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Fish scale shape follows predictable patterns of variation based on water column position, body size, and phylogeny. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-021-10142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Luongo SM, Ruth A, Gervais CR, Korsmeyer KE, Johansen JL, Domenici P, Steffensen JF. Bidirectional cyclical flows increase energetic costs of station holding for a labriform swimming fish, Cymatogaster aggregata. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa077. [PMID: 32843970 PMCID: PMC7439584 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wave-induced surge conditions are found in shallow marine ecosystems worldwide; yet, few studies have quantified how cyclical surges may affect free swimming animals. Here, we used a recently adapted respirometry technique to compare the energetic costs of a temperate fish species (Cymatogaster aggregata) swimming against a steady flow versus cyclical unidirectional and bidirectional surges in which unsteady swimming (such as accelerating, decelerating and turning) occurs. Using oxygen uptake (ṀO2) as an estimate of energetic costs, our results reveal that fish swimming in an unsteady (i.e. cyclical) unidirectional flow showed no clear increase in costs when compared to a steady flow of the same average speed, suggesting that costs and savings from cyclical acceleration and coasting are near equal. Conversely, swimming in a bidirectional cyclical flow incurred significantly higher energetic costs relative to a steady, constant flow, likely due to the added cost of turning around to face the changing flow direction. On average, we observed a 50% increase in ṀO2 of fish station holding within the bidirectional flow (227.8 mg O2 kg-1 h-1) compared to a steady, constant flow (136.1 mg O2 kg-1 h-1) of the same mean velocity. Given wave-driven surge zones are prime fish habitats in the wild, we suggest the additional costs fish incur by station holding in a bidirectional cyclical flow must be offset by favourable conditions for foraging and reproduction. With current and future increases in abiotic stressors associated with climate change, we highlight the importance of incorporating additional costs associated with swimming in cyclical water flow in the construction of energy budgets for species living in dynamic, coastal habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Luongo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 3000 N.E. 151st Street, North Miami, FL, 33181, USA
| | - Andreas Ruth
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Connor R Gervais
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Rd, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Keith E Korsmeyer
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, 1 Aloha Tower Drive, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Jacob L Johansen
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 46-007 Lilipuna Rd, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR–IAS, Località Sa Mardini, 09072, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000, Helsingør, Denmark
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Ecomorphology, trophic niche, and distribution divergences of two common damselfishes in the Gulf of California. C R Biol 2019; 342:309-321. [PMID: 31784218 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Damselfishes of the genus Stegastes are among the most conspicuous benthic reef-associated fish in the Gulf of California, and the two most commonly found species are the Beaubrummel Gregory Stegastes flavilatus and the Cortez damselfish Stegastes rectifraenum. Both species are described as ecologically and morphologically very similar. However, the niche theory predicts that coexisting species will tend to minimize competition through niche partitioning. We, therefore, investigated the degree of their ecological similarity through their morphology, trophic ecology, and spatial distribution, as well as, the effects of environmental variables on their abundance. We showed that S. rectifraenum is highly abundant in the entire Gulf of California while S. flavilatus is only found in the central and southern part. The abundance of S. rectifraenum was higher in shallow water and decreased when the cover of macroalgae and sand increased. No environmental variable was related to the abundance of S. flavilatus. Both species had distinct isotopic niches: S. flavilatus fed almost exclusively on plankton and zoobenthos, while S. rectifraenum had an omnivorous diet mixing turf, zoobenthos and plankton. The diet divergence was reflected in the morphology of the two species. Stegastes flavilatus had a more rounded body shape, with a higher supraoccipital crest and more gill rakers than S. rectifraenum, which may increase its ability to feed on vagile invertebrates and zooplankton. Our results support the hypothesis that a niche partition has occurred between the two species. Furthermore, the importance of planktonic food sources to both species, considered as benthic territorial feeders, challenges the traditional ecological description of the Stegastes species.
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Chen CT, Robitzch V, Sturaro N, Lepoint G, Berumen ML, Frédérich B. ‘Homemade’: the phenotypic diversity of coral reef damselfish populations is driven by the local environment. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ting Chen
- Laboratoire d’Océanologie, FOCUS, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Robitzch
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, E Pugin, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nicolas Sturaro
- Laboratoire d’Océanologie, FOCUS, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilles Lepoint
- Laboratoire d’Océanologie, FOCUS, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michael L Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bruno Frédérich
- Laboratoire de Morphologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, FOCUS, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Winkler NS, Paz-Goicoechea M, Lamb RW, Pérez-Matus A. Diet reveals links between morphology and foraging in a cryptic temperate reef fish. Ecol Evol 2018; 7:11124-11134. [PMID: 29299287 PMCID: PMC5743691 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Predators select prey so as to maximize energy and minimize manipulation time. In order to reduce prey detection and handling time, individuals must actively select their foraging space (microhabitat) and populations exhibit morphologies that are best suited for capturing locally available prey. We explored how variation in diet correlates with habitat type, and how these factors influence key morphological structures (mouth gape, eye diameter, fin length, fin area, and pectoral fin ratio) in a common microcarnivorous cryptic reef fish species, the triplefin Helcogrammoides cunninghami. In a mensurative experiment carried out at six kelp‐dominated sites, we observed considerable differences in diet along 400 km of the Chilean coast coincident with variation in habitat availability and prey distributions. Triplefins preferred a single prey type (bivalves or barnacles) at northern sites, coincident with a low diversity of foraging habitats. In contrast, southern sites presented varied and heterogeneous habitats, where triplefin diets were more diverse and included amphipods, decapods, and cumaceans. Allometry‐corrected results indicated that some morphological structures were consistently correlated with different prey items. Specifically, large mouth gape was associated with the capture of highly mobile prey such as decapods, while small mouth gape was more associated with cumaceans and copepods. In contrast, triplefins that capture sessile prey such as hydroids tend to have larger eyes. Therefore, morphological structures co‐vary with habitat selection and prey usage in this species. Our study shows how an abundant generalist reef fish exhibits variable feeding morphologies in response to the distribution of potential habitats and prey throughout its range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Winkler
- Subtidal Ecology Laboratory and Marine Conservation Center Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Maite Paz-Goicoechea
- Subtidal Ecology Laboratory and Marine Conservation Center Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Robert W Lamb
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence RI USA
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Matus
- Subtidal Ecology Laboratory and Marine Conservation Center Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
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Senay C, Harvey-Lavoie S, Macnaughton C, Bourque G, Boisclair D. Morphological differentiation in northern pike (Esox lucius): the influence of environmental conditions and sex on body shape. CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Morphological differentiation may allow individuals to cope with prevailing environmental conditions. Morphological differentiation in fish characterized by sagittiform shape and ambush predator behaviour, such as northern pike (Esox lucius L., 1758), has rarely been addressed. Morphological differentiation was assessed in two rivers exhibiting contrasting flow regimes: a hydropeaking river characterized by large and frequent fluctuations in flow rates and an unregulated river. An increase in northern pike movement rate was observed in the hydropeaking river. Therefore, morphological features enhancing sustained and burst swimming, as well as manoeuvrability, were expected. Our objectives are to (i) compare morphology between the two rivers and (ii) assess morphological differentiation between sexes. Using geometric morphometrics, shape significantly diverged between rivers irrespective of sex and between sexes in the hydropeaking river. Individuals from the hydropeaking river had more elongated heads, deeper bodies and caudal peduncles, and longer dorsal fin insertions than individuals from the unregulated river. Caudal fin differences between rivers were not consistent between sexes. Morphological differentiation suggested a trade-off among adaptations for sustained and burst swimming, as well as manoeuvrability, to cope with variable flows in a hydropeaking river. Morphological differentiation may allow the exploitation of spatially and temporally variable environmental conditions, including those stemming from river flow regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Senay
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - S. Harvey-Lavoie
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - C.J. Macnaughton
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - G. Bourque
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - D. Boisclair
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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Bridge TCL, Luiz OJ, Coleman RR, Kane CN, Kosaki RK. Ecological and morphological traits predict depth-generalist fishes on coral reefs. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2015.2332. [PMID: 26791616 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological communities that occupy similar habitats may exhibit functional convergence despite significant geographical distances and taxonomic dissimilarity. On coral reefs, steep gradients in key environmental variables (e.g. light and wave energy) restrict some species to shallow depths. We show that depth-generalist reef fishes are correlated with two species-level traits: caudal fin aspect ratio and diet. Fishes with high aspect ratio (lunate) caudal fins produce weaker vortices in the water column while swimming, and we propose that 'silent swimming' reduces the likelihood of detection and provides an advantage on deeper reefs with lower light irradiance and water motion. Significant differences in depth preference among trophic guilds reflect variations in the availability of different food sources along a depth gradient. The significance of these two traits across three geographically and taxonomically distinct assemblages suggests that deep-water habitats exert a strong environmental filter on coral reef-fish assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom C L Bridge
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Osmar J Luiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Richard R Coleman
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96822, USA
| | | | - Randall K Kosaki
- Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Honolulu, HI 96818, USA
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Oufiero CE, Whitlow KR. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in fish swimming. Curr Zool 2016; 62:475-488. [PMID: 29491937 PMCID: PMC5804253 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish have a remarkable amount of variation in their swimming performance, from within species differences to diversity among major taxonomic groups. Fish swimming is a complex, integrative phenotype and has the ability to plastically respond to a myriad of environmental changes. The plasticity of fish swimming has been observed on whole-organismal traits such as burst speed or critical swimming speed, as well as underlying phenotypes such as muscle fiber types, kinematics, cardiovascular system, and neuronal processes. Whether the plastic responses of fish swimming are beneficial seems to depend on the environmental variable that is changing. For example, because of the effects of temperature on biochemical processes, alterations of fish swimming in response to temperature do not seem to be beneficial. In contrast, changes in fish swimming in response to variation in flow may benefit the fish to maintain position in the water column. In this paper, we examine how this plasticity in fish swimming might evolve, focusing on environmental variables that have received the most attention: temperature, habitat, dissolved oxygen, and carbon dioxide variation. Using examples from previous research, we highlight many of the ways fish swimming can plastically respond to environmental variation and discuss potential avenues of future research aimed at understanding how plasticity of fish swimming might evolve. We consider the direct and indirect effects of environmental variation on swimming performance, including changes in swimming kinematics and suborganismal traits thought to predict swimming performance. We also discuss the role of the evolution of plasticity in shaping macroevolutionary patterns of diversity in fish swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrina R. Whitlow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
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Rummer JL, Binning SA, Roche DG, Johansen JL. Methods matter: considering locomotory mode and respirometry technique when estimating metabolic rates of fishes. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow008. [PMID: 27382471 PMCID: PMC4922262 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Respirometry is frequently used to estimate metabolic rates and examine organismal responses to environmental change. Although a range of methodologies exists, it remains unclear whether differences in chamber design and exercise (type and duration) produce comparable results within individuals and whether the most appropriate method differs across taxa. We used a repeated-measures design to compare estimates of maximal and standard metabolic rates (MMR and SMR) in four coral reef fish species using the following three methods: (i) prolonged swimming in a traditional swimming respirometer; (ii) short-duration exhaustive chase with air exposure followed by resting respirometry; and (iii) short-duration exhaustive swimming in a circular chamber. We chose species that are steady/prolonged swimmers, using either a body-caudal fin or a median-paired fin swimming mode during routine swimming. Individual MMR estimates differed significantly depending on the method used. Swimming respirometry consistently provided the best (i.e. highest) estimate of MMR in all four species irrespective of swimming mode. Both short-duration protocols (exhaustive chase and swimming in a circular chamber) produced similar MMR estimates, which were up to 38% lower than those obtained during prolonged swimming. Furthermore, underestimates were not consistent across swimming modes or species, indicating that a general correction factor cannot be used. However, SMR estimates (upon recovery from both of the exhausting swimming methods) were consistent across both short-duration methods. Given the increasing use of metabolic data to assess organismal responses to environmental stressors, we recommend carefully considering respirometry protocols before experimentation. Specifically, results should not readily be compared across methods; discrepancies could result in misinterpretation of MMR and aerobic scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie L. Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Sandra A. Binning
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- Éco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Dominique G. Roche
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- Éco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Jacob L. Johansen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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Binning SA, Ros AFH, Nusbaumer D, Roche DG. Physiological plasticity to water flow habitat in the damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus: linking phenotype to performance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121983. [PMID: 25807560 PMCID: PMC4373956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships among animal form, function and performance are complex, and vary across environments. Therefore, it can be difficult to identify morphological and/or physiological traits responsible for enhancing performance in a given habitat. In fishes, differences in swimming performance across water flow gradients are related to morphological variation among and within species. However, physiological traits related to performance have been less well studied. We experimentally reared juvenile damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus, under different water flow regimes to test 1) whether aspects of swimming physiology and morphology show plastic responses to water flow, 2) whether trait divergence correlates with swimming performance and 3) whether flow environment relates to performance differences observed in wild fish. We found that maximum metabolic rate, aerobic scope and blood haematocrit were higher in wave-reared fish compared to fish reared in low water flow. However, pectoral fin shape, which tends to correlate with sustained swimming performance, did not differ between rearing treatments or collection sites. Maximum metabolic rate was the best overall predictor of individual swimming performance; fin shape and fish total length were 3.3 and 3.7 times less likely than maximum metabolic rate to explain differences in critical swimming speed. Performance differences induced in fish reared in different flow environments were less pronounced than in wild fish but similar in direction. Our results suggest that exposure to water motion induces plastic physiological changes which enhance swimming performance in A. polyacanthus. Thus, functional relationships between fish morphology and performance across flow habitats should also consider differences in physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Binning
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Eco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Albert F H Ros
- Eco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - David Nusbaumer
- Eco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique G Roche
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Eco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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