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Klivleyeva N, Lukmanova G, Glebova T, Shamenova M, Ongarbayeva N, Saktaganov N, Baimukhametova A, Baiseiit S, Ismagulova D, Kassymova G, Rachimbayeva A, Murzagaliyeva A, Xetayeva G, Isabayeva R, Sagatova M. Spread of Pathogens Causing Respiratory Viral Diseases Before and During CoVID-19 Pandemic in Kazakhstan. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:129-138. [PMID: 37168842 PMCID: PMC9972336 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Analyze clinical samples collected and determine the etiology of viral pathogens and the dynamics of their spread. Acute respiratory viral infections remain one of the key health problems worldwide. They constitute etiologically independent diseases, with similar clinical infection manifestations and a single mechanism for the transmission of pathogens. 4712 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from people before and during the COVID-19 pandemic with acute respiratory infections that tested negative for COVID-19 and were examined in this study. The collected samples were screened by a real-time polymerase chain reaction on a Rotor-Gene Q6 plex instrument. Statistical processing of the results, tabular, and graphical data were analyzed in the MS Excel. The largest number of the nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from children under 17 years of age (60.75%). In 702 samples (9.85%) pathogens of respiratory infections of non-influenza etiology were detected, including adenovirus, bocavirus, coronavirus, metapneumovirus, paramyxovirus types I–IV, respiratory syncytial virus, and rhinovirus. At the same time, both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, different influenza virus variants co-circulation (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and type B) were discovered, with a predominance of viruses with the antigenic formula A/H1N1. The results of the study indicate the need for continuous monitoring of the viral pathogens spread, which will expand the existing knowledge of the viral etiology of respiratory diseases and highlight the importance of viruses in the respiratory infections occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailya Klivleyeva
- The Laboratory of Viral Biochemistry, The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology LLP, 105 Bogenbai Batyr Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Galina Lukmanova
- The Laboratory of Viral Biochemistry, The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology LLP, 105 Bogenbai Batyr Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Tatyana Glebova
- The Laboratory of Viral Biochemistry, The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology LLP, 105 Bogenbai Batyr Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Mira Shamenova
- The Laboratory of Viral Biochemistry, The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology LLP, 105 Bogenbai Batyr Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nuray Ongarbayeva
- The Laboratory of Viral Biochemistry, The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology LLP, 105 Bogenbai Batyr Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurbol Saktaganov
- The Laboratory of Viral Biochemistry, The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology LLP, 105 Bogenbai Batyr Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Assem Baimukhametova
- The Laboratory of Viral Biochemistry, The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology LLP, 105 Bogenbai Batyr Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Sagadat Baiseiit
- The Laboratory of Viral Biochemistry, The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology LLP, 105 Bogenbai Batyr Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Dariya Ismagulova
- The Laboratory of Viral Biochemistry, The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology LLP, 105 Bogenbai Batyr Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Almagul Rachimbayeva
- The Almaty Branch of National Center for Expertise, 3 Zhibek Zholy Avenue, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ardak Murzagaliyeva
- The West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, 68 Maresyev Street, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulzakira Xetayeva
- The Children’s City Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital, SOPE On REM, ChCCIDH, 299a Baizakova Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Rauna Isabayeva
- The Communal State Enterprise Regional Region Clinical Hospital (CSE RCH) of Karaganda Regional Health Department, 41/43 Erubaev Street, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Madisha Sagatova
- The East Kazakhstan Regional Branch of National Center for Expertise, 17 Independence Avenue, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
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Kiseleva I, Musaeva T, Ksenafontov A. SARS-CoV-2 Invasion: What Happens to Other Respiratory Viruses? Open Microbiol J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18742858-v16-e2206100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This letter briefly presents the relationships between respiratory viruses in the years prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Viral common colds are self-limiting infections that typically resolve within a few days. However, when well-established epidemiological relationships are disrupted during a pandemic, they behave differently. For instance, during the 2009 influenza pandemic, while the majority of seasonal respiratory viruses lost ground under the pressure of a new pandemic strain, some others (for instance, human rhinoviruses) continued to circulate along with the pandemic pathogen and in some cases, even delayed its spread. With the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic, the degree of circulation of many respiratory viruses has changed dramatically. Along with a significant reduction in the circulation of many seasonal respiratory pathogens, rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and non-COVID-19 coronaviruses—being the most frequently identified respiratory pathogens—have shown their unique capability to compete with SARS-CoV-2.
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Kiseleva I, Ksenafontov A. COVID-19 Shuts Doors to Flu but Keeps Them Open to Rhinoviruses. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080733. [PMID: 34439965 PMCID: PMC8389621 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Ten years have passed since the beginning of the H1N1pdm09 flu pandemic. No sooner had humanity recovered from its consequences than a new attack came—the COVID-19 pandemic. What happens to other respiratory infectious diseases during a global disaster such as the COVID-19 pandemic? The pandemic brought about by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has disrupted many well-established epidemiological and pathogenetic relationships, as well as mechanisms affecting infections with other respiratory viruses. The level of circulation of many respiratory pathogens has changed significantly. For instance, global influenza activity is at much lower levels than expected. In many regions, the influenza season has not started. Intriguingly, the COVID-19 pandemic did not substantially affect the spread of human rhinoviruses. In this review, the main properties of epidemiologically significant respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and human rhinovirus are described. Abstract It is well known that rhinoviruses are distributed across the globe and are the most common cause of the common cold in all age groups. Rhinoviruses are widely considered to be harmless because they are generally perceived as respiratory viruses only capable of causing mild disease. However, they may also infect the lower respiratory tract, inducing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exacerbations of asthma, bronchiolitis, etc. The role of rhinoviruses in pathogenesis and the epidemiological process is underestimated, and they need to be intensively studied. In the light of recent data, it is now known that rhinoviruses could be one of the key epidemiological barriers that may influence the spread of influenza and novel coronaviruses. It has been reported that endemic human rhinoviruses delayed the development of the H1N1pdm09 influenza pandemic through viral interference. Moreover, human rhinoviruses have been suggested to block SARS-CoV-2 replication in the airways by triggering an interferon response. In this review, we summarized the main biological characteristics of genetically distinct viruses such as rhinoviruses, influenza viruses, and SARS-CoV-2 in an attempt to illuminate their main discrepancies and similarities. We hope that this comparative analysis will help us to better understand in which direction research in this area should move.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kiseleva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrey Ksenafontov
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
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Characteristics of the Herd Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Residents of the Saratov Region under COVID-19 Epidemic. PROBLEMS OF PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS INFECTIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2020-4-106-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The global community is experiencing one of the largest infectious disease outbreaks in the 21st century. In the Saratov Region, the first case of new coronavirus infection was confirmed on March 19, 2020.The maximum increase in cases was noted between May 15 and June 30, during that time the total number of infected people in the region increased from 1526 to 6444. Since July 2020, a stable incidence level of new coronavirus infection has been observed in the Saratov Region, without a steady decline.The aim of the study was to assess the status of population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus among residents of Saratov and the Saratov Region under the COVID-19 epidemic.Materials and methods. In the period from June 23 to July 26, 2020, a serological study of blood samples from 3372 volunteers of different age groups was conducted. The content of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was determined by ELISA using a set of reagents “ELISA anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG” produced by the State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology of the Rospotrebnadzor (Russia).Results and discussion. In general, the incidence of COVID-19 in the Saratov Region is taking place against the background of moderate seroprevalence to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, accompanied by a high incidence of non-apparent (asymptomatic) forms of the infectious process. The absence of clinical symptoms of the disease, in the context of the limited use of methods for determining the RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in PCR (11 % of the region’s population) makes it difficult to assess the real spread of the virus in the population and to establish the timing of the formation of persistent herd immunity. A low rate of antibody response among individuals with a positive result of PCR analysis, as well as among volunteers who had an infection in May, June 2020, indicates a weak formation of the immune response, or the prevalence of individuals reacting mainly by activating the cellular link of the immune system in the population. The obtained results, although they need to be explained in a number of respects, can be applied to the organization of preventive measures, including vaccination, in the region.
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