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O'Connell MJ, Fowler AM, Allan SJ, Beretta GA, Booth DJ. Recruiting a long way from home: Domino damselfish Dascyllus trimaculatus can detect new temperate coral habitat and conspecifics. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:1548-1552. [PMID: 35439333 PMCID: PMC9322006 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is driving tropicalisation of temperate reefs, yet it is unclear how range-shifting tropical fishes locate suitable habitat. The authors tested whether juvenile tropical damsels Dascyllus trimaculatus could detect rare coral habitat (Pocillopora aliciae) and conspecifics on temperate rocky reefs using olfactory and visual preference experiments. For all cues, individuals selected and spent more time than expected in aquarium areas with the cue present, which included coral odour and conspecific odour and visual cues. This indicates that vagrant coral-reef fish can detect rare suitable habitat outside of their natal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J. O'Connell
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ashley M. Fowler
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- New South Wales Department of Primary IndustriesSydney Institute of Marine ScienceMosmanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sam J. Allan
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Giglia A. Beretta
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David J. Booth
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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2
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Schligler J, Cortese D, Beldade R, Swearer SE, Mills SC. Long-term exposure to artificial light at night in the wild decreases survival and growth of a coral reef fish. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210454. [PMID: 34102892 PMCID: PMC8187998 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is an increasing anthropogenic pollutant, closely associated with human population density, and now well recognized in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. However, we have a relatively poor understanding of the effects of ALAN in the marine realm. Here, we carried out a field experiment in the coral reef lagoon of Moorea, French Polynesia, to investigate the effects of long-term exposure (18-23 months) to chronic light pollution at night on the survival and growth of wild juvenile orange-fin anemonefish, Amphiprion chrysopterus. Long-term exposure to environmentally relevant underwater illuminance (mean: 4.3 lux), reduced survival (mean: 36%) and growth (mean: 44%) of juvenile anemonefish compared to that of juveniles exposed to natural moonlight underwater (mean: 0.03 lux). Our study carried out in an ecologically realistic situation in which the direct effects of artificial lighting on juvenile anemonefish are combined with the indirect consequences of artificial lighting on other species, such as their competitors, predators, and prey, revealed the negative impacts of ALAN on life-history traits. Not only are there immediate impacts of ALAN on mortality, but the decreased growth of surviving individuals may also have considerable fitness consequences later in life. Future studies examining the mechanisms behind these findings are vital to understand how organisms can cope and survive in nature under this globally increasing pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Schligler
- USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, 98729 Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Daphne Cortese
- USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, 98729 Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Ricardo Beldade
- USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, 98729 Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
- Las Cruces, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Stephen E. Swearer
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate and School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Suzanne C. Mills
- USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, 98729 Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
- Laboratoire d'Excellence ‘CORAIL’, France
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3
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Cortese D, Norin T, Beldade R, Crespel A, Killen SS, Mills SC. Physiological and behavioural effects of anemone bleaching on symbiont anemonefish in the wild. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Cortese
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRSUSR 3278 CRIOBE Papetoai Moorea French Polynesia
| | - Tommy Norin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | - Ricardo Beldade
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRSUSR 3278 CRIOBE Papetoai Moorea French Polynesia
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Amélie Crespel
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Suzanne C. Mills
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRSUSR 3278 CRIOBE Papetoai Moorea French Polynesia
- Laboratoire d'Excellence “CORAIL” France
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4
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Fontoura L, Zawada KJA, D'agata S, Álvarez-Noriega M, Baird AH, Boutros N, Dornelas M, Luiz OJ, Madin JS, Maina JM, Pizarro O, Torres-Pulliza D, Woods RM, Madin EMP. Climate-driven shift in coral morphological structure predicts decline of juvenile reef fishes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:557-567. [PMID: 31697006 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rapid intensification of environmental disturbances has sparked widespread decline and compositional shifts in foundation species in ecosystems worldwide. Now, an emergent challenge is to understand the consequences of shifts and losses in such habitat-forming species for associated communities and ecosystem processes. Recently, consecutive coral bleaching events shifted the morphological makeup of habitat-forming coral assemblages on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Considering the disparity of coral morphological growth forms in shelter provision for reef fishes, we investigated how shifts in the morphological structure of coral assemblages affect the abundance of juvenile and adult reef fishes. We used a temporal dataset from shallow reefs in the northern GBR to estimate coral convexity (a fine-scale quantitative morphological trait) and two widely used coral habitat descriptors (coral cover and reef rugosity) for disentangling the effects of coral morphology on reef fish assemblages. Changes in coral convexity, rather than live coral cover or reef rugosity, disproportionately affected juvenile reef fishes when compared to adults, and explained more than 20% of juvenile decline. The magnitude of this effect varied by fish body size with juveniles of small-bodied species showing higher vulnerability to changes in coral morphology. Our findings suggest that continued large-scale shifts in the relative abundance of morphological groups within coral assemblages are likely to affect population replenishment and dynamics of future reef fish communities. The different responses of juvenile and adult fishes according to habitat descriptors indicate that focusing on coarse-scale metrics alone may mask fine-scale ecological responses that are key to understand ecosystem functioning and resilience. Nonetheless, quantifying coral morphological traits may contribute to forecasting the structure of reef fish communities on novel reef ecosystems shaped by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Fontoura
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, HI, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University - Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kyle J A Zawada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University - Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Biological Diversity, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Stephanie D'agata
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University - Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Marine Programs, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mariana Álvarez-Noriega
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld., Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld., Australia
| | - Andrew H Baird
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld., Australia
| | - Nader Boutros
- Australian Centre for Field Robotics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Dornelas
- Centre for Biological Diversity, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Osmar J Luiz
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Joshua S Madin
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, HI, USA
| | - Joseph M Maina
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University - Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Oscar Pizarro
- Australian Centre for Field Robotics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Damaris Torres-Pulliza
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, HI, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University - Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachael M Woods
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University - Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M P Madin
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, HI, USA
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5
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Sato M, Honda K, Uy WH, Baslot DI, Genovia TG, Nakamura Y, Bernardo LPC, Kurokochi H, Pantallano ADS, Lian C, Nadaoka K, Nakaoka M. Marine protected area restricts demographic connectivity: Dissimilarity in a marine environment can function as a biological barrier. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7859-7871. [PMID: 29043040 PMCID: PMC5632639 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) can often lead to environmental differences between MPAs and fishing zones. To determine the effects on marine dispersal of environmental dissimilarity between an MPA and fishing zone, we examined the abundance and recruitment patterns of two anemonefishes (Amphiprion frenatus and A. perideraion) that inhabit sea anemones in different management zones (i.e., an MPA and two fishing zones) by performing a field survey and a genetic parentage analysis. We found lower levels of abundance per anemone in the MPA compared to the fishing zones for both species (n = 1,525 anemones, p = .032). The parentage analysis also showed that lower numbers of fishes were recruited from the fishing zones and outside of the study area into each anemone in the MPA than into each anemone in the fishing zones (n = 1,525 anemones, p < .017). However, the number of self-recruit production per female did not differ between the MPA and fishing zones (n = 384 females, p = .516). Because the ocean currents around the study site were unlikely to cause a lower settlement intensity of larvae in the MPA, the ocean circulation was not considered crucial to the observed abundance and recruitment patterns. Instead, stronger top-down control and/or a lower density of host anemones in the MPA were potential factors for such patterns. Our results highlight the importance of dissimilarity in a marine environment as a factor that affects connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sato
- Graduate School of Environmental Science Hokkaido University Akkeshi-cho Hokkaido Japan.,Present address: National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency Hasaki Kamisu-shi Ibaraki Japan
| | - Kentaro Honda
- Akkeshi Marine Station Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere Hokkaido University Akkeshi-cho Hokkaido Japan.,Present address: Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency Toyohira-ku Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Wilfredo H Uy
- Institute of Fisheries Research and Development Mindanao State University at Naawan Naawan Misamis Oriental Philippines
| | - Darwin I Baslot
- Institute of Fisheries Research and Development Mindanao State University at Naawan Naawan Misamis Oriental Philippines
| | - Tom G Genovia
- Institute of Fisheries Research and Development Mindanao State University at Naawan Naawan Misamis Oriental Philippines
| | - Yohei Nakamura
- Graduate School of Kuroshio Science Kochi University Nankoku Kochi Japan
| | - Lawrence Patrick C Bernardo
- Department of Mechanical and Environmental Informatics Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Meguro Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kurokochi
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center The University of Tokyo Nishitokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Allyn Duvin S Pantallano
- Institute of Fisheries Research and Development Mindanao State University at Naawan Naawan Misamis Oriental Philippines.,Graduate School of Kuroshio Science Kochi University Nankoku Kochi Japan
| | - Chunlan Lian
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center The University of Tokyo Nishitokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuo Nadaoka
- Department of Mechanical and Environmental Informatics Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Meguro Tokyo Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakaoka
- Akkeshi Marine Station Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere Hokkaido University Akkeshi-cho Hokkaido Japan
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6
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Beldade R, Holbrook SJ, Schmitt RJ, Planes S, Bernardi G. Spatial patterns of self‐recruitment of a coral reef fish in relation to island‐scale retention mechanisms. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:5203-5211. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Beldade
- EPHE PSL Research University UPVD CNRS USR 3278 CRIOBE BP 1013 98729 Papetoai Moorea French Polynesia
- Laboratoire d'excellence “CORAIL” EPHE PSL Research University UPVD CNRS USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013 98729 Papetoai, Moorea French Polynesia
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749‐016 Portugal
| | - Sally J. Holbrook
- Coastal Research Center Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology Marine Science Institute University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Russell J. Schmitt
- Coastal Research Center Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology Marine Science Institute University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Serge Planes
- EPHE PSL Research University UPVD CNRS USR 3278 CRIOBE BP 1013 98729 Papetoai Moorea French Polynesia
- Laboratoire d'excellence “CORAIL” EPHE PSL Research University UPVD CNRS USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013 98729 Papetoai, Moorea French Polynesia
| | - Giacomo Bernardi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz 100 Shaffer Road Santa Cruz CA 95060 USA
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7
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Wilson SK, Depczynski M, Fulton CJ, Holmes TH, Radford BT, Tinkler P. Influence of nursery microhabitats on the future abundance of a coral reef fish. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20160903. [PMID: 27534954 PMCID: PMC5013763 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species habitat associations are often complex, making it difficult to assess their influence on populations. Among coral reef fishes, habitat requirements vary among species and with ontogeny, but the relative importance of nursery and adult-preferred habitats on future abundances remain unclear. Moreover, adult populations may be influenced by recruitment of juveniles and assessments of habitat importance should consider relative effects of juvenile abundance. We conducted surveys across 16 sites and 200 km of reef to identify the microhabitat preferences of juveniles, sub-adults and adults of the damselfish Pomacentrus moluccensis Microhabitat preferences at different life-history stages were then combined with 6 years of juvenile abundance and microhabitat availability data to show that the availability of preferred juvenile microhabitat (corymbose corals) at the time of settlement was a strong predictor of future sub-adult and adult abundance. However, the influence of nursery microhabitats on future population size differed spatially and at some locations abundance of juveniles and adult microhabitat (branching corals) were better predictors of local populations. Our results demonstrate that while juvenile microhabitats are important nurseries, the abundance of coral-dependent fishes is not solely dependent on these microhabitats, especially when microhabitats are readily available or following large influxes of juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun K Wilson
- Department of Parks and Wildlife, Marine Science Program, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martial Depczynski
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher J Fulton
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Thomas H Holmes
- Department of Parks and Wildlife, Marine Science Program, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ben T Radford
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Tinkler
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Bonin MC, Boström-Einarsson L, Munday PL, Jones GP. The Prevalence and Importance of Competition Among Coral Reef Fishes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although competition is recognized as a core ecological process, its prevalence and importance in coral reef fish communities have been debated. Here we compile and synthesize the results of 173 experimental tests of competition from 72 publications. We show that evidence for competition is pervasive both within and between species, with 72% of intraspecific tests and 56% of interspecific tests demonstrating a demographically significant consequence of competition (e.g., a decrease in recruitment, survival, growth, or fecundity). We highlight several factors that can interact with the effects of competition and make it more difficult to detect in field experiments. In light of this evidence, we discuss the role of competition in shaping coral reef fish communities and competition's status as one of several processes that contribute to species coexistence. Finally, we consider some of the complex ways that climate change may influence competition, and we provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Bonin
- Australian Research Council Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Lisa Boström-Einarsson
- Australian Research Council Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Philip L. Munday
- Australian Research Council Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Geoffrey P. Jones
- Australian Research Council Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Villegas-Sánchez CA, Lara-Arenas JH, Castro-Pérez JM, Arias-González JE. Patrones de reclutamiento de 4 especies ícticas en hábitats de parche y cordillera del arrecife Banco Chinchorro (Caribe mexicano). REV MEX BIODIVERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmb.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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10
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Holbrook SJ, Schmitt RJ, Messmer V, Brooks AJ, Srinivasan M, Munday PL, Jones GP. Reef fishes in biodiversity hotspots are at greatest risk from loss of coral species. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124054. [PMID: 25970588 PMCID: PMC4430502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reef ecosystems are under a variety of threats from global change and anthropogenic disturbances that are reducing the number and type of coral species on reefs. Coral reefs support upwards of one third of all marine species of fish, so the loss of coral habitat may have substantial consequences to local fish diversity. We posit that the effects of habitat degradation will be most severe in coral regions with highest biodiversity of fishes due to greater specialization by fishes for particular coral habitats. Our novel approach to this important but untested hypothesis was to conduct the same field experiment at three geographic locations across the Indo-Pacific biodiversity gradient (Papua New Guinea; Great Barrier Reef, Australia; French Polynesia). Specifically, we experimentally explored whether the response of local fish communities to identical changes in diversity of habitat-providing corals was independent of the size of the regional species pool of fishes. We found that the proportional reduction (sensitivity) in fish biodiversity to loss of coral diversity was greater for regions with larger background species pools, reflecting variation in the degree of habitat specialization of fishes across the Indo-Pacific diversity gradient. This result implies that habitat-associated fish in diversity hotspots are at greater risk of local extinction to a given loss of habitat diversity compared to regions with lower species richness. This mechanism, related to the positive relationship between habitat specialization and regional biodiversity, and the elevated extinction risk this poses for biodiversity hotspots, may apply to species in other types of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally J. Holbrook
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, United States of America
- Coastal Research Center, Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Russell J. Schmitt
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, United States of America
- Coastal Research Center, Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, United States of America
| | - Vanessa Messmer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Brooks
- Coastal Research Center, Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, United States of America
| | - Maya Srinivasan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Philip L. Munday
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Geoffrey P. Jones
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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11
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Adam TC, Brooks AJ, Holbrook SJ, Schmitt RJ, Washburn L, Bernardi G. How will coral reef fish communities respond to climate-driven disturbances? Insight from landscape-scale perturbations. Oecologia 2014; 176:285-96. [PMID: 25070649 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Global climate change is rapidly altering disturbance regimes in many ecosystems including coral reefs, yet the long-term impacts of these changes on ecosystem structure and function are difficult to predict. A major ecosystem service provided by coral reefs is the provisioning of physical habitat for other organisms, and consequently, many of the effects of climate change on coral reefs will be mediated by their impacts on habitat structure. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the independent and combined effects of coral mortality and loss of physical habitat on reef-associated biota. Here, we use a unique series of events affecting the coral reefs around the Pacific island of Moorea, French Polynesia to differentiate between the impacts of coral mortality and the degradation of physical habitat on the structure of reef fish communities. We found that, by removing large amounts of physical habitat, a tropical cyclone had larger impacts on reef fish communities than an outbreak of coral-eating sea stars that caused widespread coral mortality but left the physical structure intact. In addition, the impacts of declining structural complexity on reef fish assemblages accelerated as structure became increasingly rare. Structure provided by dead coral colonies can take up to decades to erode following coral mortality, and, consequently, our results suggest that predictions based on short-term studies are likely to grossly underestimate the long-term impacts of coral decline on reef fish communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Adam
- Coastal Research Center, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA,
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12
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Stier AC, Hanson KM, Holbrook SJ, Schmitt RJ, Brooks AJ. Predation and landscape characteristics independently affect reef fish community organization. Ecology 2014; 95:1294-307. [PMID: 25000761 DOI: 10.1890/12-1441.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trophic island biogeography theory predicts that the effects of predators on prey diversity are context dependent in heterogeneous landscapes. Specifically, models predict that the positive effect of habitat area on prey diversity should decline in the presence of predators, and that predators should modify the partitioning of alpha and beta diversity across patchy landscapes. However, experimental tests of the predicted context dependency in top-down control remain limited. Using a factorial field experiment we quantify the effects of a focal predatory fish species (grouper) and habitat characteristics (patch size, fragmentation) on the partitioning of diversity and assembly of coral reef fish communities. We found independent effects of groupers and patch characteristics on prey communities. Groupers reduced prey abundance by 50% and gamma diversity by 45%, with a disproportionate removal of rare species relative to common species (64% and 36% reduction, respectively; an oddity effect). Further, there was a 77% reduction in beta diversity. Null model analysis demonstrated that groupers increased the importance of stochastic community assembly relative to patches without groupers. With regard to patch size, larger patches contained more fishes, but a doubling of patch size led to a modest (36%) increase in prey abundance. Patch size had no effect on prey diversity; however, fragmented patches had 50% higher species richness and modified species composition relative to unfragmented patches. Our findings suggest two different pathways (i.e., habitat or predator shifts) by which natural and/or anthropogenic processes can drive variation in fish biodiversity and community assembly.
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13
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Large-scale manipulation of mayfly recruitment affects population size. Oecologia 2011; 168:967-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Encalada AC, Peckarsky BL. The influence of recruitment on within-generation population dynamics of a mayfly. Ecosphere 2011. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00103.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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15
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Herbivory, connectivity, and ecosystem resilience: response of a coral reef to a large-scale perturbation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23717. [PMID: 21901131 PMCID: PMC3162008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs world-wide are threatened by escalating local and global impacts, and some impacted reefs have shifted from coral dominance to a state dominated by macroalgae. Therefore, there is a growing need to understand the processes that affect the capacity of these ecosystems to return to coral dominance following disturbances, including those that prevent the establishment of persistent stands of macroalgae. Unlike many reefs in the Caribbean, over the last several decades, reefs around the Indo-Pacific island of Moorea, French Polynesia have consistently returned to coral dominance following major perturbations without shifting to a macroalgae-dominated state. Here, we present evidence of a rapid increase in populations of herbivorous fishes following the most recent perturbation, and show that grazing by these herbivores has prevented the establishment of macroalgae following near complete loss of coral on offshore reefs. Importantly, we found the positive response of herbivorous fishes to increased benthic primary productivity associated with coral loss was driven largely by parrotfishes that initially recruit to stable nursery habitat within the lagoons before moving to offshore reefs later in life. These results underscore the importance of connectivity between the lagoon and offshore reefs for preventing the establishment of macroalgae following disturbances, and indicate that protecting nearshore nursery habitat of herbivorous fishes is critical for maintaining reef resilience.
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Holbrook SJ, Schmitt RJ, Brooks AJ. Indirect effects of species interactions on habitat provisioning. Oecologia 2011; 166:739-49. [PMID: 21274572 PMCID: PMC3114069 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-1912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Species that shelter in a biogenic habitat can influence their refugia and, in turn, play an essential role in shaping local patterns of biodiversity. Here we explore a positive feedback loop between the provisioning rate of habitat-forming branching corals and their associated fishes and show how interactions between two groups of fish—the planktivorous damselfish and predatory hawkfish—altered the feedback. A field experiment confirmed that skeletal growth of branching coral (genus Pocillopora) increased substantially with increasing numbers (biomass) of resident fishes, likely because they greatly increased the interstitial concentrations of nutrients. Because there is a positive relationship between colony size and number (biomass) of associated fishes (primarily damselfishes in the Family Pomacentridae), a structure–function feedback loop exists in which increasing numbers of damselfish enhance coral growth and larger corals host greater abundances (and species richness) of fish. However, interactions between damselfishes and arc-eye hawkfish, Paracirrhites arcatus, a largely solitary resident, can disrupt this positive feedback loop. Field surveys revealed a marked pattern of fish occupancy related to coral size: Pocillopora colonies of sufficient size to host fish (>40 cm circumference) had either groups of damselfish or an arc-eye hawkfish; only larger colonies (>75 cm) were occupied by both the damselfish and hawkfish. Subsequent short- and long-term experiments revealed that on intermediate-sized Pocillopora colonies, arc-eye hawkfish prevented the establishment of damselfish by suppressing their recruitment. The demographic consequences to the host coral were substantial; in a 1-year-long experiment, intermediate-size Pocillopora occupied by hawkfish grew at half the rate of corals that hosted groups of damselfish. These findings indicate that: (1) species which occupy a biogenic habitat can enhance the provisioning rate of their habitat; (2) such positive feedbacks between community structure and ecosystem function can be disrupted by a strong interactor; (3) even substantial consequences on ecosystem processes that arise can be difficult to discern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally J Holbrook
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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White JW, Samhouri JF, Stier AC, Wormald CL, Hamilton SL, Sandin SA. Synthesizing mechanisms of density dependence in reef fishes: behavior, habitat configuration, and observational scale. Ecology 2010; 91:1949-61. [PMID: 20715614 DOI: 10.1890/09-0298.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coral and rocky reef fish populations are widely used as model systems for the experimental exploration of density-dependent vital rates, but patterns of density-dependent mortality in these systems are not yet fully understood. In particular, the paradigm for strong, directly density-dependent (DDD) postsettlement mortality stands in contrast to recent evidence for inversely density-dependent (IDD) mortality. We review the processes responsible for DDD and IDD per capita mortality in reef fishes, noting that the pattern observed depends on predator and prey behavior, the spatial configuration of the reef habitat, and the spatial and temporal scales of observation. Specifically, predators tend to produce DDD prey mortality at their characteristic spatial scale of foraging, but prey mortality is IDD at smaller spatial scales due to attack-abatement effects (e.g., risk dilution). As a result, DDD mortality may be more common than IDD mortality on patch reefs, which tend to constrain predator foraging to the same scale as prey aggregation, eliminating attack-abatement effects. Additionally, adjacent groups of prey on continuous reefs may share a subset of refuges, increasing per capita refuge availability and relaxing DDD mortality relative to prey on patch reefs, where the patch edge could prevent such refuge sharing. These hypotheses lead to a synthetic framework to predict expected mortality patterns for a variety of scenarios. For nonsocial, nonaggregating species and species that aggregate in order to take advantage of spatially clumped refuges, IDD mortality is possible but likely superseded by DDD refuge competition, especially on patch reefs. By contrast, for species that aggregate socially, mortality should be IDD at the scale of individual aggregations but DDD at larger scales. The results of nearly all prior reef fish studies fit within this framework, although additional work is needed to test many of the predicted outcomes. This synthesis reconciles some apparent contradictions in the recent reef fish literature and suggests the importance of accounting for the scale-sensitive details of predator and prey behavior in any study system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wilson White
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California-Davis, Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, California 94923, USA.
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Habitat selection, facilitation, and biotic settlement cues affect distribution and performance of coral recruits in French Polynesia. Oecologia 2010; 163:747-58. [PMID: 20169452 PMCID: PMC2886133 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Habitat selection can determine the distribution and performance of individuals if the precision with which sites are chosen corresponds with exposure to risks or resources. Contrastingly, facilitation can allow persistence of individuals arriving by chance and potentially maladapted to local abiotic conditions. For marine organisms, selection of a permanent attachment site at the end of their larval stage or the presence of a facilitator can be a critical determinant of recruitment success. In coral reef ecosystems, it is well known that settling planula larvae of reef-building corals use coarse environmental cues (i.e., light) for habitat selection. Although laboratory studies suggest that larvae can also use precise biotic cues produced by crustose coralline algae (CCA) to select attachment sites, the ecological consequences of biotic cues for corals are poorly understood in situ. In a field experiment exploring the relative importance of biotic cues and variability in habitat quality to recruitment of hard corals, pocilloporid and acroporid corals recruited more frequently to one species of CCA, Titanoderma prototypum, and significantly less so to other species of CCA; these results are consistent with laboratory assays from other studies. The provision of the biotic cue accurately predicted coral recruitment rates across habitats of varying quality. At the scale of CCA, corals attached to the “preferred” CCA experienced increased survivorship while recruits attached elsewhere had lower colony growth and survivorship. For reef-building corals, the behavioral selection of habitat using chemical cues both reduces the risk of incidental mortality and indicates the presence of a facilitator.
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Schmitt RJ, Holbrook SJ, Brooks AJ, Lape JCP. Intraguild predation in a structured habitat: distinguishing multiple-predator effects from competitor effects. Ecology 2009; 90:2434-43. [DOI: 10.1890/08-1225.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Feary DA, Almany GR, McCormick MI, Jones GP. Habitat choice, recruitment and the response of coral reef fishes to coral degradation. Oecologia 2007; 153:727-37. [PMID: 17566781 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-007-0773-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The global degradation of coral reefs is having profound effects on the structure and species richness of associated reef fish assemblages. Historically, variation in the composition of fish communities has largely been attributed to factors affecting settlement of reef fish larvae. However, the mechanisms that determine how fish settlers respond to different stages of coral stress and the extent of coral loss on fish settlement are poorly understood. Here, we examined the effects of habitat degradation on fish settlement using a two-stage experimental approach. First, we employed laboratory choice experiments to test how settlers responded to early and terminal stages of coral degradation. We then quantified the settlement response of the whole reef fish assemblage in a field perturbation experiment. The laboratory choice experiments tested how juveniles from nine common Indo-Pacific fishes chose among live colonies, partially degraded colonies, and dead colonies with recent algal growth. Many species did not distinguish between live and partially degraded colonies, suggesting settlement patterns are resilient to the early stages of declining coral health. Several species preferred live or degraded corals, and none preferred to associate with dead, algal-covered colonies. In the field experiment, fish recruitment to coral colonies was monitored before and after the introduction of a coral predator (the crown-of-thorns starfish) and compared with undisturbed control colonies. Starfish reduced live coral cover by 95-100%, causing persistent negative effects on the recruitment of coral-associated fishes. Rapid reductions in new recruit abundance, greater numbers of unoccupied colonies and a shift in the recruit community structure from one dominated by coral-associated fishes before degradation to one predominantly composed of algal-associated fish species were observed. Our results suggest that while resistant to coral stress, coral death alters the process of replenishment of coral reef fish communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Feary
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
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Schmitt RJ, Holbrook SJ. THE SCALE AND CAUSE OF SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY IN STRENGTH OF TEMPORAL DENSITY DEPENDENCE. Ecology 2007; 88:1241-9. [PMID: 17536410 DOI: 10.1890/06-0970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The importance of density dependence in natural communities continues to spark much debate because it is fundamental to population regulation. We used temporal manipulations of density to explore potentially stabilizing density dependence in early survivorship among six local populations of a tropical damselfish (Dascyllus flavicaudus). Specifically, we tested the premise that spatial heterogeneity in the strength of temporal density dependence would reflect variation in density of predators, the agent of mortality. Our field manipulations revealed that mortality among successive cohorts of young fishes was density dependent at each reef, but that its strength varied by approximately 1.5 orders of magnitude. This spatial heterogeneity was well predicted by variation among the six reefs in the density of predatory fishes that consume juvenile damselfishes. Because density dependence arose from competition for enemy-free space within a shelter coral, the mortality consequence of the competition depended on the neighborhood density of predators. Thus, the scale of heterogeneity in the density dependence largely reflected attributes of the environment that shaped the local abundance of predators. These results have important implications for how ecologists explore regulatory processes in nature. Failure to account for spatial variation could frequently yield misleading conclusions regarding density dependence as a stabilizing process, obscure underlying mechanisms influencing its strength, and provide no insight into the spatial scale of the heterogeneity. Further, models of population dynamics will be improved when experimental approaches better estimate the magnitude and causes of variation in strength of stabilizing density dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Schmitt
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9610, USA.
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Mitchell JS, Dill LM. Why is group size correlated with the size of the host sea anemone in the false clown anemonefish? CAN J ZOOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/z05-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When social groups monopolize discrete habitat patches, group size may be positively correlated with patch size. The correlation can be a direct consequence of limited resources. Alternatively, it can be an indirect consequence of patch-size effects on a dominant group member. We asked which of these two mechanisms was responsible for a positive correlation between the group size of false clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830) and that of the host sea anemone Stichodactyla gigantea (Forskål, 1775). We argue that some false clown anemonefish groups may have reached the carrying capacities of their hosts, but that the group size : patch size correlation in the population as a whole is best interpreted as an indirect consequence of a positive relationship between anemone size and the length of the dominant group member. The dominant's length in turn limits group size because dominant group members inhibit the growth of their subordinates. Thus, a correlation between group size and patch size need not imply resource limitation of subordinate group members.
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Holbrook SJ, Schmitt RJ. POPULATION DYNAMICS OF A DAMSELFISH: EFFECTS OF A COMPETITOR THAT ALSO IS AN INDIRECT MUTUALIST. Ecology 2004. [DOI: 10.1890/03-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Holbrook SJ, Schmitt RJ. Spatial and temporal variation in mortality of newly settled damselfish: patterns, causes and co-variation with settlement. Oecologia 2003; 135:532-41. [PMID: 16228252 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-003-1220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2002] [Accepted: 02/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Local abundance and dynamics of sedentary species with a dispersing life stage reflect factors that influence input and loss rates to patches of suitable habitat. For reef fishes, more attention has focused on sources of variation in input (larval settlement) than on patterns and causes of subsequent losses. We estimated spatial and temporal variation in juvenile mortality of a tropical damselfish, yellow-tail dascyllus (Dascyllus flavicaudus; Pomacentridae), using a fixed density experiment that was repeated 5 times at the same eight mid-lagoon localities at Moorea, French Polynesia. There was little temporal variation in the overall percent of outplanted fish lost in 48 h among five time periods (range: 32-37%), whereas there was substantial variation among the sites in the average percent lost (range: 16-56%). Differences in loss rates among the sites were highly consistent among the time periods. Densities of predators of juvenile dascyllus varied substantially among the eight sites and were highly correlated with loss rate of dascyllus. We used the empirically derived relationship between predator density and damselfish loss rate to predict the loss rate of dascyllus at four additional sites, and there was excellent agreement between the predicted and observed loss rates. There was a strong positive relationship between predator densities at the 12 sites and structural attributes of the reefs that do not change on a fast time scale, suggesting why there was strong spatial and weak temporal variation in mortality rates, with no interaction between spatial and temporal variation. Natural settlement rates of yellow-tail dascyllus and of a close congener (humbug dascyllus, D. aruanus) varied among the sites, and settlement of the two species was inversely correlated (r=-0.68). Settlement of these species was not statistically correlated with variation in mortality rate, but there was a weak trend for settlement of yellow-tail dascyllus to be greater at sites with higher mortality (r=0.27), and for settlement of humbug dascyllus to be greater at sites with lower mortality (r=-0.32). We calculated that even these weak co-variances could reduce (yellow-tail dascyllus) or increase (humbug dascyllus) the spatial variance in density of 48-h-old recruits arising at settlement by 19 and 27% respectively. Taken together, the findings suggest that the interactions between and relative contributions of input and loss processes can differ substantially over a scale of a few kilometers, resulting in a mosaic of local patches characterized by different abundances and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally J Holbrook
- and Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Hattori A. Small and large anemonefishes can coexist using the same patchy resources on a coral reef, before habitat destruction. J Anim Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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