-92 cluster. Conclusions These findings provide novel insight on how BET inhibitor can induce apoptosis in AML, and further support the development of BET inhibitors as a promising therapeutic strategy against AML. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4661-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Zhou
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianbiao Zhou
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiao Lu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tuan-Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore. .,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Republic of Singapore. .,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, NUHS, 1E, Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Republic of Singapore.
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43
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Arock M, Wedeh G, Hoermann G, Bibi S, Akin C, Peter B, Gleixner KV, Hartmann K, Butterfield JH, Metcalfe DD, Valent P. Preclinical human models and emerging therapeutics for advanced systemic mastocytosis. Haematologica 2018; 103:1760-1771. [PMID: 29976735 PMCID: PMC6278969 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.195867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a term used to denote a group of rare diseases characterized by an abnormal accumulation of neoplastic mast cells in various tissues and organs. In most patients with systemic mastocytosis, the neoplastic cells carry activating mutations in KIT Progress in mastocytosis research has long been hindered by the lack of suitable in vitro models, such as permanent human mast cell lines. In fact, only a few human mast cell lines are available to date: HMC-1, LAD1/2, LUVA, ROSA and MCPV-1. The HMC-1 and LAD1/2 cell lines were derived from patients with mast cell leukemia. By contrast, the more recently established LUVA, ROSA and MCPV-1 cell lines were derived from CD34+ cells of non-mastocytosis donors. While some of these cell lines (LAD1/2, LUVA, ROSAKIT WT and MCPV-1) do not harbor KIT mutations, HMC-1 and ROSAKIT D816V cells exhibit activating KIT mutations found in mastocytosis and have thus been used to study disease pathogenesis. In addition, these cell lines are increasingly employed to validate new therapeutic targets and to screen for effects of new targeted drugs. Recently, the ROSAKIT D816V subclone has been successfully used to generate a unique in vivo model of advanced mastocytosis by injection into immunocompromised mice. Such a model may allow in vivo validation of data obtained in vitro with targeted drugs directed against mastocytosis. In this review, we discuss the major characteristics of all available human mast cell lines, with particular emphasis on the use of HMC-1 and ROSAKIT D816V cells in preclinical therapeutic research in mastocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Arock
- LBPA CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France .,Laboratory of Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ghaith Wedeh
- LBPA CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Siham Bibi
- LBPA CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France
| | - Cem Akin
- Michigan Medicine Allergy Clinic, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Barbara Peter
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline V Gleixner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Dean D Metcalfe
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter Valent
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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44
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Marando L, Huntly BJP. Hematopoietic stem cells made BETter by inhibition. Haematologica 2018; 103:919-921. [PMID: 29866885 PMCID: PMC6058785 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.193706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Marando
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, UK
| | - Brian J P Huntly
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, UK
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45
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BET Inhibition Suppresses S100A8 and S100A9 Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells and Synergises with Daunorubicin in Causing Cell Death. BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2018; 2018:5742954. [PMID: 29955397 PMCID: PMC6000862 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5742954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are both members of the S100 family and have been shown to play roles in myeloid differentiation, autophagy, apoptosis, and chemotherapy resistance. In this study we demonstrate that the BET-bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 causes rapid suppression of S100A8 and S100A9 mRNA and protein in a reversible manner. In addition, we show that JQ1 synergises with daunorubicin in causing AML cell death. Daunorubicin alone causes a dose- and time-dependent increase in S100A8 and S100A9 protein levels in AML cell lines which is overcome by cotreatment with JQ1. This suggests that JQ1 synergises with daunorubicin in causing apoptosis via suppression of S100A8 and S100A9 levels.
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46
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Xue X, Zhang Y, Wang C, Zhang M, Xiang Q, Wang J, Wang A, Li C, Zhang C, Zou L, Wang R, Wu S, Lu Y, Chen H, Ding K, Li G, Xu Y. Benzoxazinone-containing 3,5-dimethylisoxazole derivatives as BET bromodomain inhibitors for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:542-559. [PMID: 29758518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bromodomain and extra-terminal proteins (BET) have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We report the design, synthesis and evaluation of a new series of benzoxazinone-containing 3,5-dimethylisoxazole derivatives as selective BET inhibitors. One of the new compounds, (R)-12 (Y02234), binds to BRD4(1) with a Kd value of 110 nM and blocks bromodomain and acetyl lysine interactions with an IC50 value of 100 nM. It also exhibits selectivity for BET over non-BET bromodomain proteins and demonstrates reasonable anti-proliferation and colony formation inhibition effect in prostate cancer cell lines such as 22Rv1 and C4-2B. The BRD4 inhibitor (R)-12 also significantly suppresses the expression of ERG, Myc and AR target gene PSA at the mRNA level in prostate cancer cells. Treatment with (R)-12 significantly suppresses the tumor growth of prostate cancer (TGI = 70%) in a 22Rv1-derived xenograft model. These data suggest that compound (R)-12 is a promising lead compound for the development of a new class of therapeutics for the treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436 China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436 China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436 China
| | - Maofeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436 China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiuping Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436 China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Anhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chenchang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436 China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, No. 1266 Fujin Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436 China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, No. 1266 Fujin Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Lingjiao Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436 China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436 China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436 China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, No. 1266 Fujin Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yongzhi Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436 China
| | - Hongwu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ke Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436 China.
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47
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Huang F, Shao W, Fujinaga K, Peterlin BM. Bromodomain-containing protein 4-independent transcriptional activation by autoimmune regulator (AIRE) and NF-κB. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4993-5004. [PMID: 29463681 PMCID: PMC5892592 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) are transcription factors (TFs) that direct the expression of individual genes and gene clusters. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is an epigenetic regulator that recognizes and binds to acetylated histones. BRD4 also has been reported to promote interactions between the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and AIRE or P-TEFb and NF-κB subunit p65. Here, we report that AIRE and p65 bind to P-TEFb independently of BRD4. JQ1, a compound that disrupts interactions between BRD4 and acetylated proteins, does not decrease transcriptional activities of AIRE or p65. Moreover, siRNA-mediated inactivation of BRD4 alone or in combination with JQ1 had no effects on AIRE- and NF-κB-targeted genes on plasmids and in chromatin and on interactions between P-TEFb and AIRE or NF-κB. Finally, ChIP experiments revealed that recruitment of P-TEFb to AIRE or p65 to transcription complexes was independent of BRD4. We conclude that direct interactions between AIRE, NF-κB, and P-TEFb result in efficient transcription of their target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- From the Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Wei Shao
- From the Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Koh Fujinaga
- From the Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - B Matija Peterlin
- From the Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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48
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van Dijk AD, Hu CW, de Bont ESJM, Qiu Y, Hoff FW, Yoo SY, Coombes KR, Qutub AA, Kornblau SM. Histone Modification Patterns Using RPPA-Based Profiling Predict Outcome in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700379. [PMID: 29505696 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational histone tail modifications are known to play a role in leukemogenesis and are therapeutic targets. A global analysis of the level and patterns of expression of multiple histone-modifying proteins (HMP) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the effect of different patterns of expression on outcome and prognosis has not been investigated in AML patients. Here we analyzed 20 HMP by reverse phase protein array (RPPA) in a cohort of 205 newly diagnosed AML patients. Protein levels were correlated with patient and disease characteristics, including survival and mutational state. We identified different protein clusters characterized by higher (more on) or lower (more off) expression of HMP, relative to normal CD34+ cells. On state of HMP was associated with poorer outcome compared to normal-like and a more off state. FLT3 mutated AML patients were significantly overrepresented in the more on state. DNA methylation related mutations showed no correlation with the different HMP states. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that HMP form recurrent patterns of expression and that these significantly correlate with survival in newly diagnosed AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke D van Dijk
- Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chenyue W Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eveline S J M de Bont
- Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - YiHua Qiu
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fieke W Hoff
- Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Suk Young Yoo
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin R Coombes
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amina A Qutub
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven M Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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49
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Vázquez R, Riveiro ME, Astorgues-Xerri L, Odore E, Rezai K, Erba E, Panini N, Rinaldi A, Kwee I, Beltrame L, Bekradda M, Cvitkovic E, Bertoni F, Frapolli R, D'Incalci M. The bromodomain inhibitor OTX015 (MK-8628) exerts anti-tumor activity in triple-negative breast cancer models as single agent and in combination with everolimus. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7598-7613. [PMID: 27935867 PMCID: PMC5352346 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous subgroup of breast tumors clinically defined by the lack of estrogen, progesterone and HER2 receptors, limiting the use of the targeted therapies employed in other breast malignancies. Recent evidence indicates that c-MYC is a key driver of TNBC. The BET-bromodomain inhibitor OTX015 (MK-8628) has potent antiproliferative activity accompanied by c-MYC down-regulation in several tumor types, and has demonstrated synergism with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in different models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-tumor activity of OTX015 as single agent and in combination with everolimus in TNBC models. OTX015 was assayed in three human TNBC-derived cell lines, HCC1937, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468, all showing antiproliferative activity after 72 h (GI50 = 75–650 nM). This was accompanied by cell cycle arrest and decreased expression of cancer stem cells markers. However, c-MYC protein and mRNA levels were only down-regulated in MDA-MB-468 cells. Gene set enrichment analysis showed up-regulation of genes involved in epigenetic control of transcription, chromatin and the cell cycle, and down-regulation of stemness-related genes. In vitro, combination with everolimus was additive in HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231 cells, but antagonistic in MDA-MB-468 cells. In MDA-MB-231 murine xenografts, tumor mass was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by OTX015 with respect to vehicle-treated animals (best T/C = 40.7%). Although everolimus alone was not active, the combination was more effective than OTX015 alone (best T/C = 20.7%). This work supports current clinical trials with OTX015 in TNBC (NCT02259114).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Vázquez
- Laboratory of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Elodie Odore
- Oncology Therapeutic Development, Clichy, France.,Radiopharmacology Department, Curie Institute-René Huguenin Hospital, Saint Cloud, France
| | - Keyvan Rezai
- Radiopharmacology Department, Curie Institute-René Huguenin Hospital, Saint Cloud, France
| | - Eugenio Erba
- Laboratory of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Panini
- Laboratory of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Kwee
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (IDSIA), Manno, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Beltrame
- Laboratory of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Esteban Cvitkovic
- Oncology Therapeutic Development, Clichy, France.,Oncoethix GmbH (formerly Oncoethix SA), Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp., Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Frapolli
- Laboratory of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Incalci
- Laboratory of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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50
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Gerlach D, Tontsch-Grunt U, Baum A, Popow J, Scharn D, Hofmann MH, Engelhardt H, Kaya O, Beck J, Schweifer N, Gerstberger T, Zuber J, Savarese F, Kraut N. The novel BET bromodomain inhibitor BI 894999 represses super-enhancer-associated transcription and synergizes with CDK9 inhibition in AML. Oncogene 2018; 37:2687-2701. [PMID: 29491412 PMCID: PMC5955861 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) protein inhibitors have been reported as treatment options for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in preclinical models and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. This work presents a novel potent and selective BET inhibitor (BI 894999), which has recently entered clinical trials (NCT02516553). In preclinical studies, this compound is highly active in AML cell lines, primary patient samples, and xenografts. HEXIM1 is described as an excellent pharmacodynamic biomarker for target engagement in tumors as well as in blood. Mechanistic studies show that BI 894999 targets super-enhancer-regulated oncogenes and other lineage-specific factors, which are involved in the maintenance of the disease state. BI 894999 is active as monotherapy in AML xenografts, and in addition leads to strongly enhanced antitumor effects in combination with CDK9 inhibitors. This treatment combination results in a marked decrease of global p-Ser2 RNA polymerase II levels and leads to rapid induction of apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Together, these data provide a strong rationale for the clinical evaluation of BI 894999 in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gerlach
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Anke Baum
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Popow
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Scharn
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco H Hofmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Onur Kaya
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janina Beck
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Savarese
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Norbert Kraut
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria.
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