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Mohaimin AZ, Krishnamoorthy S, Shivanand P. A critical review on bioaerosols-dispersal of crop pathogenic microorganisms and their impact on crop yield. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:587-628. [PMID: 38001398 PMCID: PMC10920616 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioaerosols are potential sources of pathogenic microorganisms that can cause devastating outbreaks of global crop diseases. Various microorganisms, insects and viroids are known to cause severe crop diseases impeding global agro-economy. Such losses threaten global food security, as it is estimated that almost 821 million people are underfed due to global crisis in food production. It is estimated that global population would reach 10 billion by 2050. Hence, it is imperative to substantially increase global food production to about 60% more than the existing levels. To meet the increasing demand, it is essential to control crop diseases and increase yield. Better understanding of the dispersive nature of bioaerosols, seasonal variations, regional diversity and load would enable in formulating improved strategies to control disease severity, onset and spread. Further, insights on regional and global bioaerosol composition and dissemination would help in predicting and preventing endemic and epidemic outbreaks of crop diseases. Advanced knowledge of the factors influencing disease onset and progress, mechanism of pathogen attachment and penetration, dispersal of pathogens, life cycle and the mode of infection, aid the development and implementation of species-specific and region-specific preventive strategies to control crop diseases. Intriguingly, development of R gene-mediated resistant varieties has shown promising results in controlling crop diseases. Forthcoming studies on the development of an appropriately stacked R gene with a wide range of resistance to crop diseases would enable proper management and yield. The article reviews various aspects of pathogenic bioaerosols, pathogen invasion and infestation, crop diseases and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Zul'Adly Mohaimin
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Sarayu Krishnamoorthy
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Pooja Shivanand
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
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2
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Pablo-Rodríguez JL, Bravo-Monzón ÁE, Montiel-González C, Benítez-Malvido J, Álvarez-Betancourt S, Ramírez-Sánchez O, Oyama K, Arena-Ortiz ML, Alvarez-Añorve MY, Avila-Cabadilla LD. Linking Anthropogenic Landscape Perturbation to Herbivory and Pathogen Leaf Damage in Tropical Tree Communities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3839. [PMID: 38005736 PMCID: PMC10675074 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbance of tropical humid forests leads to habitat loss, biodiversity decline, landscape fragmentation, altered nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration, soil erosion, pest/pathogen outbreaks, among others. Nevertheless, the impact of these alterations in multitrophic interactions, including host-pathogen and vector-pathogen dynamics, is still not well understood in wild plants. This study aimed to provide insights into the main drivers for the incidence of herbivory and plant pathogen damage, specifically, into how vegetation traits at the local and landscape scale modulate such interactions. For this purpose, in the tropical forest of Calakmul (Campeche, Mexico), we characterised the foliar damage caused by herbivores and pathogens in woody vegetation of 13 sampling sites representing a gradient of forest disturbance and fragmentation in an anthropogenic landscape from well preserved to highly disturbed and fragmented areas. We also evaluated how the incidence of such damage was modulated by the vegetation and landscape attributes. We found that the incidence of damage caused by larger, mobile, generalist herbivores, was more sensitive to changes in landscape configuration, while the incidence of damage caused by small and specialised herbivores with low dispersal capacity was more influenced by vegetation and landscape composition. In relation to pathogen symptoms, the herbivore-induced foliar damage seems to be the main factor related to their incidence, indicating the enormous importance of herbivorous insects in the modulation of disease dynamics across tropical vegetation, as they could be acting as vectors and/or facilitating the entry of pathogens by breaking the foliar tissue and the plant defensive barriers. The incidence of pathogen damage also responded to vegetation structure and landscape configuration; the incidence of anthracnose, black spot, and chlorosis, for example, were favoured in sites surrounded by smaller patches and a higher edge density, as well as those with a greater aggregation of semi-evergreen forest patches. Fungal pathogens were shown to be an important cause of foliar damage for many woody species. Our results indicate that an increasing transformation and fragmentation of the tropical forest of southern Mexico could reduce the degree of specialisation in plant-herbivore interactions and enhance the proliferation of generalist herbivores (chewers and scrapers) and of mobile leaf suckers, and consequently, the proliferation of some symptoms associated with fungal pathogens such as fungus black spots and anthracnose. The symptoms associated with viral and bacterial diseases and to nutrient deficiency, such as chlorosis, could also increase in the vegetation in fragmented landscapes with important consequences in the health and productivity of wild and cultivated plant species. This is a pioneering study evaluating the effect of disturbances on multitrophic interactions, offering key insights on the main drivers of the changes in herbivory interactions and incidence of plant pathogens in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Pablo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Mexico; (J.L.P.-R.); (Á.E.B.-M.); (S.Á.-B.); (O.R.-S.)
| | - Ángel E. Bravo-Monzón
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Mexico; (J.L.P.-R.); (Á.E.B.-M.); (S.Á.-B.); (O.R.-S.)
| | - Cristina Montiel-González
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Francisco de Campeche 24500, Mexico;
| | - Julieta Benítez-Malvido
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Hábitats Alterados, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58190, Mexico;
| | - Sandra Álvarez-Betancourt
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Mexico; (J.L.P.-R.); (Á.E.B.-M.); (S.Á.-B.); (O.R.-S.)
| | - Oriana Ramírez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Mexico; (J.L.P.-R.); (Á.E.B.-M.); (S.Á.-B.); (O.R.-S.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Ken Oyama
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES) Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58190, Mexico;
| | - María Leticia Arena-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Ecogenómica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Parque Científico y Tecnológico, Mérida 97302, Mexico;
| | - Mariana Yólotl Alvarez-Añorve
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Mexico; (J.L.P.-R.); (Á.E.B.-M.); (S.Á.-B.); (O.R.-S.)
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Mexico
| | - Luis Daniel Avila-Cabadilla
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Mexico; (J.L.P.-R.); (Á.E.B.-M.); (S.Á.-B.); (O.R.-S.)
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Tropicales, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Mexico
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3
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Makiola A, Holdaway RJ, Wood JR, Orwin KH, Glare TR, Dickie IA. Environmental and plant community drivers of plant pathogen composition and richness. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:496-504. [PMID: 34651304 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between individual plant pathogens and their environment have been described many times. However, the relative contribution of different environmental parameters as controls of pathogen communities remains largely unknown. Here we investigate the importance of environmental factors, including geomorphology, climate, land use, soil and plant community composition, for a broad range of aboveground and belowground fungal, oomycete and bacterial plant pathogens. We found that plant community composition is the main driver of the composition and richness of plant pathogens after taking into account all other tested parameters, especially those related to climate and soil. In the face of future changes in climate and land use, our results suggest that changes in plant pathogen community composition and richness will primarily be mediated through changes in plant communities, rather than the direct effects of climate or soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Makiola
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | | | - Jamie R Wood
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand
| | - Kate H Orwin
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand
| | - Travis R Glare
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Ian A Dickie
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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4
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Rosenthal LM, Simler-Williamson AB, Rizzo DM. Community-level prevalence of a forest pathogen, not individual-level disease risk, declines with tree diversity. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2477-2489. [PMID: 34510681 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding why diversity sometimes limits disease is essential for managing outbreaks; however, mechanisms underlying this 'dilution effect' remain poorly understood. Negative diversity-disease relationships have previously been detected in plant communities impacted by an emerging forest disease, sudden oak death. We used this focal system to empirically evaluate whether these relationships were driven by dilution mechanisms that reduce transmission risk for individuals or from the fact that disease was averaged across the host community. We integrated laboratory competence measurements with plant community and symptom data from a large forest monitoring network. Richness increased disease risk for bay laurel trees, dismissing possible dilution mechanisms. Nonetheless, richness was negatively associated with community-level disease prevalence because the disease was aggregated among hosts that vary in disease susceptibility. Aggregating observations (which is surprisingly common in other dilution effect studies) can lead to misinterpretations of dilution mechanisms and bias towards a negative diversity-disease relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Rosenthal
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - David M Rizzo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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5
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Sebald J, Thrippleton T, Rammer W, Bugmann H, Seidl R. Mixing tree species at different spatial scales: The effect of alpha, beta and gamma diversity on disturbance impacts under climate change. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Sebald
- Department of Forest‐ and Soil Sciences Institute of SilvicultureUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna Vienna Austria
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Timothy Thrippleton
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) Zürich Switzerland
- Forest Resources and Management Sustainable Forestry Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Werner Rammer
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) Zürich Switzerland
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Department of Forest‐ and Soil Sciences Institute of SilvicultureUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna Vienna Austria
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
- Berchtesgaden National Park Berchtesgaden Germany
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6
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Saadani M, Hönig L, Bien S, Koehler M, Rutten G, Wubet T, Braun U, Bruelheide H. Local Tree Diversity Suppresses Foliar Fungal Infestation and Decreases Morphological But Not Molecular Richness in a Young Subtropical Forest. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:173. [PMID: 33673628 PMCID: PMC7997179 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf fungal pathogens alter their host species' performance and, thus, changes in fungal species composition can translate into effects at the tree community scale. Conversely, the functional diversity of tree species in a host tree's local neighbourhood can affect the host's foliar fungal infestation. Therefore, understanding the factors that affect fungal infestations is important to advance our understanding of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships. Here we make use of the largest BEF tree experiment worldwide, the BEF-China experiment, where we selected tree host species with different neighbour species. Identifying fungal taxa by microscopy and by high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region, we analysed the fungal richness and infestation rates of our target trees as a function of local species richness. Based on the visual microscopic assessment, we found that a higher tree diversity reduced fungal richness and host-specific fungal infestation in the host's local neighbourhood, while molecular fungal richness was unaffected. This diversity effect was mainly explained by the decrease in host proportion. Thus, the dilution of host species in the local neighbourhood was the primary mechanism in reducing the fungal disease severity. Overall, our study suggests that diverse forests will suffer less from foliar fungal diseases compared to those with lower diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Saadani
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (U.B.); (H.B.)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Lydia Hönig
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (U.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Steffen Bien
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (U.B.); (H.B.)
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany
| | - Michael Koehler
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (U.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Gemma Rutten
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (U.B.); (H.B.)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Uwe Braun
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (U.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (U.B.); (H.B.)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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7
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Farner JE, Spear ER, Mordecai EA. Habitat type and interannual variation shape unique fungal pathogen communities on a California native bunchgrass. FUNGAL ECOL 2021; 48. [PMID: 33408755 DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of infectious disease in regulating host populations is increasingly recognized, but how environmental conditions affect pathogen communities and infection levels remains poorly understood. Over 3 y, we compared foliar disease burden, fungal pathogen community composition, and foliar chemistry in the perennial bunchgrass Stipa pulchra occurring in adjacent serpentine and nonserpentine grassland habitats with distinct soil types and plant communities. We found that serpentine and nonserpentine S. pulchra experienced consistent, low disease pressure associated with distinct fungal pathogen communities with high interannual species turnover. Additionally, plant chemistry differed with habitat type. The results indicate that this species experiences minimal foliar disease associated with diverse fungal communities that are structured across landscapes by spatially and temporally variable conditions. Distinct fungal communities associated with different growing conditions may shield S. pulchra from large disease outbreaks, contributing to the low disease burden observed on this and other Mediterranean grassland species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannah E Farner
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 USA
| | - Erin R Spear
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 USA
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8
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Jactel H, Moreira X, Castagneyrol B. Tree Diversity and Forest Resistance to Insect Pests: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Prospects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 66:277-296. [PMID: 32903046 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-041720-075234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecological research conducted over the past five decades has shown that increasing tree species richness at forest stands can improve tree resistance to insect pest damage. However, the commonality of this finding is still under debate. In this review, we provide a quantitative assessment (i.e., a meta-analysis) of tree diversity effects on insect herbivory and discuss plausible mechanisms underlying the observed patterns. We provide recommendations and working hypotheses that can serve to lay the groundwork for research to come. Based on more than 600 study cases, our quantitative review indicates that insect herbivory was, on average, lower in mixed forest stands than in pure stands, but these diversity effects were contingent on herbivore diet breadth and tree species composition. In particular, tree species diversity mainly reduced damage of specialist insect herbivores in mixed stands with phylogenetically distant tree species. Overall, our findings provide essential guidance for forest pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Jactel
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France;
| | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
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9
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Schappe T, Albornoz FE, Turner BL, Jones FA. Co-occurring Fungal Functional Groups Respond Differently to Tree Neighborhoods and Soil Properties Across Three Tropical Rainforests in Panama. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:675-685. [PMID: 31654106 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic drivers of co-occurring fungal functional guilds across regional-scale environmental gradients remain poorly understood. We characterized fungal communities using Illumina sequencing from soil cores collected across three Neotropical rainforests in Panama that vary in soil properties and plant community composition. We classified each fungal OTU into different functional guilds, namely plant pathogens, saprotrophs, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), or ectomycorrhizal (ECM). We measured soil properties and nutrients within each core and determined the tree community composition and richness around each sampling core. Canonical correspondence analyses showed that soil pH and moisture were shared potential drivers of fungal communities for all guilds. However, partial the Mantel tests showed different strength of responses of fungal guilds to composition of trees and soils. Plant pathogens and saprotrophs were more strongly correlated with soil properties than with tree composition; ECM fungi showed a stronger correlation with tree composition than with soil properties; and AM fungi were correlated with soil properties, but not with trees. In conclusion, we show that co-occurring fungal guilds respond differently to abiotic and biotic environmental factors, depending on their ecological function. This highlights the joint role that abiotic and biotic factors play in determining composition of fungal communities, including those associated with plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Schappe
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
- Present address: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Felipe E Albornoz
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Present address: School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - F Andrew Jones
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama.
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10
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Liu X, Chen L, Liu M, García‐Guzmán G, Gilbert GS, Zhou S. Dilution effect of plant diversity on infectious diseases: latitudinal trend and biological context dependence. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Shanghai Inst. of Eco‐Chongming (SIEC), and School of Life Sciences, Fudan Univ. 2005 Songhu Road CN‐200438 Shanghai PR China
| | - Lifan Chen
- School of Arts and Sciences, Shanghai Univ. of Medicine and Health Sciences Shanghai PR China
| | - Mu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Shanghai Inst. of Eco‐Chongming (SIEC), and School of Life Sciences, Fudan Univ. 2005 Songhu Road CN‐200438 Shanghai PR China
| | | | | | - Shurong Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Shanghai Inst. of Eco‐Chongming (SIEC), and School of Life Sciences, Fudan Univ. 2005 Songhu Road CN‐200438 Shanghai PR China
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11
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Liu X, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Zhou S. Foliar fungal diseases respond differently to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in Tibetan alpine meadows. Ecol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University Xining PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Lanzhou University Lanzhou PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Yawen Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining PR China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University Xining PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai PR China
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12
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Makiola A, Dickie IA, Holdaway RJ, Wood JR, Orwin KH, Glare TR. Land use is a determinant of plant pathogen alpha‐ but not beta‐diversity. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3786-3798. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Makiola
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université Bourgogne Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Dijon France
- Bio‐Protection Research Centre Lincoln University Lincoln New Zealand
| | - Ian A. Dickie
- Bio‐Protection Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | | | - Jamie R. Wood
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research Lincoln New Zealand
| | - Kate H. Orwin
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research Lincoln New Zealand
| | - Travis R. Glare
- Bio‐Protection Research Centre Lincoln University Lincoln New Zealand
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Eisenhauer N, Schielzeth H, Barnes AD, Barry K, Bonn A, Brose U, Bruelheide H, Buchmann N, Buscot F, Ebeling A, Ferlian O, Freschet GT, Giling DP, Hättenschwiler S, Hillebrand H, Hines J, Isbell F, Koller-France E, König-Ries B, de Kroon H, Meyer ST, Milcu A, Müller J, Nock CA, Petermann JS, Roscher C, Scherber C, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schnitzer SA, Schuldt A, Tscharntke T, Türke M, van Dam NM, van der Plas F, Vogel A, Wagg C, Wardle DA, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wirth C, Jochum M. A multitrophic perspective on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research. ADV ECOL RES 2019; 61:1-54. [PMID: 31908360 PMCID: PMC6944504 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Concern about the functional consequences of unprecedented loss in biodiversity has prompted biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) research to become one of the most active fields of ecological research in the past 25 years. Hundreds of experiments have manipulated biodiversity as an independent variable and found compelling support that the functioning of ecosystems increases with the diversity of their ecological communities. This research has also identified some of the mechanisms underlying BEF relationships, some context-dependencies of the strength of relationships, as well as implications for various ecosystem services that mankind depends upon. In this paper, we argue that a multitrophic perspective of biotic interactions in random and non-random biodiversity change scenarios is key to advance future BEF research and to address some of its most important remaining challenges. We discuss that the study and the quantification of multitrophic interactions in space and time facilitates scaling up from small-scale biodiversity manipulations and ecosystem function assessments to management-relevant spatial scales across ecosystem boundaries. We specifically consider multitrophic conceptual frameworks to understand and predict the context-dependency of BEF relationships. Moreover, we highlight the importance of the eco-evolutionary underpinnings of multitrophic BEF relationships. We outline that FAIR data (meeting the standards of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability) and reproducible processing will be key to advance this field of research by making it more integrative. Finally, we show how these BEF insights may be implemented for ecosystem management, society, and policy. Given that human well-being critically depends on the multiple services provided by diverse, multitrophic communities, integrating the approaches of evolutionary ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology in future BEF research will be key to refine conservation targets and develop sustainable management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Schielzeth
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrew D Barnes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathryn Barry
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aletta Bonn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- EcoNetLab, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology / Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstr. 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Soil Ecology Department, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle Saale, Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Grégoire T Freschet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Darren P Giling
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Hättenschwiler
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM], Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Eva Koller-France
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Geographie und Geoökologie, Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Birgitta König-Ries
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Animal Ecology and Physiology & Experimental Plant Ecology, PO Box 9100, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian T Meyer
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alexandru Milcu
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Propre de Service 3248, Campus Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Charles A Nock
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2H1
| | - Jana S Petermann
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christiane Roscher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Physiological Diversity, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Scherer-Lorenzen
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, University of Zürich, 190 Winterthurerstrasse, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Schuldt
- Forest Nature Conservation, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Buesgenweg 3, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Dept. of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Türke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU) - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Vogel
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cameron Wagg
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, E3B 8B7, Fredericton, Canada
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 190 Winterthurerstrasse, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David A Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Malte Jochum
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Liu X, Ma Z, Cadotte MW, Chen F, He JS, Zhou S. Warming affects foliar fungal diseases more than precipitation in a Tibetan alpine meadow. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1574-1584. [PMID: 30325035 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of global change on semi-natural and agro-ecosystem functioning have been studied extensively. However, less well understood is how global change will influence fungal diseases, especially in a natural ecosystem. We use data from a 6-yr factorial experiment with warming (simulated using infrared heaters) and altered precipitation treatments in a natural Tibetan alpine meadow ecosystem, from which we tested global change effects on foliar fungal diseases at the population and community levels, and evaluated the importance of direct effects of the treatments and community-mediated (indirect) effects (through changes in plant community composition and competence) of global change on community pathogen load. At the population level, we found warming significantly increased fungal diseases for nine plant species. At the community level, we found that warming significantly increased pathogen load of entire host communities, whereas no significant effect of altered precipitation on community pathogen load was detected. We concluded that warming influences fungal disease prevalence more than precipitation does in a Tibetan alpine meadow. Moreover, our study provides new experimental evidence that increases in disease burden on some plant species and for entire host communities is primarily the direct effects of warming, rather than community-mediated (indirect) effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 768 Jiayuguan Road West, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Fei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 768 Jiayuguan Road West, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
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15
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Liu X, Chen F, Lyu S, Sun D, Zhou S. Random species loss underestimates dilution effects of host diversity on foliar fungal diseases under fertilization. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1705-1713. [PMID: 29435245 PMCID: PMC5792568 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing attention being paid to the consequences of global biodiversity losses, several recent studies have demonstrated that realistic species losses can have larger impacts than random species losses on community productivity and resilience. However, little is known about the effects of the order in which species are lost on biodiversity-disease relationships. Using a multiyear nitrogen addition and artificial warming experiment in natural assemblages of alpine meadow vegetation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, we inferred the sequence of plant species losses under fertilization/warming. Then the sequence of species losses under fertilization/warming was used to simulate the species loss orders (both realistic and random) in an adjacently novel removal experiment manipulating plot-level plant diversity. We explicitly compared the effect sizes of random versus realistic species losses simulated from fertilization/warming on plant foliar fungal diseases. We found that realistic species losses simulated from fertilization had greater effects than random losses on fungal diseases, and that species identity drove the diversity-disease relationship. Moreover, the plant species most prone to foliar fungal diseases were also the least vulnerable to extinction under fertilization, demonstrating the importance of protecting low competence species (the ability to maintain and transmit fungal infections was low) to impede the spread of infectious disease. In contrast, there was no difference between random and realistic species loss scenarios simulated from experimental warming (or the combination of warming and fertilization) on the diversity-disease relationship, indicating that the functional consequences of species losses may vary under different drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource EcologyBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shengman Lyu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dexin Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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16
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Is species richness driving intra- and interspecific interactions and temporal activity overlap of a hantavirus host? An experimental test. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188060. [PMID: 29141047 PMCID: PMC5687724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High species diversity of the potential animal host community for a zoonotic pathogen may reduce pathogen transmission among the most competent host, a phenomenon called the “dilution effect”, but the mechanisms driving this effect have been little studied. One proposed mechanism is “encounter reduction” where host species of low-competency decrease contact rates between infected and susceptible competent hosts, especially in directly transmitted diseases. We conducted an experiment in outdoor enclosures in northwestern Mexico where we manipulated rodent assemblages to assess the effect of species richness on the frequency of intra- and interspecific interactions and activity patterns of a hantavirus reservoir host (North American deermouse; Peromyscus maniculatus). Trials consisted of three treatments of rodent assemblages that differed in species richness, but had equal abundance of deermice; treatment 1 consisted of only deermice, treatment 2 included deermice and one non-competent host species, and treatment 3 included two non-competent host species in addition to deermice. To measure interactions and temporal activity, we strategically deployed foraging stations and infrared cameras. We did not find differences in the frequency of intraspecific interactions of deermice among treatments, but there were significantly more interspecific interactions between deermouse and non-competent hosts in treatment 2 than treatment 3, which is explained by the identity of the non-competent host species. In addition, there were differences in activity patterns between rodent species, and also between deermice from treatment 1 and treatment 2. These results indicate that at least at a small-scale analysis, the co-occurrence with other species in the study area does not influence the frequency of intraspecific interactions of deermice, and that deermice may be changing their activity patterns to avoid a particular non-competent host species (Dipodomys merriami). In conclusion, in this deermouse-hantavirus system a potential dilution effect would not be through intraspecific encounter reduction in the most competent hantavirus host. To identify variables of host assemblages that can influence pathogen transmission, we highlight the need to address the identity of species and the composition of assemblages, not only host species richness or diversity.
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17
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Trogisch S, Schuldt A, Bauhus J, Blum JA, Both S, Buscot F, Castro-Izaguirre N, Chesters D, Durka W, Eichenberg D, Erfmeier A, Fischer M, Geißler C, Germany MS, Goebes P, Gutknecht J, Hahn CZ, Haider S, Härdtle W, He JS, Hector A, Hönig L, Huang Y, Klein AM, Kühn P, Kunz M, Leppert KN, Li Y, Liu X, Niklaus PA, Pei Z, Pietsch KA, Prinz R, Proß T, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmidt K, Scholten T, Seitz S, Song Z, Staab M, von Oheimb G, Weißbecker C, Welk E, Wirth C, Wubet T, Yang B, Yang X, Zhu CD, Schmid B, Ma K, Bruelheide H. Toward a methodical framework for comprehensively assessing forest multifunctionality. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10652-10674. [PMID: 29299246 PMCID: PMC5743643 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) research has extended its scope from communities that are short-lived or reshape their structure annually to structurally complex forest ecosystems. The establishment of tree diversity experiments poses specific methodological challenges for assessing the multiple functions provided by forest ecosystems. In particular, methodological inconsistencies and nonstandardized protocols impede the analysis of multifunctionality within, and comparability across the increasing number of tree diversity experiments. By providing an overview on key methods currently applied in one of the largest forest biodiversity experiments, we show how methods differing in scale and simplicity can be combined to retrieve consistent data allowing novel insights into forest ecosystem functioning. Furthermore, we discuss and develop recommendations for the integration and transferability of diverse methodical approaches to present and future forest biodiversity experiments. We identified four principles that should guide basic decisions concerning method selection for tree diversity experiments and forest BEF research: (1) method selection should be directed toward maximizing data density to increase the number of measured variables in each plot. (2) Methods should cover all relevant scales of the experiment to consider scale dependencies of biodiversity effects. (3) The same variable should be evaluated with the same method across space and time for adequate larger-scale and longer-time data analysis and to reduce errors due to changing measurement protocols. (4) Standardized, practical and rapid methods for assessing biodiversity and ecosystem functions should be promoted to increase comparability among forest BEF experiments. We demonstrate that currently available methods provide us with a sophisticated toolbox to improve a synergistic understanding of forest multifunctionality. However, these methods require further adjustment to the specific requirements of structurally complex and long-lived forest ecosystems. By applying methods connecting relevant scales, trophic levels, and above- and belowground ecosystem compartments, knowledge gain from large tree diversity experiments can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Trogisch
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Schuldt
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of Silviculture Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Juliet A Blum
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Sabine Both
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Nadia Castro-Izaguirre
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Walter Durka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - David Eichenberg
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of Biology University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Alexandra Erfmeier
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany Kiel University Kiel Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Christian Geißler
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Markus S Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany Kiel University Kiel Germany
| | - Philipp Goebes
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Jessica Gutknecht
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany.,Department of Soil, Water, and Climate University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Christoph Zacharias Hahn
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Sylvia Haider
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Institute of Ecology Leuphana University of Lüneburg Lüneburg Germany
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing China
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Lydia Hönig
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Alexandra-Maria Klein
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Peter Kühn
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Matthias Kunz
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection Technische Universität Dresden Tharandt Germany
| | - Katrin N Leppert
- Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Geobotany, Freiburg Germany
| | - Ying Li
- Faculty of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Pascal A Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Zhiqin Pei
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | | | - Ricarda Prinz
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BIK-F) Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Tobias Proß
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Karsten Schmidt
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Thomas Scholten
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Steffen Seitz
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Zhengshan Song
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Michael Staab
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection Technische Universität Dresden Tharandt Germany
| | - Christina Weißbecker
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Erik Welk
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of Biology University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,Key Laboratory of Speciality Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province Jingdezhen University Jingdezhen China
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Chao-Dong Zhu
- Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
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18
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Schuldt A, Hönig L, Li Y, Fichtner A, Härdtle W, von Oheimb G, Welk E, Bruelheide H. Herbivore and pathogen effects on tree growth are additive, but mediated by tree diversity and plant traits. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7462-7474. [PMID: 28944031 PMCID: PMC5606881 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbivores and fungal pathogens are key drivers of plant community composition and functioning. The effects of herbivores and pathogens are mediated by the diversity and functional characteristics of their host plants. However, the combined effects of herbivory and pathogen damage, and their consequences for plant performance, have not yet been addressed in the context of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research. We analyzed the relationships between herbivory, fungal pathogen damage and their effects on tree growth in a large‐scale forest‐biodiversity experiment. Moreover, we tested whether variation in leaf trait and climatic niche characteristics among tree species influenced these relationships. We found significant positive effects of herbivory on pathogen damage, and vice versa. These effects were attenuated by tree species richness—because herbivory increased and pathogen damage decreased with increasing richness—and were most pronounced for species with soft leaves and narrow climatic niches. However, herbivory and pathogens had contrasting, independent effects on tree growth, with pathogens decreasing and herbivory increasing growth. The positive herbivory effects indicate that trees might be able to (over‐)compensate for local damage at the level of the whole tree. Nevertheless, we found a dependence of these effects on richness, leaf traits and climatic niche characteristics of the tree species. This could mean that the ability for compensation is influenced by both biodiversity loss and tree species identity—including effects of larger‐scale climatic adaptations that have been rarely considered in this context. Our results suggest that herbivory and pathogens have additive but contrasting effects on tree growth. Considering effects of both herbivory and pathogens may thus help to better understand the net effects of damage on tree performance in communities differing in diversity. Moreover, our study shows how species richness and species characteristics (leaf traits and climatic niches) can modify tree growth responses to leaf damage under real‐world conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schuldt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Halle Germany
| | - Lydia Hönig
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Halle Germany
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Ecology Leuphana University Lüneburg Lüneburg Germany
| | - Andreas Fichtner
- Institute of Ecology Leuphana University Lüneburg Lüneburg Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Institute of Ecology Leuphana University Lüneburg Lüneburg Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection Technische Universität Dresden Tharandt Germany
| | - Erik Welk
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Halle Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Halle Germany
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19
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Ohse B, Seele C, Holzwarth F, Wirth C. Different facets of tree sapling diversity influence browsing intensity by deer dependent on spatial scale. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6779-6789. [PMID: 28904759 PMCID: PMC5587474 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Browsing of tree saplings by deer hampers forest regeneration in mixed forests across Europe and North America. It is well known that tree species are differentially affected by deer browsing, but little is known about how different facets of diversity, such as species richness, identity, and composition, affect browsing intensity at different spatial scales. Using forest inventory data from the Hainich National Park, a mixed deciduous forest in central Germany, we applied a hierarchical approach to model the browsing probability of patches (regional scale) as well as the species‐specific proportion of saplings browsed within patches (patch scale). We found that, at the regional scale, the probability that a patch was browsed increased with certain species composition, namely with low abundance of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and high abundance of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), whereas at the patch scale, the proportion of saplings browsed per species was mainly determined by the species’ identity, providing a “preference ranking” of the 11 tree species under study. Interestingly, at the regional scale, species‐rich patches were more likely to be browsed; however, at the patch scale, species‐rich patches showed a lower proportion of saplings per species browsed. Presumably, diverse patches attract deer, but satisfy nutritional needs faster, such that fewer saplings need to be browsed. Some forest stand parameters, such as more open canopies, increased the browsing intensity at either scale. By showing the effects that various facets of diversity, as well as environmental parameters, exerted on browsing intensity at the regional as well as patch scale, our study advances the understanding of mammalian herbivore–plant interactions across scales. Our results also indicate which regeneration patches and species are (least) prone to browsing and show the importance of different facets of diversity for the prediction and management of browsing intensity and regeneration dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Ohse
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - Carolin Seele
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - Frédéric Holzwarth
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity Leipzig University Leipzig Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Germany
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20
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Nguyen D, Boberg J, Cleary M, Bruelheide H, Hönig L, Koricheva J, Stenlid J. Foliar fungi of Betula pendula: impact of tree species mixtures and assessment methods. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41801. [PMID: 28150710 PMCID: PMC5288799 DOI: 10.1038/srep41801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Foliar fungi of silver birch (Betula pendula) in an experimental Finnish forest were investigated across a gradient of tree species richness using molecular high-throughput sequencing and visual macroscopic assessment. We hypothesized that the molecular approach detects more fungal taxa than visual assessment, and that there is a relationship among the most common fungal taxa detected by both techniques. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the fungal community composition, diversity, and distribution patterns are affected by changes in tree diversity. Sequencing revealed greater diversity of fungi on birch leaves than the visual assessment method. One species showed a linear relationship between the methods. Species-specific variation in fungal community composition could be partially explained by tree diversity, though overall fungal diversity was not affected by tree diversity. Analysis of specific fungal taxa indicated tree diversity effects at the local neighbourhood scale, where the proportion of birch among neighbouring trees varied, but not at the plot scale. In conclusion, both methods may be used to determine tree diversity effects on the foliar fungal community. However, high-throughput sequencing provided higher resolution of the fungal community, while the visual macroscopic assessment detected functionally active fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem Nguyen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Boberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michelle Cleary
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lydia Hönig
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Julia Koricheva
- Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Stenlid
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Effect of host diversity and species assemblage composition on bovine tuberculosis (bTB) risk in Ethiopian cattle. Parasitology 2017; 144:783-792. [PMID: 28134065 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016002511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Current theories on diversity-disease relationships describe host species diversity and species identity as important factors influencing disease risk, either diluting or amplifying disease prevalence in a community. Whereas the simple term 'diversity' embodies a set of animal community characteristics, it is not clear how different measures of species diversity are correlated with disease risk. We therefore tested the effects of species richness, Pielou's evenness and Shannon's diversity on bovine tuberculosis (bTB) risk in cattle in the Afar Region and Awash National Park between November 2013 and April 2015. We also analysed the identity effect of a particular species and the effect of host habitat use overlap on bTB risk. We used the comparative intradermal tuberculin test to assess the number of bTB-infected cattle. Our results suggested a dilution effect through species evenness. We found that the identity effect of greater kudu - a maintenance host - confounded the dilution effect of species diversity on bTB risk. bTB infection was positively correlated with habitat use overlap between greater kudu and cattle. Different diversity indices have to be considered together for assessing diversity-disease relationships, for understanding the underlying causal mechanisms. We posit that unpacking diversity metrics is also relevant for formulating disease control strategies to manage cattle in ecosystems characterized by seasonally limited resources and intense wildlife-livestock interactions.
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22
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Liu X, Lyu S, Sun D, Bradshaw CJA, Zhou S. Species decline under nitrogen fertilization increases community-level competence of fungal diseases. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20162621. [PMID: 28123094 PMCID: PMC5310047 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The artificial fertilization of soils can alter the structure of natural plant communities and exacerbate pathogen emergence and transmission. Although the direct effects of fertilization on disease resistance in plants have received some research attention, its indirect effects of altered community structure on the severity of fungal disease infection remain largely uninvestigated. We designed manipulation experiments in natural assemblages of Tibetan alpine meadow vegetation along a nitrogen-fertilization gradient over 5 years to compare the relative importance of direct and indirect effects of fertilization on foliar fungal infections at the community level. We found that species with lower proneness to pathogens were more likely to be extirpated following fertilization, such that community-level competence of disease, and thus community pathogen load, increased with the intensity of fertilization. The amount of nitrogen added (direct effect) and community disease competence (indirect effect) provided the most parsimonious combination of parameters explaining the variation in disease severity. Our experiment provides a mechanistic explanation for the dilution effect in fertilized, natural assemblages in a highly specific pathogen-host system, and thus insights into the consequences of human ecosystem modifications on the dynamics of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shengman Lyu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dexin Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Corey J A Bradshaw
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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23
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Nguyen D, Boberg J, Ihrmark K, Stenström E, Stenlid J. Do foliar fungal communities of Norway spruce shift along a tree species diversity gradient in mature European forests? FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Liu X, Lyu S, Zhou S, Bradshaw CJA. Warming and fertilization alter the dilution effect of host diversity on disease severity. Ecology 2016; 97:1680-1689. [DOI: 10.1890/15-1784.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering; School of Life Sciences; Fudan University; 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Shengman Lyu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering; School of Life Sciences; Fudan University; 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering; School of Life Sciences; Fudan University; 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Corey J. A. Bradshaw
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Adelaide; South Australia 5005 Australia
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25
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Abstract
The dilution effect, that high host species diversity can reduce disease risk, has attracted much attention in the context of global biodiversity decline and increasing disease emergence. Recent studies have criticized the generality of the dilution effect and argued that it only occurs under certain circumstances. Nevertheless, evidence for the existence of a dilution effect was reported in about 80% of the studies that addressed the diversity-disease relationship, and a recent meta-analysis found that the dilution effect is widespread. We here review supporting and critical studies, point out the causes underlying the current disputes. The dilution is expected to be strong when the competent host species tend to remain when species diversity declines, characterized as a negative relationship between species' reservoir competence and local extinction risk. We here conclude that most studies support a negative competence-extinction relationship. We then synthesize the current knowledge on how the diversity-disease relationship can be modified by particular species in community, by the scales of analyses, and by the disease risk measures. We also highlight the complex role of habitat fragmentation in the diversity-disease relationship from epidemiological, evolutionary and ecological perspectives, and construct a synthetic framework integrating these three perspectives. We suggest that future studies should test the diversity-disease relationship across different scales and consider the multiple effects of landscape fragmentation.
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26
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Haas SE, Hall Cushman J, Dillon WW, Rank NE, Rizzo DM, Meentemeyer R. Effects of individual, community, and landscape drivers on the dynamics of a wildland forest epidemic. Ecology 2016. [DOI: 10.1890/15-0767.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Haas
- Center for Geospatial Analytics North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695 USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695 USA
| | - J. Hall Cushman
- Department of Biology Sonoma State University Rohnert Park California 94928 USA
| | - Whalen W. Dillon
- Center for Geospatial Analytics North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695 USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695 USA
| | - Nathan E. Rank
- Department of Biology Sonoma State University Rohnert Park California 94928 USA
| | - David M. Rizzo
- Department of Plant Pathology University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Ross K. Meentemeyer
- Center for Geospatial Analytics North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695 USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695 USA
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27
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Nguyen D, Castagneyrol B, Bruelheide H, Bussotti F, Guyot V, Jactel H, Jaroszewicz B, Valladares F, Stenlid J, Boberg J. Fungal disease incidence along tree diversity gradients depends on latitude in European forests. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2426-38. [PMID: 27066232 PMCID: PMC4788975 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
European forests host a diversity of tree species that are increasingly threatened by fungal pathogens, which may have cascading consequences for forest ecosystems and their functioning. Previous experimental studies suggest that foliar and root pathogen abundance and disease severity decrease with increasing tree species diversity, but evidences from natural forests are rare. Here, we tested whether foliar fungal disease incidence was negatively affected by tree species diversity in different forest types across Europe. We measured the foliar fungal disease incidence on 16 different tree species in 209 plots in six European countries, representing a forest‐type gradient from the Mediterranean to boreal forests. Forest plots of single species (monoculture plots) and those with different combinations of two to five tree species (mixed species plots) were compared. Specifically, we analyzed the influence of tree species richness, functional type (conifer vs. broadleaved) and phylogenetic diversity on overall fungal disease incidence. The effect of tree species richness on disease incidence varied with latitude and functional type. Disease incidence tended to increase with tree diversity, in particular in northern latitudes. Disease incidence decreased with tree species richness in conifers, but not in broadleaved trees. However, for specific damage symptoms, no tree species richness effects were observed. Although the patterns were weak, susceptibility of forests to disease appears to depend on the forest site and tree type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem Nguyen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7026 75007 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Bastien Castagneyrol
- BIOGECO University of Bordeaux UMR 1202 33615 Pessac France; INRA BIOGECO UMR 1202 33612 Cestas France
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg 06108 Halle Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences University of Firenze 50144 Firenze Italy
| | - Virginie Guyot
- INRA BIOGECO UMR 1202 33612 Cestas France; INRA DYNAFOR UMR 1201 31326 Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Hervé Jactel
- BIOGECO University of Bordeaux UMR 1202 33615 Pessac France; INRA BIOGECO UMR 1202 33612 Cestas France
| | - Bogdan Jaroszewicz
- Białowieża Geobotanical Station Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw 17230 Warsaw Poland
| | - Fernando Valladares
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Jan Stenlid
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7026 75007 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Johanna Boberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7026 75007 Uppsala Sweden
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28
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Johnson PTJ, Ostfeld RS, Keesing F. Frontiers in research on biodiversity and disease. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:1119-33. [PMID: 26261049 PMCID: PMC4860816 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Global losses of biodiversity have galvanised efforts to understand how changes to communities affect ecological processes, including transmission of infectious pathogens. Here, we review recent research on diversity-disease relationships and identify future priorities. Growing evidence from experimental, observational and modelling studies indicates that biodiversity changes alter infection for a range of pathogens and through diverse mechanisms. Drawing upon lessons from the community ecology of free-living organisms, we illustrate how recent advances from biodiversity research generally can provide necessary theoretical foundations, inform experimental designs, and guide future research at the interface between infectious disease risk and changing ecological communities. Dilution effects are expected when ecological communities are nested and interactions between the pathogen and the most competent host group(s) persist or increase as biodiversity declines. To move beyond polarising debates about the generality of diversity effects and develop a predictive framework, we emphasise the need to identify how the effects of diversity vary with temporal and spatial scale, to explore how realistic patterns of community assembly affect transmission, and to use experimental studies to consider mechanisms beyond simple changes in host richness, including shifts in trophic structure, functional diversity and symbiont composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter T. J. Johnson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Felicia Keesing
- Biology Program, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY 12504, USA
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29
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Wurst S, Kaiser N, Nitzsche S, Haase J, Auge H, Rillig MC, Powell JR. Tree diversity modifies distance-dependent effects on seedling emergence but not plant–soil feedbacks of temperate trees. Ecology 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1166.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Hantsch L, Bien S, Radatz S, Braun U, Auge H, Bruelheide H. Tree diversity and the role of non-host neighbour tree species in reducing fungal pathogen infestation. THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2014; 102:1673-1687. [PMID: 25558092 PMCID: PMC4278444 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The degree to which plant pathogen infestation occurs in a host plant is expected to be strongly influenced by the level of species diversity among neighbouring host and non-host plant species. Since pathogen infestation can negatively affect host plant performance, it can mediate the effects of local biodiversity on ecosystem functioning.We tested the effects of tree diversity and the proportion of neighbouring host and non-host species with respect to the foliar fungal pathogens of Tilia cordata and Quercus petraea in the Kreinitz tree diversity experiment in Germany. We hypothesized that fungal pathogen richness increases while infestation decreases with increasing local tree diversity. In addition, we tested whether fungal pathogen richness and infestation are dependent on the proportion of host plant species present or on the proportion of particular non-host neighbouring tree species.Leaves of the two target species were sampled across three consecutive years with visible foliar fungal pathogens on the leaf surface being identified macro- and microscopically. Effects of diversity among neighbouring trees were analysed: (i) for total fungal species richness and fungal infestation on host trees and (ii) for infestation by individual fungal species.We detected four and five fungal species on T. cordata and Q. petraea, respectively. High local tree diversity reduced (i) total fungal species richness and infestation of T. cordata and fungal infestation of Q. petraea and (ii) infestation by three host-specialized fungal pathogen species. These effects were brought about by local tree diversity and were independent of host species proportion. In general, host species proportion had almost no effect on fungal species richness and infestation. Strong effects associated with the proportion of particular non-host neighbouring tree species on fungal species richness and infestation were, however, recorded.Synthesis. For the first time, we experimentally demonstrated that for two common forestry tree species, foliar fungal pathogen richness and infestation depend on local biodiversity. Thus, local tree diversity can have positive impacts on ecosystem functioning in managed forests by decreasing the level of fungal pathogen infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hantsch
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle WittenbergAm Kirchtor 1, Halle (Saale), D-06108, Germany
| | - Steffen Bien
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle WittenbergAm Kirchtor 1, Halle (Saale), D-06108, Germany
| | - Stine Radatz
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle WittenbergAm Kirchtor 1, Halle (Saale), D-06108, Germany
| | - Uwe Braun
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle WittenbergAm Kirchtor 1, Halle (Saale), D-06108, Germany
| | - Harald Auge
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research – UFZTheodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle WittenbergAm Kirchtor 1, Halle (Saale), D-06108, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
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31
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Dilution effect and identity effect by wildlife in the persistence and recurrence of bovine tuberculosis. Parasitology 2014; 141:981-7. [PMID: 24612552 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013002357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Current theories on disease-diversity relationships predict a strong influence of host richness on disease transmission. In addition, identity effect, caused by the occurrence of particular species, can also modify disease risk. We tested the richness effect and the identity effects of mammal species on bovine tuberculosis (bTB), based on the regional bTB outbreak data in cattle from 2005-2010 in Africa. Besides, we also tested which other factors were associated with the regional bTB persistence and recurrence in cattle. Our results suggested a dilution effect, where higher mammal species richness (MSR) was associated with reduced probabilities of bTB persistence and recurrence in interaction with cattle density. African buffalo had a positive effect on bTB recurrence and a positive interaction effect with cattle density on bTB persistence, indicating an additive positive identity effect of buffalo. The presence of greater kudu had no effect on bTB recurrence or bTB persistence. Climatic variables only act as risk factors for bTB persistence. In summary, our study identified both a dilution effect and identity effect of wildlife and showed that bTB persistence and recurrence were correlated with different sets of risk factors. These results are relevant for more effective control strategies and better targeted surveillance measures in bTB.
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