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Congruent Genetic and Demographic Dispersal Rates in a Natural Metapopulation at Equilibrium. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030362. [PMID: 33802587 PMCID: PMC7999359 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functioning of natural metapopulations at relevant spatial and temporal scales is necessary to accurately feed both theoretical eco-evolutionary models and conservation plans. One key metric to describe the dynamics of metapopulations is dispersal rate. It can be estimated with either direct field estimates of individual movements or with indirect molecular methods, but the two approaches do not necessarily match. We present a field study in a large natural metapopulation of the butterfly Boloria eunomia in Belgium surveyed over three generations using synchronized demographic and genetic datasets with the aim to characterize its genetic structure, its dispersal dynamics, and its demographic stability. By comparing the census and effective population sizes, and the estimates of dispersal rates, we found evidence of stability at several levels: constant inter-generational ranking of population sizes without drastic historical changes, stable genetic structure and geographically-influenced dispersal movements. Interestingly, contemporary dispersal estimates matched between direct field and indirect genetic assessments. We discuss the eco-evolutionary mechanisms that could explain the described stability of the metapopulation, and suggest that destabilizing agents like inter-generational fluctuations in population sizes could be controlled by a long adaptive history of the species to its dynamic local environment. We finally propose methodological avenues to further improve the match between demographic and genetic estimates of dispersal.
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2
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Chen XD, Ebert TA, Pelz-Stelinski KS, Stelinski LL. Fitness costs associated with thiamethoxam and imidacloprid resistance in three field populations of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) from Florida. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 110:512-520. [PMID: 32046801 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is an increasing problem in citrus production. The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphornia citri Kuwayama, is recognized as one of the most important citrus pests worldwide and it has developed resistance in areas where insecticides have been overused. The development of insecticide resistance is often associated with fitness costs that only become apparent in the absence of selection pressure. Here, the fitness costs associated with resistance to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were investigated in three agricultural populations of D. citri as compared with susceptible laboratory colonies. Results showed that all field populations had greater resistance than laboratory susceptible colonies. For both thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, a Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus-positive (CLas+) colony was more susceptible than the CLas- colony. Resistance ratios ranged from 7.65-16.11 for imidacloprid and 26.79-49.09 for thiamethoxam in field populations as compared with a susceptible, CLas- laboratory strain. Among three resistant field populations, a significantly reduced net reproductive rate and finite rate of population increase were observed in a population from Lake Wales, FL as compared to both susceptible strains. The fecundity of field populations from Lake Wales, FL was statistically lower than both laboratory susceptible populations. Certain changes in morphological characteristics were observed among resistant, as compared, with susceptible strains. Our data suggest fitness disadvantages associated with insecticide resistance in D. citri are related to both development and reproduction. The lower fitness of D. citri populations that exhibit resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides should promote recovery of sensitivity when those populations are no longer exposed to thiamethoxam and/or imidacloprid in the field. The results are congruent with a strategy of insecticide rotation for resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong Chen
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Timothy A Ebert
- Horticulture Department, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment station, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Kirsten S Pelz-Stelinski
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
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Howell PE, Hossack BR, Muths E, Sigafus BH, Chandler RB. Informing Amphibian Conservation Efforts with Abundance-Based Metapopulation Models. HERPETOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1655/0018-0831-76.2.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paige E. Howell
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Blake R. Hossack
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Erin Muths
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Brent H. Sigafus
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Richard B. Chandler
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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del Valle JC, Herman JA, Whittall JB. Genome skimming and microsatellite analysis reveal contrasting patterns of genetic diversity in a rare sandhill endemic (Erysimum teretifolium, Brassicaceae). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227523. [PMID: 32459825 PMCID: PMC7252598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Barriers between islands often inhibit gene flow creating patterns of isolation by distance. In island species, the majority of genetic diversity should be distributed among isolated populations. However, a self-incompatible mating system leads to higher genetic variation within populations and very little between-population subdivision. We examine these two contrasting predictions in Erysimum teretifolium, a rare self-incompatible plant endemic to island-like sandhill habitats in Santa Cruz County, California. We used genome skimming and nuclear microsatellites to assess the distribution of genetic diversity within and among eight of the 13 remaining populations. Phylogenetic analyses of the chloroplast genomes revealed a deep separation of three of the eight populations. The nuclear ribosomal DNA cistron showed no genetic subdivision. Nuclear microsatellites suggest 83% of genetic variation resides within populations. Despite this, 18 of 28 between-population comparisons exhibited significant population structure (mean FST = 0.153). No isolation by distance existed among all populations, however when one outlier population was removed from the analysis due to uncertain provenance, significant isolation by distance emerged (r2 = 0.5611, p = 0.005). Population census size did not correlate with allelic richness as predicted on islands. Bayesian population assignment detected six genetic groupings with substantial admixture. Unique genetic clusters were concentrated at the periphery of the species’ range. Since the overall distribution of nuclear genetic diversity reflects E. tereifolium’s self-incompatible mating system, the vast majority of genetic variation could be sampled within any individual population. Yet, the chloroplast genome results suggest a deep split and some of the nuclear microsatellite analyses indicate some island-like patterns of genetic diversity. Restoration efforts intending to maximize genetic variation should include representatives from both lineages of the chloroplast genome and, for maximum nuclear genetic diversity, should include representatives of the smaller, peripheral populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos del Valle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Julie A. Herman
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States of America
| | - Justen B. Whittall
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Larroque J, Legault S, Johns R, Lumley L, Cusson M, Renaut S, Levesque RC, James PMA. Temporal variation in spatial genetic structure during population outbreaks: Distinguishing among different potential drivers of spatial synchrony. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1931-1945. [PMID: 31700536 PMCID: PMC6824080 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial synchrony is a common characteristic of spatio-temporal population dynamics across many taxa. While it is known that both dispersal and spatially autocorrelated environmental variation (i.e., the Moran effect) can synchronize populations, the relative contributions of each, and how they interact, are generally unknown. Distinguishing these mechanisms and their effects on synchrony can help us to better understand spatial population dynamics, design conservation and management strategies, and predict climate change impacts. Population genetic data can be used to tease apart these two processes as the spatio-temporal genetic patterns they create are expected to be different. A challenge, however, is that genetic data are often collected at a single point in time, which may introduce context-specific bias. Spatio-temporal sampling strategies can be used to reduce bias and to improve our characterization of the drivers of spatial synchrony. Using spatio-temporal analyses of genotypic data, our objective was to identify the relative support for these two mechanisms to the spatial synchrony in population dynamics of the irruptive forest insect pest, the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), in Quebec (Canada). AMOVA, cluster analysis, isolation by distance, and sPCA were used to characterize spatio-temporal genomic variation using 1,370 SBW larvae sampled over four years (2012-2015) and genotyped at 3,562 SNP loci. We found evidence of overall weak spatial genetic structure that decreased from 2012 to 2015 and a genetic diversity homogenization among the sites. We also found genetic evidence of a long-distance dispersal event over >140 km. These results indicate that dispersal is the key mechanism involved in driving population synchrony of the outbreak. Early intervention management strategies that aim to control source populations have the potential to be effective through limiting dispersal. However, the timing of such interventions relative to outbreak progression is likely to influence their probability of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Larroque
- Département de Sciences BiologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Simon Legault
- Département de Sciences BiologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Rob Johns
- Canadian Forest ServiceNatural Resources CanadaFrederictonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Lisa Lumley
- Royal Alberta MuseumEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Sébastien Renaut
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie VégétaleUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Roger C. Levesque
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmesUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Patrick M. A. James
- Département de Sciences BiologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
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Jourdan J, Baranov V, Wagner R, Plath M, Haase P. Elevated temperatures translate into reduced dispersal abilities in a natural population of an aquatic insect. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1498-1509. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Jourdan
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Gelnhausen Germany
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Viktor Baranov
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Gelnhausen Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wagner
- FB 10 Nat. Sci., Biology, Zoology University of Kassel Kassel Germany
| | - Martin Plath
- College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&F University Yangling China
| | - Peter Haase
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Gelnhausen Germany
- Faculty of Biology University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
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Ziv Y, Davidowitz G. When Landscape Ecology Meets Physiology: Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Resource Allocation Trade-Offs. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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8
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Shefferson RP, Mason CM, Kellett KM, Goolsby EW, Coughlin E, Flynn RW. The evolutionary impacts of conservation actions. POPUL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-018-0614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Kondoh T, Abe H, Sato-Okoshi W. Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Kondoh
- Laboratory of Biological Oceanography, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - H. Abe
- Laboratory of Biological Oceanography, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
| | - W. Sato-Okoshi
- Laboratory of Biological Oceanography, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Trochet A, Courtois EA, Stevens VM, Baguette M, Chaine A, Schmeller DS, Clobert J, Wiens JJ. Evolution of Sex-Biased Dispersal. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2016; 91:297-30. [DOI: 10.1086/688097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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11
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Woestmann L, Saastamoinen M. The importance of trans-generational effects in Lepidoptera. Curr Zool 2016; 62:489-499. [PMID: 29491938 PMCID: PMC5804281 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of trans-generational effects in shaping an individuals’ phenotype and fitness, and consequently even impacting population dynamics is increasingly apparent. Most of the research on trans-generational effects still focuses on plants, mammals, and birds. In the past few years, however, increasing number of studies, especially on maternal effects, have highlighted their importance also in many insect systems. Lepidoptera, specifically butterflies, have been used as model systems for studying the role of phenotypic plasticity within generations. As ectotherms, they are highly sensitive to environmental variation, and indeed many butterflies show adaptive phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental conditions. Here, we synthesize what is known about trans-generational effects in Lepidoptera, compile evidence for different environmental cues that are important drivers of trans-generational effects, and point out which offspring traits are mainly impacted. Finally, we emphasize directions for future research that are needed for better understanding of the adaptive nature of trans-generational effects in Lepidoptera in particular, but potentially also in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Woestmann
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Hardouin LA, Legagneux P, Hingrat Y, Robert A. Sex-specific dispersal responses to inbreeding and kinship. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Pe'er G, Saltz D, Münkemüller T, Matsinos YG, Thulke HH. Simple rules for complex landscapes: the case of hilltopping movements and topography. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Oliver TH, Thomas CD, Hill JK, Brereton T, Roy DB. Habitat associations of thermophilous butterflies are reduced despite climatic warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2012; 18:2720-2729. [PMID: 24501051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming threatens the survival of species at their warm, trailing-edge range boundaries but also provides opportunities for the ecological release of populations at the cool, leading edges of their distributions. Thus, as the climate warms, leading-edge populations are expected to utilize an increased range of habitat types, leading to larger population sizes and range expansion. Here, we test the hypothesis that the habitat associations of British butterflies have expanded over three decades of climate warming. We characterize the habitat breadth of 27 southerly distributed species from 77 monitoring transects between 1977 and 2007 by considering changes in densities of butterflies across 11 habitat types. Contrary to expectation, we find that 20 of 27 (74%) butterfly species showed long-term contractions in their habitat associations, despite some short-term expansions in habitat breadth in warmer-than-usual years. Thus, we conclude that climatic warming has ameliorated habitat contractions caused by other environmental drivers to some extent, but that habitat degradation continues to be a major driver of reductions in habitat breadth and population density of butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom H Oliver
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, OX19 8BB, Oxfordshire, UK
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15
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Bergerot B, Merckx T, Van Dyck H, Baguette M. Habitat fragmentation impacts mobility in a common and widespread woodland butterfly: do sexes respond differently? BMC Ecol 2012; 12:5. [PMID: 22540674 PMCID: PMC3430564 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theory predicts a nonlinear response of dispersal evolution to habitat fragmentation. First, dispersal will be favoured in line with both decreasing area of habitat patches and increasing inter-patch distances. Next, once these inter-patch distances exceed a critical threshold, dispersal will be counter-selected, unless essential resources no longer co-occur in compact patches but are differently scattered; colonization of empty habitat patches or rescue of declining populations are then increasingly overruled by dispersal costs like mortality risks and loss of time and energy. However, to date, most empirical studies mainly document an increase of dispersal associated with habitat fragmentation. We analyzed dispersal kernels for males and females of the common, widespread woodland butterfly Pararge aegeria in highly fragmented landscape, and for males in landscapes that differed in their degree of habitat fragmentation. RESULTS The male and female probabilities of moving were considerably lower in the highly fragmented landscapes compared to the male probability of moving in fragmented agricultural and deciduous oak woodland landscapes. We also investigated whether, and to what extent, daily dispersal distance in the highly fragmented landscape was influenced by a set of landscape variables for both males and females, including distance to the nearest woodland, area of the nearest woodland, patch area and abundance of individuals in the patch. We found that daily movement distance decreased with increasing distance to the nearest woodland in both males and females. Daily distances flown by males were related to the area of the woodland capture site, whereas no such effect was observed for females. CONCLUSION Overall, mobility was strongly reduced in the highly fragmented landscape, and varied considerably among landscapes with different spatial resource distributions. We interpret the results relative to different cost-benefit ratios of movements in fragmented landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bergerot
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS-MNHN-UPMC, UMR 7204 CERSP, 55 Rue Buffon, Paris, 75005, France
- hepia Geneva, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Technology, Architecture and Landscape, Centre de Lullier, Route de Presinge 150, Jussy, CH-1254, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Merckx
- Theoretical Ecology and Biodiversity Change Lab, Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa,, 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Hans Van Dyck
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud 4 bte, Louvain-la-Neuve, L7.07.04, B-1348, Belgium
| | - Michel Baguette
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS-MNHN-UPMC, UMR 7204 CERSP, 55 Rue Buffon, Paris, 75005, France
- CNRS, USR 2936, Station d’ Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
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16
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Hardouin LA, Nevoux M, Robert A, Gimenez O, Lacroix F, Hingrat Y. Determinants and costs of natal dispersal in a lekking species. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Inverse link between density and dispersal distance in butterflies: field evidence from six co-occurring species. POPUL ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-011-0277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Junker M, Wagner S, Gros P, Schmitt T. Changing demography and dispersal behaviour: ecological adaptations in an alpine butterfly. Oecologia 2010; 164:971-80. [PMID: 20652595 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
High mountain ecosystems are extreme habitats for all organisms and therefore demand specific adaptations. In this context, we studied the ecology of the butterfly Euphydryas aurinia debilis in the High Tauern (Austria) and compared the obtained data against the ecology of the species in lower elevation habitats. We performed mark-release-recapture studies over the entire flight periods (end of June to end of July) in 2007 and 2008 to analyse the fundamental ecological parameters of a population. The demography of males and females was similar in both years, and no indication of typical protandry was detected. We observed a generally low dispersal of the individuals in both years, but males dispersed significantly more than females in 2008; this finding of low vagility was supported by allozyme analyses. Furthermore, butterflies survived periods of several days of continuously closed snow cover without any indication of increased mortality rates. In these three traits, this alpine population of E. aurinia apparently has ecological and physiological adaptations to the extreme requirements of high-altitude habitats and strongly deviates from the lower elevation populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Junker
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Faculty of Geography/Geosciences, Trier, Germany.
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19
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Bonte D, Hovestadt T, Poethke HJ. Evolution of dispersal polymorphism and local adaptation of dispersal distance in spatially structured landscapes. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Nowicki P, Bonelli S, Barbero F, Balletto E. Relative importance of density-dependent regulation and environmental stochasticity for butterfly population dynamics. Oecologia 2009; 161:227-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Cleary DF, Genner MJ, Koh LP, Boyle TJ, Setyawati T, de Jong R, Menken SB. Butterfly species and traits associated with selectively logged forest in Borneo. Basic Appl Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Karlsson B, Johansson A. Seasonal polyphenism and developmental trade-offs between flight ability and egg laying in a pierid butterfly. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:2131-6. [PMID: 18522912 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterflies have competing demands for flight ability depending on, for example, mating system, predation pressure, the localization of host plants and dispersal needs. The flight apparatus, however, is costly to manufacture and therefore trade-offs are expected since resources are limited and must be allocated between flight ability and other functions, such as reproduction. Trade-offs between flight and reproduction may be difficult to reveal since they interact with other factors and can be confounded by differences in resource consumption. Previous studies have shown that adults of the summer generation of Pieris napi have relatively larger thoraxes compared with the spring generation. To study whether difference in thorax size results in a trade-off between flight ability and reproduction among the two generations, we conducted a split-brood experiment under common garden conditions. Our results show that summer generation adults have a higher dispersal capacity measured as flight duration in five different temperatures. Reproductive output differed between the two developmental pathways; spring generation females had a significantly higher output of eggs compared with summer generation females. We suggest that this is a consequence of a resource-allocation trade-off made during pupal development implemented by different demands for flight between the spring and summer generations. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to reproduction and mobility in butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Karlsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Merckx T, Van Dongen S, Matthysen E, Van Dyck H. Thermal flight budget of a woodland butterfly in woodland versus agricultural landscapes: An experimental assessment. Basic Appl Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Martín CA, Alonso JC, Alonso JA, Palacín C, Magaña M, Martín B. Natal dispersal in great bustards: the effect of sex, local population size and spatial isolation. J Anim Ecol 2008; 77:326-34. [PMID: 18179551 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. We investigated the causes of natal dispersal in four Spanish areas where 35 breeding groups of the polygynous great bustard Otis tarda were monitored intensively. A total of 392 juveniles were radio-tracked between 1991 and 2006 by ground and via aeroplane to avoid potential biases derived from the non-detection of long-distance dispersers. 2. We explored 10 explanatory variables that were related to individual phenotypic features, habitat and conspecific traits in terms of group size and breeding performance, and spatial distribution of available breeding groups. Probability of group change and natal dispersal distances were investigated separately through multifactorial analyses. 3. Natal dispersal occurred in 47.8% of the birds and median natal dispersal distance of dispersers was 18.1 km (range 4.97-178.42 km). Sex largely determined the dispersal probability, with 75.6% of males being dispersers and 80.0% of females being philopatric, in contrast to the general pattern of female-biased dispersal found in most avian species. 4. Both the frequency of natal dispersal and dispersal distances were affected by the spatial distribution of breeding groups. More isolated groups showed a higher proportion of philopatric individuals, the effect being more evident in males than in females. This implies a reduction in gene flow in fragmented populations, as most genetic exchange is achieved through male dispersal. Additionally, dispersers hatched in more isolated groups tended to exhibit longer dispersal distances, which increases the associated energetic costs and mortality risks. 5. The dispersal decision was influenced by the number of conspecifics in the natal group. The individual probability of natal dispersal was related inversely to the size of the natal group, which supports the balanced dispersal model and the conspecific attraction hypothesis. 6. Overall, our results provide a good example of phenotypic plasticity and reinforce the current view that dispersal is an evolutionary complex trait conditioned by the interaction of individual, social and environmental causes that vary between individuals and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Martín
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Habitat fragmentation affects habitat-finding ability of the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria L. Anim Behav 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fjerdingstad EJ, Schtickzelle N, Manhes P, Gutierrez A, Clobert J. Evolution of dispersal and life history strategies--Tetrahymena ciliates. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:133. [PMID: 17683620 PMCID: PMC1997130 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable attention has focused on how selection on dispersal and other core life-history strategies (reproductive effort, survival ability, colonization capacity) may lead to so-called dispersal syndromes. Studies on genetic variation in these syndromes within species could importantly increase our understanding of their evolution, by revealing whether traits co-vary across genetic lineages in the manner predicted by theoretical models, and by stimulating further hypotheses for experimental testing. Yet such studies remain scarce. Here we studied the ciliated protist Tetrahymena thermophila, a particularly interesting organism due to cells being able to transform into morphs differing dramatically in swim-speed. We investigated dispersal, morphological responses, reproductive performance, and survival in ten different clonal strains. Then, we examined whether life history traits co-varied in the manner classically predicted for ruderal species, examined the investment of different strains into short- and putative long-distance dispersal, while considering also the likely impact of semi-sociality (cell aggregation, secretion of 'growth factors') on dispersal strategies. RESULTS Very significant among-strain differences were found with regard to dispersal rate, morphological commitment and plasticity, and almost all core life-history traits (e.g. survival, growth performance and strategy), with most of these traits being significantly intercorrelated. Some strains showed high short-distance dispersal rates, high colonization capacity, bigger cell size, elevated growth performance, and good survival abilities. These well performing strains, however, produced fewer fast-swimming dispersal morphs when subjected to environmental degradation than did philopatric strains performing poorly under normal conditions. CONCLUSION Strong evidence was found for a genetic covariation between dispersal strategies and core life history traits in T. thermophila, with a fair fit of observed trait associations with classic colonizer models. However, the well performing strains with high colonization success and short-distance dispersal likely suffered under a long-distance dispersal disadvantage, due to producing fewer fast-swimming dispersal morphs than did philopatric strains. The smaller cell size at carrying capacity of the latter strains and their poor capacity to colonize as individual cells suggest that they may be adapted to greater levels of dependency on clone-mates (stronger sociality). In summary, differential exposure to selection on competitive and cooperative abilities, in conjunction with selective factors targeting specifically dispersal distance, likely contributed importantly to shaping T. thermophila dispersal and life history evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else J Fjerdingstad
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, CNRS UMR 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Now at the Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Schtickzelle
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, CNRS UMR 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pauline Manhes
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, CNRS UMR 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Now at the Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Arnaud Gutierrez
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, CNRS UMR 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, CNRS UMR 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jean Clobert
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, CNRS UMR 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Moulis, 09200 Saint-Girons, France
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Saastamoinen M. Mobility and lifetime fecundity in new versus old populations of the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Oecologia 2007; 153:569-78. [PMID: 17566782 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-007-0772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Life history theory often assumes a trade-off between dispersal and reproduction, and such a trade-off is commonly observed in wing-dimorphic insects. The results are less consistent for wing-monomorphic species, for which it is more difficult to assess dispersal capacity and rate. Three replicate experiments were carried out in consecutive years on the Glanville fritillary butterfly in a large outdoor population cage to study the relationship between lifetime egg production and mobility. The experimental material included females originating from newly-established and old populations, as previous studies have shown dispersal capacity to depend on population age. There was a consistent and significant interaction between mobility and population age, such that in newly-established populations mobile females had higher fecundity than less mobile females, while in old populations there was no such relationship. As selection favours individuals with the highest fecundity, selection pressure on mobility is likely to be different between the two population types, which may contribute to maintenance of variation in dispersal rate in the metapopulation as a whole. Several other female traits also affected lifetime fecundity, including lifespan, number of matings and date of eclosion, although these effects were not consistent across the years. These results highlight the importance of conducting experiments in more than one year before generalizing about patterns in life history variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Saastamoinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Pavoine S, Blondel J, Baguette M, Chessel D. A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR ORDERING ASYMMETRICAL THREE-DIMENSIONAL DATA SETS IN ECOLOGY. Ecology 2007; 88:512-23. [PMID: 17479768 DOI: 10.1890/05-1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to tackle the problem that arises from asymmetrical data cubes formed by two crossed factors fixed by the experimenter (factor A and factor B, e.g., sites and dates) and a factor which is not controlled for (the species). The entries of this cube are densities in species. We approach this kind of data by the comparison of patterns, that is to say by analyzing first the effect of factor B on the species-factor A pattern, and second the effect of factor A on the species-factor B pattern. The analysis of patterns instead of individual responses requires a correspondence analysis. We use a method we call Foucart's correspondence analysis to coordinate the correspondence analyses of several independent matrices of species x factor A (respectively B) type, corresponding to each modality of factor B (respectively A). Such coordination makes it possible to evaluate the effect of factor B (respectively A) on the species-factor A (respectively B) pattern. The results obtained by such a procedure are much more insightful than those resulting from a classical single correspondence analysis applied to the global matrix that is obtained by simply unrolling the data cube, juxtaposing for example the individual species x factor A matrices through modalities of factor B. This is because a single global correspondence analysis combines three effects of factors in a way that cannot be determined from factorial maps (factor A, factor B, and factor A x factor B interaction) whereas the applications of Foucart's correspondence analysis clearly discriminate two different issues. Using two data sets, we illustrate that this technique proves to be particularly powerful in the analyses of ecological convergence which include several distinct data sets and in the analyses of spatiotemporal variations of species distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Pavoine
- Unité de Conservation des Espèces, Restauration et Suivi des Populations (UMR 5173), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
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Kokko H, López-Sepulcre A. From Individual Dispersal to Species Ranges: Perspectives for a Changing World. Science 2006; 313:789-91. [PMID: 16902127 DOI: 10.1126/science.1128566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal is often risky to the individual, yet the long-term survival of populations depends on having a sufficient number of individuals that move, find each other, and locate suitable breeding habitats. This tension has consequences that rarely meet our conservation or management goals. This is particularly true in changing environments, which makes the study of dispersal urgently topical in a world plagued with habitat loss, climate change, and species introductions. Despite the difficulty of tracking mobile individuals over potentially vast ranges, recent research has revealed a multitude of ways in which dispersal evolution can either constrain, or accelerate, species' responses to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kokko
- Laboratory of Ecological and Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
Habitat fragmentation is expected to impose strong selective pressures on dispersal rates. However, evolutionary responses of dispersal are not self-evident, since various selection pressures act in opposite directions. Here we disentangled the components of dispersal behavior in a metapopulation context using the Virtual Migration model, and we linked their variation to habitat fragmentation in the specialist butterfly Proclossiana eunomia. Our study provided a nearly unique opportunity to study how habitat fragmentation modifies dispersal at the landscape scale, as opposed to microlandscapes or simulation studies. Indeed, we studied the same species in four landscapes with various habitat fragmentation levels, in which large amounts of field data were collected and analyzed using similar methodologies. We showed the existence of quantitative variations in dispersal behavior correlated with increased fragmentation. Dispersal propensity from habitat patches (for a given patch size), and mortality during dispersal (for a given patch connectivity) were lower in more fragmented landscapes. We suggest that these were the consequences of two different evolutionary responses of dispersal behavior at the individual level: (1) when fragmentation increased, the reluctance of individuals to cross habitat patch boundaries also increased; (2) when individuals dispersed, they flew straighter in the matrix, which is the best strategy to improve dispersal success. Such evolutionary responses could generate complex nonlinear patterns of dispersal changes at the metapopulation level according to habitat fragmentation. Due to the small size and increased isolation of habitat patches in fragmented landscapes, overall emigration rate and mortality during dispersal remained high. As a consequence, successful dispersal at the metapopulation scale remained limited. Therefore, to what extent the selection of individuals with a lower dispersal propensity and a higher survival during dispersal is able to limit detrimental effects of habitat fragmentation on dispersal success is unknown, and any conclusion that metapopulations would compensate for them is flawed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Schtickzelle
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Catholic University Louvain, 4 Place Croix du Sud, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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