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Dorian NN. Voltinism of a solitary bee was influenced by temperature but not provision size. Oecologia 2024; 205:245-256. [PMID: 38850313 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Changes in the timing and duration of life cycles are distinctive fingerprints of environmental change. Yet, the biotic and abiotic cues underpinning phenology and voltinism, i.e., number of generations per year, are poorly understood. Here, I experimentally test how temperature and provision size influence voltinism and survival to emergence in a solitary bee Colletes validus, and how temperature influences voltinism in the brood parasite Tricrania sanguinipennis. Within the same population, univoltine individuals emerge after 1 year (1-year form), whereas semivoltine individuals enter prolonged dormancy and emerge after 2 years (2-year form). I reared field-collected bees under 2 × 2 factorial experiments with cool (18.5 °C ± 0.5 °C) vs. warm (24 °C ± 0.5 °C) temperature treatments (bees and beetles) and no supplement vs. supplemental food treatments (+ 20% ± 5% pollen provision by mass); beetles were reared under temperature treatments only. Cool temperatures consistently increased the proportion of 2-year bees regardless of provision size, a finding that was consistent with three years of field observations. There was a demographic cost to prolonged dormancy in that both 1- and 2-year bees survived to emergence as adults, but survival of 2-year bees was approximately 50% lower than 1-year bees. Two-year beetles were produced under cooler temperatures, but unlike bees, beetles had nearly perfect survival to emergence in all treatments. This experiment advances our mechanistic understanding of the environmental drivers of voltinism in diverse insect taxa and underscores the importance of considering cryptic life stages when interpreting responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas N Dorian
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, USA.
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA.
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2
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Review of Existing Knowledge and Practices of Tarping for the Control of Invasive Knotweeds. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102152. [PMID: 34685966 PMCID: PMC8539117 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Managing invasive exotic plant species is a complex challenge, especially for Asian knotweeds (Reynoutria spp.). Tarping is a regularly cited but poorly documented control method, which consists of covering the ground with a tarp (agricultural tarp, geotextile, geomembrane, etc.) to create a physical barrier to hinder plant growth and deprive the plants of light in order to deplete their rhizomatous reserves. To improve our knowledge of tarping in order to identify the key factors of its success or failure, we reviewed the relevant grey and scientific literature and conducted an international survey among managers to collect feedback on tarping experiments. In the literature, as well as in the field, practices are quite heterogeneous, and the method’s effectiveness is highly contrasted. A better consideration of knotweed biology may improve the efficacy of the method. Based on the bibliography and survey work, we propose practical recommendations including covering the entire stand, extending the tarping up to 2.5 m beyond its edges for a period of at least six years, and ensuring regular monitoring. Even though tarping does not seem to be a one-size-fits-all solution to eradicate knotweed, it could still be a useful control method once knotweed has become a critical management issue.
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3
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Rominger KR, Meyer SE, Van Buren R, Searle AB. Phenological Patterns in the Desert Spring Ephemeral Astragalus holmgreniorum Barneby (Fabaceae). WEST N AM NATURALIST 2019. [DOI: 10.3398/064.079.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan E. Meyer
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Provo, UT 84606
| | - Renee Van Buren
- Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058
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4
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Ott JP, Klimešová J, Hartnett DC. The ecology and significance of below-ground bud banks in plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1099-1118. [PMID: 31167028 PMCID: PMC6612937 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Below-ground bud banks have experienced much recent interest due to discoveries that they (1) account for the majority of seasonal population renewal in many communities, (2) are crucial to regeneration following disturbance, and (3) have important consequences for plant population dynamics and plant and ecosystem function across a number of habitats. SCOPE This review presents an overview of the role of bud banks in plant population renewal, examines bud bank life history, summarizes bud bank traits and their potential ecological implications, synthesizes the response of bud banks to disturbance, and highlights gaps to guide future research. The characteristics and life history of buds, including their natality, dormancy, protection and longevity, provide a useful framework for advancing our understanding of bud banks. The fate of buds depends on their age, size, type, location, and biotic and abiotic factors that collectively regulate bud bank dynamics. A bud bank can provide a demographic storage effect stabilizing population dynamics, and also confer resistance to disturbance and invasion. Regeneration capacity following disturbance is determined by interactions among the rates of bud natality, depletion and dormancy (meristem limitation), and the resources available to support the regeneration process. The resulting response of plants and their bud banks to disturbances such as fire, herbivory and anthropogenic sources determines the community's regenerative capacity. CONCLUSIONS Vegetation responses to environmental change may be mediated through changes in bud bank dynamics and phenology. Environmental change that depletes the bud bank or prohibits its formation likely results in a loss of vegetation resilience and plant species diversity. Standardization of bud sampling, examination of bud banks in more ecosystems and their response to environmental variation and disturbance regimes, employment of stage-structured bud bank modelling and evaluation of the cost of bud bank construction and maintenance will benefit this expanding field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline P Ott
- Forest and Grassland Research Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Rapid City, SD, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská, CZ – Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - David C Hartnett
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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McCormick MK, Whigham DF, Canchani-Viruet A. Mycorrhizal fungi affect orchid distribution and population dynamics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1207-1215. [PMID: 29790578 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Symbioses are ubiquitous in nature and influence individual plants and populations. Orchids have life history stages that depend fully or partially on fungi for carbon and other essential resources. As a result, orchid populations depend on the distribution of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMFs). We focused on evidence that local-scale distribution and population dynamics of orchids can be limited by the patchy distribution and abundance of OMFs, after an update of an earlier review confirmed that orchids are rarely limited by OMF distribution at geographic scales. Recent evidence points to a relationship between OMF abundance and orchid density and dormancy, which results in apparent density differences. Orchids were more abundant, less likely to enter dormancy, and more likely to re-emerge when OMF were abundant. We highlight the need for additional studies on OMF quantity, more emphasis on tropical species, and development and application of next-generation sequencing techniques to quantify OMF abundance in substrates and determine their function in association with orchids. Research is also needed to distinguish between OMFs and endophytic fungi and to determine the function of nonmycorrhizal endophytes in orchid roots. These studies will be especially important if we are to link orchids and OMFs in efforts to inform conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K McCormick
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Dennis F Whigham
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Armando Canchani-Viruet
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
- Universidad Metropolitana, Escuela de Ciencias y Tecnología, 1399 Avenida Ana G. Mendez, San Juan, 00926, Puerto Rico
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Cui H, Töpper JP, Yang Y, Vandvik V, Wang G. Plastic Population Effects and Conservative Leaf Traits in a Reciprocal Transplant Experiment Simulating Climate Warming in the Himalayas. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1069. [PMID: 30105040 PMCID: PMC6077237 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming poses considerable challenges for alpine plant species, especially for competitively inferior ones with resource-conservative adaptations to cold climates. The Himalayas are warming at rates considerably faster than the global average, so it is particularly important to assess how and through which mechanisms alpine plant species are affected there. We employed a demographic approach in a climate change experiment, where vegetation turfs were transplanted reciprocally between the central parts of the study species' (Viola biflora L. var. rockiana) range and the warmer range margin, with a temperature difference of ca. 1°C. In addition, turfs were also transplanted outside the range to warmer habitats, simulating two different scenarios of climate warming, +1 and +4°C. Transplanting to warmer sites negatively impacted population growth rates (λ), survival and clonality, but did not affect growth and fecundity, while the productivity of the plant community increased. The reciprocal transplants to the colder habitat showed the opposite effects, for both V. biflora and the plant community, indicating plastic responses of the study species, driven by changes in plant-plant competition. However, the leaf traits underlying the modeled population growth rates were origin-site specific and not affected by the climate-change treatments over the study period, suggesting local adaptation of growth form to competition in the warmer range margin, and to climate adversity in the colder range center. The transplants outside the present species' range showed consistently stronger reductions in population growth rate and survival, with mortality of 90-100% in the +4°C treatment. This illustrates that climatic changes beyond species' present climatic ranges pose a serious risk for range contraction and extinction for Himalayan alpine species in the near future. As V. biflora seems mostly limited by competition under warming, its persistence in a future climate may become increasingly dependent on keeping competitive effects from the surrounding community low, for instance by management interventions like grazing and mowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Cui
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center, College of Wetlands, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joachim P. Töpper
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Genxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Tenhumberg B, Crone EE, Ramula S, Tyre AJ. Time-lagged effects of weather on plant demography: drought and Astragalus scaphoides. Ecology 2018; 99:915-925. [PMID: 29380874 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and precipitation determine the conditions where plant species can occur. Despite their significance, to date, surprisingly few demographic field studies have considered the effects of abiotic drivers. This is problematic because anticipating the effect of global climate change on plant population viability requires understanding how weather variables affect population dynamics. One possible reason for omitting the effect of weather variables in demographic studies is the difficulty in detecting tight associations between vital rates and environmental drivers. In this paper, we applied Functional Linear Models (FLMs) to long-term demographic data of the perennial wildflower, Astragalus scaphoides, and explored sensitivity of the results to reduced amounts of data. We compared models of the effect of average temperature, total precipitation, or an integrated measure of drought intensity (standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, SPEI), on plant vital rates. We found that transitions to flowering and recruitment in year t were highest if winter/spring of year t was wet (positive effect of SPEI). Counterintuitively, if the preceding spring of year t - 1 was wet, flowering probabilities were decreased (negative effect of SPEI). Survival of vegetative plants from t - 1 to t was also negatively affected by wet weather in the spring of year t - 1 and, for large plants, even wet weather in the spring of t - 2 had a negative effect. We assessed the integrated effect of all vital rates on life history performance by fitting FLMs to the asymptotic growth rate, log(λt). Log(λt) was highest if dry conditions in year t - 1 were followed by wet conditions in the year t. Overall, the positive effects of wet years exceeded their negative effects, suggesting that increasing frequency of drought conditions would reduce population viability of A. scaphoides. The drought signal weakened when reducing the number of monitoring years. Substituting space for time did not recover the weather signal, probably because the weather variables varied little between sites. We detected the SPEI signal when the analysis included data from two sites monitored over 20 yr (2 × 20 observations), but not when analyzing data from four sites monitored over 10 yr (4 × 10 observations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Tenhumberg
- School of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Crone
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA
| | - Satu Ramula
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrew J Tyre
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583, USA
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Menges ES, Pace-Aldana B, Haller SJ, Smith SA. Ecology and Conservation of the Endangered LegumeCrotalaria avonensisin Florida Scrub. SOUTHEAST NAT 2016. [DOI: 10.1656/058.015.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Smith SA, Menges ES. Population Dynamics and Life History of Euphorbia rosescens, a Perennial Herb Endemic to Florida Scrub. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160014. [PMID: 27454519 PMCID: PMC4959700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Euphorbia rosescens is a recently described plant that is narrowly endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge. Little is known of the ecology or life history of this diminutive, deeply rooted polygamodioecious perennial. We studied 13 subpopulations of this species from 2004-2012 from five habitats, sampling monthly during its growing season. Subpopulations were stable year-to-year with annual survivals > 90%, but with considerable within-year dynamics, peaking in density in April and dying back in the fall and winter. Stem densities did not vary among subpopulations, habitats, or by subpopulation gender. Annual plant dormancy was common and decreased subsequent survival. Belowground biomass averaged almost 50 times higher than aboveground biomass. Subpopulations either consisted of entirely female individuals or a mixture of male and functionally andromonoecious individuals and these subpopulation genders remained stable across years. Overall, flowering has been dominated by female plants. Plants produced modest numbers of inflorescences (cyathia), and fruit production was very low. Although most plants survived fire by resprouting, fire decreased survival and had a short-term positive effect on floral production. Lack of fecundity and recruitment are concerns for this state-endangered species, but more information is needed on its breeding system and clonality to make specific management recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A. Smith
- Plant Ecology Program, Archbold Biological Station, Venus, Florida, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Menges
- Plant Ecology Program, Archbold Biological Station, Venus, Florida, United States of America
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Brouwer NL, Hale AN, Kalisz S. Mutualism-disrupting allelopathic invader drives carbon stress and vital rate decline in a forest perennial herb. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv014. [PMID: 25725084 PMCID: PMC4374104 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Invasive plants can negatively affect belowground processes and alter soil microbial communities. For native plants that depend on soil resources from root fungal symbionts (RFS), invasion could compromise their resource status and subsequent ability to manufacture and store carbohydrates. Herbaceous perennials that depend on RFS-derived resources dominate eastern North American forest understories. Therefore, we predict that forest invasion by Alliaria petiolata, an allelopathic species that produces chemicals that are toxic to RFS, will diminish plant carbon storage and fitness. Over a single growing season, the loss of RFS could reduce a plant's photosynthetic physiology and carbon storage. If maintained over multiple growing seasons, this could create a condition of carbon stress and declines in plant vital rates. Here we characterize the signals of carbon stress over a short timeframe and explore the long-term consequence of Alliaria invasion using Maianthemum racemosum, an RFS-dependent forest understory perennial. First, in a greenhouse experiment, we treated the soil of potted Maianthemum with fresh leaf tissue from either Alliaria or Hesperis matronalis (control) for a single growing season. Alliaria-treated plants exhibit significant overall reductions in total non-structural carbohydrates and have 17 % less storage carbohydrates relative to controls. Second, we monitored Maianthemum vital rates in paired experimental plots where we either removed emerging Alliaria seedlings each spring or left Alliaria at ambient levels for 7 years. Where Alliaria is removed, Maianthemum size and vital rates improve significantly: flowering probability increases, while the probability of plants regressing to non-flowering stages or entering prolonged dormancy are reduced. Together, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that disruption of a ubiquitous mutualism following species invasion creates symptoms of carbon stress for species dependent on RFS. Disruption of plant-fungal mutualisms may generally contribute to the common, large-scale declines in forest biodiversity observed in the wake of allelopathic invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Brouwer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Alison N Hale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Susan Kalisz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Crone EE, Rapp JM. Resource depletion, pollen coupling, and the ecology of mast seeding. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1322:21-34. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M. Rapp
- Department of Biology; Tufts University; Medford Massachusetts
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12
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Gremer JR, Sala A. It is risky out there: the costs of emergence and the benefits of prolonged dormancy. Oecologia 2013; 172:937-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gremer JR, Crone EE, Lesica P. Are Dormant Plants Hedging Their Bets? Demographic Consequences of Prolonged Dormancy in Variable Environments. Am Nat 2012; 179:315-27. [DOI: 10.1086/664459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Shefferson RP, Kull T, Tali K, Kellett KM. Linking vegetative dormancy to fitness in two long-lived herbaceous perennials. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00328.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Jäkäläniemi A, Crone EE, Närhi P, Tuomi J. Orchids do not pay costs at emergence for prolonged dormancy. Ecology 2011; 92:1538-43. [PMID: 21870627 DOI: 10.1890/10-1957.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In plants, prolonged dormancy is often considered a response to resource depletion or environmental stress that comes at a fitness cost. However, apparent costs of dormancy could reflect the state in which plants entered dormancy, rather than effects of dormancy per se. We tested this hypothesis for a terrestrial orchid, Epipactis atrorubens, by analyzing differences in vital rates of dormant and emergent plants using generalized linear mixed models, applied to eight years of demographic data. Dormant E. atrorubens plants did not form one homogeneous stage class. Instead, the vital rates of dormant plants mirrored performance of plants in their life stage before dormancy. Plants emerging from dormancy were slightly (albeit only marginally statistically significantly) larger than plants transitioning from the matching aboveground stage class, especially for smaller and younger stage classes. Because small plants were most likely to go dormant, plants emerging from dormancy were also smaller than average, if one were to compare all previously dormant plants to all previously emergent plants. Therefore, misclassifying all dormant plants into a single stage class changes whether we view dormancy as intrinsically costly, in terms of future performance upon emergence. We suggest that prolonged dormancy may be a form of phenotypic plasticity in which plants distribute their performance and reproductive effort through time, rather than a simple stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jäkäläniemi
- Thule Institute, Oulanka Research Station, Liikasenvaarantie 134, 93999 Kuusamo, Finland
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