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Kaspari M, Welti EAR. Nutrient dilution and the future of herbivore populations. Trends Ecol Evol 2024:S0169-5347(24)00112-5. [PMID: 38876933 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Nutrient dilution (ND) - the decrease in the concentration of nutritional elements in plant tissue - arises from an increase in the mass of carbohydrates and/or a decrease in the 20+ essential elements. Increasing CO2 levels and its promotion of biomass are linked to nutrient dilution. We build a case for nutrient dilution as a key driver in global declines in herbivore abundance. Herbivores must build element-rich animal tissue from nutrient-poor plant tissue, and their abundance commonly increases with fertilization of both macro- and micronutrients. We predict the global impacts of nutrient dilution will be magnified in some of Earth's most biodiverse, highly productive, and/or nutrient-poor ecosystems and should favor specific traits of herbivores, including sap-feeding and ruminant microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kaspari
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
| | - Ellen A R Welti
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
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2
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Frost CJ. Overlaps and trade-offs in the diversity and inducibility of volatile chemical profiles among diverse sympatric neotropical canopy trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3059-3071. [PMID: 37082810 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A central goal in ecology is to understand the mechanisms by which biological diversity is maintained. The diversity of plant chemical defences and the strategies by which they are deployed in nature may influence biological diversity. Trees in neotropical forests are subject to relatively high herbivore pressure. Such consistent pressure is thought to select for constitutive, non-flexible defence-related phytochemistry with limited capacity for inducible phytochemical responses. However, this has not been explored for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have a relatively low ratio of production costs to ecological benefits. To test this, I sampled VOCs emitted from canopy leaves of 10 phylogenetically diverse tree species (3 Magnoliids and 7 Rosids) in the Peruvian Amazon before and after induction with the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA). There was no phylogenetic signal in induction or magnitude of MeJA-induced VOC emissions from intact leaves: all trees induced VOC profiles dominated by β-ocimene, linalool, and α-farnesene of varying ratios. Moreover, overall inducibility of VOCs from intact leaves was unrelated to phytochemical diversity or richness. In contrast, experimentally wounded leaves showed considerable phylogeny-based and MeJA-independent variation the richness and diversity of constitutive wound-emitted VOCs. Moreover, VOC inducibility from wounded leaves correlated negatively with phytochemical richness and diversity, potentially indicating a tradeoff in constitutive and inducible defence strategies for non-volatile specialised metabolites but not for inducible VOCs. Importantly, there was no correlation between any chemical profile and either natural herbivory or leaf toughness. The coexistence of multiple phytochemical strategies in a hyper-diverse forest has broad implications for competitive and multitrophic interactions, and the evolutionary forces that maintain the exceptional plant biodiversity in neotropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Frost
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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3
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Wu Y, Brown A, Ricklefs RE. Host‐specific soil microbes contribute to habitat restriction of closely related oaks (
Quercus
spp.). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9614. [PMCID: PMC9745265 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yingtong Wu
- Department of Biology University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
- Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Alicia Brown
- Department of Biology University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
- Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Robert E. Ricklefs
- Department of Biology University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
- Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
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4
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Oliveira LFC, Tega DU, Duarte GHB, Barbosa LD, Ribeiro HC, Castello ACD, Sawaya ACHF, Sussulini A. Foodomics for agroecology: Differentiation of volatile profile in mint (Mentha × gracilis Sole) from permaculture, organic and conventional agricultural systems using HS-SPME/GC-MS. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111107. [PMID: 35400399 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, foodomics approach was employed to investigate changes in the metabolism from the volatile terpenoids profile of mint(Mentha × gracillis Sole)from conventional, organic and permaculture (a type of agroecological agriculture system) farms using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) associated to gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and chemometric tools. The discrimination among the three types of mint was successfully achieved and demonstrated evidence of ecological interaction impact in the food metabolism. The agroecological mint presented as differential compounds: α-terpineol, bornyl formate, cis-carvyl propionate, cis-carveol, camphor, dihydrocarvyl acetate, dihydrocarveol, karahanaenone, nonanal, 3-octyl acetate, and trans-3-hexenyl-2 methylbutyrate. While organic and conventional mint presented as differential compounds: α-cedrene, β -pinene, γ-muurolene, δ-cadinene, germacrene, terpinolene, and elemol. The majority of differential metabolites from agroecological mint are oxygenated monoterpenes, which have more intense flavor and biological activities than hydrocarbons monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes found in organic and conventional mint. Furthermore, the discrimination between organic and conventional mint was effectively performed, which demonstrated different terpenoid profiles though without implying benefits for one or another agriculture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Felipe Campos Oliveira
- Laboratory of Bioanalytics and Integrated Omics (LaBIOmics), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Yoko Civilization Research Centre, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - David Ulisses Tega
- Laboratory of Bioanalytics and Integrated Omics (LaBIOmics), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Bueno Duarte
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luidy Darllan Barbosa
- Laboratory of Bioanalytics and Integrated Omics (LaBIOmics), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Caracho Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Bioanalytics and Integrated Omics (LaBIOmics), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alessandra Sussulini
- Laboratory of Bioanalytics and Integrated Omics (LaBIOmics), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica (INCTBio), Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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5
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Amasifuen Guerra CA, Patel K, Delprete PG, Spina AP, Grados J, Vásquez-Ocmín P, Gadea A, Rojas R, Guzmán J, Sauvain M. Patterns of Plumericin Concentration in Leaves of Himatanthus tarapotensis (Apocynaceae) and Its Interactions with Herbivory in the Peruvian Amazon. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1011. [PMID: 35448739 PMCID: PMC9027084 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We explored the concentration patterns of the bioactive metabolite plumericin produced by Himatanthus tarapotensis (Apocynaceae) under different edaphic conditions and variations in rainfall intensity, as well as its potential role in the chemical defense against insect herbivores. Values of plumericin concentration from leaves were obtained by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, and evaluated as a function of differences in soil types, variation of precipitation, and variation of the abundance of insect herbivores, using first a Repeated Measures Correlation (rmcorr) and then a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) analysis. Plumericin concentration is highly variable among plants, but with a significantly higher concentration in plants growing on clay soil compared to that of the white-sand soil habitat (p < 0.001). Plumericin concentration is not affected by precipitation. The caterpillar of Isognathus leachii (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) is the most conspicuous herbivore of H. tarapotensis, and its presence is continuous but not related to plumericin concentration, probably because of its capacity to elude the chemical defense of this plant. Nevertheless, our multivariate model revealed that plumericin concentration is related to the abundance of Hymenoptera (Formicidae), and this relationship is significantly influenced by the soil parameters of carbon percentage, clay percentage, and phosphorous percentage (p < 0.001). Plumericin is a mediating agent in the interaction between H. tarapotensis and its natural environment. Variation in plumericin concentration would be induced by the abundance of Hymenoptera (Formicidae), probably as a chemical response against these insects, and by differences in soil nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Amasifuen Guerra
- Laboratorio Mixto Internacional de Química de la Vida, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru; (P.V.-O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (M.S.)
- Dirección de Recursos Genéticos y Biotecnología (DRGB), Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Avenida La Molina N° 1981, La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru
| | - Kirti Patel
- Unidad de Investigación en Productos Naturales, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 439, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru; (K.P.); (R.R.)
| | - Piero G. Delprete
- AMAP, IRD, CNRS, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, TA A51/PS2, CEDEX 5, 34398 Montpellier, France;
- AMAP, IRD, Herbier de Guyane, Cité Rebard, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Andréa P. Spina
- Rua Capitão Leônidas Marques 894, Curitiba 81540-470, Brazil;
| | - Juan Grados
- Departamento de Entomología, Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Av. Gral. Antonio Alvarez de Arenales 1256, Jesús María, Lima 15072, Peru;
| | - Pedro Vásquez-Ocmín
- Laboratorio Mixto Internacional de Química de la Vida, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru; (P.V.-O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Alice Gadea
- Laboratorio Mixto Internacional de Química de la Vida, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru; (P.V.-O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (M.S.)
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, IRD, Université de Toulouse, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Rosario Rojas
- Unidad de Investigación en Productos Naturales, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 439, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru; (K.P.); (R.R.)
| | - Jesús Guzmán
- Laboratorio Mixto Internacional de Química de la Vida, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru; (P.V.-O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (M.S.)
- Laboratorio Centinela de Helicobacter pylori, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru
| | - Michel Sauvain
- Laboratorio Mixto Internacional de Química de la Vida, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru; (P.V.-O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (M.S.)
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, IRD, Université de Toulouse, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Laboratorio Centinela de Helicobacter pylori, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru
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6
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The contribution of environmental and dispersal filters on phylogenetic and taxonomic beta diversity patterns in Amazonian tree communities. Oecologia 2021; 196:1119-1137. [PMID: 34324078 PMCID: PMC8367926 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04981-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and dispersal filters are key determinants of species distributions of Amazonian tree communities. However, a comprehensive analysis of the role of environmental and dispersal filters is needed to understand the ecological and evolutionary processes that drive phylogenetic and taxonomic turnover of Amazonian tree communities. We compare measures of taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity in 41 one-hectare plots to test the relative importance of climate, soils, geology, geomorphology, pure spatial variables and the spatial variation of environmental drivers of phylogenetic and taxonomic turnover in Ecuadorian Amazon tree communities. We found low phylogenetic and high taxonomic turnover with respect to environmental and dispersal filters. In addition, our results suggest that climate is a significantly better predictor of phylogenetic turnover and taxonomic turnover than geomorphology and soils at all spatial scales. The influence of climate as a predictor of phylogenetic turnover was stronger at broader spatial scales (50 km2) whereas geomorphology and soils appear to be better predictors of taxonomic turnover at mid (5 km2) and fine spatial scales (0.5 km2) but a weak predictor of phylogenetic turnover at broad spatial scales. We also found that the combined effect of geomorphology and soils was significantly higher for taxonomic turnover at all spatial scales but not for phylogenetic turnover at large spatial scales. Geographic distances as proxy of dispersal limitation was a better predictor of phylogenetic turnover at distances of 50 < 500 km. Our findings suggest that climatic variation at regional scales can better predict phylogenetic and taxonomic turnover than geomorphology and soils.
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7
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Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL. Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. Zookeys 2021; 1044:831-876. [PMID: 34183894 PMCID: PMC8222208 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tropical regions harbor the greatest arthropod diversity on Earth, the majority of species are taxonomically and scientifically unknown. Furthermore, how they are organized into functional communities and distributed among habitats is mostly unstudied. Here we examine species richness, diversity, and community composition of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and compare them between flooded (FP) and non-flooded terra firme (TF) forests in the Yasuní area of Ecuador. The forest understory was sampled using flight intercept traps (FITs) and systematic hand collections at night in June and July 2011 and 2012, and FITs in October and November 2011. A total of 1,255 Carabidae representing 20 tribes, 54 genera, and 143 morphospecies was collected. Mean number of individuals and mean species richness did not differ significantly between FP and TF; however, numbers of Cicindelini (tiger beetles) and Pentagonicini were higher in TF forest while numbers of Lachnophorini and Scaritini were higher in FP forest. Overall, FP had significantly higher rarefied richness but extrapolation of rarefaction curves using the Chao1 nonparametric diversity estimator show that this difference may decrease with additional sampling. The inverse Simpson index was significantly higher for FP than TF forest. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination and dissimilarity coefficient values show that FP and TF forests maintain unique assemblages with minimal overlap in community composition. Given ongoing anthropogenic pressures, particularly petroleum extraction, and those resulting from climate change, a greater understanding of the richness, diversity and community assemblages of Yasuní rainforest are needed to better conserve the fauna of this megadiverse area of Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn N. Riley Peterson
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USAWake Forest UniversityWinston-SalemUnited States of America
- Department of Natural Sciences, Pfeiffer University, Misenheimer, NC, USAPfeiffer UniversityMisenheimerUnited States of America
| | - Robert A. Browne
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USAWake Forest UniversityWinston-SalemUnited States of America
| | - Terry L. Erwin
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USASmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonUnited States of America
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8
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Sherry TW. Sensitivity of Tropical Insectivorous Birds to the Anthropocene: A Review of Multiple Mechanisms and Conservation Implications. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.662873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigraph: “The house is burning. We do not need a thermometer. We need a fire hose.” (P. 102, Janzen and Hallwachs, 2019). Insectivorous birds are declining widely, and for diverse reasons. Tropical insectivorous birds, more than 60% of all tropical birds, are particularly sensitive to human disturbances including habitat loss and fragmentation, intensive agriculture and pesticide use, and climate change; and the mechanisms are incompletely understood. This review addresses multiple, complementary and sometimes synergistic explanations for tropical insectivore declines, by categorizing explanations into ultimate vs. proximate, and direct versus indirect. Ultimate explanations are diverse human Anthropocene activities and the evolutionary history of these birds. This evolutionary history, synthesized by the Biotic Challenge Hypothesis (BCH), explains tropical insectivorous birds' vulnerabilities to many proximate threats as a function of both these birds' evolutionary feeding specialization and poor dispersal capacity. These traits were favored evolutionarily by both the diversity of insectivorous clades competing intensely for prey and co-evolution with arthropods over long evolutionary time periods. More proximate, ecological threats include bottom-up forces like declining insect populations, top-down forces like meso-predator increases, plus the Anthropocene activities underlying these factors, especially habitat loss and fragmentation, agricultural intensification, and climate change. All these conditions peak in the lowland, mainland Neotropics, where insectivorous bird declines have been repeatedly documented, but also occur in other tropical locales and continents. This multiplicity of interacting evolutionary and ecological factors informs conservation implications and recommendations for tropical insectivorous birds: (1) Why they are so sensitive to global change phenomena is no longer enigmatic, (2) distinguishing ultimate versus proximate stressors matters, (3) evolutionary life-histories predispose these birds to be particularly sensitive to the Anthropocene, (4) tropical regions and continents vary with respect to these birds' ecological sensitivity, (5) biodiversity concepts need stronger incorporation of species' evolutionary histories, (6) protecting these birds will require more, larger reserves for multiple reasons, and (7) these birds have greater value than generally recognized.
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9
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Cárdenas Ramírez GG, Jones MM, Heymann EW, Tuomisto H. Characterizing primate home‐ranges in Amazonia: Using ferns and lycophytes as indicators of site quality. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirkka M. Jones
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology HiLIFE Helsinki Institute for Life ScienceUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Eckhard W. Heymann
- Verhaltensökologie und SoziobiologieDeutsches Primatenzentrum—Leibniz‐Institut für Primatenforschung Göttingen Germany
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10
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Wulff JL. Targeted predator defenses of sponges shape community organization and tropical marine ecosystem function. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janie L. Wulff
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee Florida32306‐4295USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
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11
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Musker SD, Ellis AG, Schlebusch SA, Verboom GA. Niche specificity influences gene flow across fine-scale habitat mosaics in Succulent Karoo plants. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:175-192. [PMID: 33152114 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
While the tempo of diversification in biodiversity hotspots has received much attention, the spatial scale of diversification has often been overlooked. Addressing this deficiency requires understanding the drivers of population divergence and the spatial scales at which they operate in species-rich clades and ecosystems. South Africa's Succulent Karoo (SK) hotspot provides an excellent system for such research, being both compact (ca. 110,000 km2 ) and home to spectacular in-situ radiations, such as the ruschioid Aizoaceae. Here we use GBS to document genetic structure in two co-occurring ruschioid species, at both coarse (>10 km) and fine (<500 m) spatial scales. Where Ruschia burtoniae shows strong between-population genetic differentiation and no gene flow, Conophytum calculus shows weak differentiation, with high levels of admixture suggesting recent or ongoing gene flow. Community analysis and transplant experiments reveal that R. burtoniae occupies a narrow, low-pH edaphic niche, and at scales of a few hundred metres, areas of elevated genetic turnover correspond to patches of edaphically unsuitable habitat. In contrast, C. calculus occupies a broader niche and exhibits isolation-by-distance without a habitat effect. We suggest that edaphic specialisation, coupled with highly restricted seed and pollen dispersal in heterogeneous landscapes, has played a major role in driving rapid diversification at small spatial scales in this system. However, the contrasting patterns in our study species show that these factors do not influence all organisms uniformly, being strongly modulated by lineage-specific traits that influence both the spatial scale of gene flow and habitat specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Musker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.,Department of Biology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Allan G Ellis
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Stephen A Schlebusch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - G Anthony Verboom
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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12
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Muehleisen AJ, Engelbrecht BMJ, Jones FA, Manzané-Pinzón E, Comita LS. Local adaptation to herbivory within tropical tree species along a rainfall gradient. Ecology 2020; 101:e03151. [PMID: 32730633 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In tropical forests, insect herbivores exert significant pressure on plant populations. Adaptation to such pressure is hypothesized to be a driver of high tropical diversity, but direct evidence for local adaptation to herbivory in tropical forests is sparse. At the same time, herbivore pressure has been hypothesized to increase with rainfall in the tropics, which could lead to differences among sites in the degree of local adaptation. To assess the presence of local adaptation and its interaction with rainfall, we compared herbivore damage on seedlings of local vs. nonlocal populations at sites differing in moisture availability in a reciprocal transplant experiment spanning a rainfall gradient in Panama. For 13 native tree species, seeds collected from multiple populations along the rainfall gradient were germinated in a shadehouse and then transplanted to experimental sites within the species range. We tracked the proportion of seedlings attacked over 1.5 yr and quantified the percentage of leaf area damaged at the end of the study. Seedlings originating from local populations were less likely to be attacked and experienced lower amounts of herbivore damage than those from nonlocal populations, but only on the wetter end of the rainfall gradient. However, overall herbivore damage was higher at the drier site compared to wetter sites, contrary to expectation. Taken together, these findings support the idea that herbivory can result in local adaptation within tropical tree species; however, the likelihood of local adaptation varies among sites because of environmentally driven differences in investment in defense or herbivore specialization or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Muehleisen
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Bettina M J Engelbrecht
- Department of Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Frank Andrew Jones
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Eric Manzané-Pinzón
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Liza S Comita
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
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13
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Brousseau L, Fine PVA, Dreyer E, Vendramin GG, Scotti I. Genomic and phenotypic divergence unveil microgeographic adaptation in the Amazonian hyperdominant tree Eperua falcata Aubl. (Fabaceae). Mol Ecol 2020; 30:1136-1154. [PMID: 32786115 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant populations can undergo very localized adaptation, allowing widely distributed populations to adapt to divergent habitats in spite of recurrent gene flow. Neotropical trees-whose large and undisturbed populations often span a variety of environmental conditions and local habitats-are particularly good models to study this process. Here, we explore patterns of adaptive divergence from large (i.e., regional) to small (i.e., microgeographic) spatial scales in the hyperdominant Amazonian tree Eperua falcata Aubl. (Fabaceae) under a replicated design involving two microhabitats (~300 m apart) in two study sites (~300 km apart). A three-year reciprocal transplant illustrates that, beyond strong maternal effects and phenotypic plasticity, genetically driven divergence in seedling growth and leaf traits was detected both between seedlings originating from different regions, and between seedlings from different microhabitats. In parallel, a complementary genome scan for selection was carried out through whole-genome sequencing of tree population pools. A set of 290 divergence outlier SNPs was detected at the regional scale (between study sites), while 185 SNPs located in the vicinity of 106 protein-coding genes were detected as replicated outliers between microhabitats within regions. Outlier-surrounding genomic regions are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including plant responses to stress (e.g., oxidative stress, hypoxia and metal toxicity) and biotic interactions. Together with evidence of microgeographic divergence in functional traits, the discovery of genomic candidates for microgeographic adaptive divergence represents a promising advance in our understanding of local adaptation, which probably operates across multiple spatial scales and underpins divergence and diversification in Neotropical trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Brousseau
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Guyane, Université des Antilles, Kourou Cedex, France.,AMAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Paul V A Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Erwin Dreyer
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
| | - Giovanni G Vendramin
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR-CNR), National Research Council, Division of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ivan Scotti
- UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), INRAE, Avignon, France
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14
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Misiewicz TM, Simmons TS, Fine PVA. The contribution of multiple barriers to reproduction between edaphically divergent lineages in the Amazonian tree Protium subserratum (Burseraceae). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6646-6663. [PMID: 32724539 PMCID: PMC7381562 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Disentangling the strength and importance of barriers to reproduction that arise between diverging lineages is central to our understanding of species origin and maintenance. To date, the vast majority of studies investigating the importance of different barriers to reproduction in plants have focused on short-lived temperate taxa while studies of reproductive isolation in trees and tropical taxa are rare. Here, we systematically examine multiple barriers to reproduction in an Amazonian tree, Protium subserratum (Burseraceae) with diverging lineages of soil specialist ecotypes. Using observational, molecular, distributional, and experimental data, we aimed to quantify the contributions of individual prezygotic and postzygotic barriers including ecogeographic isolation, flowering phenology, pollinator assemblage, pollen adhesion, pollen germination, pollen tube growth, seed development, and hybrid fitness to total reproductive isolation between the ecotypes. We were able to identify five potential barriers to reproduction including ecogeographic isolation, phenological differences, differences in pollinator assemblages, differential pollen adhesion, and low levels of hybrid seed development. We demonstrate that ecogeographic isolation is a strong and that a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic prezygotic and postzygotic barriers may be acting to maintain near complete reproductive isolation between edaphically divergent populations of the tropical tree, P. subserratum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M. Misiewicz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University and Jepson HerbariaUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Tracey S. Simmons
- Department of Biological SciencesSan Jose State UniversitySan JoseCAUSA
| | - Paul V. A. Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology, University and Jepson HerbariaUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
- Department of Integrative BiologyEssig Museum of EntomologyUniversity and Jepson HerbariaUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
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15
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Falkowski M, Jahn-Oyac A, Odonne G, Flora C, Estevez Y, Touré S, Boulogne I, Robinson JC, Béreau D, Petit P, Azam D, Coke M, Issaly J, Gaborit P, Stien D, Eparvier V, Dusfour I, Houël E. Towards the optimization of botanical insecticides research: Aedes aegypti larvicidal natural products in French Guiana. Acta Trop 2020; 201:105179. [PMID: 31539525 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have proven to be an immeasurable source of bioactive compounds. The exceptional biodiversity encountered in Amazonia, alongside a rich entomofauna and frequent interactions with various herbivores is the crucible of a promising chemodiversity. This prompted us to search for novel botanical insecticides in French Guiana. As this French overseas department faces severe issues linked to insects, notably the strong incidence of vector-borne infectious diseases, we decided to focus our research on products able to control the mosquito Aedes aegypti. We tested 452 extracts obtained from 85 species originating from 36 botanical families and collected in contrasted environments against an Ae. aegypti laboratory strain susceptible to all insecticides, and a natural population resistant to both pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides collected in Cayenne for the most active of them. Eight species (Maytenus oblongata Reissek, Celastraceae; Costus erythrothyrsus Loes., Costaceae; Humiria balsamifera Aubl., Humiriaceae; Sextonia rubra (Mez) van der Werff, Lauraceae; Piper hispidum Sw., Piperaceae; Laetia procera (Poepp.) Eichl., Salicaceae; Matayba arborescens (Aubl.) Radlk., Sapindaceae; and Cupania scrobitulata Rich., Sapindaceae) led to extracts exhibiting more than 50% larval mortality after 48 h of exposition at 100 µg/mL against the natural population and were considered active. Selectivity and phytochemistry of these extracts were therefore investigated and discussed, and some active compounds highlighted. Multivariate analysis highlighted that solvents, plant tissues, plant family and location had a significant effect on mortality while light, available resources and vegetation type did not. Through this case study we highlighted that plant defensive chemistry mechanisms are crucial while searching for novel insecticidal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Falkowski
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Arnaud Jahn-Oyac
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Guillaume Odonne
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), CNRS, Université de Guyane, IFREMER, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Claudiane Flora
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Yannick Estevez
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Seindé Touré
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France; CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301, Université Paris Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France; Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France; Université de ROUEN, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES-EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche « Normandie Végétal » FED 4277, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jean-Charles Robinson
- Université de Guyane, Laboratoire COVAPAM, UMR QualiSud, Campus universitaire de Troubiran, BP 792, 97337 Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Didier Béreau
- Université de Guyane, Laboratoire COVAPAM, UMR QualiSud, Campus universitaire de Troubiran, BP 792, 97337 Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Philippe Petit
- Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Didier Azam
- Unité Expérimentale d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie Aquatique, INRA-U3E, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Maïra Coke
- Unité Expérimentale d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie Aquatique, INRA-U3E, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Jean Issaly
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité Contrôle et Adaptation des vecteurs, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306 Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Pascal Gaborit
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité Contrôle et Adaptation des vecteurs, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306 Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Didier Stien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301, Université Paris Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité Contrôle et Adaptation des vecteurs, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306 Cayenne cedex, France; INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, Groupe recherche en écologie microbienne, 531 boulevard des prairies, Laval H7V 1B7, QC, Canada.
| | - Emeline Houël
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France.
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16
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Coordinated community structure among trees, fungi and invertebrate groups in Amazonian rainforests. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11337. [PMID: 31383883 PMCID: PMC6683196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known regarding how trophic interactions shape community assembly in tropical forests. Here we assess multi-taxonomic community assembly rules using a rare standardized coordinated inventory comprising exhaustive surveys of five highly-diverse taxonomic groups exerting key ecological functions: trees, fungi, earthworms, ants and spiders. We sampled 36 1.9-ha plots from four remote locations in French Guiana including precise soil measurements, and we tested whether species turnover was coordinated among groups across geographic and edaphic gradients. All species group pairs exhibited significant compositional associations that were independent from soil conditions. For some of the pairs, associations were also partly explained by soil properties, especially soil phosphorus availability. Our study provides evidence for coordinated turnover among taxonomic groups beyond simple relationships with environmental factors, thereby refining our understanding regarding the nature of interactions occurring among these ecologically important groups.
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17
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Allevato DM, Groppo M, Kiyota E, Mazzafera P, Nixon KC. Evolution of phytochemical diversity in Pilocarpus (Rutaceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 163:132-146. [PMID: 31078082 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of phytochemical diversity and biosynthetic pathways in plants can be evaluated from a phylogenetic and environmental perspective. Pilocarpus Vahl (Rutaceae), an economically important medicinal plant in the family Rutaceae, has a great diversity of imidazole alkaloids and coumarins. In this study, we used phylogenetic comparative methods to determine whether there is a phylogenetic signal for chemical traits across the genus Pilocarpus; this included ancestral reconstructions of continuous and discrete chemical traits. Bioclimatic variables found to be associated with the distribution of this genus were used to perform OLS regressions between chemical traits and bioclimatic variables. Next, these regression models were evaluated to test whether bioclimatic traits could significantly predict compound concentrations. Our study found that in terms of compound concentration, variation is most significantly associated with adaptive environmental convergence rather than phylogenetic relationships. The best predictive model of chemical traits was the OLS regression that modeled the relationship between coumarin and precipitation in the coldest quarter. However, we also found one chemical trait was dependent on phylogenetic history and bioclimatic factors. These findings emphasize that consideration of both environmental and phylogenetic factors is essential to tease out the intricate processes in the evolution of chemical diversity in plants. These methods can benefit fields such as conservation management, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella M Allevato
- Cornell University, L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Section of Plant Biology, School of Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Milton Groppo
- USP Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Kiyota
- UNICAMP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- UNICAMP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil; Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.
| | - Kevin C Nixon
- Cornell University, L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Section of Plant Biology, School of Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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18
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Piva LRDO, Jardine KJ, Gimenez BO, de Oliveira Perdiz R, Menezes VS, Durgante FM, Cobello LO, Higuchi N, Chambers JQ. Volatile monoterpene 'fingerprints' of resinous Protium tree species in the Amazon rainforest. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 160:61-70. [PMID: 30711572 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile terpenoid resins represent a diverse group of plant defense chemicals involved in defense against herbivory, abiotic stress, and communication. However, their composition in tropical forests remains poorly characterized. As a part of tree identification, the 'smell' of damaged trunks is widely used, but is highly subjective. Here, we analyzed trunk volatile monoterpene emissions from 15 species of the genus Protium in the central Amazon. By normalizing the abundances of 28 monoterpenes, 9 monoterpene 'fingerprint' patterns emerged, characterized by a distinct dominant monoterpene. While 4 of the 'fingerprint' patterns were composed of multiple species, 5 were composed of a single species. Moreover, among individuals of the same species, 6 species had a single 'fingerprint' pattern, while 9 species had two or more 'fingerprint' patterns among individuals. A comparison of 'fingerprints' between 2015 and 2017 from 15 individuals generally showed excellent agreement, demonstrating a strong dependence on species identity, but not time of collection. The results are consistent with a previous study that found multiple divergent copies of monoterpene synthase enzymes in Protium. We conclude that the monoterpene 'fingerprint' database has important implications for constraining Protium species identification and phylogenetic relationships and enhancing understanding of physiological and ecological functions of resins and their potential commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luani R de O Piva
- Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Kolby J Jardine
- Department of Forest Management, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Bruno O Gimenez
- Department of Forest Management, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | | | - Valdiek S Menezes
- Department of Forest Management, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Flávia M Durgante
- Department of Forest Management, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Leticia O Cobello
- Department of Forest Management, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Niro Higuchi
- Department of Forest Management, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Jeffrey Q Chambers
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Geography, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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19
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Sedio BE. Recent advances in understanding the role of secondary metabolites in species-rich multitrophic networks. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:124-130. [PMID: 31113624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding coexistence in species-rich communities remains a primary challenge of ecology. Interactions mediated through multitrophic networks are thought to play an important role in sustaining species coexistence in the face of competition for resources. The identity of trophic partners and the intensity with which they interact are often mediated by diverse secondary metabolites. Recent innovations in organic-molecule bioinformatics and multivariate statistical analysis are rapidly advancing our understanding of metabolites and the multitrophic interactions they mediate. Here, I examine recent advances in the study of chemical ecology in species-rich multitrophic communities, with an emphasis on plant-herbivore networks, and explore the potential for chemically mediated interactions to shape community composition and sustain species diversity in ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Sedio
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama; Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Apartado 0843-01103, Ciudad del Saber, Ancón, Panama. https://twitter.com/@stri_panama
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20
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Allevato DM, Kiyota E, Mazzafera P, Nixon KC. Ecometabolomic Analysis of Wild Populations of Pilocarpus pennatifolius (Rutaceae) Using Unimodal Analyses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:258. [PMID: 30894869 PMCID: PMC6414451 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies examining the diversity of plant specialized metabolites suggest that biotic and abiotic pressures greatly influence the qualitative and quantitative diversity found in a species. Large geographic distributions expose a species to a great variety of environmental pressures, thus providing an enormous opportunity for expression of environmental plasticity. Pilocarpus, a neotropical genus of Rutaceae, is rich in alkaloids, terpenoids, and coumarins, and is the only commercial source of the alkaloid pilocarpine for the treatment of glaucoma. Overharvesting of species in this genus for pilocarpine, has threatened natural populations of the species. The aim of this research was to understand how adaptation to environmental variation shapes the metabolome in multiple populations of the widespread species Pilocarpus pennatifolius. LCMS data from alkaloid and phenolic extracts of leaf tissue were analyzed with environmental predictors using unimodal unconstrained and constrained ordination methods for an untargeted metabolomics analysis. PLS-DA was used to further confirm the chemoecotypes of each site. The most important variables contributing to the alkaloid variation between the sites: mean temperature of wettest quarter, as well as the soil content of phosphorus, magnesium, and base saturation (V%). The most important contributing to the phenolic variation between the sites: mean temperature of the wettest quarter, temperature seasonality, calcium and soil electrical conductivity. This research will have broad implications in a variety of areas including biocontrol for pests, environmental and ecological plant physiology, and strategies for species conservation maximizing phytochemical diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella M. Allevato
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Eduardo Kiyota
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Kevin C. Nixon
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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21
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Sedio BE, Parker JD, McMahon SM, Wright SJ. Comparative foliar metabolomics of a tropical and a temperate forest community. Ecology 2018; 99:2647-2653. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Sedio
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843–03092 Balboa Ancón Republic of Panama
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología Apartado 0843‐01103 Ciudad del Saber Ancón Republic of Panama
| | - John D. Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 647 Contees Wharf Road Edgewater Mary Land 21037 USA
| | - Sean M. McMahon
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 647 Contees Wharf Road Edgewater Mary Land 21037 USA
| | - S. Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843–03092 Balboa Ancón Republic of Panama
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22
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Alexandre NM, Humphrey PT, Gloss AD, Lee J, Frazier J, Affeldt HA, Whiteman NK. Habitat preference of an herbivore shapes the habitat distribution of its host plant. Ecosphere 2018; 9. [PMID: 30828480 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant distributions can be limited by habitat-biased herbivory, but the proximate causes of such biases are rarely known. Distinguishing plant-centric from herbivore-centric mechanisms driving differential herbivory between habitats is difficult without experimental manipulation of both plants and herbivores. Here we tested alternative hypotheses driving habitat-biased herbivory in bittercress (Cardamine cordifolia), which is more abundant under shade of shrubs and trees (shade) than in nearby meadows (sun) where herbivory is intense from the specialist fly Scaptomyza nigrita. This system has served as a textbook example of habitat-biased herbivory driving a plant's distribution across an ecotone, but the proximate mechanisms underlying differential herbivory are still unclear. First, we found that higher S. nigrita herbivory in sun habitats contrasts sharply with their preference to attack plants from shade habitats in laboratory choice experiments. Second, S. nigrita strongly preferred leaves in simulated sun over simulated shade habitats, regardless of plant source habitat. Thus, herbivore preference for brighter, warmer habitats overrides their preference for more palatable shade plants. This promotes the sun-biased herbivore pressure that drives the distribution of bittercress into shade habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M Alexandre
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado 81224 USA.,Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Parris T Humphrey
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado 81224 USA.,Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA.,Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA
| | - Andrew D Gloss
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado 81224 USA.,Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA.,Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado 81224 USA
| | - Joseph Frazier
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado 81224 USA
| | - Henry A Affeldt
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado 81224 USA
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado 81224 USA.,Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA
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23
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Endara MJ, Nicholls JA, Coley PD, Forrister DL, Younkin GC, Dexter KG, Kidner CA, Pennington RT, Stone GN, Kursar TA. Tracking of Host Defenses and Phylogeny During the Radiation of Neotropical Inga-Feeding Sawflies (Hymenoptera; Argidae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1237. [PMID: 30190723 PMCID: PMC6116116 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Coevolutionary theory has long predicted that the arms race between plants and herbivores is a major driver of host selection and diversification. At a local scale, plant defenses contribute significantly to the structure of herbivore assemblages and the high alpha diversity of plants in tropical rain forests. However, the general importance of plant defenses in host associations and divergence at regional scales remains unclear. Here, we examine the role of plant defensive traits and phylogeny in the evolution of host range and species divergence in leaf-feeding sawflies of the family Argidae associated with Neotropical trees in the genus Inga throughout the Amazon, the Guiana Shield and Panama. Our analyses show that the phylogenies of both the sawfly herbivores and their Inga hosts are congruent, and that sawflies radiated at approximately the same time, or more recently than their Inga hosts. Analyses controlling for phylogenetic effects show that the evolution of host use in the sawflies associated with Inga is better correlated with Inga chemistry than with Inga phylogeny, suggesting a pattern of delayed host tracking closely tied to host chemistry. Finally, phylogenetic analyses show that sister species of Inga-sawflies are dispersed across the Neotropics, suggesting a role for allopatric divergence and vicariance in Inga diversification. These results are consistent with the idea that host defensive traits play a key role not only in structuring the herbivore assemblages at a single site, but also in the processes shaping host association and species divergence at a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Endara
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - James A. Nicholls
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Phyllis D. Coley
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Dale L. Forrister
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Gordon C. Younkin
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kyle G. Dexter
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A. Kidner
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Graham N. Stone
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Kursar
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
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24
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Vleminckx J, Salazar D, Fortunel C, Mesones I, Dávila N, Lokvam J, Beckley K, Baraloto C, Fine PVA. Divergent Secondary Metabolites and Habitat Filtering Both Contribute to Tree Species Coexistence in the Peruvian Amazon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:836. [PMID: 29971085 PMCID: PMC6018647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanisms promoting or limiting the coexistence of functionally divergent species in hyperdiverse tropical tree genera. Density-dependent enemy attacks have been proposed to be a major driver for the local coexistence of chemically divergent congeneric species. At the same time, we expect local soil conditions to favor the coexistence of species sharing similar functional traits related to resource use strategies, while environmental heterogeneity would promote the diversity of these traits at both local and large spatial scales. To test how these traits mediate species coexistence, we used functional trait data for 29 species from the tree genus Protium (Burseraceae), collected in 19 plots (2 ha each) in the Peruvian Amazon. We characterized the presence-absence of 189 plant secondary metabolites (SM) for 27 of these species, and 14 functional traits associated with resource use strategies (RUT) for 16 species. Based on these data, we found that SM were significantly more dissimilar than null expectations for species co-occurring within plots, whereas RUT were significantly more similar. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that density-dependent enemy attacks contribute to the local coexistence of congeneric species displaying divergent chemical defenses, whereas local habitat conditions filter species with similar RUT. Using measurements of nine soil properties in each plot, we also found a significant turnover of RUT traits with increasing dissimilarity of soil texture and nutrient availabilities, providing support for the hypothesis that soil heterogeneity maintains functional diversity at larger spatial scales (from 500 m up to ca. 200 km) in Protium communities. Our study provides new evidence suggesting that density-dependent enemy attacks and soil heterogeneity both contribute to maintaining high species richness in diverse tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Vleminckx
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Diego Salazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Claire Fortunel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- AMAP (botAnique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Italo Mesones
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nállarett Dávila
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - John Lokvam
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Krista Beckley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Paul V. A. Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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25
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Robinson ML, Strauss SY. Cascading effects of soil type on assemblage size and structure in a diverse herbivore community. Ecology 2018; 99:1866-1877. [PMID: 29846941 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Soil type is understudied as a driver of herbivore community size and structure across host plants. This study extends predictions of resource availability hypotheses to understand how soil types of different resource levels alter plant resistance and structure of herbivore assemblages. In this 2-yr study we use seven dominant chaparral shrub species that grow across a natural mosaic of low and high resource soils to explore effects of soil type on plant resistance, and relate these soil-based differences in resistance to the abundance and diversity of the larval lepidopteran community. We show that growing on low-resource soils increases plant resistance, as measured by herbivore performance, both within and across host plant species, and that resistance may be driven by variation in plant nutritive and defensive traits. We then show that more resistant plants on low-resource soils host less abundant and less diverse herbivore assemblages across a natural soil mosaic in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moria L Robinson
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, 2320 Storer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Sharon Y Strauss
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, 2320 Storer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, 2320 Storer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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26
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Coley PD, Endara MJ, Kursar TA. Consequences of interspecific variation in defenses and herbivore host choice for the ecology and evolution of Inga, a speciose rainforest tree. Oecologia 2018; 187:361-376. [PMID: 29428967 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We summarize work on a speciose Neotropical tree genus, Inga (Fabaceae), examining how interspecific variation in anti-herbivore defenses may have evolved, how defenses shape host choice by herbivores and how they might regulate community composition and influence species radiations. Defenses of expanding leaves include secondary metabolites, extrafloral nectaries, rapid leaf expansion, trichomes, and synchrony and timing of leaf production. These six classes of defenses are orthogonal, supporting independent evolutionary trajectories. Moreover, only trichomes show a phylogenetic signature, suggesting evolutionary lability in nearly all defenses. The interspecific diversity in secondary metabolite profiles does not arise from the evolution of novel compounds, but from novel combinations of common compounds, presumably due to changes in gene regulation. Herbivore host choice is determined by plant defensive traits, not host phylogeny. Neighboring plants escape each other's pests if their defenses differ enough, thereby enforcing the high local diversity typical of tropical forests. Related herbivores feed on hosts with similar defenses, implying that there are phylogenetic constraints placed on the herbivore traits that are associated with host use. Divergence in defensive traits among Inga appears to be driven by herbivore pressure. However, the lack of congruence between herbivore and host phylogeny suggests that herbivores are tracking defenses, choosing hosts based on traits for which they already have adaptations. There is, therefore, an asymmetry in the host-herbivore evolutionary arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis D Coley
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA. .,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama.
| | - María-José Endara
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, EC170103, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Thomas A Kursar
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
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27
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Strutzenberger P, Brehm G, Gottsberger B, Bodner F, Seifert CL, Fiedler K. Diversification rates, host plant shifts and an updated molecular phylogeny of Andean Eois moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188430. [PMID: 29281664 PMCID: PMC5744940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eois is one of the best-investigated genera of tropical moths. Its close association with Piper plants has inspired numerous studies on life histories, phylogeny and evolutionary biology. This study provides an updated view on phylogeny, host plant use and temporal patterns of speciation in Eois. Using sequence data (2776 bp) from one mitochondrial (COI) and one nuclear gene (Ef1-alpha) for 221 Eois species, we confirm and reinforce previous findings regarding temporal patterns of diversification. Deep diversification within Andean Eois took place in the Miocene followed by a sustained high rate of diversification until the Pleistocene when a pronounced slowdown of speciation is evident. In South America, Eois diversification is very likely to be primarily driven by the Andean uplift which occurred concurrently with the entire evolutionary history of Eois. A massively expanded dataset enabled an in-depth look into the phylogenetic signal contained in host plant usage. This revealed several independent shifts from Piper to other host plant genera and families. Seven shifts to Peperomia, the sister genus of Piper were detected, indicating that the shift to Peperomia was an easy one compared to the singular shifts to the Chloranthaceae, Siparunaceae and the Piperacean genus Manekia. The potential for close co-evolution of Eois with Piper host plants is therefore bound to be limited to smaller subsets within Neotropical Eois instead of a frequently proposed genus-wide co-evolutionary scenario. In regards to Eois systematics we confirm the monophyly of Neotropical Eois in relation to their Old World counterparts. A tentative biogeographical hypothesis is presented suggesting that Eois originated in tropical Asia and subsequently colonized the Neotropics and Africa. Within Neotropical Eois we were able to identify the existence of six clades not recognized in previous studies and confirm and reinforce the monophyly of all 9 previously delimited infrageneric clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Strutzenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Gunnar Brehm
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Brigitte Gottsberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Bodner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlo Lutz Seifert
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Department of Ecology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Konrad Fiedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Sedio BE. Recent breakthroughs in metabolomics promise to reveal the cryptic chemical traits that mediate plant community composition, character evolution and lineage diversification. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:952-958. [PMID: 28134431 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Contents 952 I. 952 II. 953 III. 955 IV. 956 V. 957 957 References 957 SUMMARY: Much of our understanding of the mechanisms by which biotic interactions shape plant communities has been constrained by the methods available to study the diverse secondary chemistry that defines plant relationships with other organisms. Recent innovations in analytical chemistry and bioinformatics promise to reveal the cryptic chemical traits that mediate plant ecology and evolution by facilitating simultaneous structural comparisons of hundreds of unknown molecules to each other and to libraries of known compounds. Here, I explore the potential for mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics to enable unprecedented tests of seminal, but largely untested hypotheses that propose a fundamental role for plant chemical defenses against herbivores and pathogens in the evolutionary origins and ecological coexistence of plant species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Sedio
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Apartado 0843-01103, Ciudad del Saber, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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29
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Touré S, Nirma C, Falkowski M, Dusfour I, Boulogne I, Jahn-Oyac A, Coke M, Azam D, Girod R, Moriou C, Odonne G, Stien D, Houël E, Eparvier V. Aedes aegypti Larvicidal Sesquiterpene Alkaloids from Maytenus oblongata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:384-390. [PMID: 28186749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Four new sesquiterpene alkaloids (1-4) with a β-dihydroagrofuran skeleton and a new triterpenoid (5) were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of Maytenus oblongata stems. Their structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as MS and ECD experiments. The M. oblongata stem EtOAc extract and the pure compounds isolated were tested for larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions, and compounds 2 and 3 were found to be active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seindé Touré
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Charlotte Nirma
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michael Falkowski
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane , 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Unité de Contrôle et Adaptation des Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane , 97306 Cayenne, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane , 97300 Cayenne, France
- UPRES-EA 4358 GlycoMev (Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale), Université de Rouen , 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Arnaud Jahn-Oyac
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane , 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Maïra Coke
- Unité Expérimentale d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie Aquatique, INRA-U3E , 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Didier Azam
- Unité Expérimentale d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie Aquatique, INRA-U3E , 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Romain Girod
- Unité de Contrôle et Adaptation des Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane , 97306 Cayenne, France
| | - Céline Moriou
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guillaume Odonne
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), CNRS, Université de Guyane, IFREMER , 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Didier Stien
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS , Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Emeline Houël
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane , 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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30
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Browne L, Karubian J. Frequency‐dependent selection for rare genotypes promotes genetic diversity of a tropical palm. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:1439-1447. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Browne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana
- Foundation for the Conservation of the Tropical Andes Quito Ecuador
| | - Jordan Karubian
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana
- Foundation for the Conservation of the Tropical Andes Quito Ecuador
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31
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Pringle RM, Prior KM, Palmer TM, Young TP, Goheen JR. Large herbivores promote habitat specialization and beta diversity of African savanna trees. Ecology 2016; 97:2640-2657. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Pringle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton New Jersey 08544 USA
- Mpala Research Centre P.O. Box 555 Nanyuki 10400 Kenya
| | - Kirsten M. Prior
- Mpala Research Centre P.O. Box 555 Nanyuki 10400 Kenya
- Department of Biology University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Binghamton University State University of New York Binghamton, New York 13920 USA
| | - Todd M. Palmer
- Mpala Research Centre P.O. Box 555 Nanyuki 10400 Kenya
- Department of Biology University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Truman P. Young
- Mpala Research Centre P.O. Box 555 Nanyuki 10400 Kenya
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Jacob R. Goheen
- Mpala Research Centre P.O. Box 555 Nanyuki 10400 Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming 82070 USA
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32
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Pennington RT, Lavin M. The contrasting nature of woody plant species in different neotropical forest biomes reflects differences in ecological stability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:25-37. [PMID: 26558891 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental premise of this review is that distinctive phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns in clades endemic to different major biomes illuminate the evolutionary process. In seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs), phylogenies are geographically structured and multiple individuals representing single species coalesce. This pattern of monophyletic species, coupled with their old species stem ages, is indicative of maintenance of small effective population sizes over evolutionary timescales, which suggests that SDTF is difficult to immigrate into because of persistent resident lineages adapted to a stable, seasonally dry ecology. By contrast, lack of coalescence in conspecific accessions of abundant and often widespread species is more frequent in rain forests and is likely to reflect large effective population sizes maintained over huge areas by effective seed and pollen flow. Species nonmonophyly, young species stem ages and lack of geographical structure in rain forest phylogenies may reflect more widespread disturbance by drought and landscape evolution causing resident mortality that opens up greater opportunities for immigration and speciation. We recommend full species sampling and inclusion of multiple accessions representing individual species in phylogenies to highlight nonmonophyletic species, which we predict will be frequent in rain forest and savanna, and which represent excellent case studies of incipient speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Toby Pennington
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Matt Lavin
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, PO Box 173150, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3150, USA
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33
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Lamarre GP, Amoretti DS, Baraloto C, Bénéluz F, Mesones I, Fine PV. Phylogenetic Overdispersion in Lepidoptera Communities of Amazonian White‐sand Forests. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg P.A. Lamarre
- Université Antilles‐Guyane UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane Campus agronomique de Kourou 97310 Kourou French Guiana
- INRA UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane Campus agronomique de Kourou 97310 Kourou French Guiana
- Société Entomologique Antilles‐Guyane (SEAG) 18 lot Amaryllis 97354 Rémire‐Montjoly French Guiana
| | - Diego Salazar Amoretti
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140 Berkeley CA 94720 U.S.A
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- INRA UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane Campus agronomique de Kourou 97310 Kourou French Guiana
- Department of Biological Sciences International Center for Tropical Botany Florida International University Miami FL 33199 U.S.A
| | - Frédéric Bénéluz
- Société Entomologique Antilles‐Guyane (SEAG) 18 lot Amaryllis 97354 Rémire‐Montjoly French Guiana
| | - Italo Mesones
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140 Berkeley CA 94720 U.S.A
| | - Paul V.A. Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140 Berkeley CA 94720 U.S.A
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34
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Fine PVA, Baraloto C. Habitat Endemism in White‐sand Forests: Insights into the Mechanisms of Lineage Diversification and Community Assembly of the Neotropical Flora. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul V. A. Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology and University and Jepson Herbaria University of California 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140 Berkeley CA 94720 U.S.A
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- INRA UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane 97310 Kourou French Guiana
- Department of Biological Sciences and International Center for Tropical Botany Florida International University Miami FL 33199 U.S.A
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35
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Fine PV. Ecological and Evolutionary Drivers of Geographic Variation in Species Diversity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul V.A. Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology and University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
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36
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Lamarre GPA, Hérault B, Fine PVA, Vedel V, Lupoli R, Mesones I, Baraloto C. Taxonomic and functional composition of arthropod assemblages across contrasting Amazonian forests. J Anim Ecol 2015; 85:227-39. [PMID: 26346553 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods represent most of global biodiversity, with the highest diversity found in tropical rain forests. Nevertheless, we have a very incomplete understanding of how tropical arthropod communities are assembled. We conducted a comprehensive mass sampling of arthropod communities within three major habitat types of lowland Amazonian rain forest, including terra firme clay, white-sand and seasonally flooded forests in Peru and French Guiana. We examined how taxonomic and functional composition (at the family level) differed across these habitat types in the two regions. The overall arthropod community composition exhibited strong turnover among habitats and between regions. In particular, seasonally flooded forest habitats of both regions comprised unique assemblages. Overall, 17·7% (26 of 147) of arthropod families showed significant preferences for a particular habitat type. We present a first reproducible arthropod functional classification among the 147 taxa based on similarity among 21 functional traits describing feeding source, major mouthparts and microhabitats inhabited by each taxon. We identified seven distinct functional groups whose relative abundance contrasted strongly across the three habitats, with sap and leaf feeders showing higher abundances in terra firme clay forest. Our novel arthropod functional classification provides an important complement to link these contrasting patterns of composition to differences in forest functioning across geographical and environmental gradients. This study underlines that both environment and biogeographical processes are responsible for driving arthropod taxonomic composition while environmental filtering is the main driver of the variance in functional composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg P A Lamarre
- Université Antilles-Guyane, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, 97310, Kourou, French Guiana.,INRA, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, 97310, Kourou, French Guiana.,Société Entomologique Antilles-Guyane, 97354, Rémire-Montjoly, French Guiana
| | - Bruno Hérault
- CIRAD, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, 97310, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Paul V A Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Vincent Vedel
- INRA, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, 97310, Kourou, French Guiana.,Société Entomologique Antilles-Guyane, 97354, Rémire-Montjoly, French Guiana
| | - Roland Lupoli
- Société Entomologique Antilles-Guyane, 97354, Rémire-Montjoly, French Guiana
| | - Italo Mesones
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- INRA, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, 97310, Kourou, French Guiana.,International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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37
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Grandez-Rios JM, Lima Bergamini L, Santos de Araújo W, Villalobos F, Almeida-Neto M. The Effect of Host-Plant Phylogenetic Isolation on Species Richness, Composition and Specialization of Insect Herbivores: A Comparison between Native and Exotic Hosts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138031. [PMID: 26379159 PMCID: PMC4575019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the drivers of plant-insect interactions is still a key issue in terrestrial ecology. Here, we used 30 well-defined plant-herbivore assemblages to assess the effects of host plant phylogenetic isolation and origin (native vs. exotic) on the species richness, composition and specialization of the insect herbivore fauna on co-occurring plant species. We also tested for differences in such effects between assemblages composed exclusively of exophagous and endophagous herbivores. We found a consistent negative effect of the phylogenetic isolation of host plants on the richness, similarity and specialization of their insect herbivore faunas. Notably, except for Jaccard dissimilarity, the effect of phylogenetic isolation on the insect herbivore faunas did not vary between native and exotic plants. Our findings show that the phylogenetic isolation of host plants is a key factor that influences the richness, composition and specialization of their local herbivore faunas, regardless of the host plant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Miguel Grandez-Rios
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Leonardo Lima Bergamini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Walter Santos de Araújo
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Villalobos
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Mário Almeida-Neto
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Cárdenas RE, Hättenschwiler S, Valencia R, Argoti A, Dangles O. Plant herbivory responses through changes in leaf quality have no effect on subsequent leaf-litter decomposition in a neotropical rain forest tree community. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:817-829. [PMID: 25771942 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that plant responses to foliar herbivory (e.g. plant defenses) can influence subsequent leaf-litter decomposability in soil. While several studies have assessed the herbivory-decomposability relationship among different plant species, experimental tests at the intra-specific level are rare, although critical for a mechanistic understanding of how herbivores affect decomposition and its consequences at the ecosystem scale. Using 17 tree species from the Yasuní National Park, Ecuadorian Amazonia, and applying three different herbivore damage treatments, we experimentally tested whether the plant intra-specific responses to herbivory, through changes in leaf quality, affect subsequent leaf-litter decomposition in soil. We found no effects of herbivore damage on the subsequent decomposition of leaf litter within any of the species tested. Our results suggest that leaf traits affecting herbivory are different from those influencing decomposition. Herbivore damage showed much higher intra-specific than inter-specific variability, while we observed the opposite for decomposition. Our findings support the idea that interactions between consumers and their resources are controlled by different factors for the green and the brown food-webs in tropical forests, where herbivory may not necessarily generate any direct positive or negative feedbacks for nutrient cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael E Cárdenas
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Laboratorio de Entomología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de octubre 1076 y Roca, Apdo. 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR 072, LEGS-CNRS, UPR 9034, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, 91198, France
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, Cedex, 91405, France
| | - Stephan Hättenschwiler
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE UMR 5175 - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Renato Valencia
- Herbario QCA, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de octubre 1076 y Roca, Apdo. 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Adriana Argoti
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Laboratorio de Entomología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de octubre 1076 y Roca, Apdo. 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Olivier Dangles
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR 072, LEGS-CNRS, UPR 9034, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, 91198, France
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, Cedex, 91405, France
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Cannon CH, Lerdau M. Variable mating behaviors and the maintenance of tropical biodiversity. Front Genet 2015; 6:183. [PMID: 26042148 PMCID: PMC4437050 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current theoretical studies on mechanisms promoting species co-existence in diverse communities assume that species are fixed in their mating behavior. Each species is a discrete evolutionary unit, even though most empirical evidence indicates that inter-specific gene flow occurs in plant and animal groups. Here, in a data-driven meta-community model of species co-existence, we allow mating behavior to respond to local species composition and abundance. While individuals primarily out-cross, species maintain a diminished capacity for selfing and hybridization. Mate choice is treated as a variable behavior, which responds to intrinsic traits determining mate choice and the density and availability of sympatric inter-fertile individuals. When mate choice is strongly limited, even low survivorship of selfed offspring can prevent extinction of rare species. With increasing mate choice, low hybridization success rates maintain community level diversity for extended periods of time. In high diversity tropical tree communities, competition among sympatric congeneric species is negligible, because direct spatial proximity with close relatives is infrequent. Therefore, the genomic donorship presents little cost. By incorporating variable mating behavior into evolutionary models of diversification, we also discuss how participation in a syngameon may be selectively advantageous. We view this behavior as a genomic mutualism, where maintenance of genomic structure and diminished inter-fertility, allows each species in the syngameon to benefit from a greater effective population size during episodes of selective disadvantage. Rare species would play a particularly important role in these syngameons as they are more likely to produce heterospecific crosses and transgressive phenotypes. We propose that inter-specific gene flow can play a critical role by allowing genomic mutualists to avoid extinction and gain local adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H. Cannon
- Key Lab in Tropical Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Manuel Lerdau
- Key Lab in Tropical Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- Departments of Environmental Sciences and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Tomlinson KW, van Langevelde F, Ward D, Prins HH, de Bie S, Vosman B, Sampaio EVSB, Sterck FJ. Defence against vertebrate herbivores trades off into architectural and low nutrient strategies amongst savanna Fabaceae species. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Tomlinson
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences; CN-666303 Menglun, Yunnan PR China
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen Univ.; PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Frank van Langevelde
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen Univ.; PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - David Ward
- School of Life Sciences, Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal; Private Bag X01 Scottsville 3209 South Africa
| | - Herbert H.T. Prins
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen Univ.; PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands
- School of Life Sciences, Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal; Private Bag X01 Scottsville 3209 South Africa
| | - Steven de Bie
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen Univ.; PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Ben Vosman
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen Univ. and Research Center; PO Box 16, NL-6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands
| | | | - Frank J. Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen Univ.; PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands
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van Velzen E, Etienne RS. The importance of ecological costs for the evolution of plant defense against herbivory. J Theor Biol 2015; 372:89-99. [PMID: 25747775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant defense against herbivory comes at a cost, which can be either direct (reducing resources available for growth and reproduction) or indirect (through reducing ecological performance, for example intraspecific competitiveness). While direct costs have been well studied in theoretical models, ecological costs have received almost no attention. In this study we compare models with a direct trade-off (reduced growth rate) to models with an ecological trade-off (reduced competitive ability), using a combination of adaptive dynamics and simulations. In addition, we study the dependence of the level of defense that can evolve on the type of defense (directly by reducing consumption, or indirectly by inducing herbivore mortality (toxicity)), and on the type of herbivore against which the plant is defending itself (generalists or specialists). We find three major results: First, for both direct and ecological costs, defense only evolves if the benefit to the plant is direct (through reducing consumption). Second, the type of cost has a major effect on the evolutionary dynamics: direct costs always lead to a single optimal strategy against herbivores, but ecological costs can lead to branching and the coexistence of non-defending and defending plants; however, coexistence is only possible when defending against generalist herbivores. Finally, we find that fast-growing plants invest less than slow-growing plants when defending against generalist herbivores, as predicted by the Resource Availability Hypothesis, but invest more than slow-growing plants when defending against specialists. Our results clearly show that assumptions about ecological interactions are crucial for understanding the evolution of defense against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen van Velzen
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Barah P, Bones AM. Multidimensional approaches for studying plant defence against insects: from ecology to omics and synthetic biology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:479-93. [PMID: 25538257 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The biggest challenge for modern biology is to integrate multidisciplinary approaches towards understanding the organizational and functional complexity of biological systems at different hierarchies, starting from the subcellular molecular mechanisms (microscopic) to the functional interactions of ecological communities (macroscopic). The plant-insect interaction is a good model for this purpose with the availability of an enormous amount of information at the molecular and the ecosystem levels. Changing global climatic conditions are abruptly resetting plant-insect interactions. Integration of discretely located heterogeneous information from the ecosystem to genes and pathways will be an advantage to understand the complexity of plant-insect interactions. This review will present the recent developments in omics-based high-throughput experimental approaches, with particular emphasis on studying plant defence responses against insect attack. The review highlights the importance of using integrative systems approaches to study plant-insect interactions from the macroscopic to the microscopic level. We analyse the current efforts in generating, integrating and modelling multiomics data to understand plant-insect interaction at a systems level. As a future prospect, we highlight the growing interest in utilizing the synthetic biology platform for engineering insect-resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Barah
- Cell Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle M Bones
- Cell Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Donoghue MJ, Edwards EJ. Biome Shifts and Niche Evolution in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
| | - Erika J. Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912;
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Occupation of bare habitats, an evolutionary precursor to soil specialization in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15132-7. [PMID: 25267640 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1409242111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant soil specialists contribute greatly to global diversity; however, the ecoevolutionary forces responsible for generating this diversity are poorly understood. We integrate molecular phylogenies with descriptive and experimental ecological data, creating a powerful framework with which to elucidate forces driving soil specialization. Hypotheses explaining edaphic specialization have historically focused on costs of adaptation to elements (e.g., nickel, calcium/magnesium) and accompanying tradeoffs in competitive ability in benign soils. We combine in situ microhabitat data for 37 streptanthoid species (Brassicaceae), soil analyses, and competition experiments with their phylogeny to reconstruct selective forces generating serpentine soil endemism, which has four to five independent origins in this group. Coupling ancestral state reconstruction with phylogenetic independent contrasts, we examine the magnitude and timing of changes in soil and habitat attributes relative to inferred shifts to serpentine. We find large changes in soil chemistry at nodes associated with soil shifts, suggesting that elemental changes occurred concomitantly with soil transitions. In contrast, the amount of bare ground surrounding plants in the field ("bareness"), which is greater in serpentine environments, is conserved across soil-type shifts. Thus, occupation of bare environments preceded shifts to serpentine, and may serve as an evolutionary precursor to harsh elemental soils and environments. In greenhouse experiments, taxa from barer environments are poorer competitors, a tradeoff that may contribute to soil endemism. The hypothesis of occupation of bare habitats as a precursor of soil specialization can be tested in other systems with a similar integrative ecophylogenetic approach, thereby providing deeper insights into this rich source of biodiversity.
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Fine PVA, Zapata F, Daly DC. Investigating processes of neotropical rain forest tree diversification by examining the evolution and historical biogeography of the Protieae (Burseraceae). Evolution 2014; 68:1988-2004. [PMID: 24689871 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Andean uplift and the collision of North and South America are thought to have major implications for the diversification of the Neotropical biota. However, few studies have investigated how these geological events may have influenced diversification. We present a multilocus phylogeny of 102 Protieae taxa (73% of published species), sampled pantropically, to test hypotheses about the relative importance of dispersal, vicariance, habitat specialization, and biotic factors in the diversification of this ecologically dominant tribe of Neotropical trees. Bayesian fossil-calibrated analyses date the Protieae stem at 55 Mya. Biogeographic analyses reconstruct an initial late Oligocene/early Miocene radiation in Amazonia for Neotropical Protieae, with several subsequent late Miocene dispersal events to Central America, the Caribbean, Brazil's Atlantic Forest, and the Chocó. Regional phylogenetic structure results indicate frequent dispersal among regions throughout the Miocene and many instances of more recent regional in situ speciation. Habitat specialization to white sand or flooded soils was common, especially in Amazonia. There was one significant increase in diversification rate coincident with colonization of the Neotropics, followed by a gradual decrease consistent with models of diversity-dependent cladogenesis. Dispersal, biotic interactions, and habitat specialization are thus hypothesized to be the most important processes underlying the diversification of the Protieae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V A Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, California, 94720-3140; University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-2465.
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Misiewicz TM, Fine PVA. Evidence for ecological divergence across a mosaic of soil types in an Amazonian tropical tree: Protium subserratum (Burseraceae). Mol Ecol 2014; 23:2543-58. [PMID: 24703227 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soil heterogeneity is an important driver of divergent natural selection in plants. Neotropical forests have the highest tree diversity on earth, and frequently, soil specialist congeners are distributed parapatrically. While the role of edaphic heterogeneity in the origin and maintenance of tropical tree diversity is unknown, it has been posited that natural selection across the patchwork of soils in the Amazon rainforest is important in driving and maintaining tree diversity. We examined genetic and morphological differentiation among populations of the tropical tree Protium subserratum growing parapatrically on the mosaic of white-sand, brown-sand and clay soils found throughout western Amazonia. Nuclear microsatellites and leaf morphology were used to (i) quantify the extent of phenotypic and genetic divergence across habitat types, (ii) assess the importance of natural selection vs. drift in population divergence, (iii) determine the extent of hybridization and introgression across habitat types, (iv) estimate migration rates among populations. We found significant morphological variation correlated with soil type. Higher levels of genetic differentiation and lower migration rates were observed between adjacent populations found on different soil types than between geographically distant populations on the same soil type. PST -FST comparisons indicate a role for natural selection in population divergence among soil types. A small number of hybrids were detected suggesting that gene flow among soil specialist populations may occur at low frequencies. Our results suggest that edaphic specialization has occurred multiple times in P. subserratum and that divergent natural selection across edaphic boundaries may be a general mechanism promoting and maintaining Amazonian tree diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M Misiewicz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis D. Coley
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA, and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Thomas A. Kursar
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA, and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
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Testing for coevolutionary diversification: linking pattern with process. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 29:82-9. [PMID: 24314843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Coevolutionary diversification is cited as a major mechanism driving the evolution of diversity, particularly in plants and insects. However, tests of coevolutionary diversification have focused on elucidating macroevolutionary patterns rather than the processes giving rise to such patterns. Hence, there is weak evidence that coevolution promotes diversification. This is in part due to a lack of understanding about the mechanisms by which coevolution can cause speciation and the difficulty of integrating results across micro- and macroevolutionary scales. In this review, we highlight potential mechanisms of coevolutionary diversification, outline approaches to examine this process across temporal scales, and propose a set of minimal requirements for demonstrating coevolutionary diversification. Our aim is to stimulate research that tests more rigorously for coevolutionary diversification.
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