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Learning from the past: opportunities for advancing ecological research and practice using palaeoecological data. Oecologia 2022; 199:275-287. [PMID: 35633388 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Palaeoecology involves analysis of fossil and sub-fossil evidence preserved within sediments to understand past species distributions, habitats and ecosystems. However, while palaeoecological research is sometimes made relevant to contemporary ecology, especially to advance understanding of biogeographical theory or inform habitat-based conservation at specific sites, most ecologists do not routinely incorporate palaeoecological evidence into their work. Thus most cross-discipline links are palaeoecology → ecology rather than ecology → palaeoecology. This is likely due to lack of awareness and/or the misnomer that palaeoecology invariably relates to the "distant past" (thousands of years) rather than being applicable to the "recent past" (last ~ 100-200 years). Here, we highlight opportunities for greater integration of palaeoecology within contemporary ecological research, policy, and practice. We identify situations where palaeoecology has been, or could be, used to (1) quantify recent temporal change (e.g. population dynamics; predator-prey cycles); (2) "rewind" to a particular point in ecological time (e.g. setting restoration/rewilding targets; classifying cryptogenic species); (3) understand current ecological processes that are hard to study real-time (e.g. identifying keystone species; detecting ecological tipping points); (4) complement primary data and historical records to bridge knowledge gaps (e.g. informing reintroductions and bioindicator frameworks); (5) disentangle natural and anthropogenic processes (e.g. climate change); and (6) draw palaeoecological analogues (e.g. impacts of pests). We conclude that the possibilities for better uniting ecology and palaeoecology to form an emerging cross-boundary paradigm are as extensive as they are exciting: we urge ecologists to learn from the past and seek opportunities to extend, improve, and strengthen their work using palaeoecological data.
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2
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Ingeman KE, Novak M. Effects of predator novelty on intraguild predation communities with adaptive prey defense. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-022-00534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractUnderstanding coexistence within community modules such as intraguild predation (IGP), where an omnivore both preys on and competes with an intermediate consumer for a shared resource, has provided insight into the mechanisms that promote the persistence of complex food webs. Adaptive, predator-specific defense has been shown theoretically to enhance coexistence of IGP communities when employed by shared prey. Yet to date, all such theory has assumed that prey have an accurate perception of predation risk and appropriate antipredator responses, assumptions that may not be justified when considering a novel predator. We therefore consider the effects of an introduced predator on IGP coexistence, describing two invasion scenarios: suboptimal defense, whereby a similar invader elicits an ineffective antipredator response; and naïveté toward an unfamiliar invader, for which prey fail to accurately estimate predation risk. We examine predictions for native predator persistence across gradients of enrichment and defense costs. The model predicts that predator novelty can weaken the effect of adaptive defense, causing exclusion of native predators that would persist in the absence of novelty and inducing unstable dynamics in previously stable regions of parameter space. Coexistence is predicted to be more sensitive to the effects of suboptimal defense than to naïveté, and differentially leads to the exclusion of native predators in highly productive environments and when defense costs are low. Moderate novelty of the omnivore can increase resource density via a trophic cascade, while consumer novelty can either lead to omnivore exclusion or facilitate three-species coexistence by providing a subsidy to the otherwise excluded native omnivore. Our analyses suggest that models of adaptive defense are sensitive to assumptions regarding predator–prey eco-evolutionary experience and that predator novelty has significant implications for food web dynamics.
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3
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Goldberg JF, Fraser DF, Lamphere BA, Reznick DN. Differential habitat use and recruitment facilitate coexistence in a community with intraguild predation. Ecology 2021; 103:e03558. [PMID: 34622952 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts that species engaged in intraguild predation (IGP) can only coexist under limited conditions, yet IGP is common in nature. Habitat complexity can promote coexistence by reducing encounter rates, but little information is known about the contribution of differential habitat use. We hypothesized that differential use of alternative habitats promotes coexistence of an intraguild (IG) predator and prey. We evaluated predictions of this hypothesis with an experimental introduction of an IG predator fish into four natural stream communities that previously contained only the IG prey fish. We monitored the development of this IGP over the course of four years to determine how each species used alternative stream habitats. The introduced species preferred pool habitats while the resident species was more evenly distributed across pools and riffles. The density of the resident decreased in the pool habitat preferred by the invader, accompanied by a local increase in the mean of the resident size distribution. Selective predation by the invader on hatchling residents appears to impact the residents' demographic response. The continued recruitment of resident juveniles in riffles, where the introduced species is rare, facilitated the persistence of the resident. This differential use of habitats was not accompanied by a change in the resident's growth rates in either habitat. Our results showed that differential habitat selection and recruitment promoted persistence during an invasion involving IGP, which helps to bridge the gap between theory and observation in explaining coexistence in IGP systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Goldberg
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521, USA
| | - Douglas F Fraser
- Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, New York, 12211, USA
| | - Bradley A Lamphere
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, 1301 College Avenue, Fredericksburg, Virginia, 22401, USA
| | - David N Reznick
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521, USA
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4
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Aguirre MB, Bruzzone OA, Triapitsyn SV, Diaz-Soltero H, Hight SD, Logarzo GA. Influence of competition and intraguild predation between two candidate biocontrol parasitoids on their potential impact against Harrisia cactus mealybug, Hypogeococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Sci Rep 2021; 11:13377. [PMID: 34183698 PMCID: PMC8239034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When two or more parasitoid species, particularly candidates for biocontrol, share the same target in the same temporal window, a complex of behaviors can occur among them. We studied the type of interactions (competition and intraguild predation) that existed between the nymphal parasitoids Anagyrus cachamai and A. lapachosus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), two candidate neoclassical biocontrol agents against the Puerto Rican cactus pest mealybug, Hypogeococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). The surrogate native congener host in Argentina, the cactus mealybug Hypogeococcus sp., was studied to predict which species should be released; in the case that both should be released, in which order, and their potential impact on host suppression. In the laboratory we conducted experiments where different densities of the host mealybug were exposed to naive females of A. cachamai and A. lapachosus sequentially in both directions. Experiments were analyzed by combining a series of competitive behavioral and functional response models. A fully Bayesian approach was used to select the best explaining models and calculate their parameters. Intraguild predation existed between A. cachamai, the species that had the greatest ability to exploit the resource, and A. lapachosus, the strongest species in the interference competition. The role that intraguild predation played in suppression of Hypogeococcus sp. indicated that a multiple release strategy for the two biocontrol agents would produce better control than a single release; as for the release order, A. lapachosus should be released first.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B Aguirre
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI), Bolívar 1559 (1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Octavio A Bruzzone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | | | | | - Stephen D Hight
- USDA-ARS-CMAVE at Center for Biological Control, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32308, USA
| | - Guillermo A Logarzo
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI), Bolívar 1559 (1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Tuckett QM, Deacon AE, Fraser D, Lyons TJ, Lawson KM, Hill JE. Unstable intraguild predation causes establishment failure of a globally invasive species. Ecology 2021; 102:e03411. [PMID: 34028015 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biotic resistance is often posited, but rarely known, to be the cause of invasion failure. Competition and predation are the most frequently identified processes that may prevent or limit the establishment of nonnative species. Interactions between nonnative and native species that involve intraguild predation (IGP) are very common in nature, although theory predicts most IGP systems should be unstable and lead to extinction. If this prediction is true, the frequency of invasion failures due to IGP may be underappreciated because of their fleeting nature and, thus, studies of unstable IGP systems are lacking, despite the opportunities they offer for understanding the factors affecting their unstable dynamics. We investigated a failed invasion involving an IGP relationship. In Florida, the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), a worldwide invader, fails to establish in the presence of eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). We tested whether and how resident mosquitofish cause guppy invasion failure using replicated mesocosm and aquarium trials. Both the predator and competitor components of the IGP relationship were strongly asymmetrical, with large impacts on guppies. We identified two effects, direct consumption of neonates and aggressive interference competition, that limited survival and recruitment. The highly unstable nature of this IGP relationship is the primary cause of the failure of the guppy to establish in Florida. Our study shows that the transient nature of an ephemeral IGP relationship can yield important insights into the underlying causes of invasion failure, including the role of strong biotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quenton M Tuckett
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida, 33570, USA
| | - Amy E Deacon
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Douglas Fraser
- Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, New York, 12211, USA
| | - Timothy J Lyons
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida, 33570, USA
| | - Katelyn M Lawson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Hill
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida, 33570, USA
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6
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Wimp GM, Murphy SM. Disentangling the effects of primary productivity and host plant traits on arthropod communities. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Wimp
- Department of Biology Georgetown University Washington DC USA
| | - Shannon M. Murphy
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Denver Denver CO USA
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7
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Pahl KB, Yurkowski DJ, Lees KJ, Hussey NE. Measuring the occurrence and strength of intraguild predation in modern food webs. FOOD WEBS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2020.e00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Chang FH, Ke PJ, Cardinale B. Weak intra-guild predation facilitates consumer coexistence but does not guarantee higher consumer density. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Liao J, Bearup D, Fagan WF. The role of omnivory in mediating metacommunity robustness to habitat destruction. Ecology 2020; 101:e03026. [PMID: 32083738 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Omnivores have long been known to play an important role in determining the stability of ecological communities. Recent theoretical studies have suggested that they may also increase the resilience of their communities to habitat destruction, one of the major drivers of species extinctions globally. However, these outcomes were obtained for minimal food webs consisting of only a single omnivore and its prey species, while much more complex communities can be anticipated in nature. In this study, we undertake a systematic comparative analysis of the robustness of metacommunities containing various omnivory structures to habitat loss and fragmentation using a mathematical model. We observe that, in general, omnivores are better able to survive facing habitat destruction than specialist predators of similar trophic level. However, the community as a whole does not always benefit from the presence of omnivores, as they may drive their intraguild prey to extinction. We also analyze the frequency with which these modules occur in a set of empirical food webs, and demonstrate that variation in their rate of occurrence is consistent with our model predictions. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering the complete food web in which an omnivore is embedded, suggesting that future study should focus on more holistic community analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Liao
- Ministry of Education's Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Ziyang Road 99, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Daniel Bearup
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of Kent, Parkwood Road, Canterbury, CT2 7FS, United Kingdom
| | - William F Fagan
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
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10
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Chang FH, Cardinale BJ. Intra-guild predation (IGP) can increase or decrease prey density depending on the strength of IGP. Ecology 2020; 101:e03012. [PMID: 32065659 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In consumer communities, intra-guild predation (IGP) is a commonly observed interaction that is widely believed to increase resource density. However, some recent theoretical work predicts that resource density should first decrease, and then increase as the strength of IGP increases. This occurs because weak to intermediate IGP increases the IG predator density more than it reduces the IG prey density, so that weak to intermediate IGP leads to the lowest resource density compared to weak or strong IGP. We test this prediction that basal resource density would first decrease and then increase as the strength of IGP increase. We used a well-studied system with two protozoa species engaged in IGP and three bacteria species as the basal resources. We experimentally manipulated the percentage of the IG prey population that was available to an IG predator as a proxy for IGP strength. We found that bacterial density first decreased (by ~25%) and then increased (by ~30%) as the strength of IGP increased. Using a modified version of a published IGP model, we were able to explain ~70% of the variation in protozoa and bacterial density. Agreement of the empirical results with model predictions suggests that IGP first increased the IG predator density by consuming a small proportion of the IG prey population, which in turn increased the summed consumer density and decreased the bacterial resource density. As IGP strength increased further, the IG predator became satiated by the IG prey, which then freed the bacterial resource from predation and thus increased bacterial density. Consequently, our work shows that IGP can indeed decrease or increase basal resource density depending on its strength. Consequently, the impacts of IGP on resource density is potentially more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hsun Chang
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bradley J Cardinale
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR), School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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11
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Fiałkowska E, Fiałkowski W, Pajdak-Stós A. The Relations Between Predatory Fungus and Its Rotifer Preys as a Noteworthy Example of Intraguild Predation (IGP). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:73-83. [PMID: 31236611 PMCID: PMC6957569 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intraguild predation (IGP) is a widespread interaction combining predation and competition. We investigated a unique IGP example among predacious fungus Zoophagus sp. and two rotifers, the predacious Cephalodella gibba and the common prey Lecane inermis. We checked the influence of the fungus on its competitor C. gibba and their joint influence on shared prey L. inermis, and the impact of the competitive predator on the growth of predacious fungus. The experiment on grown mycelium showed that Zoophagus strongly, negatively influences the growth of C. gibba (intermediate consumer) whose number did not increase throughout the experiment. The intermediate consumer was also trapped by Zoophagus and become extinct when it was its only prey, whereas in the absence of the fungus and with unlimited access to prey, its number grew quickly. As only few C. gibba were trapped by fungi when common preys were present, competition for food seems to have stronger effect on intermediate consumer population than predation. The experiment with conidia of the fungus showed that intermediate consumer significantly limits the growth of Zoophagus by reducing the number of available prey. It was observed that although the fungus can trap C. gibba, the latter does not support its growth. Trapping the intermediate consumer might serve to eliminate a competitor rather than to find a source of food. The chances of survival for L. inermis under the pressure of the two competing predators are scarce. It is the first example of IGP involving representatives of two kingdoms: Fungi and Animalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Fiałkowska
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecosystems Group, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Fiałkowski
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecosystems Group, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pajdak-Stós
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecosystems Group, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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12
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Moeller HV, Neubert MG, Johnson MD. Intraguild predation enables coexistence of competing phytoplankton in a well-mixed water column. Ecology 2019; 100:e02874. [PMID: 31463931 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Resource competition theory predicts that when two species compete for a single, finite resource, the better competitor should exclude the other. However, in some cases, weaker competitors can persist through intraguild predation, that is, by eating their stronger competitor. Mixotrophs, species that meet their carbon demand by combining photosynthesis and phagotrophic heterotrophy, may function as intraguild predators when they consume the phototrophs with which they compete for light. Thus, theory predicts that mixotrophy may allow for coexistence of two species on a single limiting resource. We tested this prediction by developing a new mathematical model for a unicellular mixotroph and phytoplankter that compete for light, and comparing the model's predictions with a laboratory experimental system. We find that, like other intraguild predators, mixotrophs can persist when an ecosystem is sufficiently productive (i.e., the supply of the limiting resource, light, is relatively high), or when species interactions are strong (i.e., attack rates and conversion efficiencies are high). Both our mathematical and laboratory models show that, depending upon the environment and species traits, a variety of equilibrium outcomes, ranging from competitive exclusion to coexistence, are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly V Moeller
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA.,Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michael G Neubert
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Matthew D Johnson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
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13
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Valdovinos FS. Mutualistic networks: moving closer to a predictive theory. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1517-1534. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S. Valdovinos
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Center for the Study of Complex Systems University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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14
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Start D. Ontogeny and Consistent Individual Differences Mediate Trophic Interactions. Am Nat 2018; 192:301-310. [DOI: 10.1086/698693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Marques RV, Sarmento RA, Oliveira AG, Rodrigues DDM, Venzon M, Pedro‐Neto M, Pallini A, Janssen A. Reciprocal intraguild predation and predator coexistence. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6952-6964. [PMID: 30073058 PMCID: PMC6065335 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraguild predation is a mix of competition and predation and occurs when one species feeds on another species that uses similar resources. Theory predicts that intraguild predation hampers coexistence of species involved, but it is common in nature. It has been suggested that increasing habitat complexity and the presence of alternative food may promote coexistence. Reciprocal intraguild predation limits possibilities for coexistence even further. Habitat complexity and the presence of alternative food are believed to promote coexistence. We investigated this using two species of predatory mites, Iphiseiodes zuluagai and Euseius concordis, by assessing co-occurrence in the field and on arenas differing in spatial structure in the laboratory. The predators co-occured on the same plants in the field. In the laboratory, adults of the two mites fed on juveniles of the other species, both in the presence and the absence of a shared food source, showing that the two species are involved in reciprocal intraguild predation. Adults of I. zuluagai also attacked adults of E. concordis. This suggests limited possibilities for coexistence of the two species. Indeed, E. concordis invariably went extinct extremely rapidly on arenas without spatial structure with populations consisting of all stages of the two predators and with a shared resource. Coexistence was prolonged on host plant leaves with extra food sources, but E. concordis still went extinct. On small, intact plants, coexistence of the two species was much longer, and ended with the other species, I. zuluagai, often going extinct. These results suggest that spatial structure and the presence of alternative food increase the coexistence period of intraguild predators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Madelaine Venzon
- Agriculture and Livestock Research Enterprise of Minas Gerais (EPAMIG)ViçosaMinas GeraisBrazil
| | | | - Angelo Pallini
- Department of EntomologyFederal University of ViçosaViçosaMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Arne Janssen
- Department of Evolutionary and Population BiologyIBEDUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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16
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Theory does not meet experiment: transient dynamics changes patterns of exclusion in an intraguild predation system. POPUL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-017-0602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Fonseca MM, Montserrat M, Guzmán C, Torres-Campos I, Pallini A, Janssen A. How to evaluate the potential occurrence of intraguild predation. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 72:103-114. [PMID: 28573422 PMCID: PMC5486849 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Intraguild predation is the combination of exploitative competition and predation among potential competitors that use similar resources. It has the potential to shape population dynamics and community structure. Although there is much empirical evidence for the occurrence of intraguild predation in natural ecosystems, the study of its effects is mainly limited to short-term microcosm experiments. There is, therefore, certain skepticism about its actual significance in nature. A relevant concern is that there is no consensus regarding criteria to evaluate the possible occurrence of intraguild predation in short-term experiments, and methodological differences may therefore underlie apparent inconsistencies among studies. Our purpose here was to evaluate existing criteria to offer guidance for the design of experiments to determine whether two species may potentially engage in intraguild predation. The criteria are based on the condition that intraguild predators need to experience immediate energetic gains when feeding on the intraguild prey. Thus, a relevant experimental design must quantify predation but also fitness benefits of feeding on the other species, i.e. increases in reproduction, somatic growth, or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Montserrat
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Celeste Guzmán
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Torres-Campos
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Angelo Pallini
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Arne Janssen
- IBED, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Intraguild Predation Dynamics in a Lake Ecosystem Based on a Coupled Hydrodynamic-Ecological Model: The Example of Lake Kinneret (Israel). BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6020022. [PMID: 28353646 PMCID: PMC5485469 DOI: 10.3390/biology6020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The food web of Lake Kinneret contains intraguild predation (IGP). Predatory invertebrates and planktivorous fish both feed on herbivorous zooplankton, while the planktivorous fish also feed on the predatory invertebrates. In this study, a complex mechanistic hydrodynamic-ecological model, coupled to a bioenergetics-based fish population model (DYCD-FISH), was employed with the aim of revealing IGP dynamics. The results indicate that the predation pressure of predatory zooplankton on herbivorous zooplankton varies widely, depending on the season. At the time of its annual peak, it is 10–20 times higher than the fish predation pressure. When the number of fish was significantly higher, as occurs in the lake after atypical meteorological years, the effect was a shift from a bottom-up controlled ecosystem, to the top-down control of planktivorous fish and a significant reduction of predatory and herbivorous zooplankton biomass. Yet, seasonally, the decrease in predatory-zooplankton biomass was followed by a decrease in their predation pressure on herbivorous zooplankton, leading to an increase of herbivorous zooplankton biomass to an extent similar to the base level. The analysis demonstrates the emergence of non-equilibrium IGP dynamics due to intra-annual and inter-annual changes in the physico-chemical characteristics of the lake, and suggests that IGP dynamics should be considered in food web models in order to more accurately capture mass transfer and trophic interactions.
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Wang X, Fan M, Hao L. Adaptive evolution of foraging-related trait in intraguild predation system. Math Biosci 2016; 274:1-11. [PMID: 26845664 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper considers a tri-trophic food chain in which the top predator (intraguild predator) also feeds on the basal resource. We refer to the model as intraguild predation. We analyze its dynamics from an evolutionary perspective. The attack rate or foraging effort of the middle species (intraguild prey) for the basal resources is assumed to be evolvable and is also assumed to be traded off with the vulnerability to being attacked by the top predator. We focus on the analysis of the evolutionary dynamics of the attack rate using the adaptive dynamics approximation of mutation limited evolution. In particular, the critical function analysis is applied. This study reveals that the evolutionary dynamics of the intraguild predation system is completely characterized by the concavity of the trade-off function and admits trichotomous dynamic scenarios: (1) when the trade-off function is more concave than the critical function, an evolutionary singular strategy exists and is a repeller; (2) when the trade-off function is less concave than the critical function, the evolutionary singular strategy is convergence stable and turns into an evolutionary branching point, in which case the monomorphic intraguild prey will split into two different types; (3) when the trade-off function is convex, the evolutionary singular strategy turns into a continuous stable strategy and is uninvadable. Our theoretical analysis suggests that the adaptive foraging behavior may strongly influence the community stability. Consequently, it may promote the diversity of intraguild prey and the persistence of the system on the evolutionary timescale, which highlight a more comprehensive mechanistic understanding of the intricate interplay between ecological and evolutionary force. This modeling approach provides a venue for research on indirect effects from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130024, PR China
| | - Meng Fan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130024, PR China.
| | - Lina Hao
- School of Basic Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, PR China
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Abstract
Understanding biological range expansions and invasions is of great ecological and economical interest. Importantly, spatial dynamics can be deeply affected by rapid evolution depending on the ecological context. Using experimental evolution in replicated microcosm landscapes and numerical analyses we show experimentally that the ecological process of range expansions leads to the evolution of increased dispersal. This evolutionary change counter-intuitively feeds back on (macro-)ecological patterns affecting the spatial distribution of population densities. While existing theory suggests that densities decrease from range cores to range margins due to K-selection, we show the reverse to be true when competition is considered explicitly including resource dynamics. We suggest that a dispersal-foraging trade-off, leading to more ‘prudent' foraging at range margins, is the driving mechanism behind the macroecological pattern reported. In conclusion, rapid multi-trait evolution and eco-evolutionary feedbacks are highly relevant for understanding macroecological patterns and designing appropriate conservation strategies. Biological range expansions and invasions can be affected by rapid evolution. Here the authors show an evolutionary increase of dispersal during range expansions and an increase of population densities from range cores to range margins in microcosm experiments with a freshwater ciliate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel A Fronhofer
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Florian Altermatt
- 1] Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland [2] Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Wilken S, Verspagen JMH, Naus-Wiezer S, Van Donk E, Huisman J. Biological control of toxic cyanobacteria by mixotrophic predators: an experimental test of intraguild predation theory. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 24:1235-49. [PMID: 25154110 DOI: 10.1890/13-0218.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intraguild predators both feed on and compete with their intraguild prey. In theory, intraguild predators can therefore be very effective as biological control agents of intraguild prey species, especially in productive environments. We investigated this hypothesis using the mixotrophic chrysophyte Ochromonas as intraguild predator and the harmful cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa as its prey. Ochromonas can grow photoautotrophically, but can also graze efficiently on Microcystis. Hence, it competes with its prey for inorganic resources. We developed a mathematical model and parameterized it for our experimental food web. The model predicts dominance of Microcystis at low nutrient loads, coexistence of both species at intermediate nutrient loads, and dominance of Ochromonas but a strong decrease of Microcystis at high nutrient loads. We tested these theoretical predictions in chemostat experiments supplied with three different nitrogen concentrations. Ochromonas initially suppressed the Microcystis abundance by > 97% compared to the Microcystis monocultures. Thereafter, however, Microcystis gradually recovered to -20% of its monoculture abundance at low nitrogen loads, but to 50-60% at high nitrogen loads. Hence, Ochromonas largely lost control over the Microcystis population at high nitrogen loads. We explored several mechanisms that might explain this deviation from theoretical predictions, and found that intraspecific interference at high Ochromonas densities reduced their grazing rates on Microcystis. These results illustrate the potential of intraguild predation to control pest species, but also show that the effectiveness of their biological control can be reduced in productive environments.
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Sentis A, Hemptinne JL, Brodeur J. Towards a mechanistic understanding of temperature and enrichment effects on species interaction strength, omnivory and food-web structure. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:785-93. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- Département de sciences biologiques; Institut de recherche en biologie végétale; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H1X2B2 Canada
- Université de Toulouse - École Nationale de Formation Agronomique; Unité Mixte de Recherche 5174 ‘Evolution et Diversité Biologique’; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; BP 22687 Castanet-Tolosan 31326 France
- Department of Ecosystem Biology; Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice 370 05 Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Louis Hemptinne
- Université de Toulouse - École Nationale de Formation Agronomique; Unité Mixte de Recherche 5174 ‘Evolution et Diversité Biologique’; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; BP 22687 Castanet-Tolosan 31326 France
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Département de sciences biologiques; Institut de recherche en biologie végétale; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H1X2B2 Canada
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(A bit) Earlier or later is always better: Phenological shifts in consumer–resource interactions. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-013-0207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Livingston G, Jiang Y, Fox JW, Leibold MA. The dynamics of community assembly under sudden mixing in experimental microcosms. Ecology 2013; 94:2898-906. [DOI: 10.1890/12-1993.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wilken S, Verspagen JMH, Naus-Wiezer S, Van Donk E, Huisman J. Comparison of predator-prey interactions with and without intraguild predation by manipulation of the nitrogen source. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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High intraguild predator density induces thinning effects on and increases temporal overlap with prey populations. POPUL ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-013-0419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wasserman RJ, Noyon M, Avery TS, Froneman PW. Trophic level stability-inducing effects of predaceous early juvenile fish in an estuarine mesocosm study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61019. [PMID: 23565294 PMCID: PMC3614981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classically, estuarine planktonic research has focussed largely on the physico-chemical drivers of community assemblages leaving a paucity of information on important biological interactions. Methodology/Principal Findings Within the context of trophic cascades, various treatments using in situ mesocosms were established in a closed estuary to highlight the importance of predation in stabilizing estuarine plankton abundances. Through either the removal (filtration) or addition of certain planktonic groups, five different trophic systems were established. These treatments contained varied numbers of trophic levels and thus different “predators” at the top of the food chain. The abundances of zooplankton (copepod and polychaete), ciliate, micro-flagellate, nano-flagellate and bacteria were investigated in each treatment, over time. The reference treatment containing apex zooplanktivores (early juvenile mullet) and plankton at natural densities mimicked a natural, stable state of an estuary. Proportional variability (PV) and coefficient of variation (CV) of temporal abundances were calculated for each taxon and showed that apex predators in this experimental ecosystem, when compared to the other systems, induced stability. The presence of these predators therefore had consequences for multiple trophic levels, consistent with trophic cascade theory. Conclusions/Significance PV and CV proved useful indices for comparing stability. Apex predators exerted a stabilizing pressure through feeding on copepods and polychaetes which cascaded through the ciliates, micro-flagellates, nano-flagellates and bacteria. When compared with treatments without apex predators, the role of predation in structuring planktonic communities in closed estuaries was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Wasserman
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
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Sentis A, Hemptinne JL, Brodeur J. How functional response and productivity modulate intraguild predation. Ecosphere 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00379.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Predator-prey role reversals, juvenile experience and adult antipredator behaviour. Sci Rep 2012; 2:728. [PMID: 23061011 PMCID: PMC3469038 DOI: 10.1038/srep00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although biologists routinely label animals as predators and prey, the ecological role of individuals is often far from clear. There are many examples of role reversals in predators and prey, where adult prey attack vulnerable young predators. This implies that juvenile prey that escape from predation and become adult can kill juvenile predators. We show that such an exposure of juvenile prey to adult predators results in behavioural changes later in life: after becoming adult, these prey killed juvenile predators at a faster rate than prey that had not been exposed. The attacks were specifically aimed at predators of the species to which they had been exposed. This suggests that prey recognize the species of predator to which they were exposed during their juvenile stage. Our results show that juvenile experience affects adult behaviour after a role reversal.
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Kratina P, LeCraw RM, Ingram T, Anholt BR. Stability and persistence of food webs with omnivory: Is there a general pattern? Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00121.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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31
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Ingram T, Svanbäck R, Kraft NJB, Kratina P, Southcott L, Schluter D. INTRAGUILD PREDATION DRIVES EVOLUTIONARY NICHE SHIFT IN THREESPINE STICKLEBACK. Evolution 2012; 66:1819-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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References. COMMUNITY ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9781444341966.refs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Harvey JA, Pashalidou F, Soler R, Bezemer TM. Intrinsic competition between two secondary hyperparasitoids results in temporal trophic switch. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hammill E, Kratina P, Beckerman AP, Anholt BR. Precise time interactions between behavioural and morphological defences. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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van der Hammen T, de Roos AM, Sabelis MW, Janssen A. Order of invasion affects the spatial distribution of a reciprocal intraguild predator. Oecologia 2010; 163:79-89. [PMID: 20169453 PMCID: PMC2853694 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When intraguild predation is reciprocal, i.e. two predator species kill and feed on each other, theory predicts that well-mixed populations of the two species cannot coexist. At low levels of the shared resource, only the best competitor exists, whereas if the level of the common resource is high, the first species to arrive on a patch can reach high numbers, which prevents the invasion of the second species through intraguild predation. The order of invasion may therefore be of high importance in systems with reciprocal intraguild predation with high levels of productivity, with the species arriving first excluding the other species. However, natural systems are not well mixed and usually have a patchy structure, which gives individuals the possibility to choose patches without the other predator, thus reducing opportunities for intraguild predation. Such avoidance behaviour can cause spatial segregation between predator species, which, in turn, may weaken the intraguild interaction strength and facilitate their co-occurrence in patchy systems. Using a simple set-up, we studied the spatial distribution of two reciprocal intraguild predators when either of them was given priority on a patch with food. We released females of two predatory mite species sequentially and found that both species avoided patches on which the other species was resident. This resulted in partial spatial segregation of the species and thus a lower chance for the two species to encounter each other. Such behaviour reinforces segregation, because heterospecifics avoid patches with established populations of the other species. This may facilitate coexistence of two intraguild predators that would exclude each other in well-mixed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa van der Hammen
- Section of Population Biology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Verdy A, Amarasekare P. Alternative stable states in communities with intraguild predation. J Theor Biol 2010; 262:116-28. [PMID: 19765596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Verdy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 90095, USA.
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Reiss J, Forster J, Cássio F, Pascoal C, Stewart R, Hirst AG. When Microscopic Organisms Inform General Ecological Theory. ADV ECOL RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385005-8.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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40
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González-Fernández JJ, de la Peña F, Hormaza JI, Boyero JR, Vela JM, Wong E, Trigo MM, Montserrat M. Alternative food improves the combined effect of an omnivore and a predator on biological pest control. A case study in avocado orchards. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2009; 99:433-444. [PMID: 19061535 DOI: 10.1017/s000748530800641x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ecological communities used in biological pest control are usually represented as three-trophic level food chains with top-down control. However, at least two factors complicate this simple way of characterizing agricultural communities. First, agro-ecosystems are composed of several interacting species forming complicated food webs. Second, the structure of agricultural communities may vary in time. Efficient pest management approaches need to integrate these two factors to generate better predictions for pest control. In this work, we identified the food web components of an avocado agro-ecosystem, and unravelled patterns of co-occurrence and interactions between these components through field and laboratory experiments. This allowed us to predict community changes that would improve the performance of the naturally occurring predators and to test these predictions in field population experiments. Field surveys revealed that the food-web structure and species composition of the avocado community changed in time. In spring, the community was characterized by a linear food chain of Euseius stipulatus, an omnivorous mite, feeding on pollen. In the summer, E. stipulatus and a predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus, shared a herbivorous mite prey. Laboratory experiments confirmed these trophic interactions and revealed that N. californicus can feed inside the prey nests, whereas E. stipulatus cannot, which may further reduce competition among predators. Finally, we artificially increased the coexistence of the two communities via addition of the non-herbivore food source (pollen) for the omnivore. This led to an increase in predator numbers and reduced populations of the herbivore. Therefore, the presence of pollen is expected to improve pest control in this system.
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Schröder A, Nilsson KA, Persson L, van Kooten T, Reichstein B. Invasion success depends on invader body size in a size-structured mixed predation-competition community. J Anim Ecol 2009; 78:1152-62. [PMID: 19682142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. The size of an individual is an important determinant of its trophic position and the type of interactions it engages in with other heterospecific and conspecific individuals. Consequently an individual's ecological role in a community changes with its body size over ontogeny, leading to that trophic interactions between individuals are a size-dependent and ontogenetically variable mixture of competition and predation. 2. Because differently sized individuals thus experience different biotic environments, invasion success may be determined by the body size of the invaders. Invasion outcome may also depend on the productivity of the system as productivity influences the biotic environment. 3. In a laboratory experiment with two poeciliid fishes the body size of the invading individuals and the daily amount of food supplied were manipulated. 4. Large invaders established persistent populations and drove the resident population to extinction in 10 out of 12 cases, while small invaders failed in 10 out of 12 trials. Stable coexistence was virtually absent. Invasion outcome was independent of productivity. 5. Further analyses suggest that small invaders experienced a competitive recruitment bottleneck imposed on them by the resident population. In contrast, large invaders preyed on the juveniles of the resident population. This predation allowed the large invaders to establish successfully by decreasing the resident population densities and thus breaking the bottleneck. 6. The results strongly suggest that the size distribution of invaders affects their ability to invade, an implication so far neglected in life-history omnivory systems. The findings are further in agreement with predictions of life-history omnivory theory, that size-structured interactions demote coexistence along a productivity gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schröder
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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42
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Banerji A, Morin PJ. Phenotypic plasticity, intraguild predation and anti-cannibal defences in an enigmatic polymorphic ciliate. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Webb JK, Pringle RM, Shine R. Intraguild predation, thermoregulation, and microhabitat selection by snakes. Behav Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arp011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
The prevalence of intraguild predation (IGP) in productive environments has long puzzled ecologists. Theory predicts the exclusion of intraguild prey from such environments, but data consistently defy this expectation. This suggests that coexistence mechanisms at high resource productivity may differ from those at lower productivity. Here I present a mathematical model that investigates multiple coexistence mechanisms. I incorporate two biological features widely observed in IGP communities: intraspecific interference via cannibalism or superparasitism, and temporal refuges arising from differential sensitivities to abiotic variation. I develop predictions based on three aspects of the IG prey-IG predator interaction: mutual invasibility, transient dynamics, and long-term abundances. These predictions specify the conditions under which coexistence mechanisms reinforce vs. deter one another: when a competition-IGP trade-off allows coexistence at intermediate productivity a temporal refuge for the intraguild prey always allows coexistence at high productivity, but intraspecific interference does so only at a net fitness cost to the intraguild predator. Intraspecific interference that benefits the intraguild predator not only reduces tradeoff-mediated coexistence at intermediate productivity, but also undermines the refuge's coexistence-enhancing effect at high productivity. Different mechanism combinations yield characteristic signatures in time series data during transient dynamics. By judicious measurement of parameters and examining time series for critical signatures, one can elucidate the mechanisms that allow IGP to prevail in resource-rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanga Amarasekare
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Rudolf VHW. The interaction of cannibalism and omnivory: consequences for community dynamics. Ecology 2008; 88:2697-705. [PMID: 18051636 DOI: 10.1890/06-1266.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although cannibalism is ubiquitous in food webs and frequent in systems where a predator and its prey also share a common resource (intraguild predation, IGP), its impacts on species interactions and the dynamics and structure of communities are still poorly understood. In addition, the few existing studies on cannibalism have generally focused on cannibalism in the top-predator, ignoring that it is frequent at intermediate trophic levels. A set of structured models shows that cannibalism can completely alter the dynamics and structure of three-species IGP systems depending on the trophic position where cannibalism occurs. Contrary to the expectations of simple models, the IG predator can exploit the resources more efficiently when it is cannibalistic, enabling the predator to persist at lower resource densities than the IG prey. Cannibalism in the IG predator can also alter the effect of enrichment, preventing predator-mediated extinction of the IG prey at high productivities predicted by simple models. Cannibalism in the IG prey can reverse the effect of top-down cascades, leading to an increase in the resource with decreasing IG predator density. These predictions are consistent with current data. Overall, cannibalism promotes the coexistence of the IG predator and IG prey. These results indicate that including cannibalism in current models can overcome the discrepancy between theory and empirical data. Thus, we need to measure and account for cannibalistic interactions to reliably predict the structure and dynamics of communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker H W Rudolf
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA.
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50
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Janssen A, Sabelis MW, Magalhães S, Montserrat M, van der Hammen T. HABITAT STRUCTURE AFFECTS INTRAGUILD PREDATION. Ecology 2007; 88:2713-9. [PMID: 18051638 DOI: 10.1890/06-1408.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Janssen
- IBED, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94084, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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