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Deng J, Zhu Y, Luo Y, Zhong Y, Tu J, Yu J, He J. Urbanization drives biotic homogenization of the avian community in China. Integr Zool 2024. [PMID: 38379130 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Urbanization-driven biotic homogenization has been recorded in various ecosystems on local and global scales; however, it is largely unexplored in developing countries. Empirical studies on different taxa and bioregions show conflicting results (i.e. biotic homogenization vs. biotic differentiation); the extent to which the community composition changes in response to anthropogenic disturbances and the factors governing this process, therefore, require elucidation. Here, we used a compiled database of 760 bird species in China to quantify the multiple-site β-diversity and fitted distance decay in pairwise β-diversities between natural and urban assemblages to assess whether urbanization had driven biotic homogenization. We used generalized dissimilarity models (GDM) to elucidate the roles of spatial and environmental factors in avian community dissimilarities before and after urbanization. The multiple-site β-diversities among urban assemblages were markedly lower than those among natural assemblages, and the distance decays in pairwise similarities in natural assemblages were more rapid. These results were consistent among taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional aspects, supporting a general biotic homogenization driven by urbanization. The GDM results indicated that geographical distance and temperature were the dominant predictors of avian community dissimilarity. However, the contribution of geographical distance and climatic factors decreased in explaining compositional dissimilarities in urban assemblages. Geographical and environmental distances accounted for much lower variations in compositional dissimilarities in urban than in natural assemblages, implying a potential risk of uncertainty in model predictions under further climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. Our study concludes that taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional dimensions elucidate urbanization-driven biotic homogenization in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Deng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Younan Zhu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuelong Luo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjing Zhong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Tu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiehua Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiekun He
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Yao L, Jiang B, Jiao J, Wu C. Environmental Filtering and Dispersal Limitations Driving the Beta Diversity Patterns at Different Scales of Secondary Evergreen Broadleaved Forests in the Suburbs of Hangzhou. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3057. [PMID: 37687304 PMCID: PMC10490120 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Subtropical suburban secondary evergreen broadleaved forests are essential in regulating the ecological environment's quality and promoting urban sustainable development. In the suburbs of Hangzhou City, well-preserved secondary evergreen broadleaved forest communities were selected to establish a 6 ha forest dynamic monitoring plot. Community surveys and environmental factor measurements were conducted in this area. This study investigated the beta diversity patterns at different scales by considering the environmental and spatial factors to explore the driving beta diversity. Using a similar paired-site beta diversity decomposition method, the study aimed to investigate the differences in species composition and the mechanisms of multiple species coexistence within the secondary evergreen broadleaved forest communities. The results showed that the beta diversity of the suburban secondary evergreen broadleaved forest communities decreased with the increasing spatial scale. Both the dispersal limitation and the environmental filtering were found to drive the formation of beta diversity patterns in these subtropical suburban forests. At relatively smaller scales (<100 m), species turnover was found to determine the beta diversity patterns of the suburban secondary evergreen broadleaved forests. Dispersal limitation had a dominant influence at more minor scales, while the effect of environmental filtering gradually increased with scale, and the impact of the dispersal limitation decreased. The partitioning of the beta diversity in subtropical secondary evergreen broadleaved forests in China provides critical scientific insights into the spatial distribution patterns and changes in biodiversity. It offers valuable knowledge for the conservation and understanding of biodiversity maintenance in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjin Yao
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China; (L.Y.); (B.J.); (J.J.)
- Zhejiang Hangzhou Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China; (L.Y.); (B.J.); (J.J.)
- Zhejiang Hangzhou Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jiejie Jiao
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China; (L.Y.); (B.J.); (J.J.)
- Zhejiang Hangzhou Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chuping Wu
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China; (L.Y.); (B.J.); (J.J.)
- Zhejiang Hangzhou Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Hangzhou 310023, China
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Rolls RJ, Deane DC, Johnson SE, Heino J, Anderson MJ, Ellingsen KE. Biotic homogenisation and differentiation as directional change in beta diversity: synthesising driver-response relationships to develop conceptual models across ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1388-1423. [PMID: 37072381 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Biotic homogenisation is defined as decreasing dissimilarity among ecological assemblages sampled within a given spatial area over time. Biotic differentiation, in turn, is defined as increasing dissimilarity over time. Overall, changes in the spatial dissimilarities among assemblages (termed 'beta diversity') is an increasingly recognised feature of broader biodiversity change in the Anthropocene. Empirical evidence of biotic homogenisation and biotic differentiation remains scattered across different ecosystems. Most meta-analyses quantify the prevalence and direction of change in beta diversity, rather than attempting to identify underlying ecological drivers of such changes. By conceptualising the mechanisms that contribute to decreasing or increasing dissimilarity in the composition of ecological assemblages across space, environmental managers and conservation practitioners can make informed decisions about what interventions may be required to sustain biodiversity and can predict potential biodiversity outcomes of future disturbances. We systematically reviewed and synthesised published empirical evidence for ecological drivers of biotic homogenisation and differentiation across terrestrial, marine, and freshwater realms to derive conceptual models that explain changes in spatial beta diversity. We pursued five key themes in our review: (i) temporal environmental change; (ii) disturbance regime; (iii) connectivity alteration and species redistribution; (iv) habitat change; and (v) biotic and trophic interactions. Our first conceptual model highlights how biotic homogenisation and differentiation can occur as a function of changes in local (alpha) diversity or regional (gamma) diversity, independently of species invasions and losses due to changes in species occurrence among assemblages. Second, the direction and magnitude of change in beta diversity depends on the interaction between spatial variation (patchiness) and temporal variation (synchronicity) of disturbance events. Third, in the context of connectivity and species redistribution, divergent beta diversity outcomes occur as different species have different dispersal characteristics, and the magnitude of beta diversity change associated with species invasions also depends strongly on alpha and gamma diversity prior to species invasion. Fourth, beta diversity is positively linked with spatial environmental variability, such that biotic homogenisation and differentiation occur when environmental heterogeneity decreases or increases, respectively. Fifth, species interactions can influence beta diversity via habitat modification, disease, consumption (trophic dynamics), competition, and by altering ecosystem productivity. Our synthesis highlights the multitude of mechanisms that cause assemblages to be more or less spatially similar in composition (taxonomically, functionally, phylogenetically) through time. We consider that future studies should aim to enhance our collective understanding of ecological systems by clarifying the underlying mechanisms driving homogenisation or differentiation, rather than focusing only on reporting the prevalence and direction of change in beta diversity, per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Rolls
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - David C Deane
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Sarah E Johnson
- Natural Resources Department, Northland College, Ashland, WI, 54891, USA
| | - Jani Heino
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Marti J Anderson
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Massey University, Albany Campus, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kari E Ellingsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Fram Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, Tromsø, 9296, Norway
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Kramer JMF, Zwiener VP, Müller SC. Biotic homogenization and differentiation of plant communities in tropical and subtropical forests. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2023; 37:e14025. [PMID: 36285615 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity can lead to biotic homogenization (BH) and biotic differentiation (BD). BH is a process of increasing similarity in community composition (including taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic components), whereas BD is a process of decreasing similarity over space and time. Here, we conducted a systematic review of BH and BD in plant communities in tropical and subtropical forests to identify trends and knowledge gaps. Our bibliometric search in the Web of Science returned 1989 papers, of which 151 matched our criteria and were included in the analysis. The Neotropical region had the largest number of articles, and Brazil was the most represented country with 92 studies. Regarding the type of change, homogenization was more frequent than differentiation (noted in 69.6% of publications). The taxonomic diversity component was measured more often than functional and phylogenetic diversity components. Most studies (75.6%) assessed homogenization and differentiation based on a single observation in time; as opposed to few studies that monitored plant community over multiple years. Forest fragmentation was cited as the main determinant of homogenization and differentiation processes (57.2% of articles). Our results highlight the importance of evaluating community composition over time and more than taxonomic components (i.e., functional and phylogenetic) to advance understanding of homogenization and differentiation. Both processes were scale dependent and not mutually exclusive. As such, future research should consider differentiation as a potential transition phase to homogenization and that potential differences in both processes may depend on the spatial and temporal scale adopted. Understanding the complexity and causes of homogenization and differentiation is essential for biodiversity conservation in a world increasingly affected by anthropogenic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Freitag Kramer
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal (LEVEG), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Biogeografia de Plantas, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Setor Palotina, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Palotina, Brazil
| | - Victor P Zwiener
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Biogeografia de Plantas, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Setor Palotina, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Palotina, Brazil
| | - Sandra Cristina Müller
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal (LEVEG), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Covre AC, Lourenço-de-Moraes R, Campos FS, Benedito E. Spatial relationships between fishes and amphibians: implications for conservation planning in a Neotropical Hotspot. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 70:978-989. [PMID: 36036277 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Species distribution patterns are widely used to guide conservation planning and are a central issue in ecology. The usefulness of spatial correlation analysis has been highlighted in several ecological applications so far. However, spatial assumptions in ecology are highly scale-dependent, in which geographical relationships between species diversity and distributions can have different conservation concerns. Here, an integrative landscape planning was designed to show the spatial distribution patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity of amphibians and fishes, from multiple species traits regarding morphology, life history, and behavior. We used spatial, morphological, and ecological data of amphibians and fishes to calculate the functional diversity and the spatial correlation of species. Mapping results show that the higher taxonomic and functional diversity of fishes is concentrated in the West Atlantic Forest. Considering amphibians, are located in the East portion of the biome. The spatial correlation of species indicates the regions of the Serra do Mar and the extreme southern part of the Central Corridor as the main overlapped species distribution areas between both groups. New key conservation sites were reported within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest hotspot, revealing cross-taxon mismatches between terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. This study offers useful spatial information integrating suitable habitats of fishes and amphibians to complement existing and future research based on terrestrial and freshwater conservation. New priorities for biodiversity conservation in rich-species regions highlight the importance of spatial pattern analysis to support land-use planning in a macroecological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Caroline Covre
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PEA), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Moraes
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental (PPGEMA), Campus IV - Litoral Norte, Av. Santa Elizabete s/n, Centro, 58297-000, Rio Tinto, PB, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Siqueira Campos
- NOVA Information Management School (NOVA IMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Campolide, 1070-312, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Evanilde Benedito
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PEA), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Krishnadas M, Osuri AM. Environment shapes the spatial organization of tree diversity in fragmented forests across a human-modified landscape. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02244. [PMID: 33098608 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity patterns are shaped by the combination of dispersal, environment, and stochasticity, but how the influence of these drivers changes in fragmented habitats remains poorly understood. We examined patterns and relationships among total (γ) and site-level (α) diversity, and site-to-site variation in composition (β-diversity) of tree communities in structurally contiguous and fragmented tropical rainforests within a human-modified landscape in India's Western Ghats. First, for the entire landscape, we assessed the extent to which habitat type (fragment or contiguous forest), space and environment explained variation in α-diversity and composition. Next, within fragments and contiguous forest, we assessed the relative contribution of spatial proximity, environmental similarity, and their joint effects in explaining β-diversity. We repeated these assessments with β-diversity values corrected for the confounding effects of α- and γ-diversity using null models (β-deviation). Lower γ-diversity of fragments resulted from both lower α- and β-diversity compared to contiguous forests. However, β-deviation did not differ between contiguous forests and fragments. Fragmented and contiguous forest clearly diverged in floristic composition, which was attributable to β-diversity being driven by differences in elevation and MAP. Within fragmented forest, neither space nor environment explained β-diversity, but β-deviation increased with greater elevational differences. In contiguous forests by comparison, environment alone (mainly elevation) explained the most variation in β-diversity and β-deviation of both species' occurrences and abundances. Spatial gradients in environmental conditions played a larger role than dispersal limitation in shaping diversity and composition of tree communities across forest fragments. Thus, location of remnant patches at different elevations was a key factor underlying site-to-site variability in species abundances across fragments. Understanding the environmental characteristics of remnant forests in human-modified landscapes, combined with knowledge of species-environment relationships across different functional groups, would therefore be important considerations for management and restoration planning in human-modified landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Krishnadas
- Laboratory for Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Habshiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Anand M Osuri
- Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, "Amritha", 12th Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage, Mysore, 570017, India
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7
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Plant diversity conservation in highly deforested landscapes of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Janssen P, Stella JC, Piégay H, Räpple B, Pont B, Faton JM, Cornelissen JHC, Evette A. Divergence of riparian forest composition and functional traits from natural succession along a degraded river with multiple stressor legacies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137730. [PMID: 32172113 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to human induced-stressors can profoundly modify the natural trajectory of ecosystems. Predicting how ecosystems respond under stress requires understanding how physical and biological properties of degraded systems parallel or deviate over time from those of near-natural systems. Utilizing comprehensive forest inventory datasets, we used a paired chronosequence modelling approach to test the effects of long-term channelization and flow regulation of a large river on changes in abiotic conditions and related riparian forest attributes across a range of successional phases. By comparing ecological trajectories between the highly degraded Rhône and the relatively unmodified Drôme rivers, we demonstrated a rapid, strong and likely irreversible divergence in forest succession between the two rivers. The vast majority of metrics measuring life history traits, stand structure, and community composition varied with stand age but diverged significantly between rivers, concurrent with large differences in hydrologic and geomorphic trajectories. Channelization and flow regulation induced a more rapid terrestrialization of the river channel margins along the Rhône River and accelerated change in stand attributes, from pioneer-dominated stands to a mature successional phase dominated by non-native species. Relative to the Drôme, dispersion of trait values was higher in young forest stands along the Rhône, indicating a rapid assembly of functionally different species and an accelerated transition to post-pioneer communities. This study demonstrated that human modifications to the hydro-geomorphic regime have induced acute and sustained changes in environmental conditions, therefore altering the structure and composition of riparian forests. The speed, strength and persistence of the changes suggest that the Rhône River floodplain forests have strongly diverged from natural systems under persistent multiple stressors during the past two centuries. These results reinforce the importance of considering historical changes in environmental conditions to determine ecological trajectories in riparian ecosystems, as has been shown for old fields and other successional contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Janssen
- Univ. Lyon, UMR 5600 Environnement Ville société, CNRS, Site of ENS Lyon, Lyon, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, St-Martin-d'Hères, France.
| | - John C Stella
- Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Hervé Piégay
- Univ. Lyon, UMR 5600 Environnement Ville société, CNRS, Site of ENS Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Bianca Räpple
- Univ. Lyon, UMR 5600 Environnement Ville société, CNRS, Site of ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Pont
- Réserves Naturelles de France, Quétigny, France.
| | | | - Johannes Hans C Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - André Evette
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, St-Martin-d'Hères, France.
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Emer C, Jordano P, Pizo MA, Ribeiro MC, Silva FR, Galetti M. Seed dispersal networks in tropical forest fragments: Area effects, remnant species, and interaction diversity. Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Emer
- Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Sevilla Spain
| | - Marco A. Pizo
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Milton C. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Fernanda R. Silva
- Instituto de Biologia Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
- Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Gables FL USA
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Krishnadas M, Kumar AN, Comita LS. Edge effects reduce α-diversity but not β-diversity during community assembly in a human-modified tropical forest. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01996. [PMID: 31495013 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Edge effects can alter the spatial organization of diversity in fragmented habitats. For tropical forests, however, there has been large variation in the strength and direction of such effects reported by different studies. For long-lived organisms like trees, one reason for inconsistent patterns might be due to most studies having examined patterns of diversity and compositional variation in older life stages that bear the legacy of a forest past. Younger life stages can reveal ongoing processes of assembly, but multi-stage examinations are rare. For seedling, sapling, and adult life stages of trees in a human-modified wet tropical forest in the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot (India), we examined how proximity to forest edges (edge influence) modified the spatial organization of diversity. Specifically, for each life stage we tested whether edge influence led to loss of α- and γ-diversity and decreased β-diversity in this landscape. We found lower α- and γ-diversity closer to forest edges, but only for seedlings. Seedling composition at 90-100 m from forest edges diverged from composition of sites within 60 m, suggesting that edge influence restricted the recruitment of some species to interior sites. In contrast, β-diversity was greater near edges than interior forest for all life stages and most prominently for seedlings. Furthermore, β-diversity at edges was primarily driven by species turnover, suggesting either marked species-environment associations or dispersal limitation. Low turnover at 90-100 m implies that β-diversity arose from stochastic fluctuations in occurrences and abundances of the same species set. Overall, we find that high β-diversity structured spatial patterns of diversity near edges, but recruitment bottlenecks are likely to reduce alpha diversity of forest fragments. Our results also corroborate the need to maintain sufficiently large areas of tropical forest free from edge effects to avoid the loss of interior forest species. To improve landscape-scale diversity of fragmented landscapes, restoration efforts should focus on recovery of species that are unable to regenerate near forest edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Krishnadas
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Arun N Kumar
- Hennur Cross, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560096, India
| | - Liza S Comita
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
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Stride G, Thomas CD, Benedick S, Hodgson JA, Jelling A, Senior MJ, Hill JK. Divergent tree seedling communities indicate different trajectories of change among rain forest remnants. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gail Stride
- Department of Biology University of York York UK
| | | | - Suzan Benedick
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture Universiti Malaysia Sabah Sandakan Sabah Malaysia
| | - Jenny A. Hodgson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Ahmad Jelling
- The Royal Society South East Asia Rainforest Research Programme Danum Valley Field Centre Lahad Datu Sabah Malaysia
| | | | - Jane K. Hill
- Department of Biology University of York York UK
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Zambrano J, Garzon-Lopez CX, Yeager L, Fortunel C, Cordeiro NJ, Beckman NG. The effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on plant functional traits and functional diversity: what do we know so far? Oecologia 2019; 191:505-518. [PMID: 31515618 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation result in significant landscape changes that ultimately affect plant diversity and add uncertainty to how natural areas will respond to future global change. This uncertainty is important given that the loss of biodiversity often includes losing key ecosystem functions. Few studies have explored the effects of landscape changes on plant functional diversity and evidence so far has shown far more pervasive effects than previously reported by species richness and composition studies. Here we present a review on the impact of habitat loss and fragmentation on (1) individual functional traits-related to persistence, dispersal and establishment-and (2) functional diversity. We also discuss current knowledge gaps and propose ways forward. From the literature review we found that studies have largely focused on dispersal traits, strongly impacted by habitat loss and fragmentation, while traits related to persistence were the least studied. Furthermore, most studies did not distinguish habitat loss from spatial fragmentation and were conducted at the plot or fragment-level, which taken together limits the ability to generalize the scale-dependency of landscape changes on plant functional diversity. For future work, we recommend (1) clearly distinguishing the effects of habitat loss from those of fragmentation, and (2) recognizing the scale-dependency of predicted responses when functional diversity varies in time and space. We conclude that a clear understanding of the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on functional diversity will improve predictions of the resiliency and resistance of plant communities to varying scales of disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Zambrano
- The School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Carol X Garzon-Lopez
- Grupo de Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 #18A-12, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lauren Yeager
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Claire Fortunel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,AMAP (botAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des végétations), IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Norbert J Cordeiro
- Department of Biology (mc WB 816), Roosevelt University, 425 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA.,Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lakeshore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Noelle G Beckman
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
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Hernández‐Ordóñez O, Santos BA, Pyron RA, Arroyo‐Rodríguez V, Urbina‐Cardona JN, Martínez‐Ramos M, Parra‐Olea G, Reynoso VH. Species sorting and mass effect along forest succession: Evidence from taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of amphibian communities. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5206-5218. [PMID: 31110673 PMCID: PMC6509387 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Species recovery after forest disturbance is a highly studied topic in the tropics, but considerable debate remains on the role of secondary forests as biodiversity repositories, especially regarding the functional and phylogenetic dimensions of biodiversity. Also, studies generally overlook how alpha and beta diversities interact to produce gamma diversity along successional gradients.We used a metacommunity approach to assess how species sorting (i.e., environmental filtering) and mass effect (i.e., source-sink dynamics) affect 14 complementary metrics of amphibian taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity along a successional gradient in southern Mexico. As amphibians have narrow environmental tolerances and low dispersal capabilities, we expected that species sorting may be relatively more important than mass effect in structuring amphibian communities.Between 2010 and 2012, we sampled frogs, salamanders, and caecilians in 23 communities distributed in four successional stages: young (2-5 years old) and intermediate (13-28 years old) secondary forests, old-growth forest fragments, and old-growth continuous forest. We assessed 15 ecologically relevant functional traits per species and used a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny.We recorded 1,672 individuals belonging to 30 species and 11 families. Supporting our expectations from the species sorting perspective, from the poorest (younger forests) to the best quality (continuous forest) scenarios, we observed (a) an increase in alpha diversity regardless of species abundances; (b) a clear taxonomic segregation across successional stages; (c) an increase in functional richness and dispersion; (d) an increase in mean phylogenetic distance and nearest taxon index; and (e) a reduction in mean nearest taxon distance. However, 10 species occurred in all successional stages, resulting in relatively low beta diversity. This supports a mass effect, where interpatch migrations contribute to prevent local extinctions and increase compositional similarity at the regional scale.Our findings indicate that amphibian metacommunities along forest successional gradients are mainly structured by species sorting, but mass effects may also play a role if high levels of forest cover are conserved in the region. In fact, secondary forests and forest fragments can potentially safeguard different aspects of amphibian diversity, but their long-term conservation value requires preventing additional deforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Hernández‐Ordóñez
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Bráulio A. Santos
- Departamento de Sistemática e EcologiaUniversidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão Pessoa, ParaíbaBrazil
| | - Robert Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological SciencesThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Víctor Arroyo‐Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y SustentabilidadUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMoreliaMéxico
| | - J. Nicolás Urbina‐Cardona
- Ecology and Territory Department, School of Rural and Environmental StudiesPontificia Universidad JaverianaBogotaColombia
| | - Miguel Martínez‐Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y SustentabilidadUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMoreliaMéxico
| | - Gabriela Parra‐Olea
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Víctor Hugo Reynoso
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
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14
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Hung KLJ, Ascher JS, Davids JA, Holway DA. Ecological filtering in scrub fragments restructures the taxonomic and functional composition of native bee assemblages. Ecology 2019; 100:e02654. [PMID: 30942484 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the long-term consequences of habitat alteration for the preservation of biodiversity and ecosystem function requires an understanding of how ecological filters drive taxonomic and functional biodiversity loss. Here, we test a set of predictions concerning the role of ecological filters in restructuring native bee assemblages inhabiting fragmented coastal sage scrub ecosystems in southern California, USA. In 2011 and 2012, we collected native bees in scrub habitat belonging to two treatment categories: large natural reserves and small habitat fragments embedded in an urban landscape. We compared bee assemblages in reserve and fragment sites with respect to their taxonomic and functional alpha diversity, beta diversity, assemblage composition, and mean geographical range size estimated via distribution maps compiled for this study from digitized specimen records. We found multiple lines of evidence that ecological filtering drove bee diversity loss in fragments: a disproportionate loss of functional diversity relative to taxonomic diversity, shifts in assemblage composition driven largely by the preferential extirpation of reserve-associated indicator species, and disproportionate loss of range-restricted species. However, we found no evidence of taxonomic or functional homogenization across fragment bee assemblages, suggesting that filtering was not sufficiently strong to cause a subset of functional traits (and their associated species) to dominate assemblages in fragments. Our results suggest that ecological filtering altered bee assemblages in habitat fragments, even when such fragments contained well-preserved native plant assemblages, underscoring the importance of preserving large areas of natural habitat for the conservation of bees (especially range-restricted taxa) and their associated ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Lou James Hung
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, MC0116, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - John S Ascher
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore City, 117558, Singapore
| | - Jessica A Davids
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, MC0116, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - David A Holway
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, MC0116, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
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15
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Guo Y, Xiang W, Wang B, Li D, Mallik AU, Chen HYH, Huang F, Ding T, Wen S, Lu S, Li X. Partitioning beta diversity in a tropical karst seasonal rainforest in Southern China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17408. [PMID: 30479357 PMCID: PMC6258688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Both deterministic and stochastic processes have been linked to forest community assembly; however, their contribution to beta diversity has not been properly explored, and no studies to date have investigated their impacts on sparse depleted soils in forests that contain widespread exposed limestone karst. We found that the pairwise differences in species composition between quadrates was determined by a balanced variation in abundance, whereby the individuals of some species at one site were substituted by an equivalent number of individuals of different species at another site. Both the total beta diversity and its balanced variation in abundance declined with increasing sampling grain size. Our research indicated that environmental differences exert a strong influence on beta diversity, particularly total beta diversity and its balanced abundance variation in larger grain sizes. It was evident that deterministic and stochastic processes worked together, and that deterministic processes were more important than stochastic processes in the regulation of beta diversity in this heterogeneous tropical karst seasonal rainforest of Southern China. However, in future research a functional trait based approach will be required to tease out the relative degree of deterministic and stochastic processes toward an assessment of the temporal changes in species composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China.,Guangxi Youyiguan Forest Ecosystem National Research Station, Pingxiang, 532600, China.,Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Wusheng Xiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China.,Guangxi Youyiguan Forest Ecosystem National Research Station, Pingxiang, 532600, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China.,Guangxi Youyiguan Forest Ecosystem National Research Station, Pingxiang, 532600, China
| | - Dongxing Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China.,Guangxi Youyiguan Forest Ecosystem National Research Station, Pingxiang, 532600, China
| | - Azim U Mallik
- Faculty of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Fuzhao Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China.,Guangxi Youyiguan Forest Ecosystem National Research Station, Pingxiang, 532600, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China.,Guangxi Youyiguan Forest Ecosystem National Research Station, Pingxiang, 532600, China
| | - Shujun Wen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China.,Guangxi Youyiguan Forest Ecosystem National Research Station, Pingxiang, 532600, China
| | - Shuhua Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China.,Guangxi Youyiguan Forest Ecosystem National Research Station, Pingxiang, 532600, China
| | - Xiankun Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China. .,Guangxi Youyiguan Forest Ecosystem National Research Station, Pingxiang, 532600, China.
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16
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Santo-Silva EE, Santos BA, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Melo FPL, Faria D, Cazetta E, Mariano-Neto E, Hernández-Ruedas MA, Tabarelli M. Phylogenetic dimension of tree communities reveals high conservation value of disturbed tropical rain forests. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar E. Santo-Silva
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife Pernambuco Brazil
- Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco; Serra Talhada Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Bráulio A. Santos
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | - Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Morelia Michoacán Mexico
| | - Felipe P. L. Melo
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Deborah Faria
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Ilhéus Bahia Brazil
| | - Eliana Cazetta
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Ilhéus Bahia Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mariano-Neto
- Departamento de Botânica; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal da Bahia; Salvador Bahia Brazil
| | - Manuel A. Hernández-Ruedas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Morelia Michoacán Mexico
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife Pernambuco Brazil
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17
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Emer C, Galetti M, Pizo MA, Guimarães PR, Moraes S, Piratelli A, Jordano P. Seed-dispersal interactions in fragmented landscapes - a metanetwork approach. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:484-493. [PMID: 29368364 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutualistic interactions repeatedly preserved across fragmented landscapes can scale-up to form a spatial metanetwork describing the distribution of interactions across patches. We explored the structure of a bird seed-dispersal (BSD) metanetwork in 16 Neotropical forest fragments to test whether a distinct subset of BSD-interactions may mediate landscape functional connectivity. The metanetwork is interaction-rich, modular and poorly connected, showing high beta-diversity and turnover of species and interactions. Interactions involving large-sized species were lost in fragments < 10 000 ha, indicating a strong filtering by habitat fragmentation on the functional diversity of BSD-interactions. Persistent interactions were performed by small-seeded, fast growing plant species and by generalist, small-bodied bird species able to cross the fragmented landscape. This reduced subset of interactions forms the metanetwork components persisting to defaunation and fragmentation, and may generate long-term deficits of carbon storage while delaying forest regeneration at the landscape level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Emer
- Departmento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, CP 199, 13506-900, Rio Claro - SP, Brazil.,Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Av. Américo Vespucio 26, E-41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Departmento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, CP 199, 13506-900, Rio Claro - SP, Brazil
| | - Marco A Pizo
- Departmento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, CP 199, 13506-900, Rio Claro - SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Guimarães
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Suelen Moraes
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, Km 110, SP-264, 18052-780, Sorocaba - SP, Brazil
| | - Augusto Piratelli
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, Km 110, SP-264, 18052-780, Sorocaba - SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Av. Américo Vespucio 26, E-41092, Sevilla, Spain
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18
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Chen X, Adams B, Layne M, Swarzenski C, Norris D, Hooper-Bùi L. Effects of isolation on ant assemblages depend on microhabitat. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- College of the Coast and Environment; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA
| | - Benjamin Adams
- Department of Biology; University of Louisville; 139 Life Science Building Louisville Kentucky 40292 USA
| | - Michael Layne
- College of the Coast and Environment; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA
| | - Christopher Swarzenski
- U.S. Geological Survey; Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center; 3535 S. Sherwood Forest Blvd. Baton Rouge Louisiana 70816 USA
| | - David Norris
- School of Renewable Natural Resources; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA
| | - Linda Hooper-Bùi
- College of the Coast and Environment; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA
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19
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20
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Souza DG, Santos JC, Oliveira MA, Tabarelli M. Shifts in Plant Assemblages Reduce the Richness of Galling Insects Across Edge-Affected Habitats in the Atlantic Forest. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:1161-1169. [PMID: 27550163 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation on specialist herbivores have been rarely addressed. Here we examine the structure of plant and galling insect assemblages in a fragmented landscape of the Atlantic forest to verify a potential impoverishment of these assemblages mediated by edge effects. Saplings and galling insects were recorded once within a 0.1-ha area at habitat level, covering forest interior stands, forest edges, and small fragments. A total of 1,769 saplings from 219 tree species were recorded across all three habitats, with differences in terms of sapling abundance and species richness. Additionally, edge-affected habitats exhibited reduced richness of both host-plant and galling insects at plot and habitat spatial scale. Attack levels also differed among forest types at habitat spatial scale (21.1% of attacked stems in forest interior, 12.4% in small fragments but only 8.5% in forest edges). Plot ordination resulted in three clearly segregated clusters: one formed by forest interior, one by small fragments, and another formed by edge plots. Finally, the indicator species analysis identified seven and one indicator plant species in forest interior and edge-affected habitats, respectively. Consequently, edge effects lead to formation of distinct taxonomic groups and also an impoverished assemblage of plants and galling insects at multiple spatial scales. The results of the present study indicate that fragmentation-related changes in plant assemblages can have a cascade effects on specialist herbivores. Accordingly, hyperfragmented landscapes may not be able to retain an expressive portion of tropical biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle G Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Jean C Santos
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38405-320, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 50670-420, Brazil
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