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De Clercq P. Plants in the rearing of arthropod predators and parasitoids: benefits, constraints, and alternatives. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 61:101139. [PMID: 37944695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This review explores the roles of plants in rearing systems for arthropod biological control agents, addressing benefits and drawbacks. The utilization of plant materials in mass rearing processes for predators and parasitoids serves various purposes. Natural rearing systems require plants for cultivating hosts or prey. Whereas these rearing systems can be economically viable, they also have important practical limitations. Alternative rearing strategies make use of plant components as sources of moisture or nutrients, and as living or oviposition substrates. Plant-derived foods, such as honey and pollen, can be used as stand-alone foods for the rearing of several omnivorous parasitoids and predators. Certain omnivorous predators show enhanced life table parameters when suboptimal food is supplemented with plant materials. However, the integration of plants into rearing systems introduces complexities that challenge their efficiency, as plant defenses and contaminants can impact natural enemy fitness. Therefore, alternatives to plant foods or substrates in the rearing environment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick De Clercq
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Lemos F, Bajda S, Duarte MVA, Alba JM, Van Leeuwen T, Pallini A, Sabelis MW, Janssen A. Imperfect diet choice reduces the performance of a predatory mite. Oecologia 2023; 201:929-939. [PMID: 36947271 PMCID: PMC10113300 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Two mutually unexclusive hypotheses prevail in the theory of nutritional ecology: the balanced diet hypothesis states that consumers feed on different food items because they have complementary nutrient and energy compositions. The toxin-dilution hypothesis poses that consumers feed on different food items to dilute the toxins present in each. Both predict that consumers should not feed on low-quality food when ample high-quality food forming a complete diet is present. We investigated the diet choice of Phytoseiulus persimilis, a predatory mite of web-producing spider mites. It can develop and reproduce on single prey species, for example the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. A closely related prey, T. evansi, is of notorious bad quality for P. persimilis and other predator species. We show that juvenile predators feeding on this prey have low survival and do not develop into adults. Adults stop reproducing and have increased mortality when feeding on it. Feeding on a mixed diet of the two prey decreases predator performance, but short-term effects of feeding on the low-quality prey can be partially reversed by subsequently feeding on the high-quality prey. Yet, predators consume low-quality prey in the presence of high-quality prey, which is in disagreement with both hypotheses. We suggest that it is perhaps not the instantaneous reproduction on single prey or mixtures of prey that matters for the fitness of predators, but that it is the overall reproduction by a female and her offspring on an ephemeral prey patch, which may be increased by including inferior prey in their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Lemos
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Ecology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Acarology, Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36, Viçosa, MG, 570-000, Brazil
- Ecofit- Bioinsumos, Araxá, MG, Brazil
| | - Sabina Bajda
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marcus V A Duarte
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Ecology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Acarology, Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36, Viçosa, MG, 570-000, Brazil
- R&D Department, Biobest Group NV, Westerlo, Belgium
| | - Juan M Alba
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Ecology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Angelo Pallini
- Laboratory of Acarology, Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36, Viçosa, MG, 570-000, Brazil
| | - Maurice W Sabelis
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Ecology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Janssen
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Ecology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Acarology, Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36, Viçosa, MG, 570-000, Brazil.
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Feng L, Du Z, Zhang S, Zhang S, Meng Q, Tajovský K. Omnivorous Notoxus trinotatus Pic (Coleoptera: Anthicidae) is a newly recognized vector of northern leaf blight in maize. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 112:e21991. [PMID: 36533994 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The adaptations of omnivorous insects to food are manifested in a multifaceted manner, and the availability of food resources directly determines insect feeding tendencies, which contribute to a complex insect-food relationship and impact insect functionality in the environment. Stable isotope analysis was applied to test the feeding preference and further define the functional role of omnivorous beetles in cropland. Our results confirmed that as an omnivorous beetle, the fungivorous nature of Notoxus trinotatus accounted for a prominent proportion food selection at the adult stage, and more importantly, this dietary feature contributed to the dispersal of the northern corn leaf blight in maize (NLB) during the feeding trials. In addition to the preference for fungi, water supplementation was an essential element extending adult longevity, which directly prolonged the contact time of adults with pathogenic fungi in agricultural fields. Consistent with the herbivorous characteristics of beetles, before the emergence of NLB fungal pathogens, corn tissues served as the main food, which provided the beetles with more opportunities to transmit fungal pathogen propagules. We conclude that the role of N. trinotatus in carrying NLB pathogen is due to its feeding on this plant mycopathogen, and an increased abundance of beetles carrying the pathogen may increase the rate of NLB disease infestation. More focus should be concentrated on the functions of fungivorous beetles, not only as pathogen-transmitting pests, but also as an element among the balanced biotic factors in farmland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Feng
- Department of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
- Forestry College, Beihua University, Jilin, China
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zhiqi Du
- Forestry College, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Qingfan Meng
- Forestry College, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Karel Tajovský
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Mitchell JC, D’Amico V, Trammell TLE, Frank SD. Carabid specialists respond differently to nonnative plant invasion in urban forests. Urban Ecosyst 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-022-01323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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5
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Guruswamy M, Marimuthu M, Coll M. Negative Effects of Phthorimaea absoluta-Resistant Tomato Genotypes on the Zoophytophagous Biocontrol Agent, Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). INSECTS 2023; 14:160. [PMID: 36835729 PMCID: PMC9965615 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Complex interactions between host plant resistance (HPR) and biological control agents, particularly omnivorous predators, can shape the outcome of an integrated pest management (IPM) program. However, such interactions are seldom explored during plant breeding programs. Therefore, in the present study, we compared the performance of the omnivorous biological control agent Orius laevigatus on six tomato genotypes with different levels of resistance to the tomato leaf miner Phthorimaea absoluta. We found that the O. laevigatus fitness components (i.e., egg deposition, egg hatching rate, and duration of egg, early nymphal, late nymphal stages, and their survival) were inferior on the wild resistant genotypes (LA 716 and LA 1777) in comparison to the resistant domesticated genotype EC 620343 and the susceptible genotypes (EC 705464 and EC 519819). It appears that the adverse effects of tomato genotypes on O. laevigatus are determined mainly by glandular and non-glandular trichome densities on the leaves. Comparison of O. laevigatus response to the tested tomato cultivars to that of P. absoluta revealed significant positive correlations in duration of the egg stages, development time of early and late larval stages, and overall immature mortality in both species. It appears, therefore, that defensive plant traits operate in a similar way on the pest and its predator in the system. Overall, the present study of the tomato-P. absoluta-O. laevigatus system provides experimental evidence for the need to optimize pest management by employing intermediate levels of crop resistance together with biological control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Guruswamy
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Murugan Marimuthu
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
| | - Moshe Coll
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Rinehart S, Long JD. Numerical responses of omnivorous arthropods to plant alternative resources suppress prey populations: a meta-analysis. Ecology 2021; 103:e3623. [PMID: 34967951 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Omnivory is ubiquitous in ecological communities. Yet, we lack a consensus of how plant alternative resources impact the ability of omnivores to suppress prey populations. Previous work suggests that plant alternative resources can increase, decrease, or have no effect on the magnitude of omnivore-prey interactions. This discrepancy may arise from 1) the ability of omnivores to numerically respond to plant alternative resources and 2) identity-specific effects of plant alternative resources. We used a meta-analysis to examine how omnivore numerical responses and the identity of plant alternative resources affect 1) omnivore predation rates (mainly reported as per capita predation rate) and 2) omnivore impacts on prey population density. Plant alternative resources reduced omnivore predation rate regardless of identity. The suppression of predation rate by flowers and flowering plants was magnified when pollen alone was tested as the alternative resource. Surprisingly, plant alternative resource availability reduced prey density, suggesting that omnivore predation increased with plant alternative resources. This discrepancy (plant alternative resources decreased omnivore predation rates but also decreased prey density) resulted from experimental differences in the ability of omnivores to respond numerically to plant alternative resources. In the presence of plant alternative resources, allowing omnivore numerical responses decreased prey density, while not allowing numerical responses increased prey density. Because omnivores commonly suppress prey density in the presence of plant alternative resources when numerical responses of omnivores are allowed, the effectiveness of biological control may depend upon the availability of such resources and the facilitation of numerical responses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rinehart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.,Department of Biology and the Coastal and Marine Institute Laboratory, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - J D Long
- Department of Biology and the Coastal and Marine Institute Laboratory, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
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Cuny MAC, Bourne ME, Dicke M, Poelman EH. The enemy of my enemy is not always my friend: Negative effects of carnivorous arthropods on plants. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchel E. Bourne
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
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Luo J, Cheng Y, Guo L, Wang A, Lu M, Xu L. Variation of gut microbiota caused by an imbalance diet is detrimental to bugs' survival. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144880. [PMID: 33736123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diet is an important factor in shaping and influencing both an insect's phenotype and gut bacterial community, which commonly establishes diversely symbiotic interactions with the host. Efforts to leverage the connection between diet, insects, and gut microbiome primarily focus on how diet alters insect's phenotype or gut microbial composition and relatively few studies have illuminated the link between the diet-induced insect phenotypic difference and variation of gut microbiota. Mirids bugs, Adelphocoris suturalis, are plant sap-feeding omnivores that sometimes complementarily prey on other insects, like aphids (the dietary regime is referred to hereafter as balanced diet). In this study, we found that an imbalanced diet (exclusive ingestion of aphids) induced significantly higher mortality in A. suturalis (86.66%). Further gut microbial community analysis showed that the dietary difference significantly changed both the abundance and composition of the bug's gut microbiome. Most notably, an abundance of entomopathogenic Serratia bacteria in the A. suturalis gut was positively correlated with the proportion of aphids in A. suturalis diet, and Serratia marcescens was found to transfer into the hemocoels of carnivorous bugs. Injection of S. marcescens to the hemocoels further confirmed its detrimental effect to the bugs. Collectively, our study suggests that the diet-altered variation of gut microbiota may be detrimental to host insect, advancing the knowledge of omnivorous insects' strategy in forage allocation of different foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yanxia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Libin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Aoli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
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Ugine TA, Gill HK, Hernandez N, Grebenok RJ, Behmer ST, Losey JE. Predator Performance and Fitness Is Dictated by Herbivore Prey Type Plus Indirect Effects of their Host Plant. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:877-888. [PMID: 33528738 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Animals, including herbivores and predators, use diet-mixing to balance their macro- and micronutrient intake. Recent work demonstrated that lady beetles fed only pea aphids from fava beans had reduced fitness caused by a deficiency of dietary sterols. However, beetles redressed this deficit by eating fava bean leaves. In the current study we used Coccinella septempunctata as a model to test the hypotheses that pea aphids are a poor sterol resource independent of their host plant, and that fava beans produce low quality prey regardless of aphid species. Additionally, we tested the reproductive rescue capacity of alfalfa and barley foliage compared to fava, and profiled the sterols of phloem exudates, foliage, and aphids reared on these different hosts. Beetle fecundity and egg viability was significantly better when provided pea aphids reared on alfalfa (compared to fava beans) and green peach aphids reared on fava plants. Alfalfa and barley leaves were not consumed by beetles and did not support beetle reproduction. The sterol profile of aphids largely reflected their host plant phloem. However, green peach aphids from fava acquired 125-times more sterol than pea aphids from fava. Our findings show how the sterol content of different host-plants can affect the third trophic level. Our results suggest that 1) prey quality varies depending on prey species, even when they occur on the same plant, 2) plant species can mediate prey quality, 3) host plant-mediated effects on prey quality partially drive omnivory, and 4) diet-mixing benefits growth and reproduction by redressing micronutrient deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Ugine
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 169 Helios Circle, Ithaca, NY, 14853-2601, USA.
| | - Harsimran K Gill
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 169 Helios Circle, Ithaca, NY, 14853-2601, USA
| | - Nicolo Hernandez
- Department of Biology, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY, 14208, USA
| | | | - Spencer T Behmer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
| | - John E Losey
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 169 Helios Circle, Ithaca, NY, 14853-2601, USA
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Ugine TA, Nagra A, Grebenok RJ, Behmer ST, Losey JE. Herbivory improves the fitness of predatory beetles. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2473-2484. [PMID: 32909254 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While many predatory arthropods consume non-prey foods from lower trophic levels, little is known about what drives the shift from predator to omnivore. Predatory lady beetles often consume non-prey foods like plant foliage and pollen. One species, Coccinella septempunctata, eats foliage to redress sterol deficits caused by eating sterol-deficient prey. Here we explore how omnivory benefits lady beetle fitness. We reared seven species of lady beetles-from five genera distributed across the tribe Coccinellini-on pea aphids in the presence or absence of fava bean foliage; pea aphids have very low sterol content. Foliage supplements lengthened the development times of four species and decreased survival to adulthood of two species; it had no effect on adult mass. We mated beetles in a 2 × 2 factorial design (males with or without foliage paired with females with or without foliage). For each species, we observed a profound paternal effect of foliage supplements on fitness. Females mated to foliage-supplemented males laid more eggs and more viable eggs compared to females mated to non-supplemented males. Foliage-supplemented males produced 2.9-4.6 times more sperm compared to non-supplemented males for the three species we examined. We analysed the sterol profile of four beetle species reared on pea aphids-with or without foliage-and compared their sterol profile to field-collected adults. For two laboratory-reared species, sterols were not detected in adult male beetles, and overall levels were generally low (total ng of sterol/beetle range: 3-33 ng); the exception being Propylea quatuordecimpunctata females (total ng of sterol/beetle range: 50-157 ng). Laboratory-reared lady beetle sterol content was not significantly affected by the presence of foliage. Field-collected beetles had higher levels of sterols compared to laboratory-reared beetles (2,452-145,348 ng per beetle); cholesterol and sitosterol were the dominant sterols in both field-collected and laboratory-reared beetles. Our findings indicate that herbivory benefits lady beetle fitness across the Coccinellini, and that this was entirely a paternal effect. Our data provide a rare example of a nutritional constraint impacting fitness in a sex-specific manner. It also shows, more broadly, how a nutritional constraint can drive predators towards omnivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Ugine
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Avneet Nagra
- Department of Biology, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Spencer T Behmer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - John E Losey
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Pearse IS, LoPresti E, Schaeffer RN, Wetzel WC, Mooney KA, Ali JG, Ode PJ, Eubanks MD, Bronstein JL, Weber MG. Generalising indirect defence and resistance of plants. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1137-1152. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian S. Pearse
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center 2150 Centre Ave #C Ft Collins CO 80526 USA
| | - Eric LoPresti
- Department of Plant Biology Evolutionary Biology & Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | | | - William C. Wetzel
- Department of Entomology and Ecology Evolutionary Biology & Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Kailen A. Mooney
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine, CA USA
| | - Jared G. Ali
- Department of Entomology Penn State University State College PA USA
| | - Paul J. Ode
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Department of Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Micky D. Eubanks
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Judith L. Bronstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - Marjorie G. Weber
- Department of Plant Biology Evolutionary Biology & Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
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12
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De Heij SE, Willenborg CJ. Connected Carabids: Network Interactions and Their Impact on Biocontrol by Carabid Beetles. Bioscience 2020; 70:490-500. [PMID: 32536691 PMCID: PMC7277018 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carabid beetles can greatly contribute to biocontrol in agroecosystems, reducing both insect pests and weed seeds. However, insect foraging and feeding behavior can be highly dependent on the interaction network and spatial structure of the environment, which can make their biocontrol contributions variable. In the present article, we explore how the interaction network of carabids can affect their behavior and how spatial vegetation structure and specific agronomy practices can, in turn, affect the strength of interactions in their network. We suggest that research on carabid biocontrol should move toward an approach in which the network of interactions among pests, carabids, and other organisms within its spatial structure is evaluated, with equal focus on direct and indirect interactions, and provide examples of tools to do so. Overall, we believe this approach will improve our knowledge of carabid networks, help to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of biocontrol, and lay the foundation for future biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie E De Heij
- Department of Agriculture at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Christian J Willenborg
- Department of Agriculture at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Boll PK, Marques D, Leal-Zanchet AM. Mind the food: Survival, growth and fecundity of a Neotropical land planarian (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) under different diets. ZOOLOGY 2019; 138:125722. [PMID: 31783237 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.125722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although most land planarians are sensitive to environmental changes, some species are well adapted to human-disturbed areas and are easily transported to new places, having the potential to threaten native ecosystems. We investigated growth and survival in a land planarian common in human-disturbed areas in southern Brazil. Specimens of Obama anthropophila were divided into three groups that received different diets: (1) only the land planarian Luteostriata abundans (N=13), (2) only the slug Deroceras leave (N=12), and (3) alternating both prey types (N=13). We monitored the weight of the specimens for a month and counted and weighed egg capsules. Planarians receiving a mixed diet tended to survive less than the groups receiving a single prey type; there were significant differences between those feeding on D. laeve and the other groups. Planarians with the mixed diet ate L. abundans more often than D. laeve, and those feeding only on L. abundans tended to eat more than the other groups. Most egg capsules were laid by specimens with a diet based on D. laeve but the mixed-diet group laid heavier capsules. Both prey species are suitable as food for O. anthropophila, although it prefers planarians when both food items are available. The constant alternation between food items seems to have adverse effects, perhaps related to physiological changes to digest different food items. The heavier egg capsules of the mixed-diet group, considering its lower survival, suggest terminal investment, i.e., an increased reproductive effort when approaching death. The ability to feed on both snails and planarians, combined with its proximity to humans, make O. anthropophila a potentially invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piter Kehoma Boll
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Planárias and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS, Av. Unisinos, 950, Cristo Rei, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022-750, Brazil.
| | - Douglas Marques
- Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Farroupilha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Leal-Zanchet
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Planárias and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS, Av. Unisinos, 950, Cristo Rei, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022-750, Brazil
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Dumont F, Réale D, Lucas É. Can Isogroup Selection of Highly Zoophagous Lines of a Zoophytophagous Bug Improve Biocontrol of Spider Mites in Apple Orchards? INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10090303. [PMID: 31540397 PMCID: PMC6780391 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zoophytophagous predators provide benefits in agroecosystems when feeding on pests, but they can also cause crop damage. Optimizing the use of zoophytophagous predators as biocontrol agents would require improving pest control and/or limiting damage. Populations of a zoophytophagous species can be composed of a mix of individuals diverging in their level of diet specialization. Consequently, depending on their level of zoophagy, individuals would vary widely in the benefits and risks they provide to pest management. We tested the hypothesis that manipulating the composition of the population of a zoophytophagous insect, the mullein bug, Campylomma verbasci (Hemiptera: Miridae), towards an increased zoophagy would increase their net benefit in an apple orchard. We compared the inherent benefits and risks of two different isogroup lines of mullein bug that genetically differed in their level of zoophagy. In spring, when damage occurs, both strains infrequently punctured apple fruit, which rarely lead to damage and therefore represented a low risk. During summer, only the highly-zoophagous line impacted the spider mite population, while the lowly-zoophagous line did not differ from the control treatments. We concluded that manipulating the composition of the zoophytophagous predator population provided extra net benefits that improved pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Dumont
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succ. Centre Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Denis Réale
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succ. Centre Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Éric Lucas
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succ. Centre Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
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15
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Rinehart S, Long JD. Conspecifics, not pollen, reduce omnivore prey consumption. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215264. [PMID: 31437158 PMCID: PMC6705780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen can decrease (via reduced consumption) or increase (via numerical response) an omnivores consumption of animal prey. Although pollen can increase predation pressure through numerical responses of omnivores, pollen may also suppress predation by increasing omnivore interactions with conspecifics. Despite this potential, studies of the impacts of pollen on predation by omnivores often overlook the effect of these tissues on intraspecific interactions between omnivores. We designed three studies to examine how Spartina foliosa pollen and conspecific density impact scale insect prey consumption by ladybeetle (Naemia seriata) omnivores. First, we assessed how pollen impacts scale insect consumption by isolated ladybeetles. Second, we measured how pollen influences ladybeetle prey suppression when numerical responses were possible. Third, because initial experiments suggested the consumption rates of individual ladybeetles depended on conspecific density, we compared per capita consumption rates of ladybeetles across ladybeetle density. Pollen did not influence prey consumption by isolated ladybeetles. When numerical responses were possible, pollen did not influence total predation on prey despite increasing ladybeetle density, suggesting that pollen decreased per capita prey consumption by ladybeetles. The discrepancy between these studies is likely a consequence of differences in ladybeetle density-the presence of only two other conspecifics decreased per capita prey consumption by 76%. Our findings suggest that pollen may not alter the population level effects of omnivores on prey when omnivore numerical responses are offset by reductions in per capita predation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Rinehart
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Coastal and Marine Institute Laboratory, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J. D. Long
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Coastal and Marine Institute Laboratory, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
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16
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Rosenheim JA, Booster NA, Culshaw-Maurer M, Mueller TG, Kuffel RL, Law YH, Goodell PB, Pierce T, Godfrey LD, Hunter WB, Sadeh A. Disease, contagious cannibalism, and associated population crash in an omnivorous bug, Geocoris pallens. Oecologia 2019; 190:69-83. [PMID: 31049659 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Disease and cannibalism are two strongly density-dependent processes that can suppress predator populations. Here we show that California populations of the omnivorous predatory bug Geocoris pallens are subject to infection by a pathogen, as yet unidentified, that elicits elevated expression of cannibalism. Laboratory experiments showed that the pathogen is moderately virulent, causing flattened abdomens, elevated nymphal mortality, delayed development, and reduced body size of adult females. Infection furthermore increases the expression of cannibalism. Field populations of Geocoris spp. declined strongly in association with sharp increases in the expression of egg cannibalism by adult G. pallens. Increased cannibalism was accompanied by a strongly bimodal distribution of cannibalism expression, with some females (putatively uninfected) expressing little cannibalism and others (putatively infected) consuming most or all of the eggs present. Highly cannibalistic females did not increase their consumption of Ephestia cautella moth eggs, suggesting that the high cannibalism phenotype reflected a specific loss of restraint against eating conspecifics. Highly cannibalistic females also often exhibited reduced egg laying, consistent with a virulent pathogen; less frequently, more cannibalistic females exhibited elevated egg laying, suggesting that cannibalism might also facilitate recycling of nutrients in eggs. Elevated cannibalism was not correlated with reduced prey availability or elevated field densities of G. pallens. Geocoris pallens population crashes appear to reflect the combined consequences of direct virulence-adverse pathogen effects on the infected host's physiology-and indirect virulence-mortality of both infected and uninfected individuals due to elevated cannibalism expression by infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Booster
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Michael Culshaw-Maurer
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tobias G Mueller
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Randall L Kuffel
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yao-Hua Law
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Treanna Pierce
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Larry D Godfrey
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Wayne B Hunter
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Asaf Sadeh
- Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Rishon LeTsion, 7505101, Israel.
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17
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Food decisions of an omnivorous thrips are independent from the indirect effects of jasmonate-inducible plant defences on prey quality. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1727. [PMID: 30741999 PMCID: PMC6370905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant defensive substances can affect the quality of herbivores as prey for predators either directly or indirectly. Directly when the prey has become toxic since it ingested toxic plant material and indirectly when these defences have affected the size and/or nutritional value (both quality parameters) of prey or their abundance. To disentangle direct and indirect effects of JA-defences on prey quality for predators, we used larvae of the omnivorous thrips Frankliniella occidentalis because these are not directly affected by the jasmonate-(JA)-regulated defences of tomato. We offered these thrips larvae the eggs of spider mites (Tetranychus urticae or T. evansi) that had been feeding from either normal tomato plants, JA-impaired plants, or plants treated with JA to artificially boost defences and assessed their performance. Thrips development and survival was reduced on the diet of T. evansi eggs relative to the diet of T. urticae eggs yet these effects were independent from the absence/presence of JA-defences. This indicates that the detrimental effects of tomato JA-defences on herbivores not necessarily also affects their quality as prey.
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18
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Maselou DA, Anastasaki E, Milonas PG. The Role of Host Plants, Alternative Food Resources and Herbivore Induced Volatiles in Choice Behavior of an Omnivorous Predator. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Dumont F, Aubry O, Lucas E. From Evolutionary Aspects of Zoophytophagy to Biological Control. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Ugine TA, Krasnoff SB, Grebenok RJ, Behmer ST, Losey JE. Prey nutrient content creates omnivores out of predators. Ecol Lett 2018; 22:275-283. [PMID: 30536818 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The proximate forces that create omnivores out of herbivores and predators have long fascinated ecologists, but the causal reasons for a shift to omnivory are poorly understood. Determining what factors influence changes in trophic position are essential as omnivory plays a central role in theoretical and applied ecology. We used sevenspotted lady beetles (Coccinella septempunctata) to test how prey nutrient content affects beetles' propensity to engage in herbivory. We show that beetles consuming an all-prey diet demonstrate normal growth and development, but suffer a complete loss of fitness (spermatogenic failure) that is restored via herbivory and supplementation with phytosterols and cholesterol. Furthermore, we show that lady beetles possess a state-dependent sterol-specific appetite and redressed their sterol deficit by feeding on foliage. These results demonstrate that predators balance their nutrient intake via herbivory when prey quality is low, and reveal a selective force (sterol nutrition) that drives predatory taxa to omnivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Ugine
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Stuart B Krasnoff
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center, Ithaca, NY, 14853-2901, USA
| | | | - Spencer T Behmer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
| | - John E Losey
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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21
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Olson DM, Zeilinger AR, Prescott KK, Coffin AW, Ruberson JR, Andow DA. Landscape Effects on Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Geocoris spp. (Hemiptera: Geocoridae), Two Important Omnivorous Arthropod Taxa in Field Crops. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:1057-1063. [PMID: 29992319 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The economically important brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a native pest of many crops in southeastern United States and insecticide applications are the prevailing method of population suppression. To elucidate biological control of E. servus populations, we investigated two egg predators' (red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and Geocoris spp. (Hemiptera: Geocoridae)) responses to both local and landscape factors that may have influenced their combined ability to cause mortality in immature E. servus. We estimated the density of fire ants and Geocoris spp. on four major crop hosts-maize, peanut, cotton, and soybean-in 16 landscapes over 3 yr in the coastal plain of Georgia, USA. Both Geocoris spp. and fire ant populations were concentrated on specific crops in this study, maize and soybean for Geocoris spp. and peanut and cotton for fire ants, but the percentage area of specific crops and woodland and pasture in the landscape and year also influenced their density in focal fields. The crop specific density of both taxa, the influence of the percentage area of specific crops and woodland in the landscape, and the variability in density over years may have been related to variable alternative resources for these omnivores in the habitats. Despite the variability over years, differential habitat use of fire ants and Georcoris spp. may have contributed to their combined ability to cause E. servus immature mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Olson
- Crop Protection, and Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA
| | - Adam R Zeilinger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Kristina K Prescott
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Alisa W Coffin
- Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA
| | - John R Ruberson
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - David A Andow
- Department of Entomology and Center for Community Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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22
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LoPresti E, Krimmel B, Pearse IS. Entrapped carrion increases indirect plant resistance and intra-guild predation on a sticky tarweed. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric LoPresti
- Dept. Entomology; UC Davis; 1 Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Billy Krimmel
- Dept. Entomology; UC Davis; 1 Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
- Restoration Landscaping Company; Sacramento CA USA
| | - Ian S. Pearse
- US Geological Survey, Ft. Collins Science Center; Ft Collins CO USA
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23
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Soares D, Adams R, Hammond S, Slay ME, Fenolio DB, Niemiller ML. Evolution of coprophagy and nutrient absorption in a Cave Salamander. SUBTERRANEAN BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.24.15013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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24
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Chailleux A, Droui A, Bearez P, Desneux N. Survival of a specialist natural enemy experiencing resource competition with an omnivorous predator when sharing the invasive prey Tuta absoluta. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8329-8337. [PMID: 29075452 PMCID: PMC5648663 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Can specialist natural enemies persist in ecosystems when competing with omnivorous natural enemies for their shared prey? The consequences of omnivory have been studied theoretically, but empirical studies are still lacking. Omnivory is nevertheless common in nature and omnivorous predators coexist with specialists in many ecosystems, even when they are intraguild predators. This type of association is also common in agroecosystems in which biological control strategies are used. Our study provides an example of the outcome of such an association in the context of biological control of the invasive pest Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera) in a tomato agroecosystem. The two natural enemies involved, that is, a specialist (Stenomesius japonicus (Hymenoptera) parasitoid) and an omnivore (Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera) predator), were able to coexist for 3 months in our experimental cages in the absence of metacommunity mechanisms (i.e., emigration and recolonization), contrary to theoretical expectations. However, they negatively affected each other's population dynamics. We found that spatial resource segregation was not a mechanism that promoted their coexistence. Regarding pest control, the specialist and omnivorous natural enemies were found to exhibit complementary functional traits, leading to the best control when together. Mechanisms that may have promoted the coexistence of the two species as well as consequences with regard to the inoculative biological control program are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Chailleux
- Biopass ISRA-UCAD-IRD Dakar Senegal.,CIRAD UPR HortSys Montpellier France.,InVivo AgroSolutions Paris France
| | - Anthony Droui
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Université Côte d'Azur CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institute Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia-Antipolis France
| | - Philippe Bearez
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Université Côte d'Azur CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institute Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia-Antipolis France
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Université Côte d'Azur CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institute Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia-Antipolis France
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25
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Meadows AJ, Crowder DW, Snyder WE. Are wolves just wasps with teeth? What invertebrates can teach us about mammal top predators. FOOD WEBS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Chen D, Chen F, Chen C, Chen X, Mao Y. Transcriptome analysis of three cotton pests reveals features of gene expressions in the mesophyll feeder Apolygus lucorum. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:826-838. [PMID: 28730342 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The green mirid bug Apolygus lucorum is an agricultural pest that is known to cause damage to more than 150 plant species. Here, we report the transcriptomes of A. lucorum at three different developmental stages (the second and fifth instar nymphs and adults). A total of 98,236 unigenes with an average length of 1,335 nt was obtained, of which 50,640 were annotated, including those encoding digestive enzymes and cytochrome P450s. Comparisons with cotton bollworm and cotton aphid transcriptomes revealed distinct features of A. lucorum as a mesophyll feeder. The gene expression dynamics varied during development from young nymphs to adults. The high-quality transcriptome data and the gene expression dynamics reported here provide valuable data for a more comprehensive understanding of the physiology and development of mirid bugs, and for mining targets for their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianyang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fangyan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yingbo Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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27
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Liman AS, Dalin P, Björkman C. Enhanced leaf nitrogen status stabilizes omnivore population density. Oecologia 2017; 183:57-65. [PMID: 27718064 PMCID: PMC5239808 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant traits can mediate the strength of interactions between omnivorous predators and their prey through density effects and changes in the omnivores' trophic behavior. In this study, we explored the established assumption that enhanced nutrient status in host plants strengthens the buffering effect of plant feeding for omnivorous predators, i.e., prevents rapid negative population growth during prey density decline and thereby increases and stabilizes omnivore population density. We analyzed 13 years of field data on population densities of a heteropteran omnivore on Salix cinerea stands, arranged along a measured leaf nitrogen gradient and found a 195 % increase in omnivore population density and a 63 % decrease in population variability with an increase in leaf nitrogen status from 26 to 40 mgN × g-1. We recreated the leaf nitrogen gradient in a greenhouse experiment and found, as expected, that increasing leaf nitrogen status enhanced omnivore performance but reduced per capita prey consumption. Feeding on high nitrogen status host plants can potentially decouple omnivore-prey population dynamics and allow omnivores to persist and function effectively at low prey densities to provide "background level" control of insect herbivores. This long-term effect is expected to outweigh the short-term effect on per capita prey consumption-resulting in a net increase in population predation rates with increasing leaf nitrogen status. Conservation biological control of insect pests that makes use of omnivore background control could, as a result, be manipulated via management of crop nitrogen status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Sara Liman
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Peter Dalin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Peterson JA, Ode PJ, Oliveira-Hofman C, Harwood JD. Integration of Plant Defense Traits with Biological Control of Arthropod Pests: Challenges and Opportunities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1794. [PMID: 27965695 PMCID: PMC5129739 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Crop plants exhibit a wide diversity of defensive traits and strategies to protect themselves from damage by herbivorous pests and disease. These defensive traits may be naturally occurring or artificially selected through crop breeding, including introduction via genetic engineering. While these traits can have obvious and direct impacts on herbivorous pests, many have profound effects on higher trophic levels, including the natural enemies of herbivores. Multi-trophic effects of host plant resistance have the potential to influence, both positively and negatively, biological control. Plant defense traits can influence both the numerical and functional responses of natural enemies; these interactions can be semiochemically, plant toxin-, plant nutrient-, and/or physically mediated. Case studies involving predators, parasitoids, and pathogens of crop pests will be presented and discussed. These diverse groups of natural enemies may respond differently to crop plant traits based on their own unique biology and the ecological niches they fill. Genetically modified crop plants that have been engineered to express transgenic products affecting herbivorous pests are an additional consideration. For the most part, transgenic plant incorporated protectant (PIP) traits are compatible with biological control due to their selective toxicity to targeted pests and relatively low non-target impacts, although transgenic crops may have indirect effects on higher trophic levels and arthropod communities mediated by lower host or prey number and/or quality. Host plant resistance and biological control are two of the key pillars of integrated pest management; their potential interactions, whether they are synergistic, complementary, or disruptive, are key in understanding and achieving sustainable and effective pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Peterson
- Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, North PlatteNE, USA
| | - Paul J. Ode
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort CollinsCO, USA
| | | | - James D. Harwood
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, LexingtonKY, USA
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29
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Casey MM, Fall LM, Dietl GP. You Are What You Eat: Stable Isotopic Evidence Indicates That the Naticid Gastropod Neverita duplicata Is an Omnivore. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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30
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Kondo T, Nishimura S, Tani N, Ng KKS, Lee SL, Muhammad N, Okuda T, Tsumura Y, Isagi Y. Complex pollination of a tropical Asian rainforest canopy tree by flower-feeding thrips and thrips-feeding predators. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1912-1920. [PMID: 27797714 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY In tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia, a highly fecund thrips (Thrips spp.) responds rapidly to the mass flowering at multiple-year intervals characteristic of certain species such as the canopy tree studied here, Shorea acuminata, by feeding on flower resources. However, past DNA analyses of pollen adherent to thrips bodies revealed that the thrips promoted a very high level of self-pollination. Here, we identified the pollinator that contributes to cross-pollination and discuss ways that the pollination system has adapted to mass flowering. METHODS By comparing the patterns of floral visitation and levels of genetic diversity in adherent pollen loads among floral visitors, we evaluated the contribution of each flower visitor to pollination. KEY RESULTS The big-eyed bug, Geocoris sp., a major thrips predator, was an inadvertent pollinator, and importantly contributed to cross-pollination. The total outcross pollen adhering to thrips was approximately 30% that on the big-eyed bugs. Similarly, 63% of alleles examined in S. acuminata seeds and seedlings occurred in pollen adhering to big-eyed bugs; about 30% was shared with pollen from thrips. CONCLUSIONS During mass flowering, big-eyed bugs likely travel among flowering S. acuminata trees, attracted by the abundant thrips. Floral visitation patterns of big-eyed bugs vs. other insects suggest that these bugs can maintain their population size between flowering by preying upon another thrips (Haplothrips sp.) that inhabits stipules of S. acuminata throughout the year and quickly respond to mass flowering. Thus, thrips and big-eyed bugs are essential components in the pollination of S. acuminata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Kondo
- Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Tani
- Forestry Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba 305-8686, Japan
| | - Kevin Kit Siong Ng
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Soon Leong Lee
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Norwati Muhammad
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Toshinori Okuda
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tsumura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yuji Isagi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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31
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Liman A, Eklund K, Björkman C. Predator refuges for conservation biological control in an intermediately disturbed system: the rise and fall of a simple solution. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna‐Sara Liman
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences P.O Box 7044 SE‐75007 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Karin Eklund
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences P.O Box 7044 SE‐75007 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences P.O Box 7044 SE‐75007 Uppsala Sweden
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32
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Poo S, Evans TA, Tan MK, Bickford DP. Dynamic switching in predator attack and maternal defence of prey. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinlan Poo
- Sakaerat Environmental Research Station; 1 Moo 9, Udom Sab Subdistrict Wang Nam Khieo District Nakhon Ratchasima Province 30370 Thailand
| | - Theodore A. Evans
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Ming Kai Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive 4 Block S3 117543 Singapore
| | - David P. Bickford
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive 4 Block S3 117543 Singapore
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33
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Martínez LC, Zanuncio JC, Morais WCC, Plata-Rueda A, Cedeño-Loja PE, Serrão JE. Ultrastructure of the Salivary Glands of the Stink Bug Predator Podisus distinctus. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:1514-1522. [PMID: 26601683 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615015469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Podisus distinctus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a zoophytophagous insect with significant potential for use as a biological control agent in agriculture and forestry because their nymphs and adults actively prey on diverse insect species. The saliva of this insect possesses active substances that cause paralysis and death of the prey. As the first step in identifying compounds of P. distinctus saliva, this study describes the ultrastructure of the salivary glands of this predator. The salivary system of P. distinctus possesses a pair of main salivary glands with a short anterior lobe, a long posterior lobe, and a pair of tubular accessory glands. The main salivary gland of P. distinctus has no associated muscles, suggesting that the saliva-release mechanism occurs with the help of certain thorax muscles. The main salivary gland epithelium has a single layer of cells (varying from cubical to columnar) with cytoplasm rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum, spherical granules of different sizes, a nucleus with a predominance of decondensed chromatin, and nucleolus. The apical cell region has a few short microvilli and the basal region has plasma membrane infoldings. The epithelium of the accessory salivary glands possesses a single-layered epithelium of cubic cells delimiting a narrow lumen. The apical cell region has a high density of microvilli and pleomorphic mitochondria, whereas the central cell region is rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum with a well-developed nucleus and decondensed chromatin. The basal cell region is characterized by the presence of several basal plasma membrane infoldings associated with mitochondria and numerous openings to the hemocoel forming large channels. The ultrastructural characteristics suggest that the main salivary glands and accessory salivary glands play a vital role in protein synthesis for saliva production and that the accessory glands are involved in transport of materials of the hemolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Martínez
- 1Departamento de Biologia Geral,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-000,Brasil
| | - José C Zanuncio
- 2Departamento de Entomologia,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-000,Brasil
| | - Wagner C C Morais
- 2Departamento de Entomologia,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-000,Brasil
| | - Angelica Plata-Rueda
- 2Departamento de Entomologia,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-000,Brasil
| | - Pedro E Cedeño-Loja
- 2Departamento de Entomologia,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-000,Brasil
| | - José E Serrão
- 1Departamento de Biologia Geral,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-000,Brasil
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34
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Han P, Dong Y, Lavoir AV, Adamowicz S, Bearez P, Wajnberg E, Desneux N. Effect of plant nitrogen and water status on the foraging behavior and fitness of an omnivorous arthropod. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5468-77. [PMID: 27069598 PMCID: PMC4813102 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Omnivorous arthropods make dietary choices according to the environment in which they forage, mainly availability/quality of plant and/or prey resources. Such decisions and their subsequent impacts on life‐history traits may be affected by the availability of nutrients and water to plants, that is, through bottom‐up forces. By setting up arenas for feeding behavior observation as well as glasshouse cages for plant preference assessment, we studied effects of the presence of prey (Lepidoptera eggs) and nitrogen/water availability to host tomato plants on the foraging behavior and life‐history traits in the omnivorous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Heteroptera: Miridae). In the absence of prey, the predator fed equally on the plants treated with various levels of nitrogen and water. In the presence of prey, however, the feeding rate on plants decreased when the plant received low water input. The feeding rate on prey was positively correlated with feeding rate on plants; that is, prey feeding increased with plant feeding when the plants received high water input. Moreover, plants receiving high water input attracted more M. pygmaeus adults compared with those receiving low water input. For M. pygmaeus fitness, the presence of prey enhanced its fertility and longevity, but the longevity decreased when plants received low compared with high water input. In conclusion, the omnivorous predator may be obliged to feed on plants to obtain water, and plant water status may be a limiting factor for the foraging behavior and fitness of the omnivorous predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Yongcheng Dong
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France; Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Anne-Violette Lavoir
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
| | | | - Philippe Bearez
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
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35
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Zhu P, Lu Z, Heong K, Chen G, Zheng X, Xu H, Yang Y, Nicol HI, Gurr GM. Selection of nectar plants for use in ecological engineering to promote biological control of rice pests by the predatory bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, (Heteroptera: Miridae). PLoS One 2014; 9:e108669. [PMID: 25254377 PMCID: PMC4177894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological engineering for pest management involves the identification of optimal forms of botanical diversity to incorporate into a farming system to suppress pests, by promoting their natural enemies. Whilst this approach has been extensively researched in many temperate crop systems, much less has been done for rice. This paper reports the influence of various plant species on the performance of a key natural enemy of rice planthopper pests, the predatory mirid bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis. Survival of adult males and females was increased by the presence of flowering Tagetes erecta, Trida procumbens, Emilia sonchifolia (Compositae), and Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae) compared with water or nil controls. All flower treatments resulted in increased consumption of brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens, and for female C. lividipennis, S. indicum was the most favorable. A separate study with a wider range of plant species and varying densities of prey eggs showed that S. indicum most strongly promoted predation by C. lividipennis. Reflecting this, S. indicum gave a relatively high rate of prey search and low prey handling time. On this basis, S. indicum was selected for more detailed studies to check if its potential incorporation into the farming system would not inadvertently benefit Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Marasmia patnalis, serious Lepidoptera pests of rice. Adult longevity and fecundity of both pests was comparable for S. indicum and water treatments and significantly lower than the honey solution treatment. Findings indicate that S. indicumis well suited for use as an ecological engineering plant in the margins of rice crops. Sesame indicum can be a valuable crop as well as providing benefits to C. lividipennis whilst denying benefit to key pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute for Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Plant Protection Station, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhongxian Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute for Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (GG)
| | - Kongluen Heong
- Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Guihua Chen
- Jinhua Plant Protection Station, Jinhua, China
| | - Xusong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute for Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute for Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute for Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Helen I. Nicol
- School of Agriculture & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoff M. Gurr
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Orange, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (ZL); (GG)
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36
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Stafford-Banks CA, Yang LH, McMunn MS, Ullman DE. Virus infection alters the predatory behavior of an omnivorous vector. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Louie H. Yang
- Dept of Entomology and Nematology; Univ. of California; Davis Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Marshall S. McMunn
- Dept of Entomology and Nematology; Univ. of California; Davis Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Diane E. Ullman
- Dept of Entomology and Nematology; Univ. of California; Davis Davis CA 95616 USA
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37
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Semmar N, Roux M. A new simplex approach to highlight multi-scale feeding behaviors in forager species from stomach contents: application to insectivore lizard population. Biosystems 2014; 118:60-75. [PMID: 24607888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Stomach contents represent complex mixture systems which depend on feeding mode and level of forager species (carnivores, herbivores) as well as on natural availability/distribution of food resources (preys, plants). Such mixture systems can be considered as small black boxes condensing wide ecological information on (i) feeding behaviors of predator (or herbivore) and (ii) local diversity of preys (or host plants). Feeding behaviors of a hunter species toward different prey taxa show a complex variability whose investigation requires multivariate statistical tools. This paper presents a new computational approach which statistically analyzes stomach contents' variability in a predator population to graphically highlight different feeding behaviors. It is a simulation approach iteratively combining the variability of different diet patterns by using a simplex mixture design. Average combinatorial results are graphically visualized to highlight scale-dependent relationships between consumption rates of different food types found in the stomachs. The simplex approach was applied on different subpopulations of Phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre, an insectivore lizard species. These subpopulations were initially defined by different criteria including statistical clusters, gender and sampling periods. Results highlighted successive trade-offs over months of captured potential preys switching from small and less mobile preys to large and flying ones. In these dietary transitions, P. douglassi manifested a systematic memorization of previous preys and a gradual foraging learning of the next ones. These results highlighted lightness on dietary flexibility helping this specialist predator to switch between diets based on different potential preys. Adult male and adult female lizards showed different feeding behaviors due to some predation lag-time between them and different dietary ratios toward the same considered preys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Semmar
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis (ISSBAT), Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Biomathématiques, Service 462, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Saint-Jérômes, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 13, France.
| | - Maurice Roux
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques, Service 462, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Saint-Jérômes, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 13, France
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38
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Lu ZX, Zhu PY, Gurr GM, Zheng XS, Read DMY, Heong KL, Yang YJ, Xu HX. Mechanisms for flowering plants to benefit arthropod natural enemies of insect pests: prospects for enhanced use in agriculture. INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 21:1-12. [PMID: 23955976 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of noncrop habitats, intensive use of pesticides and high levels of disturbance associated with intensive crop production simplify the farming landscape and bring about a sharp decline of biodiversity. This, in turn, weakens the biological control ecosystem service provided by arthropod natural enemies. Strategic use of flowering plants to enhance plant biodiversity in a well-targeted manner can provide natural enemies with food sources and shelter to improve biological control and reduce dependence on chemical pesticides. This article reviews the nutritional value of various types of plant-derived food for natural enemies, possible adverse effects on pest management, and the practical application of flowering plants in orchards, vegetables and field crops, agricultural systems where most research has taken place. Prospects for more effective use of flowering plants to maximize biological control of insect pests in agroecosystem are good but depend up on selection of optimal plant species based on information on the ecological mechanisms by which natural enemies are selectively favored over pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Xian Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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39
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Lefcheck JS, Whalen MA, Davenport TM, Stone JP, Duffy JE. Physiological effects of diet mixing on consumer fitness: a meta-analysis. Ecology 2013; 94:565-72. [PMID: 23687882 DOI: 10.1890/12-0192.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The degree of dietary generalism among consumers has important consequences for population, community, and ecosystem processes, yet the effects on consumer fitness of mixing food types have not been examined comprehensively. We conducted a meta-analysis of 161 peer-reviewed studies reporting 493 experimental manipulations of prey diversity to test whether diet mixing enhances consumer fitness based on the intrinsic nutritional quality of foods and consumer physiology. Averaged across studies, mixed diets conferred significantly higher fitness than the average of single-species diets, but not the best single prey species. More than half of individual experiments, however, showed maximal growth and reproduction on mixed diets, consistent with the predicted benefits of a balanced diet. Mixed diets including chemically defended prey were no better than the average prey type, opposing the prediction that a diverse diet dilutes toxins. Finally, mixed-model analysis showed that the effect of diet mixing was stronger for herbivores than for higher trophic levels. The generally weak evidence for the nutritional benefits of diet mixing in these primarily laboratory experiments suggests that diet generalism is not strongly favored by the inherent physiological benefits of mixing food types, but is more likely driven by ecological and environmental influences on consumer foraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Lefcheck
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062-1346, USA.
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40
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Martinson HM, Raupp MJ. A meta-analysis of the effects of urbanization on ground beetle communities. Ecosphere 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00262.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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41
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Enríquez-García C, Nandini S, Sarma S. Feeding behaviour ofAcanthocyclops americanus(Marsh) (Copepoda: Cyclopoida). J NAT HIST 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.747637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Schuman MC, Kessler D, Baldwin IT. Ecological Observations of Native Geocoris pallens and G. punctipes Populations in the Great Basin Desert of Southwestern Utah. PSYCHE; A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 2013:465108. [PMID: 25298571 PMCID: PMC4185340 DOI: 10.1155/2013/465108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Big-eyed bugs (Geocoris spp. Fallén, Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) are ubiquitous, omnivorous insect predators whose plant feeding behavior raises the question of whether they benefit or harm plants. However, several studies have investigated both the potential of Geocoris spp. to serve as biological control agents in agriculture and their importance as agents of plant indirect defense in nature. These studies have demonstrated that Geocoris spp. effectively reduce herbivore populations and increase plant yield. Previous work has also indicated that Geocoris spp. respond to visual and olfactory cues when foraging and choosing their prey and that associative learning of prey and plant cues informs their foraging strategies. For these reasons, Geocoris spp. have become models for the study of tritrophic plant-herbivore-predator interactions. Here, we present detailed images and ecological observations of G. pallens Stål and G. punctipes (Say) native to the Great Basin Desert of southwestern Utah, including observations of their life histories and color morphs, dynamics of their predatory feeding behavior and prey choice over space and time, and novel aspects of Geocoris spp.'s relationships to their host plants. These observations open up new areas to be explored regarding the behavior of Geocoris spp. and their interactions with plant and herbivore populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Danny Kessler
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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43
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Reiskind M, Zarrabi A, Lounibos L. Effects of combination of leaf resources on competition in container mosquito larvae. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 102:424-434. [PMID: 22314102 PMCID: PMC3401315 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485311000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Resource diversity is critical to fitness in many insect species, and may determine the coexistence of competitive species and the function of ecosystems. Plant material provides the nutritional base for numerous aquatic systems, yet the consequences of diversity of plant material have not been studied in aquatic container systems important for the production of mosquitoes. To address how diversity in leaf detritus affects container-inhabiting mosquitoes, we examined how leaf species affect competition between two container inhabiting mosquito larvae, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, that co-occur in many parts of the world. We tested the hypotheses that leaf species changes the outcome of intra- and interspecific competition between these mosquito species, and that combinations of leaf species affect competition in a manner not predictable based upon the response to each leaf species alone (i.e. the response to leaf combinations is non-additive). We find support for our first hypothesis that leaf species can affect competition, evidence that, in general, leaf combination alters competitive interactions, and no support that leaf combination impacts interspecific competition differently than intraspecific competition. We conclude that combinations of leaves increase mosquito production non-additively such that combinations of leaves act synergistically, in general, and result in higher total yield of adult mosquitoes in most cases, although certain leaf combinations for A. albopictus are antagonistic. We also conclude that leaf diversity does not have a different effect on interspecific competition between A. aegypti and A. albopictus, relative to intraspecific competition for each mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.H. Reiskind
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 127 Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - A.A. Zarrabi
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 127 Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - L.P. Lounibos
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 200 9th Street SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
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44
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Schmidt JM, Harwood JD, Rypstra AL. Foraging activity of a dominant epigeal predator: molecular evidence for the effect of prey density on consumption. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Stenberg JA, Lehrman A, Björkman C. Plant defence: Feeding your bodyguards can be counter-productive. Basic Appl Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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46
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Eubanks MD, Raupp MJ, Finke DL. Robert F. Denno (1945-2008): insect ecologist extraordinaire. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 56:273-292. [PMID: 20822445 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Robert F. Denno was widely recognized as one of the leading insect ecologists in the world. He made major contributions to the study of plant-insect interactions, dispersal, interspecific competition, predator-prey interactions, and food web dynamics. He was especially well known for his detailed and comprehensive study of the arthropods that inhabit salt marshes. Denno promoted a research approach that included detailed knowledge of the natural history of the study system, meticulous experiments that often pushed logistical possibilities, and a focus on important ecological questions of the day. He was an enthusiastic collaborator and excellent mentor who invested incredible amounts of time and energy in the training and placement of graduate students and postdoctoral associates. As a result, Denno's legacy will continue to shape the field of insect ecology for generations to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micky D Eubanks
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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47
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Eriksson BK, van Sluis C, Sieben K, Kautsky L, Råberg S. Omnivory and grazer functional composition moderate cascading trophic effects in experimental Fucus vesiculosus habitats. MARINE BIOLOGY 2010; 158:747-756. [PMID: 24391260 PMCID: PMC3873010 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-010-1602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We tested the relative strength of direct versus indirect effects of an aquatic omnivore depending on the functional composition of grazers by manipulating the presence of gastropod and amphipod grazers and omnivorous shrimp in outdoor mesocosms. By selectively preying upon amphipods and reducing their abundance by 70-80%, omnivorous shrimp favoured the dominance of gastropods. While gastropods were the main microalgal grazers, amphipods controlled macroalgal biomass in the experiment. However, strong predation on the amphipod by the shrimp had no significant indirect effects on macroalgal biomass, indicating that when amphipod abundances declined, complementary feeding by the omnivore on macroalgae may have suppressed a trophic cascade. Accordingly, in the absence of amphipods, the shrimp grazed significantly on green algae and thereby suppressed the diversity of the macroalgal community. Our experiment demonstrates direct consumer effects by an omnivore on both the grazer and producer trophic levels in an aquatic food web, regulated by prey availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britas Klemens Eriksson
- Department of Marine Benthic Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan van Sluis
- Department of Marine Benthic Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Sieben
- Department of Marine Benthic Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Kautsky
- Department of Botany, University of Stockholm, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonja Råberg
- Department of Botany, University of Stockholm, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Medeiros MA, Ribeiro PA, Morais HC, Castelo Branco M, Sujii ER, Salgado-Laboriau ML. Identification of plant families associated with the predators Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Menéville (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) using pollen grain as a natural marker. BRAZ J BIOL 2010; 70:293-300. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842010005000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The predators Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Menéville (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) and Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), are frequently observed on vegetable crops, especially on tomato plants, as well as on flowers of several plants around crop fields. It is well known that when predators feed on pollen and nectar they can increase their longevity and reproductive capacity. The objective of this work was to identify plants that could be a pollen source for H. convergens and C. externa in order to develop strategies to attract and keep these predators in vegetable fields like the tomato crop. Adults of C. externa (53 individuals) and H. convergens (43 individuals) were collected in fields from 2004-2005 at Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília, Federal District. The insects were processed by the acetolysis method and pollen from them was extracted and identified. A total of 11335 grains of pollen belonging to 21 families were extracted from C. externa. A total of 46 pollen grains belonging to ten families were extracted from H. convergens. The Poaceae family was the most abundant one for C. externa while Asteraceae was the commonest pollen for H. convergens. The importance of pollen from different plant species as a food resource for each predator species gives an indication of the importance of plant community structure inside and around crop fields for the establishment of these predator populations and to enhance conservation biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- MA Medeiros
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa, Brazil
| | - PA Ribeiro
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa, Brazil
| | | | | | - ER Sujii
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa, Brazil
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Bennett JA, Gillespie DR, VanLaerhoven SL. Investigating the diet of the omnivorous mirid Dicyphus hesperus using stable isotopes. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2009; 99:347-358. [PMID: 19159499 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485308006378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Omnivory involves numerous feeding relationships and a complex web of interactions. When using omnivores in biocontrol, these interactions need to be understood to maximize feeding on the target species and minimize non-target interactions. Dicyphus hesperus is used along with Encarsia formosa for biocontrol of whiteflies in greenhouse tomato crops. Dicyphus hesperus is a generalist omnivore which feeds on all components of the system. To quantify these interactions, stable isotope analysis was used to identify trophic position with nitrogen isotopes (delta15N) and plant sources with carbon isotopes (delta13C). Feeding trials were used to establish baseline isotopic data for D. hesperus and their diet, including Verbascum thapsus, an alternative plant food. Cage trials were used to monitor population abundances and the isotopic signature of D. hesperus. In feeding trials, D. hesperus were enriched relative to their food, suggesting an elevated trophic position. However, large amounts of isotopic variation were found within all diet components, with only V. thapsus exhibiting a distinct signature. In cage trials, the average delta15N and delta13C of the omnivore declined over time, coinciding with declines in total available prey, though it may be confounded by changes in temperature. The range of delta13C, but not the range of delta15N, also declined over time. This suggests a change in the plant source within the diet, but also some unquantified variability within the population. We suggest that diet variability exists within D. hesperus populations, declining as prey become less abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Bennett
- Department of Biology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, Canada N9B 3P4
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Lemos W, Zanuncio J, Ramalho F, Serrão J. Fat body of the zoophytophagous predator Brontocoris tabidus (Het.: Pentatomidae) females: Impact of the herbivory and age. Micron 2009; 40:635-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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