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Choi JU, Kim JY, Chung SW, Lee NK, Park J, Kweon S, Cho YS, Kim HR, Lim SM, Park JW, Lee KC, Byun Y. Dual mechanistic TRAIL nanocarrier based on PEGylated heparin taurocholate and protamine which exerts both pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects. J Control Release 2021; 336:181-191. [PMID: 34144107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The selective cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) to cancer cells but not to normal cells makes it an attractive candidate for cancer therapeutics. However, the disadvantages of TRAIL such as physicochemical instability and short half-life limit its further clinical applications. In this study, TRAIL was encapsulated into a novel anti-angiogenic nanocomplex for both improved drug distribution at the tumor site and enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. A nanocomplex was prepared firstly by entrapping TRAIL into PEG-low molecular weight heparin-taurocholate conjugate (LHT7), which is previously known as a potent angiogenesis inhibitor. Then, protamine was added to make a stable form of nanocomplex (PEG-LHT7/TRAIL/Protamine) by exerting electrostatic interactions. We found that entrapping TRAIL into the nanocomplex significantly improved both pharmacokinetic properties and tumor accumulation rate without affecting the tumor selective cytotoxicity of TRAIL. Furthermore, the anti-tumor efficacy of nanocomplex was highly augmented (73.77±4.86%) compared to treating with only TRAIL (18.49 ± 19.75%), PEG-LHT7/Protamine (47.84 ± 14.20%) and co-injection of TRAIL and PEG-LHT7/Protamine (56.26 ± 9.98%). Histological analysis revealed that treatment with the nanocomplex showed both anti-angiogenic efficacy and homogenously induced cancer cell apoptosis, which suggests that accumulated TRAIL and LHT7 in tumor tissue exerted their anti-tumor effects synergistically. Based on this study, we suggest that PEG-LHT7/Protamine complex is an effective nanocarrier of TRAIL for enhancing drug distribution as well as improving anti-tumor efficacy by exploiting the synergistic mechanism of anti-angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Uk Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Seung Woo Chung
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Na Kyeong Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jooho Park
- Department of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Seho Kweon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Young Seok Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Ha Rin Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sung Mook Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Choon Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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2
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Ando T, Suzuki-Karasaki M, Suzuki-Karasaki M, Ichikawa J, Ochiai T, Yoshida Y, Haro H, Suzuki-Karasaki Y. Combined Anticancer Effect of Plasma-Activated Infusion and Salinomycin by Targeting Autophagy and Mitochondrial Morphology. Front Oncol 2021; 11:593127. [PMID: 34150606 PMCID: PMC8212785 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.593127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP)-activated liquids have emerged as new promising anticancer agents because they preferentially injure malignant cells. Here, we report plasma-activated infusion (PAI) as a novel NTAPP-based anti-neoplastic agent. PAI was prepared by irradiating helium NTAP to form a clinically approved infusion fluid. PAI dose-dependently killed malignant melanoma and osteosarcoma cell lines while showing much lower cytotoxic effects on dermal and lung fibroblasts. We found that PAI and salinomycin (Sal), an emerging anticancer stem cell agent, mutually operated as adjuvants. The combined administration of PAI and Sal was much more effective than single-agent application in reducing the growth and lung metastasis of osteosarcoma allografts with minimal adverse effects. Mechanistically, PAI explicitly induced necroptosis and increased the phosphorylation of receptor-interacting protein 1/3 rapidly and transiently. PAI also suppressed the ambient autophagic flux by activating the mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway. PAI increased the phosphorylation of Raptor, Rictor, and p70-S6 kinase, along with decreased LC3-I/II expression. In contrast, Sal promoted autophagy. Moreover, Sal exacerbated the mitochondrial network collapse caused by PAI, resulting in aberrant clustering of fragmented mitochondrial in a tumor-specific manner. Our findings suggest that combined administration of PAI and Sal is a promising approach for treating these apoptosis-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ando
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamanashi University School of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Manami Suzuki-Karasaki
- Department of Research and Development, Plasma ChemiBio Laboratory, Plasma ChemiBio Laboratory, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Miki Suzuki-Karasaki
- Department of Research and Development, Plasma ChemiBio Laboratory, Plasma ChemiBio Laboratory, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Jiro Ichikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamanashi University School of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Toyoko Ochiai
- Department of Research and Development, Plasma ChemiBio Laboratory, Plasma ChemiBio Laboratory, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Nihon University Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Haro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamanashi University School of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Suzuki-Karasaki
- Department of Research and Development, Plasma ChemiBio Laboratory, Plasma ChemiBio Laboratory, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
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Babinčák M, Jendželovský R, Košuth J, Majerník M, Vargová J, Mikulášek K, Zdráhal Z, Fedoročko P. Death Receptor 5 (TNFRSF10B) Is Upregulated and TRAIL Resistance Is Reversed in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines after Treatment with Skyrin, the Active Metabolite of Hypericum spp. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1646. [PMID: 33916015 PMCID: PMC8036732 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Skyrin (SKR) is a plant bisanthraquinone secondary metabolite from the Hypericum genus with potential use in anticancer therapy. However, its effect and mechanism of action are still unknown. The negative effect of SKR on HCT 116 and HT-29 cancer cell lines in hypoxic and normoxic conditions was observed. HCT 116 cells were more responsive to SKR treatment as demonstrated by decreased metabolic activity, cellularity and accumulation of cells in the G1 phase. Moreover, an increasing number of apoptotic cells was observed after treatment with SKR. Based on the LC-MS comparative proteomic data from hypoxia and normoxia (data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD019995), SKR significantly upregulated Death receptor 5 (DR5), which was confirmed by real-time qualitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, multiple changes in the Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-activated cascade were observed. Moreover, the reversion of TRAIL resistance was observed in HCT 116, HT-29 and SW620 cell lines, even in hypoxia, which was linked to the upregulation of DR5. In conclusion, our results propose the use of SKR as a prospective anticancer drug, particularly as an adjuvant to TRAIL-targeting treatment to reverse TRAIL resistance in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marián Babinčák
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (M.B.); (R.J.); (J.K.); (M.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Rastislav Jendželovský
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (M.B.); (R.J.); (J.K.); (M.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Ján Košuth
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (M.B.); (R.J.); (J.K.); (M.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Martin Majerník
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (M.B.); (R.J.); (J.K.); (M.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Jana Vargová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (M.B.); (R.J.); (J.K.); (M.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Kamil Mikulášek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (Z.Z.)
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (Z.Z.)
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Fedoročko
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (M.B.); (R.J.); (J.K.); (M.M.); (J.V.)
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4
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Heck AL, Mishra S, Prenzel T, Feulner L, Achhammer E, Särchen V, Blagg BSJ, Schneider-Brachert W, Schütze S, Fritsch J. Selective HSP90β inhibition results in TNF and TRAIL mediated HIF1α degradation. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152070. [PMID: 33639524 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signaling via TNF-R1 mediates pleiotropic biological outcomes ranging from inflammation and proliferation to cell death. Previous reports demonstrated that pro-survival signaling emanates from membrane resident TNF-R1 complexes (complex I) while only internalized TNF-R1 complexes are capable for DISC formation (complex II) and thus, apoptosis induction. Internalized TNF-R1 containing endosomes undergo intracellular maturation towards lysosomes, resulting in activation and release of Cathepsin D (CtsD) into the cytoplasm. We recently revealed HSP90 as target for proteolytic cleavage by CtsD, resulting in cell death amplification. In this study, we show that extrinsic cell death activation via TNF or TRAIL results in HSP90β degradation. Co-incubation of cells with either TNF or TRAIL in combination with the HSP90β inhibitor KUNB105 but not HSP90α selective inhibition promotes apoptosis induction. In an attempt to reveal further downstream targets of combined TNF-R1 or TRAIL-R1/-R2 activation with HSP90β inhibition, we identify HIF1α and validate its ligand:inhibitor triggered degradation. Together, these findings suggest that selective inhibition of HSP90 isoforms together with death ligand stimulation may provide novel strategies for therapy of inflammatory diseases or cancer, in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Heck
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - S Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - T Prenzel
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - L Feulner
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - E Achhammer
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - V Särchen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - B S J Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - W Schneider-Brachert
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - J Fritsch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Abstract
The tumor environment critically influences responsiveness of cancer cells to chemotherapies, most of which activate the mitochondria-regulated (intrinsic) apoptotic cascade to kill malignant cells. Especially skin tumors encounter an environment with remarkable biophysical properties. Cutaneous accumulation of Na+ locally establishes osmotic pressure gradients in vivo (hypertonicity or hyperosmotic stress), but whether cutaneous hypertonicity is a factor that modulates the responsiveness of skin cancers to therapeutic apoptosis-induction has thus far not been investigated. Here, we show that hyperosmotic stress lowers the threshold for apoptosis induction in malignant melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. Hypertonic conditions enforce addiction to BCL-2-like proteins to prevent initiation of the mitochondria-regulated (intrinsic) apoptotic pathway. Essentially, hyperosmotic stress primes mitochondria for death. Our work identifies osmotic pressure in the tumor microenvironment as a cell extrinsic factor that modulates responsiveness of malignant melanoma cells to therapy.
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de Looff M, de Jong S, Kruyt FAE. Multiple Interactions Between Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment Modulate TRAIL Signaling: Implications for TRAIL Receptor Targeted Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1530. [PMID: 31333662 PMCID: PMC6617985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) signaling is far more complex than initially anticipated and can lead to either anti- or protumorigenic effects, hampering the successful clinical use of therapeutic TRAIL receptor agonists. Cell autonomous resistance mechanisms have been identified in addition to paracrine factors that can modulate apoptosis sensitivity. The tumor microenvironment (TME), consisting of cellular and non-cellular components, is a source for multiple signals that are able to modulate TRAIL signaling in tumor and stromal cells. Particularly immune effector cells, also part of the TME, employ the TRAIL/TRAIL-R system whereby cell surface expressed TRAIL can activate apoptosis via TRAIL receptors on tumor cells, which is part of tumor immune surveillance. In this review we aim to dissect the impact of the TME on signaling induced by endogenous and exogenous/therapeutic TRAIL, thereby distinguishing different components of the TME such as immune effector cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and non-hematopoietic stromal cells. In addition, also non-cellular biochemical and biophysical properties of the TME are considered including mechanical stress, acidity, hypoxia, and glucose deprivation. Available literature thus far indicates that tumor-TME interactions are complex and often bidirectional leading to tumor-enhancing or tumor-reducing effects in a tumor model- and tumor type-dependent fashion. Multiple signals originating from different components of the TME simultaneously affect TRAIL receptor signaling. We conclude that in order to unleash the full clinical potential of TRAIL receptor agonists it will be necessary to increase our understanding of the contribution of different TME components on outcome of therapeutic TRAIL receptor activation in order to identify the most critical mechanism responsible for resistance, allowing the design of effective combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot de Looff
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Steven de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Frank A E Kruyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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7
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Kretz AL, Trauzold A, Hillenbrand A, Knippschild U, Henne-Bruns D, von Karstedt S, Lemke J. TRAILblazing Strategies for Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040456. [PMID: 30935038 PMCID: PMC6521007 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the late 1990s, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of the TNF-family, started receiving much attention for its potential in cancer therapy, due to its capacity to induce apoptosis selectively in tumour cells in vivo. TRAIL binds to its membrane-bound death receptors TRAIL-R1 (DR4) and TRAIL-R2 (DR5) inducing the formation of a death-inducing signalling complex (DISC) thereby activating the apoptotic cascade. The ability of TRAIL to also induce apoptosis independently of p53 makes TRAIL a promising anticancer agent, especially in p53-mutated tumour entities. Thus, several so-called TRAIL receptor agonists (TRAs) were developed. Unfortunately, clinical testing of these TRAs did not reveal any significant anticancer activity, presumably due to inherent or acquired TRAIL resistance of most primary tumour cells. Since the potential power of TRAIL-based therapies still lies in TRAIL's explicit cancer cell-selectivity, a desirable approach going forward for TRAIL-based cancer therapy is the identification of substances that sensitise tumour cells for TRAIL-induced apoptosis while sparing normal cells. Numerous of such TRAIL-sensitising strategies have been identified within the last decades. However, many of these approaches have not been verified in animal models, and therefore potential toxicity of these approaches has not been taken into consideration. Here, we critically summarise and discuss the status quo of TRAIL signalling in cancer cells and strategies to force tumour cells into undergoing apoptosis triggered by TRAIL as a cancer therapeutic approach. Moreover, we provide an overview and outlook on innovative and promising future TRAIL-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Laura Kretz
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Anna Trauzold
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
- Clinic for General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Andreas Hillenbrand
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Doris Henne-Bruns
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Silvia von Karstedt
- Department of Translational Genomics, University Hospital Cologne, Weyertal 115b, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Straße 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Johannes Lemke
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Onoe-Takahashi A, Suzuki-Karasaki M, Suzuki-Karasaki M, Ochiai T, Suzuki-Karasaki Y. Autophagy inhibitors regulate TRAIL sensitivity in human malignant cells by targeting the mitochondrial network and calcium dynamics. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1734-1746. [PMID: 30896851 PMCID: PMC6438429 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In a variety of cancer cell types, the pharmacological and genetic blockade of autophagy increases apoptosis induced by various anticancer drugs. These observations suggest that autophagy counteracts drug-induced apoptosis. We previously reported that in human melanoma and osteosarcoma cells, autophagy inhibitors, such as 3-methyladenine and chloroquine increased the sensitivity to apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). In the present study, we report that different autophagy inhibitors regulate the mitochondrial network and calcium (Ca2+) dynamics in these cells. We found that compared to tumor cells, normal fibroblasts were more resistant to the cytotoxicity of TRAIL and autophagy inhibitors used either alone or in combination. Notably, TRAIL increased the autophagic flux in the tumor cells, but not in the fibroblasts. Live-cell imaging revealed that in tumor cells, TRAIL evoked modest mitochondrial fragmentation, while subtoxic concentrations of the autophagy inhibitors led to mitochondrial fusion. Co-treatment with TRAIL and subtoxic concentrations of the autophagy inhibitors resulted in severe mitochondrial fragmentation, swelling and clustering, similar to what was observed with autophagy inhibitors at toxic concentrations. The enhanced aberration of the mitochondrial network was preceded by a reduction in mitochondrial Ca2+ loading and store-operated Ca2+ entry. On the whole, the findings of this study indicate that co-treatment with TRAIL and autophagy inhibitors leads to increased mitochondrial Ca2+ and network dysfunction in a tumor-selective manner. Therefore, the co-administration of TRAIL and autophagy inhibitors may prove to be a promising tumor-targeting approach for the treatment of TRAIL-resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Onoe-Takahashi
- Division of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173‑8610, Japan
| | | | | | - Toyoko Ochiai
- Department of Dermatology, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo 101‑8309, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Suzuki-Karasaki
- Division of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173‑8610, Japan
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Altered Expression of Autophagy-related Genes in Human Colon Cancer. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Autophagy is a physiologic mechanism, which utilizes the self-digestion of cell organelles to promote cellular homeostasis, such as in the setting of dysfunctional cellular components, cellular stress or energy-deprived states. In vitro studies have pointed toward the key role of autophagy in colorectal cancer. However, in vivo studies from human colorectal cancer tissues are lacking. Methods: We collected tissue samples from six patients with colon cancer who received curative surgery at Baylor College of Medicine. We also obtained normal colonic mucosa biopsy from five unrelated polyp-free individuals who were matched to cases individually by age, sex, ethnicity, and colon segment. Total RNA was successfully extracted from fresh frozen tissue biopsies of five tumor tissues and five unrelated normal tissues. We tested the expression levels of 84 genes in a predefined autophagy pathway using the RT2 Profiler PCR array. We compared differences using Student’s t-test. The false-discovery rate was used for multiple testing adjustment. We also used the TCGA dataset to validate our findings. Results: We observed significant differential expression between colon cancer tissue and normal colon mucosa for 29 genes in the autophagy pathway (p < 0.05). After multiple testing adjustment, the expression of 17 genes was significantly down-regulated, with fold-change greater than 2 in colon cancer; these included ATG4A, ATG4C, ATG4D, and CTSS (q < 0.10). The down-regulation was observed in both early and late stage colon cancer. We observed the same down-regulation of multiple autophagy-related genes using the TCGA data. The ATG9B gene was the only statistically non-significantly up-regulated gene after multiple testing adjustment. Conclusions: This pilot study showed the down-regulation of multiple autophagy pathway genes in human colon cancer, corroborating the increasing clinical relevance of autophagy in human colorectal carcinogenesis. This preliminary finding should be validated in larger studies.
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Chen Y, Wei L, Zhang X, Liu X, Chen Y, Zhang S, Zhou L, Li Q, Pan Q, Zhao S, Liu H. 3‑Bromopyruvate sensitizes human breast cancer cells to TRAIL‑induced apoptosis via the phosphorylated AMPK‑mediated upregulation of DR5. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:2435-2444. [PMID: 30132536 PMCID: PMC6151892 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis is associated with the expression of death receptors on the cell membrane. However, drug resistance limits the use of TRAIL in cancer therapy. Numerous studies have indicated that death receptors, which induce apoptosis, are upregulated by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 3-Bromopyruvate (3-BP), an anticancer agent, inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis through interfering with glycolysis. In the present study, it was demonstrated that 3-BP synergistically sensitized breast cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via the upregulation of death receptor 5 (DR5). Furthermore, we found that the protein levels of glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) increased following treatment with 3-BP. The expression of Bax (in MCF-7 cells) and caspase-3 (in MDA-MB-231 cells) increased following co-treatment with 3-BP and TRAIL, whereas the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 decreased. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism regulating this effect, the expression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), activated by 3-BP, was determined. It was demonstrated that phosphorylated-AMPK was upregulated following treatment with 3-BP. Notably, Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, reversed the effects of 3-BP. Finally, a synergistic antitumor effect of 3-BP and TRAIL was observed in MCF-7 cell xenografts in nude mice. In conclusion, these results indicated that 3-BP sensitized breast cancer cells to TRAIL via the AMPK-mediated upregulation of DR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Xianfu Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Yansong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Lanzhu Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Qixiang Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Pan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Surong Zhao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
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Abstract
Apo2 ligand (Apo2L)/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is unique to selectively induce apoptosis in tumor cells while sparing normal cells. Thus there is tremendous interest in Apo2L/TRAIL therapy; however, drug resistance is a serious limitation. Autophagy is a cellular housekeeping process that controls protein and organelle turnover, and is almost consistently activated in response to apoptosis-inducing stimuli, including Apo2L/TRAIL. Unlike apoptosis, autophagy leads to cell death or survival depending on the context. Various molecular mechanisms by which autophagy regulates Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis have been identified. Further, whether autophagy is completed (intact autophagic flux) or not could determine the fate of cancer cells, either cell survival or death. Thus, targeting autophagy is an attractive strategy to overcome Apo2L/TRAIL resistance. We present the current view of how these regulatory mechanisms of this interplay between autophagy and apoptosis may dictate cancer cell response to Apo2L/TRAIL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arishya Sharma
- a Department of Cancer Biology , Lerner Research Institute , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Alexandru Almasan
- a Department of Cancer Biology , Lerner Research Institute , Cleveland , OH , USA.,b Department of Radiation Oncology , Taussig Cancer Institute , Cleveland , OH , USA
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12
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Sirtl S, Knoll G, Trinh DT, Lang I, Siegmund D, Gross S, Schuler-Thurner B, Neubert P, Jantsch J, Wajant H, Ehrenschwender M. Hypertonicity-enforced BCL-2 addiction unleashes the cytotoxic potential of death receptors. Oncogene 2018; 37:4122-4136. [PMID: 29706657 PMCID: PMC6062497 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Attempts to exploit the cytotoxic activity of death receptors (DR) for treating cancer have thus far been disappointing. DR activation in most malignant cells fails to trigger cell death and may even promote tumor growth by activating cell death-independent DR-associated signaling pathways. Overcoming apoptosis resistance is consequently a prerequisite for successful clinical exploitation of DR stimulation. Here we show that hyperosmotic stress in the tumor microenvironment unleashes the deadly potential of DRs by enforcing BCL-2 addiction of cancer cells. Hypertonicity robustly enhanced cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and other DR ligands in various cancer entities. Initial events in TRAIL DR signaling remained unaffected, but hypertonic conditions unlocked activation of the mitochondrial death pathway and thus amplified the apoptotic signal. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that hyperosmotic stress imposed a BCL-2-addiction on cancer cells to safeguard the integrity of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), essentially exhausting the protective capacity of BCL-2-like pro-survival proteins. Deprivation of these mitochondrial safeguards licensed DR-generated truncated BH3-interacting domain death agonist (tBID) to activate BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) and initiated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Our work highlights that hyperosmotic stress in the tumor environment primes mitochondria for death and lowers the threshold for DR-induced apoptosis. Beyond TRAIL-based therapies, our findings could help to strengthen the efficacy of other apoptosis-inducing cancer treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sirtl
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Gertrud Knoll
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Dieu Thuy Trinh
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Isabell Lang
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Daniela Siegmund
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gross
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Ulmenweg 18, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Beatrice Schuler-Thurner
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Ulmenweg 18, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Patrick Neubert
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Martin Ehrenschwender
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg, 93053, Germany.
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13
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Ito T, Ando T, Suzuki-Karasaki M, Tokunaga T, Yoshida Y, Ochiai T, Tokuhashi Y, Suzuki-Karasaki Y. Cold PSM, but not TRAIL, triggers autophagic cell death: A therapeutic advantage of PSM over TRAIL. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:503-514. [PMID: 29845256 PMCID: PMC6017219 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and cold plasma-stimulated medium (PSM) are promising novel anticancer tools due to their strong anticancer activities and high tumor-selectivity. The present study demonstrated that PSM and TRAIL may trigger autophagy in human malignant melanoma and osteosarcoma cells. Live-cell imaging revealed that even under nutritional and stress-free conditions, these cells possessed a substantial level of autophagosomes, which were localized in the cytoplasm separately from tubular mitochondria. In response to cytotoxic levels of PSM, the mitochondria became highly fragmented, and aggregated and colocalized with the autophagosomes. The cytotoxic effects of PSM were suppressed in response to various pharmacological autophagy inhibitors, including 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and bafilomycin A1, thus indicating the induction of autophagic cell death (ACD). Lethal levels of PSM also resulted in non-apoptotic, non-autophagic cell death in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner under certain circumstances. Furthermore, TRAIL exhibited only a modest cytotoxicity toward these tumor cells, and did not induce ACD and mitochondrial aberration. The combined use of TRAIL and subtoxic concentrations of 3-MA resulted in decreased basal autophagy, increased mitochondrial aberration, colocalization with autophagosomes and apoptosis. These results indicated that PSM may induce ACD, whereas TRAIL may trigger cytoprotective autophagy that compromises apoptosis. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate that PSM can induce ACD in human cancer cells. These findings provide a rationale for the advantage of PSM over TRAIL in the destruction of apoptosis-resistant melanoma and osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Ito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takashi Ando
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamanashi University School of Medicine, Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Miki Suzuki-Karasaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tokunaga
- Division of General Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yoshida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Toyoko Ochiai
- Department of Dermatology, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo 101-8309, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tokuhashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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14
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Down‐regulation of intracellular anti‐apoptotic proteins, particularly c‐FLIP by therapeutic agents; the novel view to overcome resistance to TRAIL. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6470-6485. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Virumbrales-Muñoz M, Ayuso JM, Olave M, Monge R, de Miguel D, Martínez-Lostao L, Le Gac S, Doblare M, Ochoa I, Fernandez LJ. Multiwell capillarity-based microfluidic device for the study of 3D tumour tissue-2D endothelium interactions and drug screening in co-culture models. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11998. [PMID: 28931839 PMCID: PMC5607255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment is very complex, and essential in tumour development and drug resistance. The endothelium is critical in the tumour microenvironment: it provides nutrients and oxygen to the tumour and is essential for systemic drug delivery. Therefore, we report a simple, user-friendly microfluidic device for co-culture of a 3D breast tumour model and a 2D endothelium model for cross-talk and drug delivery studies. First, we demonstrated the endothelium was functional, whereas the tumour model exhibited in vivo features, e.g., oxygen gradients and preferential proliferation of cells with better access to nutrients and oxygen. Next, we observed the endothelium structure lost its integrity in the co-culture. Following this, we evaluated two drug formulations of TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand): soluble and anchored to a LUV (large unilamellar vesicle). Both diffused through the endothelium, LUV-TRAIL being more efficient in killing tumour cells, showing no effect on the integrity of endothelium. Overall, we have developed a simple capillary force-based microfluidic device for 2D and 3D cell co-cultures. Our device allows high-throughput approaches, patterning different cell types and generating gradients without specialised equipment. We anticipate this microfluidic device will facilitate drug screening in a relevant microenvironment thanks to its simple, effective and user-friendly operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Virumbrales-Muñoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, 53705, Wisconsin, United States
| | - José María Ayuso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, 53705, Wisconsin, United States.,Medical Engineering, Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N Orchard Street, Madison, 53715, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Marta Olave
- Group of Applied Mechanics and Bioengineering (AMB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingenieria, biomateriales y nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.,Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Aragon Institute of Biomedical Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Rosa Monge
- Group of Applied Mechanics and Bioengineering (AMB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingenieria, biomateriales y nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.,Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Aragon Institute of Biomedical Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,BEONCHIP S.L., Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Diego de Miguel
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College of London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Calle de Pedro Cerbuna, 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Aragon Institute of Biomedical Research (IIS Aragón), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avda. San Juan Bosco 13, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Lostao
- Aragon Institute of Biomedical Research (IIS Aragón), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avda. San Juan Bosco 13, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Domingo Miral, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Department of Immunology, University Clinical Hospital Lozano Blesa, Padre Arrupe, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience of Aragón (INA), Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Research and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Doblare
- Group of Applied Mechanics and Bioengineering (AMB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingenieria, biomateriales y nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.,Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Aragon Institute of Biomedical Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Group of Applied Mechanics and Bioengineering (AMB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingenieria, biomateriales y nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain. .,Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain. .,Aragon Institute of Biomedical Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
| | - Luis J Fernandez
- Group of Applied Mechanics and Bioengineering (AMB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingenieria, biomateriales y nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain. .,Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain. .,Aragon Institute of Biomedical Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
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16
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Yin J, Ni B, Liao WG, Gao YQ. Hypoxia-induced apoptosis of mouse spermatocytes is mediated by HIF-1α through a death receptor pathway and a mitochondrial pathway. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1146-1155. [PMID: 28444885 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia in vivo induces oligozoospermia, azoospermia, and degeneration of the germinal epithelium, but the underlying molecular mechanism of this induction is not fully clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the death receptor pathway and the mitochondrial pathway in hypoxia-induced apoptosis of mouse GC-2spd (GC-2) cells and the relationship between HIF-1α and apoptosis of GC-2 cells induced by hypoxia. GC-2 cells were subjected to 1% oxygen for 48 hr. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, TUNEL staining, LDH, caspase-3/8/9 in the absence and presence of HIF-1α siRNA. The protein levels of apoptosis-related markers were determined by Western blot in the presence and absence of HIF-1α siRNA. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential change was observed by in situ JC-1 staining. Cell viability was assessed upon treatment of caspase-8 and 9 inhibitors. The results indicated that hypoxia at 1% oxygen for 48 hr induced apoptosis of GC-2 cells. A prolonged exposure of GC-2 cells to hypoxic conditions caused downregulation of c-FLIP, Dc R2 and Bcl-2 and upregulation of DR5 , TRAIL, Fas, p53, and Bax, with an overproduction of caspase-3/8/9. Moreover, hypoxia at this level had an effect on mitochondrial depolarization. In addition, specific inhibitors of caspase-8/9 partially suppressed hypoxia-induced GC-2 cell apoptosis, and the anti-apoptotic effects of the caspase inhibitors were additive. Of note, HIF-1α knockdown attenuated hypoxia and induced apoptosis of GC-2 cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that the death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway, which are likely mediated by HIF-1α, contribute to hypoxia-induced GC-2 cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Pathology/Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment Medicine (Third Military Medical University), Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Bing Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Pathology/Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment Medicine (Third Military Medical University), Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Wei-Gong Liao
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Pathology/Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment Medicine (Third Military Medical University), Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yu-Qi Gao
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region/Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment Medicine (Third Military Medical University), Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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17
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Partial Oxygen Pressure Affects the Expression of Prognostic Biomarkers HIF-1 Alpha, Ki67, and CK20 in the Microenvironment of Colorectal Cancer Tissue. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1204715. [PMID: 27974949 PMCID: PMC5126433 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1204715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is prognostically important in colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy. Partial oxygen pressure (pO2) is an important parameter of hypoxia. The correlation between pO2 levels and expression levels of prognostic biomarkers was measured in CRC tissues. Human CRC tissues were collected and pO2 levels were measured by OxyLite. Three methods for tissue fixation were compared, including formalin, Finefix, and Finefix-plus-microwave. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was conducted by using the avidin-biotin complex technique for detecting the antibodies to hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) alpha, cytokeratin 20 (CK20), and cell proliferation factor Ki67. The levels of pO2 were negatively associated with the size of CRC tissues. Finefix-plus-microwave fixation has the potential to replace formalin. Additionally, microwave treatment improved Finefix performance in tissue fixation and protein preservation. The percentage of positive cells and gray values of HIF-1 alpha, CK20, and Ki67 were associated with CRC development (P < 0.05). The levels of pO2 were positively related with the gray values of Ki67 and negatively related with the values of HIF-1 alpha and CK20 (P < 0.05). Thus, the levels of microenvironmental pO2 affect the expression of predictive biomarkers HIF-1 alpha, CK20, and Ki67 in the development of CRC tissues.
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